ABSTRACT Mussel shell waste is a growing economic and environmental hazard. The purpose of this project was to use mussel shells as concrete admixture and determine how the concrete would perform compared to a standard mix in terms of compressive strength and workability. The testing consisted of three mix designs that contained pulverized mussel shells. The shells were added in different proportions namely, 5%, 10% and 15% of the total volume of the mix. These mixes were all compared to the control and each other through a series of tests. The tests conducted were the slump test and compressive test. The unit weight of all the samples were also determined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
i
Acknowledgement
ii
CHAPTER I Problems and Its Background Introduction
1
Statement of the Problem
2
Scope and Delimitations
3
Significance of the Study
3
Conceptual Framework
4
CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature Conceptual Literature
6
Research Literature
17
Synthesis
18
CHAPTER III Research Methodology and Procedures Research Method
19
Raw Materials and Sources 19 Apparatus
22
Experimental Design 24 Procedures in Preparing Samples and Testing
25
CHAPTER IV Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Results of Slump Test 28 Results of Unit Weight
30
Results of Compressive Strength
35
CHAPTER V Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations Summary of Findings
40
Conclusions
41
Recommendations
42
Appendix Appendix A Tables
a
Appendix B Graphs
g
Appendix C Letters
k
Appendix D Test Results
n
Appendix E Documentation
Bibliography
p
CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Philippines is a beautiful country that faces many human-caused environmental degradation. The rapid growing population aggravates these environmental degradations by being the primary cause of loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of garbage and many others. Most of the environmental problems that are experienced in the country are caused by the improper disposal of garbage and poor implementation of solid waste management.
There are different ways on how to lessen the amount of garbage being generated and one of these methods is recycling. Recycling is the conversion of waste material into reusable object to prevent the waste of potentially useful material. Commonly recycled waste materials are plastic and wood but food and kitchen waste like shells of bivalve animals and exoskeletons of crustaceans are seldom recycled.
Shells and exoskeleton waste is commonly present in
country’s landfills, slowly filling up and just sitting there for years because of the lack of knowledge on how to utilize them.
Green mussel (Perna viridis), which is locally known as tahong in the Philippines, is a large bivalve, with smooth, elongated shell. Mussels are cultured and farmed for its meat. According to Musico (2007), “Once green mussels’ meats are consumed, considerable amount of shell wastes are generated that are usually dumped to landfills or are incinerated. Green mussel shells have greatly contributed to the tons of solid wastes generated in the Philippines. Scarcity of landfills and dumping areas brought challenges to solid waste management”. Throwing these shells away could also be wasting potential raw materials that could have many uses because green mussel shells along
with other mollusk shells are made up of layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), a chemical compound with many uses.
Limestone is a calcareous sedimentary rock composed of the mineral calcite ((CaCO3). Limestone is one of the main ingredients in cement making. In order to make cement, a mixture of limestone and substances such as clay are heated at high temperatures in kilns until it almost fuses. (The Essential Chemical Industry online, 2013). Limestone is not only used an ingredient in cement making, it can also be used as an admixture. Limestone powder enhances the flow properties, increases the compressive strength, viscosity of concrete, the slump of concrete, dosage of superplasticizer and splitting tensile strength. (Dhanalaxmi and Nirmalkumar, 2015)
Due to the similarity of chemical composition of mussel shell and limestone, the researchers to come up with a research to evaluate the use of mussel shell power as an admixture for concrete. The researchers’ aim to examine the effect of mussel shell power on the workability and compressive strength of concrete using class A mixture having a 1:2 water-cement proportioning.
Statement of the Problem This study seeks to determine the following 1.
The change caused by adding pulverized mussel shells in the
concrete mixture in terms of a.
workability
b.
unit weight
c.
compressive strength
Scope and Delimitations
The coverage of the study is focused on the comparative analysis of ASTM standard of concrete and concrete with pulverized muscle shells in terms of their compressive strength, workability and unit weight.
All concrete specimens contained similar materials but will be given different amount of pulverized mussel shell. The curing method used will be the same for all the specimens. The compressive strength of the concrete specimen was tested at 9 day’s age.
Significance of the Study
This study is working towards the recognition and acceptance of the utilization of waste products, particularly, mussel shell as concrete admixture. The utilization of mussel shells will help in waste management and may reduce the construction cost. Furthermore, this study will be valuable to the following sectors:
To the country, this study will be beneficial because green mussel shells, a contributor to the solid waste of the country, will be reduced. As an effect, the utilization of waste material like mussel shells will also be beneficial for the citizens because it can lower construction cost.
To the engineers and developers, this study will introduce the economical potential of mussel shell as concrete admixture.
To the Civil Engineering students, this study will provide information and ideas in ways of producing concrete through the incorporation of mussel shells. This study will incite the students to look beyond and think of any possible material that could be use to replace existing admixture.
To future researchers, this study will serve as a reference and hopefully provide assistance to future studies.
