PROFIL PERESEPAN ANTIBIOTIK DI INSTALASI GAWAT DARURAT RUANG ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP FATMAWATI PERIODE JANUARI-MARET 2010
KARYA TULIS ILMIAH Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Ahli Madya Kesehatan bidang farmasi
Disusun oleh :
NURLISA PURNAMAWATI P2.31.39.0.07.039
JURUSAN FARMASI POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN DEPKES JAKARTA II 2010
1
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TANDA PERSETUJUAN KTI
NAMA
: NURLISA PURNAMAWATI
NIM
: P2. 31. 39. 0. 07. 039
JURUSAN
: FARMASI
JUDUL KTI
: PROFIL PERESEPAN ANTIBIOTIK DI INSTALASI GAWAT DARURAT RUANG ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP FATMAWATI PERIODE JANUARI – JANUARI – MARET MARET 2010
Telah disetujui oleh pembimbing Karya Tulis Ilmiah untuk di ujikan pada Ujian Akhir Program Jurusan Jurusan Farmasi Politektik Kesehatan Jakarta II.
Jakarta,April 2010 Disetujui Oleh : Dosen Pembimbing I
(Dra. Gloria Murtini. Tanzil, M.Si, Apt) NIP. 195609.15.1990022001 195609.15.1990022001 Pembimbing Lapangan
(Dra.Debby Daniel, Apt, M.Epid) NIP. 19620217.198903.2.003 19620217.198903.2.003
Dosen Pembimbing II
(Dra. Tati Suprapti, Apt) NIP. 195510.06.1991032001 195510.06.1991032001
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POLTEKKES DEPKES JAKARTA II JURUSAN FARMASI NURLISAPURNAMAWATI NURLISAPURNAMAWATI ( P2.31.39.0.07.039 P2.31.39.0.07.039 ) PROFIL PERESEPAN ANTIBIOTIK DI INSTALASI GAWAT DARURAT RUANG ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP FATMAWATI PERIODE JANUARI – MARET 2010 ix + VI BAB +29 hal, 7 tabel + 2 lampiran
ABSTRAK Penyakit infeksi adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme seperti jamur atau bakteri. Penyakit infeksi dapat diobati dengan antibiotik. Salah satu tempat yang sering menggunakan antibiotik adalah ruang rawat intensif yaitu Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)/ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), suatu unit pelayanan yang memberikan perawatan intensif pada pasien dewasa, bayi dan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil peresepan antibiotik di Instalasi Gawat Darurat ruang ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari-Maret 2010. Penelitian ini menggunakan menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pengambilan data primer yang berasal dari lembar resep pada Depo Farmasi Instalasi Gawat Darurat ruang ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP Fatmawati periode Januari-Maret 2010. Hasil yang didapat adalah persentase pasien yang mendapatkan antibiotik di ICU, NICU/PICU adalah 93,89%, 66,67% dan 75,86%. Golongan antibiotik yang terbanyak diresepkan adalah sefalosporin. Persentase peresepan antibiotik terbanyak di ruang ICU adalah nama dagang sebesar 51,11% Persentase antibiotik dengan nama dagang dan nama generik di ruang NICU sebesar 50%. Persentase antibiotik terbanyak di ruang PICU adalah dengan nama generik sebesar 65.85%. Persentase bentuk sediaan antibiotik terbanyak di ruang ICU,NICU/ PICU adalah injeksi masing-masing sebesar 98,69%, 92,86% dan 100%. Antibiotik yang paling banyak di gunakan di ruang ICU dan PICU adalah ceftriaxone sebesar 39,37% dan 21,95%. Antibiotik yang terbanyak digunakan di ruang NICU adalah cefotaxim natrium sebesar 21,43%. Kata Kunci : peresepan antibiotik, ruang ICU,NICU/PICU, RSUP Fatmawati Daftar acuan : 13 ( 1995 – 2010 – 2010 )
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KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulilah , puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah S.W.T yang telah memberikan kemudahan untuk menyelesaikan Karya Tulis Ilmiah (KTI) dengan judul “ Profil Peresepan Antibiotik di Instalasi Gawat Darurat Ruang ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari-Maret Januari-Ma ret 2010“. Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini disusun sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Ahli Madya Farmasi. Dalam penyusunan KTI penulis mendapat dukungan moral maupun materil serta bimbingan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu, dalam – besarnya kepada : kesempatan ini penulis ucapkan terimakasih yang sebesar – besarnya 1. Dra.Debby Daniel, Apt, M.Epid selaku Kepala Instalasi Farmasi RSUP Fatmawati dan pembimbing lapangan yang selalu memberikan izin untuk melakukan penelitian dan membimbing penulis menyelesaikan KTI ini. 2. Dra. Tati Suprapti, Apt, selaku Ketua Jurusan Farmasi Poltekkes Depkes Jakarta II dan pembimbing kedua penulis yang telah memberikan dukungan moral dan bimbingan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan KTI ini. 3. Dra. Gloria Murtini. Tanzil, M.Si, Apt selaku pembimbing peratama yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk membimbing penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan KTI ini. 4. Orang tua tercinta yang selalu memberikan dukungan secara moril maupun materil dan selalu mendoakan penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan KTI ini. 5. Teman-teman tercinta ( rie, ree, tich, put dan d an rei) serta teman-teman satu lokal
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semangat, dukungan dan selalu siap sedia membantu penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan KTI ini. 6. Yanvierdy Mandhela yang telah berpartisipasi dan memberikan semangat baik berupa tenaga dan waktu sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan KTI ini. 7. Rekan – Rekan – rekan seperjuangan dan seluruh civitas Poltekkes Depkes Jakarta II Jurusan Farmasi yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu. 8. Seluruh staf dan karyawan RSUP Fatmawati khususnya di Depo Instalasi Gawat Darurat (Ibu, Retna) yang telah memberikan izin dan membimbing penulis untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Semoga semua kebaikannya mendapat balasan yang berlipat ganda dari Allah S.W.T dan kita semua selalu mendapatkan rahmat dan karuniaNya. Penulis berharap KTI ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca pada umumnya dan khususnya bagi penulis.
Jakarta, Juli 2010 Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL …….……………………………………………………
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ……………………………………………….......
ii
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………..
iii
KATA PENGANTAR …………………………………………………………
iv
DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI …………………………………………………………………...
vi
DAFTAR TABEL ……………………………………………………………… v iii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN LAMPIRAN ………………………………………………………...
ix
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ……………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Belakang ……………………………………………………. 1.2 Rumusan Rumusan Masalah………..………………………………………..
3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian …………………………………………………
3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………….. ..
4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Definisi Antibiotik ………………………………………………..
5
2.2 Klasifikasi Antibiotik …..……………………………………… ..……………………………………….. ..
5
2.3 PenggolonganAntibiotik PenggolonganAntibiotik . ……...…………………………………
6
2.4 Efek Samping Antibitoik...……………………………………… Antibitoik...………………………………………..
9
2.5 Sediaan di Depo Farmasi Instalasi Gawat Darurat RSUP Fatmawati………………………………..………...…….. Fatmawati………………………………..………...……....
10
2.6 Kebijakan Pemerintah Pemerintah Tentang Kewajiban Menggunaakan Menggunaakan Obat Obat Generik……………………………………………………………
11
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BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM TEMPAT PENGAMBILAN DATA …………………………………………………. 3.1 RSUP Fatmawati F atmawati ………………………………………………….
12
………..……………………. ……………………. 12 3.2 ICU (Intensive Care Unit)………… ……….. 3.3 NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) / / PICU ………….……..…………………... …………………... 12 (Pediatric Intensive care Unit)………….…….. arurat……..…………………… …………………….. 3.4 Depo Farmasi Instalasi Gawat D arurat……..
13
BAB IV METODE PENETILITIAN 4.1
Desain Penelitian ……………………………………………….
15
4.2
Lokasi dan Waktu Wakt u Penelitian …………………………………..
15
4.3
Populasi dan dan Sampel …………………………………………..
15
4.4
Cara Pengumpulan Pengu mpulan Data ……………………………………….
16
4.5
Cara Pengolahan dan A nalisis Data …………………………...
16
BAB V HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 5.1 Hasil Pengamatan Pengamatan ………………………………………………
18
5.2 Pembahasan …………………………………………………….
22
BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 6.1 Kesimpulan …………………………………………………….
