ÍNDICE
ANTECEDENTES DEL PROBLEMA………………………… PROBLEMA……………………………………..4 …………..4 PLATEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA………………………………………………………………….7 OBJETIVO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN …………………………………….. FORMULARIO DE HIPÓTESIS O SUPUESTOS………………………11 JUSTIFICACION DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN……………………………13 MARCO TEORICO DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN……………….14 BOSQUEJO DEL MTODO DE INVESTIGACIÓN………..…………..1! CRONOGRAMA……………………………………………………………17 PRESUPUESTO…………………………………………………..………1" FUENTES COSULTADAS………………………………………………..1#
1
I$%&'()**+,$
E- &'%'*'-'/ %02+$ *'$'*+(' *'' &'5*%' &'5*%' (5 +$65%+80*+, +$65%+80*+,$/ $/ 5 *'$*+25 *'$*+25 *'' )$0 8)90 :-5;+2-5 <)5 +$%5$%0 (5*&+2+& (5 -0 0$5&0 = 0(5*)0(0 5- &'*5' (5 +$65%+80*+, +$65%+80*+,$ $ <)5 5 %+5$5 5$0(' 5>5*)%0&. 5>5*)%0&. D5*&+25 (5 0$5&0 +%5=%+*0 +%5=%+*0 -' 5-55$%' 0 (50&&'--0& 0&0 85$5&0& )$ %5;%' 0*0(+*' ' *+5$%9:+*' *'' -0 %5+/ -0 %5+$0 ' )$ 5$0'. F)$*+,$ (5- 8$5&' 5$ 5- 5(+' 0*0(+*'. E&'%'*'-'/ <)5 (525 &5*5(5& *)0-<)+5& %&020>' (5 +$65%+80*+,$/ 5 )$ ('*)5$%' 0*0( 0*0( +* +*' ' 5$ 5- <)5 <)5 5 5$) 5$)5& 5&0$ 0$ -0 ?+, ?+,%5 %5+ +/ / -' -' '2>5 '2>5%+%+6' 6' (5(5- %&02 %&020> 0>'/ '/ :)$( :)$(0 05$ 5$%' %'/ / (+5 (+5@' @'// 5%' 5%'(' ('-' -'89 890/ 0/ &5*) &5*)& &' ' (5 +$65 +$65% %+8 +80* 0*+, +,$ $ :)5 :)5$% $%5 5 2+2-+'8&=:+*0/ CD/ DVD/ =8+$0 52/ 5%*./ 0&%+*+0$%5/ *0-5$(0&+0*+,$ ' 085$(0 (5 %&020>'/ '&80$+0*+,$ )5&6++,$.
2
ANTECEDENTES DEL PROBLEMA
.1 A$%5*5(5$%5 (5- &'2-50 E- :'$(' (5- &'2-50 %+5$5 <)5 5;-+*0& -' '&985$5 (5- &'2-50 (5 +$65%+80*+,$ ' &58)$%0. E +&5*+$(+2-5 -0 &55$%0*+,$ (5 %'(' -' 0%5&+0-5 *+%0(' *'$ &5:5&5$*+0 0&%+*)-0&5. E$ -' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 -0 5**+,$ (5 &'2-50/ 5 (525 &56+0& -' <)5 0 5 ?0 ?5*?' 5$ 5%0 =&50 (5 +$65%+80*+,$. T02+$ 5 (525$ +$*-)+& (+:5&5$%5 :'&0 5$ <)5 &'5*%' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ &')5%' 60&+0&=$ (5 )$ %&020>' 0$%5&+'&. E$ 5%0 5**+,$/ 5 (525 +$%5&&5%0& <)5 5+$65%+80('& 5%= :0+-+0&+0(' *'$ -0 8&0$(5 +$%5&&5%0*+'$5 5;+%5$%5 -0 '+$+'$5 0*%)0-5 (5 +$%5& 0&0 5&'2-50 <)5 ?0 5-5**+'$0('. E%' ?0&= <)5 50 *-0&' <)5 $' 60$ 0 *'+0& -0 +$65%+80*+,$ '2'-5%0 ' 0 5;+%5$%5. S+ )%5( 5*?0 )$ 6+%0' 0 60&+' 0&%9*)-' (5 +$65%+80*+,$/ 5 --580 0 025& <)5 5%0 5**+,$ 5 5$*)5$%&0 5$ 60&+0 =8+$0 5$ 85$5&0-. D525 5& (+&+8+(' 5$ 0&%+*)-0& 0- &'2-50 (5 +$65%+80*+,$. E$ 5%0 5**+,$ 5 (525$ 5@0-0& -0 '+$+'$5 (5 5;5&%' *)+(0('05$%5 ('*)5$%0('. E$ -)80& (5 &''&*+'$0& )$0 &56++,$ 85$5&0- (5- %50/ 5- '2>5%+6' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 '$5& (5 0$+:+5%' <)5 )$ &'2-50 5$ 0&%+*)-0& ?0 +(' &5*'$'*+('. T02+$ 5 0&0 &5%&0%0& ) &5-0*+,$ *'$ -0 +$65%+80*+,$ (5 '%&'. E 55$*+0- 0&0 '&80$+0& 5%0 5**+,$ *)+(0('05$%5. I$65%+80*+,$ (5 '%&' +$65%+80('&5 (525$ %5$5&5 5$ *)5$%0 5$ )$0 :'&0 +%5=%+*0 *'' '& 5&5*%+60/ :5*?0 ' %50. R5*)5&(5/ 5%' $' )5(5 5& )$ 0%5&+0- $' 5%&)*%)&0('. E 55$*+0- <)5 5%0 5**+,$ $' %+5$5$ 5$%+(' (5 *'$%+$)+(0(/ 5:-)>' 56+(5$%5 L' 0$%5*5(5$%5 '&+5$%0$ 5- %&020>' (5 +$65%+80*+,$/ (52+(' 0 <)5 '$ &5:5&5$*+0 (5 %&020>' &50-+0(' ' (5 )2-+*0*+'$5 *+5$%9:+*0 <)5 *'&)520$ %5'&90 '2&5 *+5&%' :5$,5$'. A- '5$%' (5 5-02'&0& -' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (525' +(5$%+:+*0& <) %+' (5 0$%5*5(5$%5 5 5- <)5 60' 0 )0&.