Conceptual Framework
Considering the diminishing availability of land to be used as landfills, the idea of using pulverized mussel shell as a partial replacement for the plasticizer, limestone, of concrete was done by gathering and preparing the raw material, experimenting, and analyzing the effects in concrete with the different proportion of pulverized mussel shell with respect to compressive strength, unit gravity, consistency and workability.
The concrete samples with varying proportions of pulverized mussel shell will be made by concrete mixing with 7 days of curing, then testing, and evaluating the test results of the samples Input
Process
Output
Concrete sample with varying proportions of pulverized mussel shells
1. Sieving of pulverized mussel shell
Pulverized mussel shell as admixture for concrete
2. Concrete mixing 3. Curing of concrete sample 4. Test and evaluation of samples
CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature
Conceptual Literature
Mussels and Its Shell Green mussels are large bivalves with a smooth, elongated shell. It has visible concentric growth rings and a ventral margin that is distinctly concave on one side. It is uniformly bright green in juveniles, but dulls to brown with green margins in mature individuals. (DeVictor and Knott undated, NIMPIS 2002, Rajagopal et al. 2005)
Generally, shells of mussels are made up of layers of calcium carbonate, which grow in regular cycle similar to the rings formed as trees grow. Mollusk shells (especially those formed by marine species) are very durable and outlast otherwise soft-bodied animals that produce them by a very long time (sometimes thousands of years). They fossilize easily and large amount of shells may form sediment and become compressed into limestone (calcium carbonate).
Admixture Admixture is a material other than water, aggregates, or cement that is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar to control setting and early hardening, workability, or to provide additional cementing properties. There are two types of admixture that can be used in doing a sample concrete the chemical and mineral admixtures. Over decades, attempts have been made to obtain concrete with certain desired characteristics such as high compressive strength, high workability, and high performance and durability parameters to meet the requirement of complexity of modern structures. The properties commonly modified are the heat of hydration, accelerate or retard setting time, workability, water reduction, dispersion and air-entrainment, impermeability and durability factors. Aggregates
“Aggregate, in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement, bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate gives volume, stability, resistance to wear or erosion, and other desired physical properties to the finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed or broken stone, gravel (pebbles), broken blast-furnace slag, boiler ashes (clinkers), burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate usually consists of sand, crushed stone, or crushed slag screenings; coarse aggregate consists of gravel (pebbles), fragments of broken stone, slag, and other coarse substances. Fine aggregate is used in making thin concrete slabs or other structural members and where a smooth surface is desired; coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete.
For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories-fine and coarse. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder. Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged from a pit, river, lake, or seabed. Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry rock, boulders, cobbles, or large-size gravel. Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in granular subbases, soil-cement, and in new concrete. After harvesting, aggregate is processed: crushed, screened, and washed to obtain proper cleanliness and gradation. If necessary, a benefaction process such as jigging or heavy media separation can be used to upgrade the quality. Once processed, the aggregates are handled and stored to minimize segregation and degradation and prevent contamination. Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection of aggregates is an important process.
Although some variation in aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are considered include:
grading
durability
particle shape and surface texture
abrasion and skid resistance
unit weights and voids
absorption and surface moisture
Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate. Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because these properties affect the amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability, pumpability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. When gap-graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size continuum. Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate concrete. Close control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation. Cement Throughout history, cementing materials have played a vital role and were used widely in the ancient world. The Egyptians used calcined gypsum as a cement and the Greeks and Romans used lime made by heating limestone and added sand to make mortar, with coarser stones for concrete.
The Romans found that cement which sets under water could be made and this was used for the construction of harbours. This cement was made by adding crushed volcanic ash to lime and was later called a "pozzolanic" cement, named after the village of Pozzuoli near Vesuvius.
In places where volcanic ash was scarce, such as Britain, crushed brick or tile was used instead. The Romans were therefore probably the first to manipulate systematically the properties of cementitious materials for specific applications and situations. Cement is powder and is one of the main ingredients in concrete. Cement and concrete have been used in construction since at least the Roman Empire. Modern cement is made of limestone, silicon, calcium, and often aluminum and iron. Cement is made by heating the
limestone (calcium carbonate ), with small quantities of other materials like clay, to 1450°C in a kiln, in a process known as calcinations, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide (quicklime), which is then blended with other materials that have been included in the mix. Clinker (the resulting hard substance) is then grounded with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make “Ordinary Portland Cement” (OPC), the most commonly used type of hydraulics cement. According to Fajardo (2002), this kind of Portland cement is widely used in various small and large constructions, including roads and highways.
Portland Cement. The type of cement used in almost all concrete is Portland cement. Portland cement has been around since 1824. The name Portland does not refer to a brand name, as many might think. The original inventor, Joseph Aspdin, was a British bricklayer and named his new invention “portland" because its color reminded him of the color of the natural limestone on the Isle of Portland which is a peninsula in the English Channel.
