Proyecto Integradora

Proyecto Integrador: Instrumentación Industrial

Nombre: DAVID PADRON SALAZAR Carrera: !S!"! !S!"! #ecatrónica $rea: $ rea: Automati%ación &ru'o: (A)# Docente: Ing! *es+s Aurelio Aurelio &arc,a Córdo-a

H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas a 19 de Septiembre de 2016

Proyecto Integrador: Instrumentacion Industrial

[Escriba el título del documento]

PROYECTO INTEGRADOR: INTR!"ENTACION IND!TRIA# PARTE $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%& '!TI(ICACION DE #A INTR!"ENT INTR!"ENTACION IND!TRIA#%%%%%%%%%%%%%% IND!TRIA#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%& I"PORT I"PORTANCIA DE #O ITE"A DE !NIDADE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !NIDADE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%) %) I"PORTANCIA DE# TRATADO DE# "ETRO PARA #A CONCEPCI*N DE# ITE"A INTERNACIONA# INTERNACIONA# DE !NIDADE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !NIDADE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + DECRIPCI*N Y DETA##E DE #A CON(ERENCIA GENERA# DE PEO Y "EDIDA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%, ETR!CT!RA ETR!CT!RA DE #A CON(ERENCIA GENERA# GENERA# DE PEA Y "EDIDA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%, CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE E#ECTRICIDAD E#ECTRICIDAD /CCE0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$1 /CCE0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE (OTO"ETRIA Y RADIO"ETRIA RADIO"ETRIA /CCPR0:%%%%%%%%%% /CCPR0:%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%$1 %$1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE TER"O"ETRIA /CCT0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$1 /CCT0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE #A #ONGIT!DE #ONGIT!DE /CC#0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE TIE"PO Y (REC!ENCIA /CCT(0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$1 /CCT(0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %$1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE #A # A RADIACIONE RADIACIONE IONI2ANTE /CCRI0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /CCRI0:%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%$1 $1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O PARA #A "AA Y "AGNIT!DE RE#ACIONADA /CC"0: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% $1 CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O PARA PARA #A CANTIDAD DE !TANCIA !TANCIA /CC3"0:%%%%%%% /CC3"0:%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%$$ %$$ CO"IT- CON!#TI.O CON!#TI.O DE !NIDADE /CC!0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /CC!0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $$ CO"IT- CO!#TI.O DE AC!TICA4 !#TRAONIDO Y .I5RACIONE /CCA!.0:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ RE!"EN 6ITORICO DE #A "ETRO#OGIA "ETRO#OGIA EN "E7ICO%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% "E7ICO%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ %%%%%%%%$$ EPOCA PRE6IPANICA:%%%%%%%%%%% PRE6IPANICA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $$ EPOCA CO#ONIA#:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CO#ONIA#:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% $8 EPOCA INDEPENDIENTE:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% INDEPENDIENTE:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $8 EPOCA RE.O#!CIONARIA:%%%%%% RE.O#!CIONARIA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% $8 EPOCA "ODERNA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% "ODERNA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% $8 "E7ICO: AD6EION A# TRATADO DE# "ETRO Y ADOPCION DE# ITE"A "ETRICO%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$9 !TENTO #EGA# 3!E ETA5#ECE E# ITE"A INTERNACIONA# DE !NIDADE CO"O ITE"A O(ICIA# DE !NIDADE DE "-7ICO%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$9 !NIDADE 5AICA Y DERI.ADA DE# ITE"A INTERNACIONA# DE !NIDADE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ !NIDADE 5AICA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 5AICA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% $ !NIDAD DE #ONGIT!D:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #ONGIT!D:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ !NIDAD DE "AA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% "AA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% $ Autor: David Padró Sala!ar

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!NIDAD DE TIE"PO:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% TIE"PO:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% $ !NIDAD DE CORRIENTE E#ECTRICA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% E#ECTRICA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ !NIDAD DE TE"PERA TE"PERAT!RA TER"ODINA"ICA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% TER"ODINA"ICA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%$& %%%%%%%%%% $& !NIDAD DE INTENIDAD INTENIDAD #!"INOA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #!"INOA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%$& %%%% $& !NIDAD DE CANTIDAD DE !TANCIA:%%%%%%%%%%% !TANCIA:%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$& !NIDADE DERI.ADA%%%%%% DERI.ADA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $& !NIDADE DERI. DERI.ADA ADA 3!E TIENEN NO"5RE NO"5RE Y I"5O#O EPECIA#%%% EPECIA#%%%%% %%%%% %%%%%$+ %%$+ I"PORT I"PORTANCIA Y !TI#IDAD DE #O PRE(I'O 5AE $1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%$, $, PRO5#E"A DE CON.ERION DE PRE(I'O 5AE $1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%81 81 Problema Problema $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 81 Problema Problema 8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 81 Problema Problema 9%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 81 Problema Problema ;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 81 Problema Problema %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 8$ Problema Problema &%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 8$ Problema Problema )%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 8$ Problema Problema +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 8$ Problema Problema ,%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% 8$ Problema Problema $1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8$ REG#A DE ECRIT!RA ECRIT!RA DE# ITE"A INTERNACIONA#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% INTERNACIONA#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8$ Re
Autor: David Padró Sala!ar

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CO!IT( CONS"TI)O CONS"TI)O DE TIE!PO Y %RECENCIA *CCT%+: NueFo NueFo nombr nombre e dado dado en $,,) $,,) al Comit Comit Consul Consulti tiFo Fo Hara Hara la DeL DeLnic nici@n i@n del e
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Estas Hocas son en Farios aos  momentos en los cuales el Haís Hasaba Hor momentos duros en cuanto a Holítica4

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ndice !E1ICO: AD0ESION A" TRATADO DE" !ETRO Y ADOPCION DE" SISTE!A !ETRICO&

#

a adesi@n al Tratado del metro de "ico Kue al día 91 de diciembre de $+,14 cuando el Hresidente del comit internacional de Hesas  medidas da a conocer la adesi@n de "ico al Tratado del metro de $+)4  esta decisi@n de "ico con el tratado del metro lo dio a conocer a las altas Hartes contratantes el Hresidente del comit internacional de Hesas  medidas en el ao de $+,$  siendo "ico Harte de los miembros Lrmantes Lrmantes del tratado del metro4 tambin entendemos Jue en $++9 siendo Hresidente de la reHblica meic meicana ana don "anuel "anuel Gon?Bl Gon?Ble? e? Hidi@ Hidi@ inKor inKormac maci@n i@n sobre sobre los reJu reJuisi isitos tos Jue Jue debía cubrir el Haís Hara aderirse bien al Tratado del metro "ico lo

6



ndice

SSTENTO "EGA" -E ESTA/"ECE E" SISTE!A INTERNACIONA" DE NIDADES CO!O SISTE!A O%ICIA" DE NIDADES DE !(1ICO&

D

entr entro o de las las imHo imHort rtan ante tess disH disHos osic icio ione ness le REG#A"ENTO DE #A #EY (EDERA# O5RE "ETRO#OGIA Y NOR"A#I2ACION% NueFo re

6



ARTC!#O 8% #a ecre ecretar taría ía oHerar oHerarB B un sistem sistema a de inKor inKormac maci@n i@n relat relatiFo iFo a la metro metrolo< lo<ía4 ía4 normali?aci@n  eFaluaci@n de la conKormidad4 el cual contendrB4 entre otra inKormaci@n4 el CatBlo
ndice NIDADES /ASICAS Y DERI)ADAS DE" SISTE!A INTERNACIONA" DE NIDADES&