3
R50-5$%5 5;+%5$ (' %+' (5 0$%5*5(5$%5/ -' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 *0' -' 0$%5*5(5$%5 %5,&+*'. C0(0 )$' (5 5--' %+5$5 &55$%0 +$:'&0*+,$ (+:5&5$%5. D52+(' 0 <)5 %02+$ *0(0 )$' (5 5%' %+' (5 0$%5*5(5$%5 %+5$5 )$0 :)$*+,$ 0&%+*)-0&. A$%5*5(5$%5 %5,&+*'. L' 0$%5*5(5$%5 %5,&+*'/ $' 0)(0$ 0 *'&5$(5& 5- :5$,5$' 5$ 5%)(+' 5(+0$%5 %5'&90 ' *'$*-)+'$5 5-02'&0(0 '& 55*+0-+%0 5$ 5- %50 <)5 ?0$ +(' )2-+*0(0 5$ -+2&' &5-0*+'$0(' *'$ 5%50 <)5 5 &5%5$(5 +$65%+80&.
E%0 %5'&90 ' +(50 '2&5 5- %50 5$ 0&%+*)-0& $' 0)(0$ 0 &':)$(+0& '2&5 -0 +'&%0$*+0 (5- %50 (5 0$5&0 55*+0- (5:+$5$ 5- %50/ 5%02-5*5$ *'$*5%' <)5 %5 :0*+-+%0$ -0 0++-0*+,$ (5- %50/ -0 *'&5$+,$ (5- +' 0 &5(5*+& *'$*-)+'$5 0- *'0&0& -0 %5'&90 *'$ -0 &50-+(0( '25&60(0. A- -55& -0 %5'&90 '2&5 *'$%0+$0*+,$ (5 08)0 (5%0--0(0 5$ -+2&' ' &56+%0 (5 *0&=*%5& *+5$%9:+*'/ 60 0 *'5$0& 0 0-+0& %) *'$'*++5$%' '2&5 *'$%0+$0*+,$ (5 08)0. E' *'$'*++5$%' %5 5&+%+&=$ &5'&+5$%0 %) +(50 (5 +$65%+80*+,$. E '+2-5 <)5 &5%5$(90 5$:'*0& %) +$65%+80*+,$ 5$ -' 5:5*%' (5 -0 *'$%0+$0*+,$ (5 -0 08)0 (5 )$ &+'. P5&' 0- -55& 5- 0&%9*)-' (5 )$0 &56+%0 *+5$%9:+*0/ %5 (0 *)5$%0 <)5 55 %50 0 5%0 02'&(0(' %+5$5 *'$*-)+'$5 *+5$%9:+*0 *'$*&5%0. P'& -' %0$%' (525 &5'&+5$%0& %) +$65%+80*+,$/ 0?'&0 +$%5$%0 +$65%+80& '2&5 -' 5-55$%' *'$%0+$0$%5 (5- &+' A)-. A$%5*5(5$%5 (5 C0'. L' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 *0' '$ 0<)5--' 5%)(+' &50-+0(' (5 %+' 5;5&+5$%0 <)5 &55$%0$ '& -' 85$5&0- *0&0*%5&9%+*0 (5 )$ :5$,5$' 5%)(+0(' ' (0%' $)&+*' '2&5 )$ %50 5$ 0&%+*)-0&. E;+%5$ )*?' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 *0'/ '& -' 85$5&0- -' %&020>' '$'8&=:+*' <)5 &50-+0$ -' 0-)$' )$+65&+%0&+'/ '$ 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 *0'/ 5%' 5%)(+' (5*&+25$ -0 *0&0*%5&9%+*0 <)5 &5('+$0$ 5$ )$ :5$,5$' 5;&50$ 5(+0$%5 (0%' $5&' 5- $+65- (5 *''&%0+5$%' (5- :5$,5$' 5$ 5%)(+'. P'& 5>5-' + <)+5&5 +$65%+80& 5- %50 (5 L0 *'$%0+$0*+,$ (5 -0 08)0 (5&+' A)-. T5$(&= *'' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 *0' %'(' -' %&020>' '$'8&=:+*' <)5 5 ?0$ &50-+0(' ('$(5 5- %50 &+$*+0- %+5$5 <)5 65& *'$ -0 *'$%0+$0*+,$ 4
(5 -0 08)0/ (5 &9'/ -08)$0 20?90/ ''/ 5$%&5 '%&'/ <)5 5$ *0(0 )$' (5 5' %&020>' 5 (5*&+25$ -0 *0&0*%5&9%+*0 (5 -0 08)0 *'$%0+$0(0 (0%' &5-0*+'$0(' 0 -0 *0$%+(0( (5 *'$%0+$0$%5 $+65-5 (5 *'$%0+$0*+,$ (5- 08)0. C)0$(' 600 0 5-02'&0& -' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 %) +$65%+80*+,$ '$'8&=:+*0/ (525 +(5$%+:+*0& <) %+' (5 0$%5*5(5$%5 5 5- <)5 %+5$5/ ' 5- <)5 *'$6+5$5 +$*-)+& 5$ %) %&020>'. L' 0$%5*5(5$%5 (5 +$65%+80*+,$ 0 50$ %5,&+*' ' (5 *0' '$ +'&%0$%5 0&0 5- (50&&'--' (5 *)0-<)+5& %&020>' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ ' %5+.
