In children, negative or pessimistic thinking correlates with low motivation in school and learned helplessness. We can help children reverse negative and anxiety producing thinking by subst…Full description
Positive Parenting - europe
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Positive School
Raffael Yarafal (1852 (1852 – 1934) •
Crime – an act offends sentiments of pity
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Lack of pity – crimes against person
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Lack of probity – crimes against property
Yarafal’s •
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Classification
Murderers – endemic criminals Violent Criminals – prejudices of humour,politics,religion
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Criminals - lack of probity
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Lustful criminals – crimes against chastity
Punishments Recommended Recommended •
Death,imprisonment for life,transportation
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Not optimistic about reformation
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Pleaded for elimination of habitual offenders offenders
Gabriel Gabriel Trade Trade (1843 (1843 – 1894) •
Critic of positive school
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Influence of environment environment
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Biological,physical factors – causal effect
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Members imitate associates
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Subordinates imitate superiors
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Beginners imitate imitate habitual criminals
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Youngsters fall prey to criminality
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Impact of movies and cinema
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Crimes starts as fashion,becomes custom custom
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Classified into urban,rural type
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Urban crimes more serious
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His theories – over simplifaction of facts
An Appraisal of Positive School •
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Emerged as a reaction to classical,Neo – classical theories Free will – irrational Criminality due to anthropological,physical,social anthropological,physical,social environment environment
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Personality Personality of criminal rather than act
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Paved Paved way for reformatio reformation n
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Emphasis from penology to criminology
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Objects of punishment radically changed
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Criminals now treated,rather treated,rather than punished punish ed
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Protection Protection of society – primary object
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To use use reformatory reformatory methods method s
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It led to sociological,clinical school
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Criminal – by product of conditions and life life experiences