27
6.2 Saran ……………………………………………………………
28
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman Tabel 5.1 Pasien yang Mendapatkan Mendapatkan Antibiotik di Ruang ICU, NICU/ PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010 ........ 18 Tabel 5.2 Peresepan Antibiotik Berdasarkan Berdasarkan Golongan – Maret di Ruang ICU,NICU/PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari J anuari – Maret 2010 .......... 19 Tabel 5.3 Peresepan Antibiotik Berdasarkan Berdasarkan Nama Generik dan Nama Dagang ….... 19 di Ruang ICU, NICU/ PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010 …....19 Tabel 5.4 Peresepan Antibiotik Berdasarkan Berdasarkan Bentuk Sediaan di Ruang ICU, NICU/ PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010 …… 20 Tabel 5.5 Peresepan Antibiotik Terbanyak Berdasarkan Zat Aktif – Maret di Ruang ICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari J anuari – Maret 2010 ………………….. 20 Tabel 5.6 Peresepan Antibiotik Terbanyak Berdasarkan Zat Akif – Maret 2010 ……………….. 21 di Ruang NICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari – Maret Tabel 5.7 Peresepan Antibiotik Terbanyak Berdasarkan Zat Aktif di Ruang PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010 ……………….. 21
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Daftar Lampiran
Lampiran 1
: Antibiotik Nama Generik dan Nama Dagang
Lampiran 2
: Antibiotik Berdasarkan Berdasarkan Zat Aktif
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1
Latar Belakang
Penyakit infeksi merupakan masalah yang sering muncul di negara-negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Penyakit infeksi disebabkan oleh bakteri atau jamur yang masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui udara, air, tanah dan makanan. Penyakit infeksi infeksi tersebut diobati dengan menggunakan menggunakan antibiotik. Antibiotik adalah zat – zat kimia yang dihasilkan oleh jamur atau bakteri yang memiliki khasiat mematikan atau menghambat pertumbuhan kuman sedangkan toksisitasnya bagi manusia relatif kecil. Keberhasilan Dr. Alexander Fleming menemukan antibiotik Penicillin pada tahun 1928, telah membuka lembaran dimulainya penemuan antibiotik baru, baik kombinasi maupun tunggal. Sekarang sudah ada beberapa golongan antibiotik antara lain sefalosporin, tetrasiklin, aminoglikosida, makrolida, dll (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007 ). Hal inilah yang menimbulkan kepercayaan dan harapan besar masyarakat terhadap antibiotik untuk selalu berhasil mebunuh kuman dan menyembuhkan penyakit infeksi. Rumah sakit merupakan tempat yang paling banyak menggunakan
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Penggunaan antibiotik tersebut diharapkan diharapkan dapat dapat berdampak positif, positif, akan tetapi penggunaan yang tidak rasional dapat berdampak negatif, antara lain muncul dan berkembangnya resistensi bakteri. Resistensi bakteri dapat menyebabkan infeksi yang lebih berat sehingga pengobatan menjadi lebih lama, biaya pengobatan lebih mahal dan dapat menurunkan kualitas pelayanan rumah sakit (www.kalbe.co.id/cdk). (www.kalbe.co.id/cdk).
Masalah penggunaan antibiotik sudah berlangsung sejak lama, salah satunya adalah di ruang rawat inap intensif. Ruang peawatan intensif merupakan suatu unit pelayanan yang memberikan penanganan dan perawatan terhadap kasus-kasus dengan sakit kritis yang memerlukan monitoring, tindakan dan terapi yang intensif pada pasien (www.fatmawatihospital.com).