E

NIDADES /ASICAS& n el sistema internacional de unidades eisten en un numero
En su inicio en $),94 se deLni@ como la die?millonsima Harte del cuadrante del meridiano terrestre% #ue
Partiendo Partiendo de la 

6



NIDAD DE TIE!PO:

#a escala de tiemHo de los astr@nomos Kundamentada en las lees de la
#a reali?aci@n Hractica de esta deLnici@n se lo
En $,; la $1 CGP" modiLco la base termodinBmica de la escala de temHeratura4 en Fe? de acerla sobre dos Huntos LMos4 el Hunto de con
#a reali?aci@n de la candela Huede acerse midiendo la ener<ía de una Kuente a traFs de un Lltro . Jue simula la resHuesta del sistema Fisual umano en Kunci@n de la lon
IncorHorada en $,)$ como la sHtima unidad de base del I Hara Kormar la estructura metrol@

6



Es la cantidad de sustancia Jue contiene tantas entidades elementales como eistencia Btomos en 1%1$8 < de carbono $8% NIDADES DERI) DERI)ADAS& ADAS& Estas unidades se Korman Hor combinaciones simHles de las unidades I de base de acuerdo con las lees de la Kísica% !nos eMemHlos son la suHerLcie4 Folumen4 aceleraci@n4 numero de ondas4 masa Folumica4 densidad4 Folumen esHeciLco4 densidad de corriente4 camHo ma
"AGNIT!D

!NIDAD I

I"5O#O

NO"5RE uHerLcie

"etro cuadrado

.olumen

"etro cubico

m8 m9 m\s

.elocidad

"etro Hor se
m\s8 Aceleraci@n

"etro Hor se
mS$ Numer umero o De Ond Ondas "et "etro a la menos enos uno

<\m9 "asa .olumica4 Densidad

ilo
m9\< .olumen EsHeciLco

"etr "etro o cubi cubico co Hor Hor ilo
A\m8 Densidad De Corriente


6

AmHere Hor metro cuadrado



A\m CA"PO "AGNETICO

Amere Hor metro

mol\m9 Concentraci@n/De Cantidad De ustancias0

"ol Hor cubico

metro

cd\m8 #!"INOIDAD

Candela Ho Hor me metro cuadrado

$ Indic De ReKracci@n

/el numero0uno

NIDADES DERI)ADAS -E TIENEN NO!/RE Y SI!/O"O ESPECIA"&

!agnitud

S3m2ol o

Nom2re

E45resin en E45resin unid un idad ades es SI 27sicas

E45resin en E45resin otras unidades SI

n
RadiBn

rad

m\m^ $

$

n
EstereorradiBn

sr

m8\m8^ $

$

(recuencia

6ert?

6?

sS$

(uer?a

NeUton

N

m_<_sS8

Presi@n4 tensi@n

Pascal

Pa

mS$_<_sS8

N_\m8

Ener<ía4 trabaMo4 'ulio cantidad de calor

'

m8_<_sS8

N_m

Potencia4 ener<tico



m8_<_sS9

'_\s

C

s_ A

S

Car
VuMo

.atio

elctrica4 Culombio de


6



electricidad DiKerencia de Hotencial elctrico4 Kuer?a .oltio electromotri?

.

m8_<_sS9_AS$

\A

Resistencia elctrica



m8_<_sS9_AS8

.\A

Conductancia elctrica iemens



m8_<_sS9_AS8

A\.

CaHacidad elctrica

(aradio

(

mS8_
C\.

(luMo ma
eber

b

m8_<_sS8_AS$

._s

Tesla T esla

T

<_sS8_AS$

b\m8

Inductancia

6enrio

6

m8_< sS8_AS8

b\A

TemHeratura T emHeratura celsius

Grado celsius

`C



S

(luMo luminoso

#umen

lm

cd

cd_sr

Iluminancia

#u

l

mS8cd

lm\m8

5ecJuerel

5J

sS$

S

Dosis absorbida4 ener<ía mBsica Gra /comunicada04 erma

G

m8_sS8

'\<

Dosi siss eJuiF iFa alen entte4 dosis eJuiFalente ambiental4 dosis ieFert eJuiFalente direccional4 dosis eJuiFalente indiFidual



m8_sS8

'\<

ActiFidad catalítica

at

mol\s

Densidad ma
de

ActiFidad de radionucleido

Omio

VuMo

un

atal

S

ndice Autor: David Padró Sala!ar

6



I!PORTANCIA Y TI"IDAD DE "OS PRE%I$OS /ASE #8&

E

stos PreLMos no son Harte de la coerencia del I Hero inVuen Hara la reHresentaci@n de nmeros
ndice PRO/"E!AS DE CON)ERSION DE PRE%I$OS /ASE #8& Pro2lema #& 8$$88$%8$ mOms a HOms ^ 8%$$88$8$ HOms Pro2lema 9& 9;8$ T6? a n6? ^ 9%;8$ n6?


6



Pro2lema & 1%8$)+, H( a n( ^ 8%$)+, n( Pro2lema ;& ,&)$8$%9; m a Ym ^ ,%&)$8$9; Y" Pro2lema <& ,,+)%;)$18$ n6 a K6 ^ ,%,+);) K6 Pro2lema 6& &&)+%;)8$ c. a ". ^ &&);)8$ ". Pro2lema =& 9%8$&) mA a nA ^ 1%98$&) nA Pro2lema >& ,+,8$%8$8$ mC a GC ^ ,%+,8$8$8$ GC Pro2lema ?& ;)8$ m a Tm ^ ;%)8$ Tm Pro2lema #8& $&+,%9;8$ " a m ^ $&%+,9;8$ m

ndice

A

REG"AS DE ESCRITRA DE" SISTE!A INTERNACIONA"&

l ser un len

6



Regla <& En la eHresi@n de una ma
EMemHlo%S 89 m4 C4 % Regla 6& Contrariamente a lo Jue se ace Hara las abreFiaciones de las Halabras4 los símbolos de las unidades se escriben e scriben sin Hunto Lnal  no deben Hlurali?arse Hara no utili?ar la letra sZ Jue Hor otro Harte reHresenta al se
EMemHlo%S 1 mm4 1 <% Regla ##& No deben a
EMemHlo%S Hresi@n manomtrica de $1 Pa4 Hresi@n absoluta de $1 Pa4 tensi@n en corriente alterna: $81 .% Regla #<& Para no reHetir el símbolo de una unidad Jue interFiene mucas Feces en un Hroducto4 se utili?a el eHonente conFeniente% En el caso de un mltiHlo o de un submltiHlo4 el eHonente se aHlica tambin al HreLMo%

EMemHlo%S $ dm 94 $ dm9^/14$m09^1%11$ m94 $ dmdmdm ^ $ dm 9 ^ 1%$ m9% Regla 9#& #os nombres comHletos de las unidades  los símbolos de ellas no deben usarse combinados en una sola eHresi@n%

EMemHlo%S EMemHlo%S m\s4 metro\s% Regla 9;& Debe eFitarse el uso de unidades de diKerentes sistemas%

EMemHlos%S ilo

6



Regla 9?& #os HreLMos deberBn ser usados con las unidades I Hara indicar orden de ma
EMemHlo%S EMemHlo%S $+%; Gm4 $+ ;11 111 111 m% Regla 8& e recomienda el uso de HreLMos escalonados de mil en mil%

EMemHlo%S micro /u04 mili /m04 ilo /04 me
EMemHlo%S 81 mm  91 mm  ;1 mm4 811 nm a 911 nm4 1 . a 1 .%

ndice NIDADES DE !EDICION DE DI)ERSOS TIPOS DE )ARIA/"ES& NO!/RE DE "A )ARIA/"E

!NIDAD DE "EDIDA $

.oltaMe

.olts /F0

Corriente elctrica

AmHerio /A0

Resistencia elctrica

Oms

Potencia elctrica

Uatts

car
columbs

Inductancia

6enrios

CaHacitancia

(aradios

!NIDAD DE "EDIDA 8

!NIDAD DE "EDIDA 9

ilo Foltios

ImHedancia Reactancia (recuencia

6ert?

