ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA DEL EJÉRCITO SEDE LATACUNGA CARRRERA DE INGENIERÍA Electromecánica
Sistemas CAD-CAM TEMA: OPERACIÓN DEL TORNO PARALELO CNC GT-40a.
INTEGRANTES: CHACON BYRON
NIVEL: Quinto
DOCENTE: ING. FAUSTO ACUÑA
FECHA: 12 de junio de 2012
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ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA DEL EJÉRCITO EJÉRCITO - LATACUNGA PRACTICA N°2 _TORNO_ 1. TEMA: OPERACIÓN DEL TORNO PARALELO CNC GT-40a. 2. OBJETIVOS: 1. 2 3. 4.
Operar el Torno Paralelo CNC GT-40a. Describir el tablero de control. Encender y referenciar la maquina (cero máquina). máquina). Mover el carro porta herramientas con movimientos manuales, rápidos y programados. 5. Montar una pieza para trabajo. 6. Montar una herramienta de corte. 7. Encender y apagar el husillo principal. 8. Regular la velocidad del husillo y cambiar el sentido de giro. 9. Hallar, almacenar y comprobar el cero cero pieza. 10. Apagar la máquina.
3. MATERIALES Y EQUIPO: 3.1. Torno Paralelo CNC GT-40a. 3.2. 4 insertos y porta insertos para: cilindrado, refrentado, tronzado, roscado exterior. 3.3. Plato de sujeción de tres garras. 3.4. Barra de aluminio de ¸ 50 mm. 3.5. Herramientas de medición. 3.6. Manual de operación.
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4. MARCO TEÓRICO: 4.1. Controladores para Tornos CNC. De la serie de controladores existentes para torno tenemos los siguientes: De la marca OSAI
Control numérico (CNC) 6 ejes para torno WinLink.
Control Numérico 510i
La versión de 10/510i WinLink es la solución óptima ópti ma para un ambiente de Windows integrado con el panel de operador del CNC. Tiene arquitectura de hardware estándar basada en el microprocesador del Pentium, con el disco duro, del disco blando y un cojín de ratón integrado. Tiene memoria ram RAM dinámica extensible hasta 128Mbyte, un interfaz de comunicaciones integrado de Ethernet, una pantalla del color de 12 " TFT. Para terminar este producto, tenemos el paquete de programas informáticos de "EASYLATHE". Esto es un sistema de gran alcance de la leva usado para producir los ciclos dedicados del torno que le dirigen con el diseño de programas complejos en una manera simple e intuitiva.1 De la marca ANILAM Grupo: ACI
Control numérico (CNC) para torno.
Control Numérico 4200T
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4200T también tiene telclados numéricos alfanuméricos llenos. El disco duro y las impulsiones del disco blando proporcionan almacenaje de datos y lo entran. Se han probado los controles y completamente - calificado de acuerdo con regulaciones del EMC. La capacidad de establecimiento de una red y el software fuera de uso están disponibles como opciones. El formato programado es G-código conversacional, es decir el control puede ser programado con las herramientas conversacionales integradas o dirigir en G-código. Las herramientas incluyen la utilidad conversacional de la ayuda, una amplia gama de los ciclos conservados típicos para el redactor basado icono fácil de utilizar del torneado y de la forma de ANILAM. El programa se verifica fácilmente con los gráficos en p antalla, para la simulación o mientras que corta. El Enseñar-modo de ANILAM proporciona una manera alternativa de obtener los datos para el programa. En este modo, el operador corta manualmente la pieza y mientras que hace así pues, los datos necesarios puede ser alimentado en el programa. Hasta dos volantes de dirección electrónicos se pueden conectar con el 4200T. El modo dual del volante de dirección de ANILAM proporciona de fácil acceso a todas las operaciones más de uso general. También permite al operador seleccionar un tipo del movimiento, pone un volante de dirección y el control controlará automáticamente el otro eje para producir el movimiento deseado. Como alternativa, un volante de dirección y un 3ro eje de la lectura pueden ser conectados. La orientación del huso y la funcionalidad integrada del PLC es estándar en 4200T, permitiendo el control de torrecillas, los alimentadores etc. de la barra. 2 De la marca MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC E LECTRIC AUTOMATION AUTOMATI ON Grupo: Mitsubishi
Control numérico (CNC) para torno.