Rumah sakit Umum Pusat Fatmawati merupakan unit pelayanan kesehatan kesehatan Car e Unit yang menyediakan menyediakan ruang perawatan intensif antara lain ruang Intensive Care
(ICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) dan Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Suatu unit pelayanan intensif untuk pasien dewasa, bayi dan anak. Pasien-pasien Pasien-pasien yang dirawat di ruang tersebut sering mendapatkan terapi antibiotik sehingga profil tentang peresepan antibiotik di ruang ICU, NICU/PICU sangat
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1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Dari latar belakang diatas maka rumusan masalahnya adalah bagaimana profil peresepan peresepan antibiotik di Instalasi Instalasi Gawat Darurat Darurat (IGD) Ruang ICU, NICU/ PICU RSUP Fatmawati periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010? I.3
Tujuan Penelitian
I.3.1 Tujuan Umum
Mengetahui profil peresepan antibiotik Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) ruang ICU, NICU/ PICU RSUP Fatmawati Jakarta periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010. I.3.2 Tujuan Khusus
Tujuan khusus khusus dari penelitian ini adalah adalah mengetahui jumlah: 1. Pasien yang mendapat antibiotik. 2. Peresepan antibiotik berdasarkan berdasarkan golongan. 3. Peresepan antibiotik dengan nama generik dan nama dagang.
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1.4.3 Bagi Akademik
Sebagai referensi dalam pembuatan KTI selanjutnya dan sebagai informasi tentang pola peresepan antibiotik.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Pengertian Antibiotik
Antibiotik adalah senyawa kimia yang khas yang dihasilkan oleh organisme hidup, termasuk turunan senyawa dan struktur analognya yang dibuat secara sintetik dan dalam kadar rendah mampu menghambat proses penting dalam kehidupan satu spesies atau lebih mikroorganisme ( Soekardjo, 2000 ). 2.2. Klasifikasi Antibiotik
Antibiotik diklasifikasikan berdasarkan mekanisme kerja, daya kerja dan luas aktivitasnya terhadap bakteri, terdiri dari: 1. Berdasarkan mekanisme kerja antibiotik a. Menghambat metabolisme sel mikroba. Contohnya adalah sulfonamid, trimetoprim, asam p-aminosalisilat (PAS) dan sulfon.
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2. Berdasarkan daya kerja a. Zat-zat bakterisid , yang pada dosis biasa berkhasiat mematikan kuman. Obat-obat ini dapat dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu : a) Zat-zat yang bekerja terhadap fase tumbuh misalnya penisilin, sefalosporin, polipeptida, rifampisin dan kuinolon-kuinolon. b) Zat-zat yang bekerja terhadap fase istirahat misalnya aminoglikosid, nitrofurantoin, INH, kotrimoksazol, dan polipeptida. b.
Zat-zat bakteriostatik , yang pada dosis biasa terutama berkhasiat menghentikan pertumbuhan dan perbanyakan kuman. Contohnya adalah kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin, makrolida dan linkomisin (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007).
3. Berdasarkan luas aktivitas a) Antibiotik narrow-spectrum (spektrum sempit). Obat-obat ini terutama aktif terhadap beberapa jenis kuman saja, misalnya Penisilin-G dan Penisilin-V,
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1. Antibiotik golongan beta laktam
a. Penisilin Penisilin-G dan turunannya bersifat bakterisid terhadap terutama kuman gram-positif (khususnya cocci) dan hanya beberapa kuman gram negatif. Penisilin termasuk antibiotik spektrum-sempit, begitu pula Penisilin-V dan analognya. Contohnya benzilpenisilin, metisilin, ampisilin, amoksisilin, tikarsilin (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007). b. Sefalosporin Sefalosporin termasuk antibiotik beta-laktam dengan struktur, khasiat dan sifatnya banyak mirip penisilin. Spektrum kerjanya luas dan meliputi banyak kuman gram-positif dan negatif termasuk E. Coli, Klebsiella, dan Proteus. Contohnya seftriakson dan sefiksim (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007). c. Carbapenem Carbapenem merupakan golongan golongan antibiotik betalaktam lain yang struktur
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bakteri dan mengikat diri pada ribosom di dalam sel. Contohnya streptomisin, kanamisin, gentamisin, neomisin dan framisetin (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007). 3. Antibiotik golongan Tetrasiklin
Khasiatnya bersifat bakteriostatis, hanya melalui injeksi intravena dapat dicapai kadar plasma yang bakterisid lemah. Mekanisme kerjanya berdasarkan diganggunya sintesa protein kuman. Spektrum antibakterinya luas dan meliputi banyak cocci gram positif dan gram negatif serta kebanyakan bacilli kecuali Pseudomonas dan Proteus. Contohnya tetrasiklin, oksitetrasiklin, dan doksisiklin
(Tjay & Rahardja, 2007).