Portland cement is a particular type of hydraulic cement. Portland cement contains hydraulic calcium silicates. There are eight specific types of Portland cement that fall into categories ranging from Type I to Type V. Type I and Type IA are general purpose cements. Type II and Type IIA contain tricalcium aluminate, but no more than 8%. To compare to the hydraulic cement types, some of the Type II cements meeting the standard for the moderate heat of hydration type. Type III and Type IIIA are similar to Type I cements. However, they have higher early strengths because they are ground finer. Type IV cements are used in special types of structures that require a small amount of heat to be generated from hydration.Type IV cements develop their strength over a longer period of time when compared to other types. Finally, Type V cement has a high sulfate resistance which means it contains no more than 5% tricalcium aluminate.
Portland Cement ( Type II )
Table 1 General features of the main types of portland cement.
Type I
Classification
Characteristics
General purpose
Fairly high C3S content for General construction (most good
early
Applications strength buildings,
development
bridges,
pavements, precast units, etc)
Type II Moderate
sulfate Low C3A content (<8%)
resistance
Structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions
Type III High early strength
Ground more finely, may Rapid construction, cold have slightly more C3S
weather concreting
Type IV Low heat of hydration Low content of C3S (<50%) Massive structures such as (slow reacting)
Type V High sulfate resistance
and C3A
dams. Now rare.
Very low C3A content (<5%) Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions
White
White color
No C4AF, low MgO
Decorative (otherwise has properties similar to Type I)
Source: http://iti.northwestern.edu/cement/monograph/Monograph3_8.html Types II and V OPC are designed to be resistant to sulfate attack. Sulfate attack is an important phenomenon that can cause severe damage to concrete structures. It is a chemical reaction between the hydration products of C 3A and sulfate ions that enter the concrete from the outside environment. The products generated by this reaction have a larger volume than the reactants, and this creates stresses, which force the concrete to expand and crack. Although hydration products of C4AF are similar to those of C3A, they are less vulnerable to expansion, so the designations for Type II and Type V cement focus on keeping the C 3A content low. There is actually little difference between a Type I and Type II cement, and it is common to see cements meeting both designations labeled as “Type I/II”.
Curing The process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range is called “curing”. This process results in concrete with increased
strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks, which can severely affect durability. A concrete element is expected to last a certain number of years. In order to meet this expected service life, it must be able to withstand structural loading, fatigue, weathering, abrasion, and chemical attack. The duration and type of curing plays a big role in determining the required
materials
necessary
to
achieve
the
high
level
of
quality.
Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks in the concrete, which severely impacts durability. Cracks allow open access for harmful materials to bypass the low permeability concrete near the surface. Good curing can help mitigate the appearance of unplanned cracking.
Concrete Slump Test A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality.
Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.
It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.
The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.
Apparatus use in performing the slump test is:
Slump cone,
Scale for measurement,
Temping rod (steel)
Types of Slump The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as; 1. Collapse Slump 2. Shear Slump 3. True Slump
Source: (http://www.aboutcivil.org/concrete-slump-test.html)
Collapse Slump In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate.
Shear Slump In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways or If one-half of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.
1. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is repeated. 2. If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication of lack of cohesion of the mix. True Slump In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape
1. This is the only slump that is used in various tests. 2. Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no variation can be detected between mixes of different workability. However, in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained in different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mixes.
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of concrete: Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of concrete etc. Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard codes recommend concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test. American Society for Testing Materials ASTM C39/C39M provides Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical molds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen. These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.
Water-Cement Ratio Three simple ingredients can be blended and proportioned numerous ways to make concrete: aggregate, cement and water. In concrete, the single most significant influence on most or all of the properties is the amount of water used in the mix.
In concrete mix design, the ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement used (both by weight) is called the water to cement ratio (w/c). These two ingredients are responsible for binding everything together.
The water to cement ratio, or w/c ratio, largely determines the strength and durability of the concrete when it is cured properly. The w/c ratio refers to the ratio of the weights of water and cement used in the concrete mix. A w/c ratio of 0.4 means that for every 100 pounds of cement used in the concrete, 40 pounds of water is added.
For ordinary concrete (sidewalks and driveways), a w/c ratio of 0.6 to 0.7 is considered normal. A lower w/c ratio of 0.4 is generally specified if a higher quality concrete is desired. The practical range of the w/c ratio is from about 0.3 to over 0.8. A ratio of 0.3 is very stiff (unless superplasticizers are used), and a ratio of 0.8 makes a wet and fairly weak concrete. For reference, a 0.4 w/c ratio is generally expected to make a concrete with a compressive strength (its f’c) of about 5600 psi when it is properly cured. On the other hand, a ratio of 0.8 will make a weak concrete of only about 2000 psi.
The simplest way to think about the w/c ratio is to think that the greater the amount of water in a concrete mix, the more dilutes the cement paste will be. This not only affects the compressive strength, it also affects the tensile and flexural strengths, the porosity, the shrinkage and the color.