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 5
L' 5-55$%' 0&0 -0$%50& )$ &'2-50 '$ %&5 5%=$ &5-0*+'$0(' 5$%&5 + '$ -0 &58)$%0 (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$/ -' '2>5%+6' -0 >)%+:+*0*+,$ (5- 5%)(+' . C'5$0&5' &5:+&+$('$' 0- -0$%50+5$%' (5- &'2-50 -0 (5-++%0*+,$/ -)58' 65&5' 5- %50 (5 -' '2>5%+6' -0 >)%+:+*0*+,$ (5- 5%)(+'. E- -0$%50+5$%' (5- &'2-50 (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 -0 (5-++%0*+,$ *-0&0 &5*+0 (5- '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ <)5 5 &50-+0 '& 5(+' (5 &58)$%0/ -5*%)&0/ 5$*)5%0 +-'%'/ 5$%&56+%0/ 5%*. L0 :)$*+,$ (5- -0$%50+5$%' (5- &'2-50 *'$+%5 5$ &565-0&-5 0- +$65%+80('& + ) &'5*%' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 6+02-5/ (5$%&' (5 ) %+5' &5*)&' (+'$+2-5. L0 (5-++%0*+,$ 5 &50-+0 5(+0$%5 K 0' 0 025& 1.L0 (5-++%0*+,$ (5- '2>5%' 5$ 5- 50*+' :9+*'85'8&=:+*' .L0 (5-++%0*+,$ 5$ 5- %+5'. 3.L0 (5-++%0*+,$ &5*+0$(' 5- +8$+:+*0(' (5 ) &+$*+0-5 *'$*5%'/ 5(+0$%5 5- 0$=-++ 5=$%+*0/ 5(+0$%5 5- )' (5 5$*+*-'5(+0 (+**+'$0&+' 55*+0-+0('. 4.L0 5-5**+,$ (5- &'2-50 <)5 5&= '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. L0 :'&)-0*+,$ +$%5&&'80%+60 (5- &'2-50 (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. L0 :'&)-0*+,$ (5 '&0*+'$5 %,+*0 K.L0 (5%5&+$0*+,$ (5 -' &5*)&' (+'$+2-5 C'$65$80' <)5 +$65%+80& +8$+:+*0 %5$5& +$%5& ' (55' (5 *'$'*5&/ (5 025&. S+$ 520&8' -0 0$5&0 (5 *,' 5 *'$5*%0 5- +$65%+80('& *'$ 5- %50 )5(5$ 5& ) 60&+0(0 )5(5$ *'$%5$5& )*?' 0%+*5. D5$%&' (5 5%5 0-+' 0&*' (5 '+2+-+(0(5 (5 5-5**+,$ ?0 '& -' 5$' (' 0&=5%&' 2=+*' 5- %50 -5 5 +)5%' 0- +$65%+80('& '& -0 +$%+%)*+,$ ' 5 5-58+(' -+2&55$%5 '& 5- +$65%+80('& ' 5- 8&)' +$65%+80('&. D5$%&' (5 5%0 (' 0-%5&$0%+60 '-0&5 ?0 )*?' 0%+*5 <)5 *'2+$0$ (+%+$%0 '+2+-+(0(5 (5 5-5**+,$. U$0 0-%5&$0%+60 <)5 5 20%0$%5 :&5*)5$%5 5 <)5 -0 +$%+%)*+,$ :+>5 (5 )$0 0$5&0 85$5&0- 5- %50 ' -' '+2-5 %50 5- +$65%+80('& %5$80 -+25&%0( 0&0 5-5**+'$0& 5- &'2-50/ -' '2>5%+6'/ -0 ?+,%5+ 5%*.
6
E%0 -%+0 0-%5&$0%+60 5%= >)%+:+*0(0 0 <)5 -0 +$%+%)*+,$ %+5$5 ) '2>5%+6' 5 )'$5 <)5 + -0 +$65%+80*+'$5 5 &5-0*+'$0$ *'$ -0 %5=%+*0 <)5 '$ (5 +$%5& +$%+%)*+'$0- &5()$(0&0$ 5$&+<)5*5&=$ -0 :'&0*+,$ (5 -' 5()*0$('. E$ *)0-<)+5&0 (5 -0 0-%5&$0%+60 5 $5*50&+' <)5 5- +$65%+80('& %5$80 -0 (+*+-+$0 $5*50&+0 0&0 *)-+& *'$ -0 %0&50/ (0(' <)5 -' %50/ 5$ -0 0'&90 (5 -' *0'/ 5 *'+5$0$ :'&)-0$(' (5 0$5&0 +$0&'+0(0/ -' <)5 ?0&90 +'+2-5 &5'-65&-' 5(+0$%5 )$0 +$65%+80*+,$. A 5%0 0-%)&0 (5- (50&&'--' 5 ?0*5 $5*50&+' 0*-0&0& *)=- 5 -0 &5-0*+,$ 5$%&5 5%50 5- '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. P0&0 *'5$0&/ (+&5' <)5 5- %50 5 5;&50 5$ )$0 :&05 ' 5$)$*+0(' <)5 85$5&0-5$%5 6+$*)-0 (' =&50 ' *'$*5%'/ (5 0-8)$0 0$5&0. P 5>5-' 1. E- T)&+' -0 C'$5&60*+,$ (5- M5(+' A2+5$%5. . D+*00*+(0( T)&+' 3 L0 0%5$*+,$ (5 -0 0-)( 5$ 5&'$0 *'$ (+*00*+(0( E$ *02+' 5- O2>5%' 5 5- :5$,5$' 0- <)5 5 &5:+5&5 5- 5$)$*+0(' ' -0 +$65%+80*+,$ E$ -0 *+5$*+0 $0%)&0-5 