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saluran kemih (ISK) tanpa komplikasi, sedangkan fluorkuinolon lebih luas kawasan indikasinya berkat kadarnya dalam darah mencapai nilai lebih tinggi. Contohnya siprofloksasin dan levofloksasin (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007). 8. Antibiotik golongan Kloramfenikol
Kloramfenikol mempunyai spektrum luas. Berkhasiat bakteriostatis terhadap hampir semua kuman gram positif dan sejumlah kuman gram negatif. Mekanisme kerjanya berdasarkan perintangan sintesa polipeptida kuman. Contohnya kloramfenikol (Tjay & Rahardja, 2007). 9. Golongan lain
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a. Resistensi, yaitu suatu sifat tidak terganggunya kehidupan sel mikroba oleh antibiotik yang merupakan suatu mekanisme alamiah untuk bertahan hidup. Hal ini dapat terjadi apabila antibiotik digunakan dengan dosis yang terlalu rendah atau masa terapi kurang lama. b. Sensitasi, yaitu suatu keadaan dimana obat yang digunakan menimbulkan kepekaan berlebihan, menyebabkan pemakai menjadi hipersensitif terhadap obat tersebut dan dapat menyebabkan menyebabkan reaksi alergi. c. Suprainfeksi, yaitu infeksi sekunder yang timbul ketika pengobatan terhadap infeksi primer sedang berlangsung dimana jenis dan infeksi yang timbul
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4. Krim adalah bentuk sediaan setengan padat mengandung satu atau lebih bahan obat terlarut atau terdispersi dalam bahan dasar yang sesuai (Anonim, 1995).
2.6 Kebijakan Pemerintah Tentang Kewajiban Menggunakan Obat Generik
Ketersediaan obat generik dalam jumlah dan jenis yang cukup, terjangkau oleh masyarakat serta terjamin mutu dan keamanannya, perlu digerakkan dan didorong penggunaannya di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan pemerintah agar penggunaan obat generik dapat berjalan efektif dengan menetapkan kewajiban
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BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM TEMPAT PENGAMBILAN DATA
3.1 Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Fatmawati
Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Fatmawati (RSUP) Fatmawati terletak di wilayah Jakarta Selatan Kecamatan Cilandak dengan luas bangunan 57.457.5000 2
m dan luas tanah 13 hektar. RSUP Fatmawati merupakan rumah sakit tipe B yang berfungsi sebagai pusat rujukan bagi daerah Jakarta Selatan dan berfungsi
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terletak di Gedung Instalasi Rawat Darurat lantai 2. Fasilitas : ruang perawatan dengan kapasitas masing-masing masing-masing 2 (dua) tempat t empat tidur.. 3.4 Depo Farmasi Instalasi Gawat Darurat
Depo farmasi Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) merupakan bagian dari Instalasi Farmasi yang bertugas melayani pasien dari ruang perawatan Intensive
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pasien oleh asisten apoteker berdasarkan nomor urut antrian beserta penjelasan cara pemakaian dan penggunaan obat. Depo Farmasi IGD juga membuat laporan seperti laporan daftar pelunasan, laporan analisa penjualan, laporan rekapitulasi, setoran harian, laporan penggunaan penggunaan obat generik dan non generik dan laporan penggunaan Narkotik.
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BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN
4.1 Desain Penelitian
KTI
ini
termasuk
jenis
penelitian
deskriptif
kuantitatif
dengan
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4.3.2 Sampel Penelitian
Dalam penelitian ini sampel yang digunakan adalah resep yang mengandung antibiotik di Depo Farmasi Instalasi Gawat Darurat Ruang ICU, NICU/PICU RSUP Fatmawati Periode Januari – Januari – Maret Maret 2010. 4.4 Cara Pengumpulan Data
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2. Mengamati dan mambahas jumlah peresepan antibiotik berdasarkan golongan obat. 3. Mengamati dan mambahas jumlah peresepan antibiotik berdasarkan nama generik dan nama dagang. 4. Mengamati dan membahas bentuk sediaan antibiotik yang banyak
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