The more the w/c ratio is increased (that is, the more water that is added for a fixed amount of cement), the more the strength of the resulting concrete is reduced. This is mostly because adding more water creates a diluted paste that is weaker and more susceptible to cracking and shrinkage. Shrinkage leads to micro-cracks, which are zones of weakness. Once the fresh concrete is placed, excess water is squeezed out of the paste by the weight of the aggregate and the cement paste itself. When there is a large excess of water, that water bleeds out onto the surface. The micro channels and passages that were created inside the concrete to allow that water to flow become weak zones and micro-cracks.
Using a low w/c ratio is the usual way to achieve a high strength and high quality concrete, but it does not guarantee that the resulting concrete is always appropriate for countertops. Unless the aggregate gradation and proportion are balanced with the correct amount of cement paste, excessive shrinkage, cracking and curling can result. Good concrete results from good mix design, and a low w/c ratio is just one part of a good mix design.
Water cement ratio is the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used for mixing concrete to achieve the desired workability and strength of concrete.
Water cement ratio of 0.45 to 0.6 is generally used in nominal mix concrete such as M10, M15 and M20 concrete construction. A concrete can be mixed with water-cement ratio as low as 0.35, but it may not have the desired workability for proper placement and compaction of concrete. For a designed mix, water cement ratio is considered based on the strength and workability requirements for concrete construction. They consider the free moisture present in the sand and coarse aggregates.
Workability
According to Ferguson (1973) it is one of the important parameters of concrete that affects the strength and durability as well as the cost of labor and appearances of the finished product. Concrete needs to be workable to prevent the formation of voids. It is considered workable when it can be easily placed and compacted homogeneously without bleeding or segregation.
Research Literature
The research study of Caniedo et al (2015), focused on the determination of the effect of welding slag as admixture of concrete. One of the characteristics that were tested in the study was the workability of the fresh concrete, which was determined through slump test. After determining the workability of the concrete, the researchers proceed to the production and curing of the concrete sample. Fresh concrete was placed in the mold and after 24(±) 8hours, the specimens were removed from their molds and they kept in the curing tank for 14 days. The study of Etuk et al (2012) entitled “Feasibility of Using Sea Shells Ash as Admixture for Concrete” focused on the utilization of seashells ash as admixture for concrete. The researchers used shells of periwinkle, oyster and snail. The said study determined the setting time and compressive strength of cement paste and mortar using varying percentages by weight of each of the shell ashes. The determination of the compressive strength of the concrete was in accordance with BS EN method.
The study entitled “Oyster and Mussel Shells as Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete” by Tabias (2013) utilized consumption waste like oyster shell and mussel shell as partial replacement for coarse aggregate. The said study covers the determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and the compressive strength of the concrete.
Synthesis
The study of Caniedo et al (2015) is related to the present study because both studies seek to utilize waste material as admixture for concrete. The aforementioned study determined the workability of the concrete with admixture through slump test, which is also the test that present study conducted in order to determine the workability of the concrete that was produced. The difference of
the studies is the waste material that was used. In the study of Caniedo et al (2015), the waste material that was used is welding slag while in the present study the waste material that was used is mussel shell.
The study of Etuk et al (2012) is similar to the present study because of the material used in the study. The composition of periwinkle, oyster, snail and mussel shell are quite similar to one another. The main component of these shells is calcium carbonate. Though all shells contain calcium carbonate, the result of the aforementioned study and the present study may differ because the impurities contained in the shells are different from one another. The difference of the two studies is that the compressive strength test of the study of Etuk et al (2012) was in accordance with the BS EN method while the present study is in accordance to the ASTM C143.
Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents the descriptive information about the materials and equipment that was utilized in order to obtain the desired objective of this research. This also includes the methods used to gather the data needed, the procedures for experimental research, and also the parameters that was used.
Research Method The evaluation of the effectiveness of mussel shells as concrete admixture used the experimental method to collect and analyze data. Varying amounts of pulverized mussel shells were added to the concrete mixture.
Raw materials and sources
Presented in plate no. 1, plate no. 2, and plate no. 3 are the raw materials, which will be used by the researchers as sample for their experimental research.
Plate No. 1 Portland Cement
Lafarge Portland cement will serve as the binder in concrete. The researchers will purchase Lafarge Portland cement at Alangilan Construction
Supply. For cement to be considered fresh, its fineness is checked through sieve analysis. Cement is considered fresh when the residue after sieving is less than 10% of the total amount of the sample. The fineness of cement is important because it affects the rate of gaining strength of concrete.
Plate No. 2 Aggregates
Aggregates are components that resist compressive strength and provide bulk to the composite material. Fine and coarse aggregates must be in saturated surface dry condition and well graded. The researchers will use Lobo sand bought from Alangilan Construction Supply because, based on the study Ilustre M.A.S. et al.(2013), Lobo sand has the highest quality among all types of sand in Batangas Province. Coarse aggregate are classified as crushed gravel and have a uniform diameter not less than ¾ in.