Periodo

se
minutos

oras

Presi@n

Hsi

atm

bars

(uer?a

neUton


6

!NIDAD DE "EDIDA ;



TemHeratura TemHeratura

Grados Celsius Grados /C0 elFin /0

Grados (areneit /(0

#on
"etros /m0

Pul
Yardas /d0

Hies /Kt0

rea

m8

in8

Acres /Ac0

Kt8

.olumen

#itros /lt0

in9

Galo Ga lone ness /
"a sa

libra

toneladas

#ibras\Hies cbicos

5arriles\min

Kt9s "s

Calor (luMo ma
eber

Densidad de VuMo ma
tesla

Caudal o (luMo

#itros\se
NiFel

m8

.elocidad

m6

"H

(t\s

Aceleraci@n

m\s8

Kt\s8

"8

ResistiFidad

Oms Hor centímetro cuadrado

Oms Hor milímetro cuadrado

ConductiFidad

siemens

Intensidad luminosa

Candela

(luMo luminoso

lumen

maUell

ndice PRO/"E!AS DE CON)ERSION DE NIDADES& LONGITUD UNIDAD

PULGADAS PIES MILLAS

PULGADAS

1

0.0833

-

25.4

2. 54

0.0254

-

PIES

12

1

-

304.8

30.48

0.3048

-


6

MILÍ- CENTÍKILÓMETROS METROS METROS METROS


[Escriba el título del documento] LONGITUD

UNIDAD

PULGADAS PIES MILLAS

MILÍ- CENTÍKILÓMETROS METROS METROS METROS

MILLAS

63,360

5,280

1

-

-

1,609.344

1.609344

MILÍMETROS

0.03937

0.003281

-

1

0.1

0.001

-

CENTÍMETROS

0.3937

0.032808

-

10

1

0.01

-

METROS

39.3701

3.28084

-

1,000

100

1

0.001

KILÓMETROS

39,370

3,280.8

0.62137

-

100,000

1,000

1

EQUIVALENCIAS DE PESO Y VOLUMEN DE AGUA UNIDAD

GALÓN GALÓN PULGADAS PIES METROS (US) IMPERIAL CÚBICAS CÚBICOS CÚ CÚBI BICO COS S LITR LITROS OS LI LIBR BRAS AS

GALÓN (US)

1. 0

0.833

231.0

0.1337

0.00378

3.785

8.33

GALÓN IMPERIAL

1. 20

1.0

277.41

0.1605

0.00455

4.546

10.0

PULGADAS CÚBICAS

0.004329

0.003607

1.0

0.00057

0.000016

-

0.0361

PIES CÚBICOS

7. 48

6.232

1,728.0

1.0

0.0283

28.317

62.425

METROS CÚBICOS

284.17

220.05

-

35.314

1.0

1,000

2,204.5

LITROS

0.26417

0.220

61.023

0.0353

0.001

1. 0

2.205

LIBRAS

0. 12

0.1

27.68

0.016

-

0.454

1. 0


6



EQUIVALENCIAS DE PRESIÓN Y CARGA DE AGUA Lbs/p! Lbs/ A&'s%* K"/ UNIDAD " # (PSI) p$%# +s ,'#

P!" P$%s P!" .% .% .% " +"+ +"+

'' .% "

Lbs/p!"#

1

144.0

0.068046

0.070307

27.727 2.3106 6

51.715 0.06895 0

Lbs/p$%#

0.006945

1

0.000473

0.000488 0.1926

A&'s%*+ s

14.696

2,116.2 2

1

1.0332

407.48 33.957 4 0

29.921

K"-,'#

14.2233

2,048.1 6

0.96784

1

394.27 32.864

28.959

P!" .% +"+

0.03607

5.184

0.002454

0.00254

1

0.0833 3

0.0734

1.865 0.00249

P$%s .% +"+

0.43278 62.3205

0.029449

0.03043

12.0

1

0.8811

22.381 0.02964

P!" .% "

0.49115

0.033421

0.03453 13.617 1.1349

1

25.40 0.03386

'' .% " BARS

70.726

0.019337 2.7845

14.5036

2,068.5 5

0.0013158

0.98692

2.0360

0.0160 0.014113 0.3591 0.00047 5 9 3 9

0.001359 0.0446 0.5361 0.03937 5 8 1.0197

402.1

BARS

33.51

29.53

760.0 1.01325 735.55 0.9807 8

1

0.00133 3

750.0

1

UNIDADES DE CAUDAL DE AGUA

UNIDAD

US MILLON GALONES L$&*2s B+**$! B+**$!% GALON ES DE US P$%0 / '0 / IMPERIALE / %s s ES GALONE s%" 12*+ S/ MIN s%" /'$3 /.4+ /MIN S/ DIA

US GALONES/MIN

1

0.8327

0.00144

0.0022 0.0227 0.0631 0.0238 3 1

GALONES IMPERIALES/M IN

1,201

1

0.00173

0.0026 0.2727 0.0758 0.02859 41.176 76

694.4

578.25

1

MILLONES DE US


6

1.547

157.7

43. 8

16.53

34.286

23,810


[Escriba el título del documento] UNIDADES DE CAUDAL DE AGUA

UNIDAD

US MILLON GALONES L$&*2s B+**$! B+**$!% GALON ES DE US P$%0 / '0 / IMPERIALE / %s s ES GALONE s%" 12*+ S/ MIN s%" /'$3 /.4+ /MIN S/ DIA

GALONES/DIA P$%0/s%"

448.83

373.7

0.646

'0/s%"

15,850

13,199

22.83

'0/'$3

264.2

220

0.3804

0.5883

60.0

'0/12*+

4.403

3.67

0.00634

0.0098 2

1

L$&*2s/s%"

15.85

13.20

0.0228

0.0353

3.60

L$&*2s/'$3&2

0.2642

0.220

0.000380

B+**$!%s/'$3

42

34.97

0.0605

B+**$!%s/.4+

0.0292

0.0243

0.000042

1

101.9

28.32

10.686

15,388

35.315 3,600

1,000

377.4

543,447

16.667

6.290

9,058


1

151

0.3773

543.3

0.0005 0.060 0.0167 0.00629 89

9.055

0.0935 9.5256 7

1,440

2.65

1

0.0000 0.0066 0.0018 0.00069 65 2 4

E5$6+!%3,$+s D% T%'p%*+&*+

6

0.2778 0.1048

1



0.555 (°F - 32)

= Grados Celsius (°C)

(1.8 x °C)  32

= Grados Fa!re"!ei# (°F)

°C  273.15

= Grados $el%i" (°$)

&u"#o de e'ullii"

= 212° F = 100° C = 373° $

&u"#o de o"*ela+ie"#o

= 32° F = 0° C = 273° $


6


[Escriba el título del documento] M%.$.+s .% L23"$&.