5- '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 $'&0-5$%5 )$ '2>5%' &50-. E$ *02+' 5$ -0 *+5$*+0 '*+0-5 5- '2>5%' 5 $'&0-5$%5 )$ '2>5%' *'$%&)+('. E- '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 )$ 05*%' (5 -0 &50-+(0(/ <)5 (550' *'$'*5& <)5 $' )5(5 5;-+*0&5 5$ :'&0 +$5(+0%0 ' +$ )%+-+0*+,$ (5 -0 %5'&90 L' 0' 0&0 (5%5&+$0& 5- '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 1 P0' L0 (5-++%0*+,$ (5- '2>5%' 5$ 5- 50*+' :+*'85'8&=:+*' P. 5>5-' 5$ 5- &+5& %50 -0 (5-++%0*+,$ '(&90 *'$+%+& 5$ *+&*)$*&+2+&-' 0 P. E>5-' )$ 0&<)5 $0*+'$0-. E- 0&<)5 I8)0. P0'. L0 (5-++%0*+,$ 5$ 5- %+5' E$ 5%5 *0' 5 )5(5 %'0& *'' 205 )$ 0@'. O )$ 5&+'(' (5 %+5' 0*'%0('. ...()&0$%5 5- 0@' . ...5$ 5- <)+$<)5$+' 1##" 3 P0' L0 (5-++%0*+,$ 5=$%+*0. P&5*+0$(' 5- +8$+:+*0(' (5 ) &+$*+0-5 *'$*5%'/ 5(+0$%5 5- 0$=-++ (5- +8$+:+*0('/ 5(+0$%5 5- )' (5 5$*+*-'5(+0 (+**+'$0&+' 55*+0-+0('. 7
P'& 5>5-' 5$ 5- %50 1 5&= $5*50&+' (5:+$+& %)&+' *'$5&60*+,$ (55(+' 02+5$%5. E$ 5- %50 . A(5= (5 T)&+'/ *'$ <)5 *'$*5%' (5 (+*00*+(0( %&020>0'. . A(5= (5 (5:+$+& 5%' %&+$'/ -' +' (525$ 5& )0(' ()&0$%5 %'(' 5%&020>' (5 -0 +0 0$5&0 *'$ 5- +' 5$%+('. 4 P0' L0 5-5**+,$ (5- &'2-50 <)5 5&= '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. L0 :'&)-0*+,$ +$%5&&'80%+60 (5- &'2-50 (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. C'' -' 05*%' 0&%+*)-0&5 (5- %50 '2>5%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ )5(5$ 5& -%+-5 5 $5*50&+' ?0*5& )$0 5-5**+,$ %5$+5$(' 5$ *)5$%0 -' <)5 = -5 +$%5&50$ <)5 50$ :0*%+2-5 (5 5& +$(080(' ()&0$%5 5- %+5' (+'$+2-5 *'$ -' &5*)&' <)5 5 *)5$%0$. P'& -' 5$' ?0 (' 0$5&0 (5 ?0*5& 5%0 5-5**+,$ U$0 F'&)-0& )$' ' (' &'2-50 <)5 50$ (5 +$%5& (5+$65%+80('& :0*%+2-5 (5 5& +$65%+80('. D' F'&)-0& )$0 8&0$ *0$%+(0( (5 &'2-50 (5 55 *'$>)$%' 5-5**+'$0& -)58'/ )$' ' ('/ <)5 5&=$ +$65%+80('. U$0 ?5&&0+5$%0 <)5 &''$5 H5+$ D+5%5&+*? '$ -0 '&0*+'$5 %,+*0. T''/ (5- 8&+58' -)80&. E- +' -0 (5:+$5 *'' E )$ 5$)$*+0(' '2&5 5- %50 (5 +$65%+80*+,$ <)5 5;&50 5$ :'&0 2&565 *)0- 5 -0 +$%5$*+,$ (5 *'$'*++5$%' &55*%' 0- '2>5%' (5 +$65%+80*+,$. A)(0 0 *-0&+:+*0& 5- +$%5& (5 *'$'*++5$%' 5 )8+5&5 ?0*5&-' (5 -0 +8)+5$%5 :'&0 E- &',+%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 *'$'*5& 025&... E>5-'/ + 5- %50 5 L0 *+)(0( (5 B0 5- 0+&5 *'$%0+$0(' L0 O&0*+'$5 T,+*0 O.T. )5(5$ 5& O.T1. E- &',+%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 *'$'*5& -0 *'$*5$%&0*+,$ &'5(+' (5 O'$' 5$ 5- 0+&5 5$ -0 *+)(0( (5 B0. O.T. E- &',+%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 *'$'*5& 5$ <) 5 5 (+' 5- $+65- (5 *'$%0+$0*+,$ = 0-%0 5$ 5- 0+&5 5$ -0 *+)(0( (5 B0. P'& -%+' ?0 <)5 %5$5& 5$ *)5$%0 <)5 5- &'2-50 5-5**+'$0(' (525 5& 5$)$*+0(' (5 )$0 0$5&0 +$%5&&'80%+60/ 5 (5*+& *'' )$0 &58)$%0 P'& 5>5-'/ 5$ 5- &+5&' (5 -' *0' (5 -0 OT1. T5$90' E- &',+%' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5 *'$'*5& -0 *'$*5$%&0*+,$ &'5(+' (5 O'$' 5$ 5- 0+&5 5$ -0 C+)(0( (5 B0 .