Plate No. 3 Mussel Shell
Mussel Shells are the protective covering of the mollusks mussels. It is also a waste that is generated in the food industry and households that will be used as an admixture for concrete. The researchers collected the samples of mussel shells from Butch Seafood and Grill Restaurant and The Only Place Restaurant located at Barangay Alangilan, Batangas, and P. Burgos St., Batangas respectively. The shells were pulverized in the Garing Residence at Sampaguita, Lipa City.
The researchers collected the materials needed in making the concrete cylinder (coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement, water and mussel shell). The researchers pulverized the mussel shells in order to meet the required fineness for an admixture. The proportioning that was used in making the samples is class A proportioning (1:2:4 ratio). After mixing, the workability of the sample was determined through Slump Test. After conducting the test, the mixture was placed in the cylindrical mold. On the next day, the samples were removed from the mold and were cured for 7 days. After curing, the samples were tested at the testing facility to determine the compressive strength that it has attained.
Apparatus
Plate No. 4, Plate No. 5 and Plate No. 6 shows the apparatus that will be used during the production of the samples.
Plate No. 4 Sieve
Sieve is the apparatus that will be used to segregate the qualified sample from the unqualified sample that will be used in the concrete mixture.
Plate No. 5 Slump Cone Set
Slump Cone and Tamping Rod are the equipment needed to conduct a slump test.
Plate No. 6 Universal Testing Machine
Universal Testing Machine from Industrial Inspection (International),Inc (III) will be used to determine the compressive strength of the concrete.
Plate No.7 Pepper Grinder
Pepper Grinder from the Garing Residence will be used to reduce the mussel shell to get the desired sized
Experimental Design
The researchers will conduct the experimental study at the Material Testing Laboratory of TERMS Sitio 6 Diversion Road, Balagtas, Batangas City. The samples to be tested are 12 concrete cylinders.
The test to be done is in accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Specifications, specifically, the ASTM C 39. The ASTM C 39, test for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimen, is the test method that covers the procedure for compression test of molded concrete cylinders.
Table 1 shows the quantity of the samples used in determining the strength of concrete with admixture
Table 2 Number of Concrete Cylindrical Specimen With Varying Amounts of Mussel Shell as Admixture
Ratio of Mussel
Curing Time
Shell
(Number of Specimen) 7 Days
Class A
3
5%
3
10%
3
15%
3
Total
12
It can be seen from Table 1 that 12 samples were tested. Three (3) samples were made for each ratio of mussel shell and Three (3) for the plain concrete. All 12 samples are to be tested after seven days of curing.
PROCEDURES IN PREPARING SAMPLES AND TESTING
The following procedures were followed:
Pulverizing The Mussel Shells
1. Break the mussel shells in to smaller parts with the use of a mallet.
2. Turn on the pepper grinder.
3. Put small amounts of mussel shell in the machine. After awhile, gradually increase the amount of mussel shell to be grinded.
4. Operate until mussel shell becomes finer and passes sieve no. 100 and retains in sieve no. 200
5. Repeat the process until ample amount of pulverize mussel shell is obtained.
Mixing Concrete
1. Weigh out the desired proportions for a batch of concrete.
2. Put about half of the coarse aggregate, half of the fine aggregates, and ¾ bucket of water.
3. Start mixing until the aggregates are thoroughly wet.
4. Add the cement in the concrete mix.
5. Gradually add the rest of the coarse and fine aggregates then mix until it blends in. 6. Add enough water from the final quarter of the water to produce a workable mix.
7. Add the desired amount of mussel shell powder
Concrete Slump Test
1. Place the base on a smooth surface and put concrete mix in the slump cone 1/3 at a time.
2. Tamp each layer 25 times, with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded at the end.
3. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off (leveled with mold top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the tamping rod.
4. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, slowly and carefully lift the cone vertically, an unsupported concrete will be slumped.
5. Place the slump cone beside the slump concrete and place the tamping rod over the cone, then measure its slump.
6. Note the decrease in height of concrete that of the mold.
Curing the Specimen
After 24 ± 8 hours, the specimens were removed from their molds and kept in the curing tank for a period of 7 days before testing.
Testing the Specimen
Using the universal testing machine, compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete can be determined.
Compressive Strength Test
1. Remove specimens from the curing tank a day before the testing. It shall undergo air drying process before testing.
2. Note the dimensions and weight of the specimens to the nearest 0.2 mm before testing.
3. Place the samples in the universal testing machine.
4. No packing should be used between the faces of the test specimen and the steel platen of the testing machine.
5. Apply the load without shock and continuously increase it at a rate of approximately 140kg/cm2/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load is sustained.
6. Record the maximum load applied to the specimen.
Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from the experiments made such as slump test, determination of unit weight, and compression test of concrete to determine the potential of pulverized mussel shells as an admixture.