S$s&%'+ I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 &ul*ades (ul*.)

x

25.4

=

il+e#ros (++)

&ul*ades (ul*.)

x

2.54

=

Ce"#+e#ros (+)

&ies (ie)

x

304.8

=

il+e#ros (++)

&ies (ie)

x

30.48

=

Ce"#+e#ros (+)

&ies (ie)

x

0.3048

=

e#ros (+)

/ardas (da)

x

0.9144

=

e#ros (+)

illas (+i)

x

1,609.3

=

e#ros (+)

illas (+i)

x

1.6093

=

$il+e#ros ()

S$s&%'+ M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s il+e#ros (++)

x

0.03937

=

&ul*ades (ul*.)

il+e#ros (++)

x

0.00328

=

&ies (ie)

Ce"#+e#ros (+)

x

0.3937

=

&ul*ades (ul*.)

Ce"#+e#ros (+)

x

0.0328

=

&ies (ie)

e#ros (+)

x

39.3701

=

&ul*ades (ul*.)

e#ros (+)

x

3.2808

=

&ies (ie)

e#ros (+)

x

1.0936

=

/ardas (da)

$il+e#ros ()

x

0.6214

=

illas (+i)

M%.$.+s .% 8*%+ 2 Sp%*$,

%$M7&*$,2 + M7&*$,2 e#ros uadrados (+2)

x 10,000

= Ce"#+e#ros uadrados (+2)

e#reas (!a)

x 10,000

= e#ros uadrados (+2)


6



I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 &ul*adas uadradas (ul*.2)

x 6.4516

= Ce"#+e#ros uadrados (+2)

&ies uadrados (ie2)

x 0.092903


/ardas uadradas (d2)

x 0.8361


res ()

x 0.004047

= $il+e#ros uadrados (+2)

res ()

x 0. 0 .4047

= e#reas (!a)

illas uadradas (+i2)

x 2.59

= $il+e#ros uadrados (+2)

Ce"#+e#ros uadrados (+2)

x 0.16

= &ul*adas uadradas (ul*.2)

e#ros uadrados (+2)

x 10.7639

= &ies uadrados (ie2)

e#ros uadrados (+2)

x 1.1960

= /ardas uadradas (d2)

e#reas (!a)

x 2.471

= res ()

$il+e#ros uadrados (+2)

x 247.1054

= res ()

$il+e#ros uadrados (+2)

x 0.3861

= illas uadradas (+i2)

M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s

U3$.+.%s .% V2!'%3

I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 &ul*adas 'ias (ul*.3)

x

16.3871

=

ilili#ros (+l)

&ul*adas 'ias (ul*.3)

x

16.3871

=

Ce"#+e#ros 'ios (+3)

&ies 'ios (ie3)

x

28,317

=

Ce"#+e#ros 'ios (+3)


x

0.028317

=

e#ros 'ios (+3)


x

28.317

=

i#ros (l#)

/ardas 'ias (d3)

x

0.7646

=

e#ros 'ios (+3)


6



re&ie (-&ie)

x

1233.53

=

e#ros 'ios (+3)

"as :luidas (;<)(o)

x

0.029573

=

i#ros (l#)

Cuar#o (#)

x

946.9

=

il+e#ros 'ios (++3)

Cuar#o (#)

x

0.9463

=

i#ros (l#)

Galo"es (*al)

x

3.7854

=

i#ros (l#)

Galo"es (*al)

x

0.0037854

=

e#ros 'ios (+3)

Galo"es (*al)

x

3785

=

Ce"#+e#ros 'ios (+3)

&es ()

x

0.881

=

>eali#ros (>)

?us!els ('u)

x

0.3524

=

e#oli#ros ()

Cu!arada

x

5

=

ilili#ros (+l)

Cu!aradi#a

x

15

=

ilili#ros (+l)

@aa

x

0.24

=

i#ros (l#) i

&i"#a

x

0.47 0.

=

i#ros (l#) i

ilili#ros (+l)

x

0.03

=

"as :luidas (o)

ilili#ros (+l)

x

0.0610

=


Ce"#+e#ros 'ios (+3)

x

0.061

=


Ce"#+e#ros 'ios (+3)

x

0.002113

=

&i"#as (&#)

e#ros 'ios (+3)

x

35.3183

=


e#ros 'ios (+3)

x

1.3079

=


e#ros 'ios (+3)

x

264.2

=

Galo"es (*al)

e#ros 'ios (+3)

x

0.000811

=

re&ie (-&ie)

i#ros (l#)

x

1.0567

=

Cuar#o (#)

i#ros (l#)

x

0.264

=

Galo"es (*al)

i#ros (l#)

x

61.024

=


i#ros (l#)

x

0.0353

=


M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s


6



>eali#ros (>)

x

2.6417

=

Galo"es (*al)

>eali#ros (>)

x

1.135

=

&es ()


x

3.531

=



x

2.84

=

?us!els ('u)


x

0.131

=



x

26.42

=

Galo"es (*al)

(Ao#aB los *alo"es ;< es#" lis#ados e" la ar#e suerior.) suerior.)

U3$.+.%s .% P*%s$3

I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 i'rasul*ada u uadrada ( (si)

x 0.00689

= e*aasales ( (&a)

i' i'rras su ul* l*ad ada a ua uadr dra ada ( (s si)

x 0. 0.07 0703 030 07

= $il ilo o*r *ra a+os ose e" "# #+e +e#r #ro o u uad adrrado ( (* *+ +2)

i'rasie uadrado (l'ie2)

x 47.8803

= &asales (&a)


x 0.000488

= $ilo*ra+ose"#+e#ro uadrado (*+2)


x 4.8824

= $ilo*ra+os+e#ro uadrado (*+2)

&ul*adas de *

x 3,376.8

= &asales (&a)

&ul*adas de a*ua

x 248.84

= &asales (&a)

?ar

x 100,000

= AeD#o"s+e#ros uadrados (A+2)

&asales (&a)

x 1

= AeD#o"s+e#ros uadrados (A+2)

&asales (&a)

x 0.000145

= i'rasul*ada uadrada (l'ul*.2)

$iloasales (&a)

x 0.145


&asales (&a)

x 0.000296

= &ul*adas de * (a 60° F)

$ilo*ra+os e"#+e#ro uadrado

x 14.22

= i'rasul*ada u uadrada (l (l'ul*.2)

M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s


6



(*+ 2) $ilo*ra+os e"#+e#ro uadrado (*+ 2)

x 28.959

= &ul*adas de * (a 60° F)

$ilo*ra+os +e#ro uadrado (*+2)

x 0.2048

= i'rasie u uadrado (l (l'ie2)

Ce"#+e#ros de *

x 0.4461

= &ies de a*ua

Ce"#+e#ros de *

x 0.1939


U3$.+.%s .% P%s2

I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 Gra"os (#ro)

x

0.0648

=

Gra+os (*)

Gra"os (#ro)

x

64.8

=

ili*ra+os (+*)

"as (o)

x

28.3495

=

Gra+os (*)

i'ras (l')

x

453.59

=

Gra+os (*)

i'ras (l')

x

0.4536

=

$ilo*ra+os (*)

@o"eladas (or#asB 2,000 l')

x

0.9072

=

e*a*ra+os (#o"elada +E#ria)

i'rasies 'ios (l'ie3)

x

16.02

=

Gra+osli#ro (*l#)

i'ras+il-*al" (l'+il*al.)

x

0.1198

=

Gra+os+e#ros 'ios (*+3)

ili*ra+os (+*)

x

0.01543

=

Gra"os (#ro)

Gra+os (*)

x

15.4324

=

Gra"os (#ro)

Gra+os (*)

x

0.0353

=

"as (o)

M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s


6



Gra+os (*)

x

0.0022

=

i'ras (l')

$ilo*ra+os (*)

x

2.2046

=

i'ras (l')

$ilo*ra+os (*)

x

0.0011

=


e*a*ra+os (#o"elada +E#ria)

x

1.1023

=


Gra+osli#ro (*l#)

x

0.0624

=

i'rasies 'ios (l'ie3)

Gra+os+e#ros Gra+os+ e#ros 'ios (*+3)

x

8.3454

=

i'ras+il-*al" (l'+il*al.)