Control Numérico M70
La nueva serie M70 de Mitsubishi Electric establece los estándares industriales para la próxima generación de máquinas herramienta. Una característica esencial del controlador es su sencillo y cómodo manejo, ya se trate de d e la configuración, de la programación o de la operación cotidiana. Potentes herramientas de programación como NAVI MI LL y NAVI
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piezas y en una mayor precisión de las mismas. Con el NC-Designer es posible crear de forma rápida y sencilla pantallas de operación individualizadas. La herramienta de desarrollo, disponible también para la serie M70, soporta la creación de visualizaciones individualizadas sin programación o con programación C. 3 También tenemos unas variantes de la serie utilizada en el torno CNC existente en laboratorios. GSK928TEII TURNING MACHINE CNC SYSTEM
Control Numérico GSK928TEII
GSK928TEII para un sistema de torno CNC tiene actuaciones estables y muchas funciones, emparejado con nuestra unidad de accionamiento servo para componer el alto rendimiento del sistema CNC. El sistema puede coincidir con otras unidades de acuerdo a las necesidades del usuario. 4
GSK980MDa MILLING MACHINE CNC SYSTEM
Control Numérico GSK980MDa
GSK980MDa puede controlar cinco ejes de alimentación (incluido el eje C), dos ejes ej es analógicos, 2 ms interpolación de alta velocidad, la precisión 0.1¼m, lo que obviamente mejora la eficiencia, la precisión y calidad de la superficie de las piezas de procesamiento.
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ejecuta en el disco flash. Se ofrece 26 comandos ciclo de roscado rígido, taladrar, escariar, fresado, etc Es compatible con el comando de macro en el tipo de condena y llama al programa macro con el parámetro. La función de mando es la programación de gran alcance, conveniente y flexible. 5
GSK980TDa TURNING MACHINE CNC SYSTEM
Control Numérico GSK980TDa
GSK980TDa es un nuevo producto, su pantalla es de 7 "en color de gran pantalla LCD, añade PLC eje de control, el eje control, la parábola / elipse interpolación, comando declaración macro, automático chaflán, vida de la herramienta gestión, la herramienta de compensación de desgaste, etc. El añadido G31/G36/G37 puede ejecutar el salto y compensación automática de la herramienta. El reloj del sistema puede mostrar el registro de alarmas. El sistema se puede visualizar en Chino, Inglés, español y ruso. 6
4.2. Cero máquina y cero pieza. CERO MAQUINA DEFINICION: El punto de intersección entre el eje X y el eje Z se lla ma punto cero de la máquina. Normalmente en un torno es el punto de intersección del eje del husillo con la superficie del mismo. Se caracteriza con la letra "M_. 7 DEFINICION PERSONAL: El cero maquina es una ubicación dentro de la zona de trabajo de la máquina para que esta tenga un punto desde el cual se referencie el resto de direcciones.
Cero Maquina y Cero Pieza
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CERO PIEZA DEFINICION: El origen del sistema de referencia pieza debe situarse de tal for ma que simplifique la conversión de las dimensiones de la pieza en coordenadas del programa. Si no se define un sistema de referencia pieza, el sistema de referencia activo al que se refieren todas las coordenadas es el sistema de referencia máquina. DEFINICION PERSONAL: El cero pieza es la dirección dentro de la zona de trabajo de la maquina desde la cual se van a basar todas las direcciones de mecanizado general mente esta se coloca al extremo final de la pieza, esta se puede visualizar en la grafica anteri or como W. EJEMPLO: El sistema conoce la distancia del punto de referencia al punto cero de la máquina. Como un ejemplo para poder entender mejor el cero maquina tenemos: Siendo el Cero Máquina el punto (0,0) se desea seleccionar la parte exterior de la pieza, punto (120,0), como el nuevo Cero Pieza.