8
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
9
F'&)-0&+' (5 ?+,%5+ ' ))5%' E- %&+$' ?+,%5+ ) )%+-+0*+,$ (5$%&' (5- &'*5' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ *+5$%9:+*' 5 (5 5-5' &5*+5$%5/ <)+= -0 +(50 +'$5&0 (5- ?+%'&+0('& +--+0 ?55-5*&+%0 5$ 1"47 H+%'& ': %?5 +$()*%+65 *+5$*5 -0 +$:-)5$*+0 (5 -0 '2&0 '$)5$%0- (5 H585- 177#1"31/ C'%5 17#"1"K7 F5(5&+*' E$85- 1" 1"#K/ *'' &5*'$'*+(' 5$0('&5/ $' &''&*+'$0$ 55 0&*' (5 &5:5&5$*+0 *'$'*+(' *'' %'(' *+5$%9:+*' +$ 520&8'/ 5 ) &'202-5 <)5 0 0&%+& (5 -0 '2&0 (5- 8&0$ :++,-'8' (+*' :&0$* C-0)(5 B5&$0&( 1"131"7" 50 *-=+*' (+%+$8)+& 5$ -0 +$65%+80*+,$ 5;5&+5$%0- %&5 5%00 -0 '25&60*+,$/ -0 ?+,%5+ -0 *'&'20*+,$/ <)5 5 0 %&06 (5- *)0- <)5 &5*'$'*5' <)5 -0 ?+,%5+ 5 -0 2&>)-0 <)5 8)90 -0 85$5&0*+,$ (5 *'$'*++5$%' *+5$%9:+*'. D5 %0- 0$5&0 <)5 *)0-<)+5& +$65%+80('& 5%= '2-+80(' 0 :'&)-0& ' -0$%50& )$0 ' 60&+0 ?+,%5+/ <)5 )$0 65 *'$%&0%0(0 -5 5&+%+&=$ 85$5&0& *'$'*++5$%' *+5$%9:+*'. E )$0 &''+*+,$ <)5 5%02-5*5 &5-0*+'$5/ 5$%&5 -' ?5*?' 0&0 '%&' 5 )$0 '+2-5 '-)*+,$ 0- &'2-50 '%&' 0 )%5$%0$ <)5 -0 ?+,%5+ $' 5 0 '%&0 *'0 <)5 )$0 &5-0*+,$ 5$%&5 -0 60&+02-5/ '& -%+'/ ?0 <)+5$5 0:+&0$ <)5 5 )$ %'(' (5 *'&'20*+,$. L0 ?+,%5+ *'' &''+*+,$ <)5 5%02-5*5 &5-0*+,$ 5$%&5 -' ?5*?' )$0 ?+,%5+ 5 5- 5%02-5*++5$%' (5 )$ 69$*)-' 5$%&5 -' ?5*?' <)5 5- +$65%+80('& 60 0*-0&0$(' 5$ -0 5(+(0 5$ <)5 )5(0 85$5&0& 5;-+*0*+'$5 -,8+*0 (5- '&<) 5 &'()*5 5%5 69$*)-'. L0 ?+,%5+ 5 )$0 &''+*+,$ <)5 $' 5&+%5 5%02-5*5& &5-0*+'$5 5$%&5 -' ?5*?'. S) 60-'& &5+(5 5$ -0 *00*+(0( 0&0 5%02-5*5& 0 &5-0*+'$5 5$%&5 -' ?5*?' 5;-+*0& 5- '& <) 5 &'()*5$. L0 ?+,%5+ %+5$5 *'' &',+%' --580& 0 -0 *'&5$+,$ (5- '&<) 5$%&5 (' 5-55$%' 5 5%02-5*5 0-8$ %+' (5:+$+(' (5 &5-0*+,$ 5%02-5*5 <)5 -0 ?+,%5+ 5 )$0 &''+*+,$ &55*%' 0 0-8)$' 5-55$%' 59&+*' '%&' *'$*5%' ) &5-0*+'$5 )%)0/ <)5 55&85 0 0--= (5 -' ?5*?' -0 5;5&+5$*+0 *'$'*+(0/ *'$ 5- &',+%' (5 --580& 0 )$0 0'& *'&5$+,$ (5 -' +'. *)0$(' -0 ?+,%5+ (5 +$65%+80*+,$ ?0 +(' 2+5$ 5-02'&0(0/ 5$ 5--0 5 '25&60 *-0&05$%5 -0 &5-0*+,$ ' 69$*)-' 5$%&5 (' ' = 60&+02-5/ 5 :0*%+2-5 <)5 5+$65%+80('& )5(0 •
5-02'&0& 5- '2>5%+6'/ ' *'$>)$%' (5 '2>5%+6' <)5 (550 0-*0$0& 5$ 5- (50&&'--' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$
10
•
•
•
5-5**+'$0& 5- %+' (5 (+5@' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ :0*%+2-5 *'$ 5- &'2-50 -0$%50('. 5-5**+'$0& 5- %'('/ -' +$%&)5$%' -0 %*$+*0 (5 +$65%+80*+,$ 0*'&(5 *'$ 5- &'2-50 <)5 5 (550 &5'-65&/ 5-5**+'$0& -' &5*)&'/ %0$%' ?)0$' *'' 0%5&+0-5/ <)5 5 5-50&=$ 0&0 --560& 0 :5-+ %&+$' -0 +$65%+80*+,$ -0$%50(0.
C-0+:+*0*+,$ (5 -0 ?+,%5+ L0 ?+,%5+ )5(5 0('%0& (+:5&5$%5 *-0+:+*0&-5 (5 0*)5&(' 0 -0 *'$6+65$*+0 (5 *0(0 0)%'& 0.