U3$.+.%s .% 9!:2 2 C+.+!

I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 Galo"esse*u"do (*s)

x 3.785

= i#rosse*u"do (ls)

Galo"es+i"u#o (*+)

x 0.00006308

= e#ros 'iosse*u"do (+3 se*)


x 0.277

= e#ros 'ios!ora (+3 !)


x 0.06308


Galo"es!ora (*!)

x 0.003785

= e#ros 'ios!ora (+3 !)

Galo"esda (*d)

x 0.000003785 = illo"es de li#rosda (l#d)

Galo"esda (*d)

x 0.003785

&ies 'iosse*u"do (ie3 se*) x 0.028317

= e#ros 'iosse*u"do 'iosse*u"do (+3 se*)

&ies 'iosse*u"do (ie3 se*) x 1,699

= i#ros+i"u#o (l#+i") (l#+i")

&ies 'ios+i"u#o (ie3 +i".) x 472

= Ce"#+e#ros 'iosse*u"do 'iosse*u"do (+3 se*)

&ies 'ios+i"u#o (ie3 +i".) x 0.472


&ies 'ios+i"u#o (ie3 +i".) x 1.6990

= e#ros 'ios!ora 'ios!ora (+3 !)

illo"es de *alo"esda (+*d)

x 43.8126


illo" o"e es de *alo"esda (+*d)

x 0.003785

= e#ros 'i ios osda (+3 d)

illo" o"e es de de *a *alo"esda (+*d)

x 0.043813

= e#ros 'i ios osse*u"do ((+ +3 se*)


6

= e#ros 'iosda (+3 d)



Galo"esie uadrado (*alie2) x 40.74

= i#ros+e#ros uadrados (l#+2)

Galo"esreda (* (*ald)

x 0.0094

= e#ros  'ios!e#reada ((+ +3 !ad)

Galo"es&ie uadradoda (*alie2 d)

x 0.0407

= e#ros  'ios+e#ros u uadradosda ((+ +3 +2 d)

Galo"es&ie uadradoda (*alie2 d)

x 0.0283

= i#ros+e#ros u uadradosda (l (l#+2 d)

Galo"es&ie uadrado+i"u uadrado+i"u#o #o 2 (*alie +i")

x 2.444

=

Galo"es&ie uadrado+i"u uadrado+i"u#o #o (*alie2 +i")

x 0.679

= i#ros+e#ros u uadradosse*u"do (l (l#+2 se*.)

Galo"es&ie uadrado+i"u uadrado+i"u#o #o 2 (*alie +i")

x 40.7458

= i#ros+e#ros u uadrados+i"u#o (l (l#+2 +i")

Galo"esi#ada (*d)

x 3.785

= i#rosdai#a (l#d er i#a)

i#rosse*u"do (l#se*)

x 22,824.5

= Galo"esda (*d)


x 0.0228

= illo"es de *alo"esda (+*d)


x 15.8508

= Galo"es+i"u#o (*+)


x 2.119

= &ies 'ios+i"u#o (ie3 +i")

i#ros+i"u#o (l#+i")

x 0.0005886

= &ies 'iosse*u"do (ie3 se*)

Ce"#+e#ros 'iosse*u"do (+3 s)

x 0.0021

= &ies 'ios+i"u#o (ie3 +i")

e#ros 'iosse*u"do (+3 se*)

x 35.3147

= &ies 'iosse*u"do (ie3 se*)


x 22.8245

= illo"es de *alo"esda (+*d)


x 15,850.3

= Galo"es+i"u#o (*+)

e#ros 'ios!ora (+3 !)

x 0.5886

= &ies 'ios+i"u#o 'ios+i"u#o (ie3 +i")

e#ros 'ios!ora (+3 !)

x 4.403

= Galo"es+i"u Galo"es+i"u#o #o (*+)

e#ros 'iosda (+3 d)

x 264.1720

= Galo"esda (*d)

e#ros 'iosda (+3 d)

x 0.00026417

= illo"es de *alo"esda *alo"esda (+*d)

e#ros 'ios+e#ros uadrados!ora (+3 +2 !)

M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s


6



e#ros 'ios!e#re 'ios!e#reada ada 3 (+ !ad)

x 106.9064

= Galo"esreda (*ald)

e#ros 'ios+e#ros uadrados!ora uadrados!or a (+3 +2 !)

x 0.408

= Galo"es&ie uadrado+i"u#o (*alie2 +i")

e#ros 'ios+e#ros uadradosda (+3 +2 d)

x 24.5424

= Galo"es&ie uadradoda (*alie2 d)

i#ros+e#ros uadrados+i"u#o (l#+2 +i")

x 0.0245

= Galo"es&ie u uadrado+i"u#o (* (*alie2 +i")

i#ros+e#ros uadrados+i"u#o (l#+2 +i")

x 35.3420

= Galo"es&ie uadradoda (*alie2 d)

V%!2,$.+.; A,%!%*+,$3 < 9%*=+

I3"!7s + M7&*$,2 &iesse*u"do (iese*)

x 30. 48

= Ce"#+e#rosse*u"do (+se*)

&ies+i"u#o (ie+i")

x 182.9

= $il+e#ros!ora (+!)


x 0.305

= e#ros+i"u#o (++i")


x 18.2880 = e#ros!ora (+!)

&ies!ora (ie!)

x 0.3048

= e#ros!ora (+!)

illas or !ora (+!)

x 44. 7

= Ce"#+e#rosse*u"do (+se*)

illas or !ora (+!)

x 26. 82

= e#ros+i"u#o (++i")

&iesse*u"dose*u"do &iesse*u"dose *u"do (iese*2)

x 0.3048

= e#rosse*u"dose*u"do (+se*2)

&iesse*u"dose*u"do &iesse*u"dose *u"do (iese*2)

x 1.0973

= $il+e#ros!orase*u"do ( ( +!se*)

&ul*adasse*u"dose*u"do &ul*adasse*u"dos e*u"do (ul*se*2)

x 0.0254

= e#rosse*u"dose*u"do (+se*2)

i'ras Fuera (l'F)

x 4.44482 = AeD#o"s (A)

M7&*$,2 + I3"!7s Ce"#+e#rosse*u"do (+se*)


6

x 0.0224

= illas or !ora (+!)



e#rosse*u"do (+se*)

x 3.2808

= &iesse*u"do (iese*)

e#ros+i"u#o (++i")

x 0.0373


e#ros+i"u#o (++i")

x 3. 28

= &ies+i"u#o (ie+i")

e#ros!ora (+!)

x 0.0547

= &ies+i"u#o (ie+i")

e#ros!ora (+!)

x 3.2808

= &ies!ora (ie!)