1. Effect of Pulverized Mussel Shell in the Workability and Consistency of Concrete Mixture
1.1 Slump Test
The slump height of concrete mixed with pulverized mussel shell was measured in terms of millimeters. The results of the test are as follow:
Table 2 Slump Test Results
Percentage of Pulverized
Slump Height
Remarks
Class A
46mm
Failed
5%
21mm
Failed
10%
122mm
Failed
15%
147mm
Failed
Mussel Shell Used
The slump test for each specimen was performed using a slump cone. After completely mixing, the regular concrete and the concrete mixed with pulverized mussel shell poured in the slump cone until it was filled. The slump cone was gently removed from the concrete and
the slump was measured. The slump height obtained was 46mm for regular concrete mixture, 21mm for concrete mixture with 5% of pulverized mussel shell, 122mm for concrete mixture with 10%, and 147mm for concrete mixture with 15% of pulverized mussel shell.
Graph 1 Graphical Presentation of the Result of the Slump Test of the Specimens
Slump Height 160 140 120 100 80
Slump Height
60 40 20 0 Class A
5%
10%
15%
The designed slump height for this research paper ranged from 70mm to 100mm and it can be seen that all the concrete specimens have failed the slump test. The result of the regular concrete and the concrete with 5% pulverized mussel shell indicates that the mix is dry while the results of the concrete with 10% and 15% pulverized mussel shell indicates that the mix is too wet.
2. Effects of Pulverized Mussel Shells in the Unit Weight of Hardened Concrete The unit weight of the concrete specimens was determined by dividing the weight of the concrete by the volume of the specimen. The unit weight of the specimens is presented in Table 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Table 3 Unit Weight Result of Plain Concrete
Trial
Weight
Volume
Unit Weight
1
124.92N
5.516 X 10-3m3
22.65KN/m3
2
121.60N
5.516 X 10-3m3
22.04KN/m3
3
122.22N
5.516 X 10-3m3
22.16KN/m3
No.
Average Unit Weight
22.28KN/m3
It can be noted from Table 3 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that regular concrete attained an average of 22.28KN/m 3. Based on the results, the unit weight of plain concrete is lower than the standard unit weight of regular concrete.
Table 4 Unit Weight Result of Concrete With 5% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Trial
Weight
Volume
Unit Weight
1
120.21N
5.516 X 10-3m3
21.79KN/m3
2
119.93N
5.516 X 10-3m3
21.74KN/m3
3
118.64N
5.516 X 10-3m3
21.51KN/m3
No.
Average Unit Weight
21.68KN/m3
It can be noted from Table 4 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that plain concrete attained an average of 21.68KN/m 3. Based on the results, the unit weight of concrete with 5% pulverized mussel shell is lower than the unit weight of regular concrete.
Table 5 Unit Weight Result of Concrete With 10% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Trial No.
Weight
Volume
Unit Weight
Average Unit Weight
21.06
1
116.18N
5.516 X
2
116.25N
5.516 X 10-3m3
3
116.32N
10-3m3
10-3m3
KN/m3 21.07 KN/m3
21.07 KN/m3
21.09 5.516 X
KN/m3
It can be noted from Table 5 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that plain concrete attained an average of KN/m3. Based on the results, the unit weight of concrete with 10% pulverized mussel shell is lower than the unit weight of regular concrete.
Table 6 Unit Weight Result of Concrete With 15% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Trial No.
Weight
Volume
Unit Weight
Average Unit Weight
20.81
1
114.81N
5.516 X
2
115.47N
5.516 X 10-3m3
3
114.80N
10-3m3
10-3m3
KN/m3 20.93 KN/m3
20.85 KN/m3
20.81 5.516 X
KN/m3
It can be noted from Table 6 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that plain concrete attained an average of 20.85KN/m 3. Based on the results, the unit weight of concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell is lower than the unit weight of regular concrete.
Graph 2 Graphical Presentation of the Average Unit Weight of the Specimens
Unit Weight 22.5
22
21.5 Unit Weight 21
20.5
20 Class A
5%
10%
15%
Presented in Graph 2 are the average unit weight of the specimens. It can be seen from the graph that the specimen that has attained the highest average unit weight is the plain concrete while the specimen that has attained the lowest unit weight is the concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell.
3. Effects of Pulverized Mussel Shells in Hardened Concrete
As described in Chapter 3, three (3) plain concrete cylinders and nine (9) cylinders mixed with pulverized mussel shells having a size of 152mm and 304mm in length and were tested for the Compressive Strength Test. The specimens were tested after seven (7) days of curing in a water tank and 24 hours of air-drying. The results of compression test are presented in Tables 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Table 7 Compressive Strength Test Result of Plain Concrete
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
psi
MPa
7
1
1270
9
7
2
1030
7
7
3
880
6
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
1060
7.33
Failed Failed
It can be noted from Table 7 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that plain concrete attained an average of 7.33MPa. Based on the test results, plain concrete failed the ASTM Standard for compressive strength.
Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Result of Concrete With 5% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
Psi
MPa
7
1
580
4
7
2
590
4
7
3
640
4
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
603.33
4
Failed Failed
It can be noted from Table 8 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that the concrete with 5% pulverized mussel shell attained an average of 4MPa. Based on the test results, the concrete with 5% pulverized mussel failed the ASTM Standard for compressive strength.