Referencia del cero Maquina
Este ejemplo muestra dos formas de efectuar esta operación: modo manual y por programa. Ambos métodos utilizan el traslado de origen G54. Modo manual: 1º Seleccionar tabla de orígenes. Pulsar la secuencia de softkeys: [Main menu] [Tablas] [Orígenes] 2º Editar la tabla correspondiente al traslado de origen G54. Pulsar la secuencia de teclas y softkeys: [Editar] G54 X0 Z120 [Enter] 3º Seleccionar el traslado de origen G54. Pulsar la secuencia de teclas y softkeys: [Main menu] [Manual] [MDI] G54
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Los métodos de montaje de herramientas dependen del elemento con el cual se las s ujete teniendo la siguiente división. ELEMENTOS DE SUJECIÓN DE LAS HERRAMIENTAS. Para proceder al mecanizado con el torno, es condición indispensable lograr el perfecto posicionamiento de la herramienta. Éste se logrará cuando dicha herramienta se encuentre con el filo a la altura del eje teórico de la máquina, y su anclaje le confiera la rigidez necesaria para soportar los esfuerzos cortantes a que va a estar so metida, sin que se produzcan desviaciones ni vibraciones.
BRIDA O PUENTE DE SUJECIÓN. Este elemento sirve para posicionar una sola herramienta. Permite obtener una gran rigidez, por lo que es adecuado para soportar grandes esfuerzos de corte. Tiene el inconveniente de que es muy laboriosa la operación de colocar el filo de la herramienta a la altura adecuada, siendo necesaria la utilización de suplementos calibrados. Consta de una brida de acero (1) sujeta al carro orientable por medio de un tornillo de sujeción (2), que a la vez es el encargado de efectuar el apriete de la herramienta. Un segundo tornillo (3) hace que la brida aprisione de forma correcta la herramienta.
Brida o Puente de sujeción
PORTAÚTIL O SOPORTE AMERICANO. Con este dispositivo se resuelve el inconveniente que presentaba el anterior en cuanto al posicionamiento de la herramienta, ya que dispone de un calzo esférico que permite reajustar la altura del filo hasta en 2 ó 3 mm. Por contra, su rigidez es más reducida, por lo que sólo será aplicable en trabajos que conlleven pequeños esfuerzos cortantes. Existe otra variedad de soporte americano provisto de cuñas que sustituyen el calzo esférico, que
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Es el más extendido de los sistemas de anclaje de las herramientas. Su ventaja radica en la posibilidad de sujeción simultánea de hasta cuatro herramientas, permitiendo entrar en acción rápidamente a la necesaria para el trabajo que se va a realizar, simplemente girando la torreta alrededor del eje vertical que la une con el carro orientable. Presenta el inconveniente de la necesidad de utilizar calzos o suplementos para posicionar la herramienta a la altura adecuada, por lo que se emplea, aún en estas torretas, el sistema americano en muchas ocasiones.
Portaútil Cuadruple
TORRETA PORTAHERRAMIENTAS O PORTAÚTIL CUÁDRUPLE. Es el más extendido de los sistemas de anclaje de las herramientas. Su ventaja radica en la posibilidad de sujeción simultánea de hasta cuatro herramientas, permitiendo entrar en acción rápidamente a la necesaria para el trabajo que se va a realizar, simplemente girando la torreta alrededor del eje vertical que la une con el carro orientable. Presenta el inconveniente de la necesidad de utilizar calzos o suplementos para posicionar la herramienta a la altura adecuada, por lo que se emplea, aún en estas torretas, el sistema americano en muchas ocasiones. LOS PORTAHERRAMIENTAS. PORTAHERRAMIENTAS. Son dispositivos que permiten fijar de forma adecuada barras de perfil constante para herramientas o pastillas de metal duro, cerámicas o de diamante. Existen en el mercado diversos tipos de portaherramientas que se adaptan a los diferentes tipos de cuchillas y trabajos de torneado. 9
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4.4. Métodos de montaje de herramientas de sujeción. ELEMENTOS DE SUJECIÓN SUJ ECIÓN DE LA PIEZA. Las piezas que se van trabajar en el torno se pueden montar según los siguientes procedimientos: Al aire: mediante platos universales, platos planos, platos de accionamiento neumático o hidráulico y por medio de pinzas. Entre puntos: de forma directa o con mandriles. Mixto: entre plato y punto o con lunetas. Sobre carro o bancada. MONTAJE AL AIRE. Es el adecuado para piezas de poca longitud o en trabajos de mecanizado interior. Para la sujeción de las piezas emplearemos: Plato universal Suele estar provisto de tres o cuatro garras que se abren y cierran simultáneamente utilizando una llave apropiada (llave de plato), por lo que la pieza queda centrada. Este tipo de platos dispone de dos juegos de garras, uno para piezas de pequeño diámetro y otro, escalonado, para piezas de diámetros mayores. Al accionar la llave de plato actuamos sobre un piñón que hace girar un disco que tiene tallada en su parte posterior una corona que engrana con ese piñón, y en la parte anterior tiene una rosca plana (una espiral), que realiza el desplazamiento de las garras. Las garras tienen grabados unos números que indican el orden en que han de ser montadas en el plato; así, primero pondremos la que lleva el número 1, en la ranura 1. Giramos la llave del plato hasta que veamos aparecer el comienzo de la espiral en la ranura 2. Retrocedemos un poco y asentamos la garra 2, comprobando que queda asegurada y repetiremos esa operación con las garras restantes. Para sujetar piezas de forma irregular se emplea una variedad de plato llamado de garras independientes. Básicamente es un plato universal, con la salvedad de que sus barras se pueden desplazar independientemente unas de otras por medio de un pequeño husillo roscado que lleva cada una.