$il+e#rosse*u"do (+se*)

x 2.2369


$il+e#ros!ora (+!)

x 0.0103


$il+e#ros!ora (+!)

x 54. 68

= &ies+i"u#o (ie+i")

$il l+ +e#ros!orase*u"do (+!se*)

x 0. 911

= &iesse*u"dose*u"do (ie iese*2)

e#rosse*u"dose*u"do e#rosse*u"do se*u"do (+se*2)

x 3.2808

= &iesse*u"dose*u"do (iese*2)

e#rosse*u"dose*u"do e#rosse*u"do se*u"do (+se*2)

x 39.3701 = &ul*adasse*u"dose*u"do (ul*se*2)

AeD#o"s (A)

x 0.2248


6

i'ras Fuera (l'F)




6




6



PRO/"E!A # ?6<#><=&<8 ?6<#><=&<8 mi @ m @ 5ies *Bt+ @ 5ulgadas 5ulgadas *in+ @ yardas *yd+ *yd+

(C$ $ m ^ 1%&8$ mi 1

(C$^

0.621

km mi 1

^ ,&$+)%1 mi /

0.621

km mi 0 ^ ,&$+)%1

9651757.50 0.621

^ #<<;9;;&6; m (C8 $ m ^ 98+1%+ Kt 9 (C8 ^ 98+1%+

ft 3 km

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9<#> cmFs  9<&#> cmFs ^ #&9#> BtFmin PRO/"E!A = <6#>?8 ltsFmin  5ie Fseg

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ndice !EDICION INDIRECTA DE )ARIA/"ES&



e dice Jue una medici@n es indirecta cuando se obtiene4 mediante cBlculos4 a Hartir de otras mediciones directas%


6



Como anteriormente se a dico4 al momento de reali?ar mediciones el ser umano tiene al
EMemHlo: Podemos Podemos obserFas un eMemHlo de esta le Hor eMemHlo en los neumBticos del auto antes de roda se tienen Jue deMar con una Hresi@n de 8 lbs Hor Jue al roda la temHeratura del neumBtico aumenta Hor la Kricci@n Jue causa el moFimiento constante de la rodada contra el Hiso lo Hroduce un aumento de Hresi@n% TEORE!A DE /ERNO""I& Este teorema nos dice Jue el comHortamiento comHortamiento de un Vuido moFindose a lo lar
6



EMemHlo: !nos eMemHlos claros son las cimeneas4 como son altas aHroFecan la Felocidad del Fiento a Jue es mBs constante  eleFada a maores alturas% Cuanto mBs rBHido soHla el Fiento sobre la boca de la cimenea mBs baMa es la Hresi@n% "EY DE PASCA"& #a le de Pascal o HrinciHio de Pascal4 Pascal4 es una le Jue se resume en la Krase: la Hresi@n eMercida sobre un Vuido Hoco comHresible  en eJuilibrio dentro de un reciHiente de Haredes indeKormables se transmite con i
EMemHlo: AunJue los dos sean Vuidos a una diKerencia imHortante entre los
ndice CONCEPTOS DE !ETRO"OGIA& !ETRO"OGIA DI!NESIONA"& #a metrolo<ía dimensional dimensional es una rama de metrolo<ía Jue estudia las tcnicas de medici@n Jue determinan aHroHiadamente las ma
Indirectas: Este tiHo de medici@n se da cuando Hor medio de la comHaraci@n de otras Fariables Jue se relacionen con la Fariable medida o nos auden a calcular el Falor de la Fariable Jue deseamos medir mediante K@rmulas4 lees  HrinciHios% Autor: David Padró Sala!ar

6



TIPOS DE INSTR!ENTOS& Continuos: on los Jue nos Hermiten obserFas cualJuier cambio Jue suKra la Fariable4 un eMemHlo de este tiHo de instrumentos son el amHerímetro de a
Discretos: on aJuellos Jue solo nos Hermiten Fer los cambios Jue suKre la Fariable asta un cierto Hunto4 @sea Jue tienen una cierta limitaci@n4 eMemHlos de estos instrumentos son los instrumentos di
Dico en otras Halabras4 es la reHroducci@n reHroducci@n de una unidad% CA"I/RACION& e relaciona con cumHlir ciertas condiciones esHecíLcas4 @sea Jue se comHaran los Falores obtenidos Hor el instrumento con los Falores de los Hatrones establecidos% TRA,A/I"IDAD& #a tra?abilidad no HodrB ser si la calibraci@n no es lleFada a cabo4 a Jue esta HroHiedad consiste en Jue la lectura o medici@n HodrB ser reKerenciada a su Hatr@n de medida%

Cuando a tra?abilidad Huedes medir un Hatr@n de medida en diKerentes instrumentos  el Falor se

6



"ientras mBs leMana este la lectura del Falor reKerenciado al Hatr@n de medida menos eacto serB el instrumento  si el Falor obtenido es mu cercano al Falor real con resHecto al Hatr@n de medida mBs eacto es el instrumento% PRECISION& Es la cualidad de dar siemHre las mismas resHuestas Hr@imas Hr@imas al Falor real del mesurando% "ientras menos disHersi@n eista entre las medidas mBs eacto es el instrumento @sea Jue si se mide siemHre la misma Fariable baMo las mismas condiciones el Falor arroMado Hor el instrumento siemHre serB el mismo% /ANDA !ERTA O ,ONA !ERTA& Es el ran

6



0ISTERESIS& Es la tendencia de un instrumento de mostrarnos un Falor diKerente de lectura cuando se mueFe de la Harte suHerior de la escala acia el Hunto de medici@n Jue cuando se mueFe a la Harte suHerior de la escala% INCERTID!/RE DE !EDICION& #a incertidumbre de medici@n es la duda Jue eiste entre esa medici@n  el Falor real del mesurando% INCERTE,A INSTRINSECA DE !EDICION& Esto se reLere a Jue todo obMeto suMeto a medici@n tiene un
ndice PRO/"E!AS DE PARA!ETROS DE !ETRO"OGIA& Pro2lema #& !n instrumento de medici@n de VuMo oKrece una esHeciLcaci@n Hara su eactitud de \S 1%1f de la lectura obtenidaW eHrese dica eactitud en trminos de la Fariable medida si la lectura es de 911 litros\se
Eactitud del instrumento de medici@n de VuMo: \S 1%$ lt\s% OHeraci@n: 911\S/1%1\$110911^911 S\ %$ litros\se
6



Pro2lema 9& !n instrumento de medici@n de temHeratura con un ran
Eactitud del instrumento de medici@n de VuMo: \S 1%18C OHeraci@n: $+)\S/1%1$\$110811 $+)\S/1%1$\$110811 ^ $+)\S1%18C% e tiene un sHan de 811c% Con dico Falor obtenido de la eactitud estarB en un Falor entre $+&%,+C  $+)%18C% Pro2lema & Determine la sensibilidad de un transmisor electr@nico de Hresi@n de 1 g 81 bar  salida estBndar de medici@n de ; g 81 mAW si la Hresi@n medida cambias cambias de $ a $% bar  la salida de corriente del transmisor cambia de $; mA a $;%8 mA% /Anote cBlculos Hara obtenci@n del resultado0% Solucin:

ensibilidad de un transmisor electr@nico: \S 1% mA\bar% OHeraci@n: [/$;%8S$;0\/81S;0]\[/$%;S$0 =\/810]^ [/%80\/$&0]\[/%0\ [/%80\/$&0]\[/%0\ /810]^[/1%1$80]\[/1%180]^\S 1% mA\bar% Pro2lema ;& !n man@metro con ran
ndice


6



INCERTID!/RE DE !EDICION& DE%INICI'N DE INCERTID!/RE DE !EDICI'N& a incertidumbre de una medici@n es el Jue tan conLable es el Falor de la medici@n con resHecto al Falor real del mesurando%