Table 9 Compressive Strength Test Result of Concrete With 10% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
psi
MPa
7
1
670
5
7
2
570
4
7
3
580
4
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
606.67
4.33
Failed Failed
It can be noted from Table 9 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that the concrete with 10% pulverized mussel shell attained an average of 4.33MPa. Based on the test results, the concrete with 10% pulverized mussel shell failed the ASTM Standard for compressive strength.
Table 10 Compressive Strength Test Result of Concrete With 15% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
psi
MPa
7
1
490
3
7
2
490
3
7
3
500
3
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
493.33
3
Failed Failed
It can be noted from Table 10 that three (3) trials were done. It was found out that the concrete with 15% pulverized mussel attained an average of 3MPa. Based on the test results, the concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell failed the ASTM Standard for compressive strength.
Graph 3 Graphical Presentation of the Results of the Average Compressive Strength Test of the Specimens
Compressive Strength 8 7 6 5 4
Compressive Strength
3 2 1 0 Class A
5%
10%
5%
Presented in Graph 3 are the results of the average compressive strength of the specimens. It can be seen in the graph that the specimen that has attained the highest compressive strength is the plain concrete while the specimen that has attained the lowest compressive strength is the concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell.
CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter shows summary of findings based on the experiments conducted, the conclusions made, and the recommendations of the study.
Summary of Findings
The following observations present some of the characteristics of concrete cylinder samples containing welding slag during mixing and when subjected to Compressive and Flexural Strength Test.
1. Effect of pulverized mussel shell in the workability of concrete mixture: 1.1 When 5% pulverized mussel shell was added in the fresh concrete mixture, the presence of an admixture gave a slump height of 21mm. 1.2 When 10% pulverized mussel shell was added in the fresh concrete mixture, the presence of an admixture gave a slump height of 122mm. 1.3 When 15% pulverized mussel shell was added in the fresh concrete mixture, the presence of an admixture gave a slump height of 147mm. 2. Effect of pulverized mussel shell to the properties of hardened concrete in terms of concrete in terms of compressive strength: 2.1 Concrete mixed with 5% pulverized mussel shell as an admixture yielded an average of 4MPa. 2.2 Concrete mixed with 10% pulverized mussel shell as an admixture yielded an average of 4.33MPa. 2.3 Concrete mixed with 15% pulverized mussel shell as an admixture yielded an average of 3MPa. 3. Effect of the pulverized mussel shell in terms of the water retention of the concrete
All concrete samples undergone 24 hours of air drying and it was observed that after the plain concrete was dry while the concrete with pulverized mussel shell was still wet.
4. Comparison of plain concrete and concrete mixed with pulverized mussel shell: For 7 days of curing, the strength of plain concrete, 7.33MPa, obtained a higher value than that of the concrete with pulverized mussel shells.
For 7 days of curing, the ASTM Standard for compressive strength of Class A concrete mix had an average of 13.5MPa but the samples tested by the researchers gained only 7.33MPa for the plain concrete, 4MPa for the concrete with 5% pulverized mussel shell, 4.33MPa for the concrete with 10% pulverized mussel shell and 3MPa for the concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell. It attained a compressive strength lower than the ASTM Standard, therefore it failed.
Conclusions Based on the results of experiment, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The workability decreases when an amount of 5% of the total volume of the mixture was added but increases when an amount of more than 5% of the total volume of the mixture was added. This is due to the water resisting characteristics of the pulverized mussel shell, which gave high values of slump during the slump test.
2. The unit weight of the samples with pulverized mussel shells is lower than that of the plain concrete. It was observed that as the amount of pulverized mussel shell increases, the unit weight of the concrete decreases.
3. The increase amount of pulverized mussel shell affected the compressive strength of concrete. As the quantity of pulverized mussel shell increases, the strength attained decreases.
4. The pulverized mussel shell has affected the water retention of the concrete. The pulverized mussel shell has retained the water inside the concrete. See Appendix E.
5. Concrete with pulverized mussel shell obtained a compressive strength lower than that of plain concrete. The lowest compressive strength that was obtained is from the 15% pulverized mussel shell. Because of this, the researchers concluded that pulverized mussel shell does not strengthen concrete but instead makes it lighter.
6. Several factors have also contributed to the failing of all the concrete specimens. One of these factors is the inconsistency of the size of the fine aggregate that was used, making the results of the study unreliable
RECOMMENDATIONS The study has its own limitations and therefore, the following recommendations are made for future studies to improve the current work about the welding slag.
1. The characteristics of pulverized mussel shell that can affect the strength of concrete mix design should be studied.
2. The mussel shells can undergo the process of calcination
3. Ensure that the mixing of the concrete is done properly to avoid having unreliable results.
4. As a result of this experimental study, pulverized mussel shell should not be discarded as waste material, instead it should be properly utilized for productive purposes such as admixture for concrete to make lightweight concrete.
5. Further studies should be conducted for the comparison of results. It can be used to upgrade the recent results.
6. Future researchers should study other material, which can be substituted to pulverize mussel shell to obtain higher compressive strength.