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Platos planos o de agujero
Platos con apriete neumático o hidráulico. Son básicamente platos universales en los que el mecanismo de cierre y apertura de garras tradicional se sustituye por otro neumático o hidráulico. Su rapidez y comodidad los hace indispensables en los trabajos de producción en serie. Pinzas o boquillas Se utilizan para la sujeción de piezas de pequeño diámetro y para piezas sacadas de barra calibrada. Están constituidas por un cuerpo cónico, con un agujero ligeramente superior al de la pieza y con unas ranuras longitudinales que le proporcionan la elasticidad necesaria para producir el apriete. Este apriete se puede lograr al actuar sobre un husillo que pasa por el interior del eje principal y presiona la pinza contra el cono del eje, o también se puede lograr mediante una tuerca, como si se tratase de un portabrocas.
Boquillas
MONTAJE ENTRE PUNTOS. PUN TOS. Realizaremos este tipo de montaje cuando debamos efectuar un mecanizado exterior con
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campana de centrar. Las brocas de centrar están reguladas por la norma DIN 332, de la que podemos ver un extracto.
Formas de Centrado entre Puntos
Los centros mecanizados han de acoplarse correctamente con los puntos, tanto del cabezal como del contracabezal. Estos puntos tienen un cuerpo de forma cónica, generalmente del tipo Morse, que ajusta en los conos del eje pr incipal y del cabezal móvil, y una punta con ángulo de 60° para piezas normales, y de 90º, 90º , para las pesadas. Los puntos pueden ser fijos (construidos de una sola pieza) o giratorios, en los que la punta puede girar libremente guiada por unos rodamientos. En el eje principal se coloca
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Los primeros son como un eje, con los extremos cilíndricos y la parte central, donde se ajusta la pieza, ligeramente cónica. Los extensibles están constituidos por dos piezas: un eje cónico y un casquillo ranurado, interiormente cónico y cilíndrico por su parte exterior. La pieza se coloca sobre el casquillo y éste se ajusta en el eje cónico. Al hacer deslizarse el casquillo sobre el eje se hace dilatar al primero realizando la presión de la pieza. Generalmente, para el ajuste del casquillo, el eje tiene una parte roscada, logrando la presión al actuar sobre una tuerca. MONTAJE ENTRE PLATO UNIVERSAL Y CONTRAPUNTO. CONTR APUNTO. Se emplea este tipo de montaje cuando debamos mecanizar piezas largas y pesadas para obtener mayor rigidez. Para realizar este montaje debemos seguir el siguiente proceso: Primero sujetaremos la pieza en el plato, sin apretar demasiado. A continuación, acercaremos el contracabezal hasta acoplar el contrapunto en el centro previamente realizado a la pieza. Luego fijaremos el contracabezal y apretaremos completamente el plato.