?+,%5+ 85$5&0- 5 *)0$(' %&0%0 (5 &5'$(5& (5 :'&0 0-+0 0 -0 ()(0 <)5 5- +$65%+80('& %+5$5 0*5&*0 (5 -0 &5-0*+,$ <)5 5;+%5 5$%&5 -0 60&+02-5.
2.
?+,%5+ 55*9:+*0 5 55*9:+*0 0<)5--0 ?+,%5+ <)5 5 (5&+60 (5 -0 85$5&0-/ 5%0 %&0%0$ (5 *'$*&5%+0& 0 -0 ?+,%5+ 85$5&0- ?0*5 5;-9*+%0 -0 '&+5$%0*+'$5 *'$*52+(0 0&0 &5'-65& -0 +$65%+80*+,$.
*.
?+,%5+ 5%0(9%+*0 -0 ?+,%5+ 5%0(9%+*0 5 0<)5--0 ?+,%5+ <)5 '5%5 0 &)520 5;&50 0 -0 ?+,%5+ '5&0*+'$0-5 5$ :'&0 (5 5*)0*+'$5 0%5=%+*0.
(.
&'2-50 5 <)+5&5 (5%5&+$0& + 5- 5$%&5$0+5$%' 5$ %*$+*0 (5 5%)(+' 5>'&0 5- &5$(++5$%' 0*0(+*' (5 -' 5%)(+0$%5 (5 -0 )$5--5.
5.
?+,%5+ 55*9:+*0 -' 0-)$' (5)2&'5*%' -5$8)0>5 *')$+*0*+,$ (5+ 55%&5/ &'8&00 5()*0*+,$ +$%58&0-/ 5$%&5$0(' 5$ %*$+*0 (5 5%)(+'/ '2%5$(&=$ 0-%0 *0-+:+*0*+'$5 0- 5>'&0& ) %*$+*0 (5 0&5$(+0>5.
:.
?+,%5+ '5&0*+'$0- 5- &'5(+' (5 &5$(++5$%' (5 -' 0-)$' (5)2&'5*%' -5$8)0>5 *')$+*0*+,$/ '5%+(' 0 5$%&5$0+5$%' 5$ %*$+*0 (5 5%)(+' 8&)' 5;5&+5$%0-/ 5&= 0'& <)5 5- &'5(+' (5 &5$(++5$%' (5 0<)5--' 0-)$' $' '5%+(' 0- 5$%&5$0+5$%' 8&)' *'$%&'-.
11
JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN D5*&+25 5- %+' (5 *'$'*++5$%' <)5 5 5%+0 '2%5$5& -0 :+$0-+(0( <)5 5 5&+8)5 5$ %&+$' (5 ) 0-+*0*+,$. S5 +$(+*0 -0 5%&0%58+0 (5 (+5+$0*+,$ )%+-+0*+,$ (5 -' ?0--08' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ (5 0*)5&(' 0 -' '%5$*+0-5 ))0&+' (5- *'$'*++5$%' &'()*+('. E$ -0 >)%+:+*0*+,$/ 5 &5'$(5 0 -' +8)+5$%5 C,' 5 &5-0*+'$0 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ *'$ -0 &+'&+(0(5 (5 -0 &58+,$ (5- 09 Q) *'$'*++5$%' 5 +$:'&0*+,$ 5 '2%5$(&= C)=- 5 -0 :+$0-+(0( <)5 5 5&+8)5 *'$ 5- *'$'*++5$%' <)5 2&+$(0&= 55%)(+' C,' 5 (+5+$0&=$ -' &5)-%0(' C,' 5 )%+-+0&=$ -' &5)-%0(' <)+$5 5&=$ -' 25$5:+*+0&+' L0 >)%+:+*0*+,$/ <)5 )5(5 5*&+2+&5 *'' 0&%5 (5- -0$%50+5$%' (5- &'2-50 ' *'' )$0 5**+,$ 00&%5/ (525 2&+$(0& )$ 0&8)5$%' *'$6+$*5$%5 (5 <)5 5*'$'*++5$%' 85$5&0(' 5 %+- (5 0-+*02+-+(0( 85$5&0-+02-5 0&0 5- *'$%5;%' &58+'$0-. G5$5&0-5$%5 5 ) 2&565 %+5$5 *'' :+$0-+(0( (5>0& 5$ *-0&' '& <) 5 +'&%0$%5 &50-+0& 5- 5%)(+'. D525 (5>0& 65& -' 25$5:+*+' <)5 5 '2%5$(&90$ 0&5'-65& 5- &'2-50 -0$%50('.
12
L0 >)%+:+*0*+,$ (525 5%0& 5$ %&+$' (5 M08$+%)( S5 >)%+:+*0 5- '%+6' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ (5 0*)5&(' 0 -0 (+5$+,$ (5 -' &+58' -' (0@' 0 -0 0-)(. V+02+-+(0( Q)5 50 *'$8&)5$%5 (5 0*)5&(' 0 '-9%+*0 (5 0-)(. V)-$5&02+-+(0( P'+2+-+(0( (5 '-)*+,$ (5 0*)5&(' 0- -0$%50+5$%' (5- &'2-50. S)*5%+2-5 (5 '(+:+*0*+,$. F0*%+2+-+(0( S5 &5:+5&5 0 -' &5*)&' $5*50&+' 0&0 --560& 0 *02' -0 +$65%+80*+,$. T&0$*5$(5$*+0 I'&%0$*+0 5*'$,+*0 '*+0- <)5 %+5$5 -' <)5 <)5&5' 5%)(+0&.