#

Es decir Jue toda medici@n Jue realicemos es solo un aHroimado al Falor real de la Fariable medida4 a Jue Hor mBs cuidadosos Jue seamos al momento de reali?ar una medici@n siemHre eistirB la duda en cuanto al resultado de dica medici@n% En otras Halabras4 tambin se Huede decir Jue Hara un mesurando eiste mBs de un Falor al momento de ser medido% JPOR -E SE GENERA INCERTID!/RE DE !EDICI'N K Debemos tener mu claro Jue toda medici@n Jue realicemos tiene asociada una incertidumbre incertidumbre Jue Hueden asociarse a diKerentes Kactores como lo son: • • • • •

• • •

#a calibraci@n del instrumento #a HerceHci@n o Fisi@n del obserFador #a naturale?a de la ma
Cada uno de esos Kactores Hor seHarados son causa de una incertidumbre a sea Hoca o muca no es recomendable descartar al
Por decirlo así4 si utili?amos un mismo instrumento de medici@n Hara medir una ma
6



#o Jue se Juiere dar a entender con lo anterior es Jue si el instrumento es Hoco estable el
Al no lleFarse a cabo el Hroceso calibraci@n o de no estar correctamente calibrado un instrumento su niFel conLabilidad disminue4  lo Jue ocasiona esto es Jue la incertidumbre en la medici@n aumente% PRINCIPA"ES CONTRI/YENTES DE "A INCERTID!/RE DE !EDICION& PRINCIPA"ES #os resultados de la calibraci@n del instrumento #a incertidumbre del Hatr@n o del material de reKerencia #a reHetibilidad de las lecturas El modelo Harticular de la medici@n #a deLnici@n de HroHio mesurando • • • • •

RECO!ENDACIONES PARA PARA DIS!INIR "A INCERTID!/R INCERTID!/RE E DE !EDICION& Aumentar el nmero de mediciones #leFar acabo un correcto Hroceso de calibraci@n No i
PROCEDI!IENTO A PARA PARA ESTI!ACION DE "A INCERTID!/RE DE !EDICION DE ACERDO CON E" G!*GIDE TO T0E E1PRESSION O% NCERTAINTY NCERT AINTY IN !EASRA!ENT+ Antes de comHarar  combinar contribuciones contribuciones de la incertidumbre incertidumbre Jue tienen distribuciones diKerentes4 diKerentes4 es necesario reHresentar los Falores de las incertidumbres ori
a0 Distribuci@n normal: #a desFiaci@n estBndar eHerimental de la media calculada a Hartir de los resul resultad tados os de una una medici medici@n @n reHet reHetid ida a se<n se<n la ec% /&%;0 /&%;0 a reHr reHrese esenta nta la incertidumbre estBndar% Cuando se disHone de Falores de una incertidumbre eHandida U4 como los Hresentados Hor eMemHlo en certiLcados de calibraci@n4 Autor: David Padró Sala!ar

6



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i la ma
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6



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6



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ndice

#

NOR!A"I,ACION EN "A INSTR!ENTACION INDSTRIA"& as normas son una Harte mu imHortante en la metrolo<ía o instrumentaci@n instrumentaci@n industrial al momento de Juerer acer meMoras o cuidar la calidad de un Hroducto o serFicio al i
Actualmente Actualmente si se oKrece un serFicio es necesario contar con la certiLcaci@n de al
6



-E ES NA NOR!A& !na norma es un acuerdo Jue se adoHta como re
#os Hroductos o serFicios Jue son elaborados conKorme a normas son de meMor calidad4 mBs aHtos  mBs se
El HrinciHal HroH@sito de la IO es Komentar 
ORGANIS!O

Alemania

DeutscesInstitutKQrNormun< g DIN

Ar
Instituto Ar Ar
Cile

Instituto Nacional de Normali?aci@n S INN

Colombia

Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas S ICONTEC

Cuba

OLcina Nacional de Normali?aci@n S NC

EsHaa

Asociaci@n EsHaola de Normali?aci@n  CertiLcaci@n S AENOR

EE!!

American Nacional tandards Institute S ANI

(rancia

Association (ranaise de Normalisation S A(NOR


6



"ico

Direcci@n General de Normas S DGN

Para
Instituto Na Nacional de de Te Tecnolo<ía  Normali?aci@n S INTN

Per

Instituto Nacional de DeKensa de la ComHetencia  de la Protecci@n de la ProHiedad Intelectual S INDECOPI

Reino !nido

5ritis tandardsIn sInstitute S 5

Rusia

A
ui?a

Uiss Association Kor tandardi?ation S N.

IEC *Comisin Electrotcnica Internacional+&

El HroH@sito de la IEC es HreHarar  Hublicar las normas internacionales Hara todas las tecnolo<ías elctricas4 electr@nicas electr@nicas  otras relacionadas% #as actiFidades de esta or
(undada en octubre $, de $,$+ el ANI es el or

6



ANI es tambin miembro de IO  de IEC Hor lo Jue es coordinada con los estBndares internacionales Hara HroblemBticas con el intercambio intercambio de Hroductos en dico Haís%

DGN *Direccin General de Normas+&

#a DGN es la encar
#as Normas OLciales "eicanas /NO"0 son re
Norma "eicana4 la Jue elabora un or
#a DGN es la encar

6



I!NC: INSTITTO !E1ICANO DE NOR!A"I,ACION Y CERTI%ICACION A&C&

El I"NC es el encar
ndice TRANS!ISORES DE !EDICION&

#

DESCRIPCION Y TIPOS DE TRANS!ISORES DE !EDICION& os transmisores de medici@n son disHositiFos orientados al control de Hrocesos industriales  estBn diseados Hara tomar la lectura de Fariables Kísicas4 tales como la umedad4 temHeratura4 Hresi@n4 VuMo4 etc% Y reHresentarlas a traFs de seales estBndar de in
De acuerdo a sus características los trasmisores de medici@n se clasiLcan en anal@
De acuerdo con su seal de salida de medicion estBndar los transmisores Hueden ser: • • • •

Transmisores Transmisores neumBticos neumBticos /Ran
CONECTI)IDAD DE TRANS!ISORES DE !EDICION&

PROTOCO#O 6ART: 6ART 6ART es un Hrotocolo abierto4  los Kabricantes no reJuieren ser Harte de la Kundaci@n de comunicaci@n 6ART4 sin embar

6



PRINCIPIOS DE TRANSDCCION E!P"EADOS POR TRANS!ISORES DE !EDICION& !EDICION DE %"$O POR E%ECTO CORIO"IS&

El sensor de medicion de Coriolis4 es un instrumento de medici@n sumamente soLsticado Jue cuenta con tres sensores internos ulta sensibles4 estos sensores se mantienen en constante moFimiento acia el sensor del centro4 Hero cuando eiste al<n VuMo los sensores de los costados se actiFan4 esto ocurre HorJue cuando a VuMo se
Por la densidad Jue Vue en las líneas el moFimiento de estas serB distinto  en relaci@n a la densidad su moFimiento actiFa simultBneamente simultBneamente los sensores de los costados4 estos mandan su Krecuencia de moFimiento Hor se
!EDICION DE %"$O POR PRESION DI%ERENCIA"&

6ace unos 911 aos un Kísico  matemBtico sui?o llamado 5ernoulli descubri@ la relaci@n directa entre la Hresi@n  la Felocidad de un Vuido Jue circula a traFs de una tubería4 un Kísico italiano llamado .enturi .enturi tambin desarrollo eHerimentos con Vuidos  en $),) construo el Hrimer caudalimetro Hara tubería cerrada4 aora conocido como tubo de .enturi%