Montaje entre plato universal y contrapunto
Por último, ajustaremos el punto con el husillo del contracabezal. Debemos tener en cuenta que el eje del contracabezal no debe sobresalir demasiado del cuerpo de éste, ya que en caso contrario aparecerán vibraciones que impedirán un buen acabado e incluso
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Los apoyos de las lunetas deben sujetar firmemente la pieza, sin dejar juego, pero con la suficiente suavidad para permitir el giro de la misma. Las lunetas móviles se deben colocar lo más cerca posible de la herramienta, ya que ésta hará las veces de tercer apoyo. Durante el mecanizado debemos lubricar con frecuencia los apoyos de las lunetas para impedir el calentamiento excesivo, tanto de ellos como de la pieza, lo que podría producir agarrotamientos que podrían llegar a deteriorar la pieza. MONTAJE SOBRE CARRO CA RRO Y BANCADA. En piezas pesadas, que no se puedan montar por ningún método de los expuestos anteriormente, emplearemos el montaje sobre carro o bancada. En el caso de montaje sobre carro dispondremos, entre plato y punto, una barra de mandrinar sobre la que se fija la cuchilla. El movimiento de avance se da con el carro, y la profundidad de pasada se realiza ajustando la cuchilla accionando un tornillo. Cuando el montaje se hace sobre bancada, la pieza se fija directamente sobre aquélla, por lo que no podremos imprimir el movimiento de arranque con el carro, lo que nos obliga a disponer de torneadores especiales provistos de un husillo, que es el encargado de desplazar la cuchilla longitudinalmente. Realmente estos tipos de montaje son engorrosos y poco entables, por lo que será preferible recurrir a mandrinadoras o fresadoras, en caso de disponer de esas máquinas, cuando debamos mecanizar piezas que requieran cualquiera de esos montajes. 10
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Cuando se hace la _preparación_ de la máquina para comenzar el maquinado hasta llegar al punto seguro se debe programar en Sistema Absoluto ya que se conoce la referencia _HOME_ de la máquina, hecha de fábrica, una vez en este punto es posible comenzar a programar en Sistema Absoluto, Sistema Incremental o una combinación de ambos.
Ejemplo de movimientos de la herramienta en Sistema Absoluto Abso luto en el torno
Sistema Incremental En este sistema se toma como referencia de inicio para cada nueva posición la posición
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4.6. Instrumentos de medida electrónicos. Calibrador Digital Pie de Rey Este instrumento sirve para la medición de varios tipos de elementos con la capacidad de visualizarlos en una pantalla lo cual reduce el margen de error en la medida por causa del factor humano.
Calibrador electrónico Pie de Rey
Características Técnicas: Ø Tiene un cuerpo cuerpo endurecido de acero inoxidable inoxidable y un final funcional atractivo. Ø Calibrador digital digital electrónico con pantalla pantalla LCD de 150mm. Ø Hecho de acero inoxidable endurecido Ø Las dimensiones internas, internas, externas y de la altura pueden estar fácilmente fácilmente y midieron exactamente Ø La función de medición básica: básica: interior, exterior, exterior, la profundidad profundidad y del del paso Ø No es necesario necesario que organizar organizar nada en cualquier posición para una una gama que mide. Ø Con un tornillo pequeño para para fijar las quijadas en lugar Ø Con una una pantalla grande del LCD para para leer más más fácil.
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Micrómetro Electrónico
Características de Funcionamiento · Botón de encendido/apagado, incluye el apagado automático después después de 30 minutos sin uso.
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Refrendado, torneado, rectificación Desbastado Acabado Roscado Material pies/min m/min pies/min m/min pies/min m/min Acero de 90 27 100 30 35 11 máquina Acero de 70 21 90 27 30 herramienta Hierro 60 18 80 24 25 fundido Bronce 90 27 100 30 25 Aluminio 200 61 300 93 60
9 8 8 18
AVANCE DEL TORNO. El avance de un torno se define como la distancia que avanza la herramienta de corte a lo largo de la pieza de trabajo por cada revolución del husillo. Por ejemplo, si el torno está
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5. PROCEDIMIENTO:
5.1. Con ayuda del manual de operación de la máquina identifique las partes que compone el panel de control. Controlador GSK980TDa
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b) Libere el paro de emergencia.
Paro de emergencia desactivado
c) Encendida del sistema sistema de control NC ON.
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Selección de Z
Selección de Z en dirección positiva
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d) Con el generador de pulsos manual elegir elegir el movimiento movimiento en sentido anti horario (Z-) hasta una zona de seguridad.
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c) Reduzca el porcentaje de avances rápidos al al 50%, presionando AJUSTE V. RAPIDA “()
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