DISEÑO DEL MARCO TEÓRICO
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
-0$ 5- (+2)>' (5- (+5@' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. E%' *&50 5- 69$*)-' 5$%&5 -0 0%5&+0 (+:5&5$%5 %5$5&5 5$ *)5$%0 0&0 *&50& -0 +$65%+80*+,$. E%0 &=*%+*0 5 -0 +0 0 -0 &=*%+*0 ('$(5 -' 0-)$' 5$ -0 %5'&90 (5 -0 +$%+%)*+,$ 5 &58)$%0$ '2&5 -0 0$5&0 (5 5$%5$(5& 5- *'$*5%'/ +$ 6+)0-+0& <)5 5$ -' ('*)5$%'. P'& -' %0$%'/ 5- 0&*' 5 ) +'&%0$%5 0&0 060$0& 5$ 5- %&020>' -0$+:+*0(' *'$%0$%5. L0 (5*&+*+,$ (5- 0&*' %5,&+*' <)5 >)%+:+*0 (5*&+25 -' :)$(05$%' (5 -0 :+8)&0. L0 :+8)&0 ' 0&*' %+5$5 &',+%' +'&%0$%5/ <)5 '$ S5 0+%5 0- +$65%+80('& 0 5$0& 5 *5$%&0$ 5$ -0 *&55$*+0 *'$ -0 <)5 5 +$+*+0 -0 +$65%+80*+,$ %02+$ 0)(0 5$ -0 *&50*+,$ (5 -0 (5*&+*+,$ (5- 0&*' %5,&+*'. C)0$(' 5%' 5 08&580 5$ -0 &')5%0/ )5(5 5& %+-/ 0)$<)5 +'&%0$%5 0&0 5- -5*%'& <)5 %+5$5 <)5 5$%5$(5& -' <)5 5- +$65%+80('& 0 )$%' (5 (5*+&. E- 0&*' %5,&+*' )%+-+0(' '& 5- *&50('& $' +5&5 5 *'-5%05$%5 *-0&0/ 5&' 5- 05(5- 0&*' 5 -0 *&50*+,$ (5 %&020>' *-0&0 5(+(0 (5 -' '+2-5 -0 &0'$5 '& -0 <)5 '$ -0 +8)+5$%5 E- 0&*' *&50(' $' ?0&= *'$'*5& 5- +%50 2=+*' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. E0&*' 5$ 9 +' )5(5 (0& -)80& 0 60&+0 &58)$%0 <)5 5&=$ +'&%0$%5 0&0 &5'$(5& ()&0$%5 5- &'*5' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ ('*)5$%0*+,$. C)0$(' 5%5,&+*' 0&*' 5 5;&50 2+5$/ 5 '+2-5 6+)0-+0& *'$+(5&0& '%&' 0&*'. L0 0*-0&0*+,$ (5 -0 %5'&90 (5 -0 *'$()*%0 5$ +*'-'890 0 &+$*++' ?+' -0 '+2+-+(0( (5 +08+$0& -' <)5 ) (52+-+(0(5 :'&%0-50 0)(, 0 (50&&'--0& %5'&90 '*+'$0-5 <)5 5&0$ )$ 8&0$ 060$*5 5$ -0 +$65%+80*+,$. L0 5%&)*%)&0 (5- 0&*' (525 5& 5-58+(' '2&5 -0 205 (5 )*?' 60-'& ?5)&9%+*' (5 -0 :)$(0*+'$5/ -0 5:+*+5$*+0 (5 60-'&/ +$%58&+(0(/ 5:+*+5$*+0/ 5%*. P&+$*+0-5 :)$*+'$5 (5- 0&*' %5,&+*'.
A)(0 0 &565$+& 5&&'&5 <)5 ?0$ *'5%+(' 5$ '%&' 5%)(+'. O&+5$%0$ *'' ?02&= (5 &50-+0&5 5- 5%)(+'. G)90 0- +$65%+80('& 0&0 *5$%&0&5 5$ 5- &'2-50. D'*)5$%0 -0 $5*5+(0( (5 &50-+0& 5- 5%)(+'. E%02-5*5 ' $' -0 ?+,%5+ ('$(5 5 '5%5&=$ 0 &)520 5$ -0 &50-+(0(. N)560 =&50 (5 +$65%+80*+,$. P&'655 )$ 0&*' (5 &5:5&5$*+0 0&0 +$%5&&5%0& -' &5)-%0(' (5 5%)(+'.
14
BOSQUEJO DEL MÉTODO
E- 2'<)5>' (5- %'(' 5 *'0&0 *'$ -0 &')5%0 (5- &'5*%' 0$%5 (5 5-02'&0&-' 5 (5:+$5 -' '+2-5 ))0&+'. L' 5-55$%' <)5 -' *'$%+5$5$ '$ P'&%0(0. I$*-)5$ 0<)5--' (0%' <)5 +(5$%+:+<)5$ 5$ ) %'%0-+(0( 0 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. Í$(+*5. R5'&%5 (5 00&%0(' )200&%0('. R5)5$. C'$:'&0 )$ 2&565 *'$%5$+(' 55$*+0- (5- &5'&%5 (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. I$%&'()**+,$. I$*-)5 5- *'$%5;%' 85$5&0- (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$/ -++%0*+'$5/ %&+$' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$. M0&*' %5,&+*'. A$%5*5(5$%5 -0 %5'&90 0 0$5>0&. M%'('. I$*-)5 H+,%5+ 55*+:+*0*+,$ (5 -0 60&+02-5/ (+5@' )%+-+0('/ )>5%'/ )$+65&'/ )5%&0/ +$%&)5$%' (5 5(+*+,$ 0-+*0(' &'*5(++5$%'. R5)-%0('. S'$ -' &'()*%' (5- 0$=-++ (5 -' (0%'. R5*'5$(0*+'$5 0&0 5-02'&0& )$0 %02-0 0(5*)0(05$%5
E- %9%)-' (525 55*+:+*0& 5- *'$%5$+(' (5 -0 %02-0.