6



El caudalimetro Hor Hresi@n diKerencial Kunciona de la si
!EDICION DE %"$O POR "TRASONIDO&

!n HrinciHio de medici@n de VuMo estB basado en el mtodo del tiemHo diKerencial diKerencial de transito usando ultrasonido% ultrasonido%


6



Dentro del VuMometro ultras@nico estBn ubicados Hares de sensores uno Krente a otro en el tubo de medici@n4 casa sensor Huede transmitir  recibir un seal ultras@nica alternatiFamente% alternatiFamente% imultBneamente4 imultBneamente4 se miden los tiemHos de transito de cada seal%

Cuando no a VuMo4 los tiemHos de transito de la seal son las mismas a
!EDICION DE %"$O POR E%ECTO E"ECTRO!AGNETICO&

Como su nombre lo dice el mtodo de medicion de VuMo esta basado en el HrinciHio electroma
6



ma
Dos bobinas de camHo son locali?adas dentro de cada VuMometro electroma
#as Hartículas car

6



#os electrodos tambin detectan lo Jue es llamado FoltaMe de interKerencia4 interKerencia4 el cual debe ser seHarado de la seal a medir% !n mtodo Jue a sido usado Hara este HroH@sito con ecelentes resultados es crear un camHo ma
#as FentaMas de esto4 son una medida estable  cero estable del sistema% !EDICION DE %"$O POR E%ECTO )ORTE1&

En el si
Dentro de cada VuMometro .orte se locali?a un cuerHo no alineado con el VuMo en la mitad de la tubería4 este cuerHo es una clase de obstrucci@n Jue desestabili?a el VuMo%


6



DebaMo de este cuerHo Hlano4 a un sensor mecBnico4 el cual Huede re
#as diKerencias de Hresi@n4 corresHonden a la Krecuencia de los F@rtices
El sensor utili?ado es sumamente soLsticado así Jue las Fibraciones de la tubería4 olas de Hresi@n  las diKerencias de temHeratura no aKectan en nada a la medici@n% #a distancia Jue eiste entre dos F@rtices consecutiFos corresHonde corresHonde al Folumen deLnitiFo del Vuido%


6



ESPECI%ICACIONES DE TRANS!ISORES DE !EDICION& ESPECI%ICACION DE N TRANS!ISOR DE !EDICION DE TE!PERATRA&

EPECI(ICACIONE ETNDAR j EPECI(ICACIONE DE RENDI"IENTO E4actitud

/A \ D eactitud \ sHan  D \ A eactitud0 o k 14$f del sHan calibrado4 lo Jue sea maor% nin Br3a Com5ensacin Precisin

/Para T \ C solamente0 k 1%  C /k 14,  (0 EBecto de la tem5eratura am2iente *5or cada #8  C de cam2io+

k 14$f o k /CoeLciente de temHeratura \ sHan04 lo Jue sea maor% Esta2ilidad

RTD: k 1%$f de la lectura o k 14$  C Hor 8 aos4 lo Jue sea maor a 89 k 8  C% T \ C: k 1%$f de la lectura o k 14$  C Hor ao4 lo Jue es maor a 89 k 8  C% Esta2ilidad de < aos

RTD: k 1%8f de la lectura o k 148  C4 el Jue sea maor a 89 k 8  C% T \ C: k 1%;f de la lectura o k 14;  C4 el Jue sea maor a 89 k 8  C%


6



EBecto R%I

Probado se<n EN 11+8S84 la intensidad de camHo de asta $1 . \ m% EBecto de Buente de alimentacin

k 1411f del sHan calibrado Hor Foltio EBecto de la Qi2racin

De $1 a &1 6? 148$ mm de desHla?amiento desHla?amiento Hico &1S8%111 6? 9G Posicin EBecto

Nin
Transmisor Transmisor de caudal en en canal abierto abierto Rosemount Rosemount 9$1+

EPECI(ICACIONE Generalidades Producto: Transmisores Rosemount 9$1)  9$1+ !ltrasonic: "edici@n de niFel4 contenido /Folumen0  caudal en canal abierto PrinciHio de medici@n: TiemHo de recorrido ultras@nico Rendimiento de la medici@n Alcance de la medici@n: 9$1): 149 a $8 m /$ a 9, Hies0 9$1+: 149 a 949 m /$ a $$ Hies0


6



Distancia de la ?ona i

6



NiFeles de saturaci@n: EstBndar: 5aMo ^ 94, mA% Alto^814+ mAW Namur NE;9: 5aMo ^ 94+ mA% Alto ^ 814 mA ParBmetros ParBmetros elctricos: !i ^ 91 .4 li ^ $81 mA4 Pi ^ 14+8 4 Ci ^  n(4 #i ^ 8) 6 "ateriales de construcci@n CuerHo: !P.C /estabili?ado0 /estabili?ado0 Tuerca Tuerca de se

6



ESPECI%ICACI'N DE N TRANS!ISOR DE !EDICI'N DE PRESION&

Transmisin de 5resin Rosemount Ros emount 8<# meorado

TiHo de medida

DiKerencial4 DiKerencial4 manomtrica4 manomtrica4 absoluta4 de niFel niFel  de caudal

alida

6ART ;S81 mA /reFisiones   )0

Precisi@n de reKerencia

 141; f del sHan

Rendimiento total

 14$8 f del sHan

Estabilidad a lar
 14$8 f del límite suHerior suHerior del ran
Ran
$1:$

Transmisor de 5resin Rosemount 8<#

TiHo de medida

DiKerencial4 DiKerencial4 manomtrica4 manomtrica4 absoluta4 de niFel niFel  de caudal

alida

6ART ;S81 mA /reFisi@n 04 (O!NDATION (ieldbus4 PRO(I5! PA

Precisi@n de reKerencia

 141& f del sHan  141; f del sHan /con la oHci@n de alta Hrecisi@n0

Rendimiento to total

 14 14$ f del sH sHan

Estabilidad a lar
 14$8 f del límite suHerior del ran

6



Hla?o Ran
Transmisor Transmisor de temHeratura temHeratura Rosemount Rosemount &;+ ireless ireless

ESPECI%ICACIONES DE OPERACI'N

Entrada AceHta los tiHos de entrada de termoHar4 RTD4 miliFoltios  omios% Consultar Eactitud del transmisorZ en la HB
4



4  miliFoltios0  el HorcentaMe del ran

6



asta &1 minutos (uncionamiento /Pt $11 a condici@n de reKerencia: reKerencia: 81C0 k1488 C /k14;1 (0 alida de Hotencia de radioKrecuencia de la antena Antena eterna /oHci@n $0: "Bimo de $1 m /$1 d5m0 EIRP ESPECI%ICACIONES %MSICAS

Coneiones elctricas "@dulo de alimentaci@n El m@dulo de alimentaci@n martPoUerde Emerson se Huede reemHla?ar in situ  tiene una conei@n claFe Jue eliminan el ries
Cubierta Carcasa: aluminio con baMo contenido en cobre o acero inoidable Pintura: Poliuretano


6



ello t@rico de la cubierta: 5unaSN 5loJue de terminales  m@dulo de alimentaci@n P5T Antena Antena omnidireccional omnidireccional inte
ComHatibilidad ComHatibilidad electroma

6



El circuito de medici@n anal@
pEn el caso de transmisores de tiHo 6ART4 6ART4 la calibraci@n inFolucra: pCalibraci@n del Falor di

6



#os transmisores de tiHo no inteli
ndice


6

Proyecto Integradora

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