APPENDIX A Tables
Table 2
Number of Concrete Cylindrical Specimen with Varying Amounts of Mussel Shell as Admixture
Ratio of Mussel
Curing Time
Shell
(Number of Specimen) 7 Days
40%
3
50%
3
60%
3
Total
9
Table 3 Slump Test Results
Percentage of Pulverized
Slump Height
Remarks
Class A
46mm
Failed
5%
21mm
Failed
10%
122mm
Failed
15%
147mm
Failed
Mussel Shell Used
Table 4 Specific Weight Result of Plain Concrete
Trial
Weight
Volume
Specific Weight
1
124.92N
5.516 X 10-3m3
22.65KN/m3
2
121.60N
5.516 X 10-3m3
22.04KN/m3
3
122.22N
5.516 X 10-3m3
22.16KN/m3
No.
Average Specific Weight
22.28KN/m3
Table 5 Specific Weight Result of Concrete with 5% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Trial
Weight
Volume
Unit Weight
1
120.21N
5.516 X 10-3m3
21.79KN/m3
2
119.93N
5.516 X 10-3m3
21.74KN/m3
3
118.64N
5.516 X 10-3m3
21.51KN/m3
No.
Average Unit Weight
21.68KN/m3
Table 6 Unit Weight Result of Concrete with 10% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Trial
Weight
Volume
1
116.18N
5.516 X 10-3m3
2
116.25N
5.516 X
10-3m3
3
116.32N
5.516 X 10-3m3
No.
Unit Weight
Average Unit Weight
21.06 KN/m3 21.07 KN/m3
21.07 KN/m3
21.09 KN/m3
Table 7 Specific Weight Result of Concrete With 15% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Trial No.
Weight
Volume
Unit Weight
Average Unit Weight
20.81
1
114.81N
5.516 X
2
115.47N
5.516 X 10-3m3
3
114.80N
10-3m3
10-3m3
KN/m3 20.93 KN/m3 20.81
5.516 X
KN/m3
20.85 KN/m3
Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Result of Plain Concrete
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
psi
MPa
7
1
1270
9
7
2
1030
7
7
3
880
6
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
1060
7.33
Failed Failed
Table 8 Compressive Strength Test Result of Concrete with 5% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
Psi
MPa
7
1
580
4
7
2
590
4
7
3
640
4
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
603.33
4
Failed Failed
Table 10 Compressive Strength Test Result of Concrete with 10% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
psi
MPa
7
1
670
5
7
2
570
4
7
3
580
4
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
606.67
4.33
Failed Failed
Table 11 Compressive Strength Test Result of Concrete with 15% Pulverized Mussel Shell
Compressive Strength
No. of Days of
Trial No.
Curing
psi
MPa
7
1
490
3
7
2
490
3
7
3
500
3
Average psi
Remarks
MPa Failed
493.33
3
Failed Failed
APPENDIX B Graphs
Graph 1 Graphical Presentation of the Result of the Slump Test of the Specimens
Slump Height 160 140 120 100 80
Slump Height
60 40 20 0 Class A
5%
10%
15%
Graph 2 Graphical Presentation of the Average Unit Weight of the Specimens
Unit Weight 22.5
22
21.5 Unit Weight
21
20.5
20 Class A
5%
10%
15%
Graph 3 Graphical Presentation of the Results of the Average Compressive Strength Test of the Specimens
Compressive Strength 8 7 6 5 4
Compressive Strength
3 2 1 0 Class A
5%
10%
5%
APPENDIX C Letters
APPENDIX D Test Results
APPENDIX E Documentation
Collection of mussel
shells
Air-drying of mussel shell
Preparing for mixing the specimen
Slump Test of Concrete with 5% pulverized mussel shell
Slump Test of Concrete with 10% pulverized mussel shell
Slump Test of Concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell
Weighing the specimen in Testing Center
Molds are ready for testing
Testing of plain concrete
Testing of concrete with 5% pulverized mussel shell
Testing of concrete with 10% pulverized mussel shell
Testing of concrete with 15% pulverized mussel shell
Plain Concrete after testing
Concrete with pulverized mussel shell after testing
Bibliography
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NIMPIS. (2002). Perna viridis species summary. CSIRO National Introduced Marine Pest Information System (Hewitt C.L., Martin R.B., Sliwa C., McEnnulty, F.R., Murphy, N.E., Jones T. and S. Cooper Eds). Retrieved from: http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Perna_viridis.htm
Rajagopal et al. (2006). Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story. Aquatic Ecology. 40:273-297. Retrieved from http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Perna_viridis.htm. Khan. “Effects of Different Mineral Admixtures on the Properties of Fresh Concrete,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 986567, 11 pages, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/986567
Admixture of Concrete and Cement, (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aboutcivil.org/concrete-technology-admixtures.html
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Engineering: A , 1 (1). Retrieved from http://www.davidpublishing.com/davidpublishing/upfile/2/7/2012/20120207 70497169.pdf
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