15
T5$5& )$ 5$*0250(' -' )25$*0250(' $5*50&+'. N' (525 5*-0&5 )$0 *0$%+(0( '*' 0$5>02-5 (5 5%0(9%+*0. C0(0 %02-0 5 (525$ 50*+0& -' $5&' 5%0(9%+*0 +$*-)+(0. S+ 5 '+2-5 -++%0& *0(0 %02-0 0 )$0 '-0 =8+$0. L' :'&0%' (5 -0 %02-0 (525$ 5& *'$+%5$%5 (5$%&' (5- &5'&%5. L0 *0%58'&90 (5 -0 60&+02-5 (525$ (+%+$8)+&5 *-0&05$%5 5$%&5 9.
CRONOGRAMA.
P0&0 '(5& *'&5$(5& 0 -0 5&:5**+,$ 5- +8$+:+*0(' (5- %&+$' <)5 $' '*)0/ *&'$'8&00/ 5 +'&%0$%5 <)5/ 5$ &+5& -)80&/ &'*5(0' 0 5%02-5*5& ) '&+85$ 5%+'-,8+*'. A- ?0*5&-' (5*)2&+' <)5 50$0 (5- 8&+58'/ 0 <)5 5 5$*)5$%&0 *'$:'&0(' '& (' 6'*02-' <)5 -' '$ 5- )%0$%+6' *?&'$'/ <)5 )5(5 %&0()*+&5 *'' %+5'/ -0 0-02&0 8&00/ <)5 5 5<)+60-5$%5 0 5$0>55*&+%'
C''$5$%5 (5- (+5@' ('$(5 5 (+%&+2)5$ %+5' (5 -0 0*%+6+(0(5 *'&&5'$(+5$%5 &5<)5&+(0 5$ )$ &'*5' (5 +$65%+80*+,$. L' 5-55$%' *'-55$%0&+' (5 )$ *&'$'8&00 '$ 9$(+*5/ +$%&'()**+,$/ 2+2-+'8&0:90 -' 0$5;'. E>5-' (5 )$ *&'$'8&00 0&0 5- &'%'*'-' (5 +$65%+80*+,$.
16
PRESUPUESTO
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
FUENTES CONSULTADAS
L0 :)5$%5 *'$)-%0(0 5 &5:+5&0$ 0 -0 *'$)-%0 0%5&+0-5 %+-5 0&0 5&',+%' (5 5%)(+' (5 -0 +$65%+80*+,$/ 5$ -0 *)0-5 5 5;%&05 +$:'&0*+,$ &5-560$%5. T+' (5 :)5$%5 (5 *'$)-%0 F)5$%5 &+0&+0. P&''&*+'$0 (0%' (5 &+5&0 0$' )5(5$ 5& L+2&'/ 0$%'-'890/ 0&%9*)-'/ '$'8&0:90/ %5+/ ('*)5$%' ':+*+0-5/ &5'&%5 (5 0'*+0*+'$5/ 0&%9*)-' (5 5&+,(+*'/ ('*)5$%0-5/ %5%+'$+' (5 5;5&%'/ :'&' =8+$0 (5 +$%5&$5%. F)5$%5 5*)$(0&+0. S'$ -+%0/ *'+-0*+'$5 &55$5 (5 &5:5&5$*+0 )2-+*0(0 5$ )$ 0&5 5$ *'$'*++5$%' 5$ 0&%+*)-0&.
18
C'$*-)+,$ E$ )$ &'%'*'-' (5 +$65%+80*+,$ $' (0' *)5$%0 <)5 5 )$ &'*5' +'&%0$%5 5$ $)5%&0 :'&0*+,$ *'' :)%)&' +$85$+5&' 5-5*%&'5*=$+*'/ 0 <)5 *'$ 5--' $' 5&6+&=$ 0&0 &5'-65& -' &'2-50 <)5 5$ 0(5-0$%5 $' (50&0$. T02+$ $' (0' *)5$%0 <)5 5 )$ &'*5' *'-+*0(' '& )*?' '%+6' %0-5 *'' -0 -0$+:+*0*+,$ 5- *'%'. P5&' +&5*+$(+2-5 5$ $)5%&0 *0&&5&0 (5 5%)(+0$%5.
19
B+2-+'8&0:90
?%%5-02'&0%)'$'8&0:+00'00'.*'2-'8%+'(5 0$%5*5(5$%5(5+$65%+80*+'$ ?%%+%5*$'-'8+*'.*'+85%+'$M0+$A$%5*5(5$%5D5-P&'250 ?%%.+$%58&0$('.'&8.0&+$65%+80$('5-&'2-50.?% ?%%.:0*'.)*?+-5.*-)2-+*0*+'$5'52+'1K0>0&'.?% ?%%.'$'8&0:+0.*'%&020>'1K?+'%5+?+'%5+.?%-W+;3VDK;LNHX ?%%.'$'8&0:+0.*'%&020>'1K?+'%5+?+'%5+.?%-W+;3VDK'1K?+'%5+?+'%5+.?%-W+;3VDKQOYS
20
?%%.8'&80.8'2.0*'$%5$%)-'0(1311G) ZC3ZAD00&0E*&+2+&)$P&'%'*'-'P&')5%0(5 I$65%+80*+ZC3ZB3$OPS.(: Definición de cronograma - Qué es, Significado y Concepto http://definicion.de/cronograma/#ix!"D$yhd
?%%+%5*$'-'8+*'.*'+85%+'$M0+$D+5 ZF1'D5-M0&*'T5'&+*'I$65%+80*+'$W%?0?.645[%SJ>.():
21