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6f ägdtdci
Hlhdi Ofrihigfz
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thalfhu gf acrg Mätecgf kcmplåtf ft mdsf fi prhtdquf hvfk Mdkrcsco Fxkfl
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Lh mätecgf prcpcsäf ghis kft cuvrhbf rfprfig lfs prdikdpfs lfs plus räkfits gf kcikfptdci gfs thalfhux gf acrg pcur lfs hghptfr hux afscdis gfs mhihbfrs. Qhpdgdtä, sdmpldkdtä ft ohdalf kcþt gf rähldshtdci fi scit lfs prdcrdtäs. À lh ocds teäcrdquf ft prhtdquf, lf ldvrf fst strukturä fi gfux phrtdfs. Lh prfmdårf gävflcppf kcikråtfmfit, hvfk fxfmplfs à l—hppud, lfs pehsfs ocighmfithlfs gf lh kcikfptdci g—ui thalfhu gf acrg fi kdiq äthpfs ft qudizf cutdls : gäidtdci gfs hxfs gf prcbrås, gätfrmdihtdci gfs pcdits g—ditfrvfitdci, sälfktdci gfs cajfktdos ft gfs digdkhtfurs, strukturhtdci gu thalfhu gf acrg. Lh sfkcigf phrtdf fst crdfitäf rähldshtdci, brákf à qudizf kefs prhtdqufs. Lfs ociktdciihldtäs gf Mdkrcsc o Fxkfl utdlfs pcur lh krähtdci g—ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf cpärhtdciifl scit fxpldquäfs ghis kfttf icuvfllf ägdtdci mdsf à jcur. Gf plus, kehquf kehpdtrf fst hssckdä à uif phbf Rfa späkdquf gu sdtf gf l—hutfur www.thalfhu-gf-acrg.crb cô lf lfktfur pcurrh y trcuvfr gfs kcisfdls ft tutcrdfls fi vdgäc. Gfs diocrmhtdcis prhtdqufs, gfs mdsfs à jcur, gfs ldfis kcmplämfithdrfs ft gfs räoärfikfs g—cuvrhbfs scit äbhlfmfit kcisulthalfs brákf à gfs quf lf thalfhu gf acrg typf XQ kcgfs. Wcus lfs fxfmplfs, hdisd quf gävflcppä äthpf phr äthpf hu l gf l—cuvrhbf, scit à täläkehrbfr sur kf mêmf sdtf.
Hu kcurs gf sh khrrdårf, Hlhdi Ofrihigfz h ocrmä plusdfurs kfithdifs gf mhihbfrs, kcisulthits ft kefos gf prcjft ft h fisfdbiä fi Orhikf ft à l—ätrhibfr. Kcisfdl, fxpfrt ft ocrmhtfur ditfrihtdcihl, späkdhldstf gu gäplcdfmfit gf prcjfts DW, dl h kciâu ft rähldsä mhdits syståmfs gäkdsdciifls ft thalfhux gf acrg gf pdlcthbf, fi utdldshit lh gämhrkef ätugdäf ghis kf ldvrf. Dl h pualdä plusdfurs cuvrhbfs sur lf teåmf gu mhihbfmfit gf lh pfrocrmhikf.
Kcikfptdci gf kcuvfrturf : [tugdc Fyrcllfs © Ägdtdcis Fyrcllfs Pectc gf kcuvfrturf : © Qhwpdxfl.kcm / [euttfrstckn Pectc g—hutfur: © Hlhdi Ofrihigfz
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Gu mêmf hutfur kefz lf mêmf ägdtfur
77 hstukfs pcur gämhrrfr vctrf ausdifss (108;) À sci kcmptf (1081) Lf Kefo gf prcjft foodkhkf (100;, (100;, 1006, 1088, 108;) Lfs Icuvfhux Whalfhux gf acrg gfs mhihbfrs (8445, (8445, 1000, 100;, 1005, 1088, 108;) Lf Aci Vshbf gfs tfkeiclcbdfs fxpldquä hux mhihbfrs (1008) (1008) Lfs [yståmfs g—diocrmhtdci : Hrt ft prhtdqufs (kcllfktdo (kcllfktdo 1001)
Fi hppldkhtdci gf lh lcd gu 88 mhrs 8462, dl fst ditfrgdt gf rfprcgudrf ditäbrhlfmfit cu phrtdfllfmfit lf präsfit präs fit cuvrhbf, sur quflquf suppcrt quf kf scdt, shis hutcrdshtdci gf l ägdtfur cu gu Kfitrf orhiâhds g fxplcdth fxplcdthtdci tdci gu grcdt gf kcpdf, 10, ruf gfs Brhigs-Hubustdis, 2600? Phrds. �
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Mätecgf kcmplåtf ft mdsf fi prhtdquf hvfk Mdkrcsco Fxkfl
Kdiqudåmf ägdtdci
Jf tdfis à rfmfrkdfr rfmfrkdfr dkd tcus kfux qud qud cit kcishkrä uif phrt sdbidodkhtdvf gf lfur tfmps pcur vhldgfr lh mätecgf ft lfs cutdls hssckdäs. Dls scit gdrdbfhits, gdrfktfurs odihikdfrs, fxpfrts fi strhtäbdf, kcisfdllfrs fi mhihbfmfit, gdrfktfurs gf prcguktdci ft rfspcishalfs quhldtä. [his fux kf ldvrf i—fxdstfrhdt i—fxdstfrhdt phs. Lhurfikf Gh [dlvh, Afbcøh gf Lh Oufitf, Dshafllf Gfskehmps, Dshafllf Ocuridfr, Dgh Ourihkf, Mhrdfttf Lhkrcdx, Phskhlf Mfuidfr, Qfihth Qcssd, Mhrtdif Qcussfl, Mdkefl Aci, Mhrn Aurtci, Kerdstcpef Acyfr, Mdbufl gf Lh Oufitf, Jhkqufs Mullfr, Mdkefl Ibuyfi, Pdfrrf [hikefz, Phtrdkn Wecmhs, Gdgdfr _dikfit. [his cualdfr Mhrdf-Klhugf [cizdid pcur lf scdi hppcrtä à lh rflfkturf gu mhiuskrdt ft Hitcdif Ofrihigfz pcur sci fxpfrtdsf Fxkfl.
Wcus lfs fxfmplfs prcpcsäs dkd scit täläkehrbfhalfs brhtudtfmfit gfpuds lf sdtf : www www.thalfhu-gf-acrg .thalfhu-gf-acrg.crb. .crb. Kf sdtf coorf hussd gf icmarfux kcmplämfits, icthmmfit uif sälfktdci gf vdgäcs fxpldquhit phr lh prhtdquf lfs pcdits ui pfu plus gäldkhts gf l—utdldshtdci gu thalfhu Fxkfl.
Fxkfl fst uif mhrquf gäpcsäf gf Mdkrcscot Kcrpcrhtdci. Hkkfss fst uif mhrquf mhrquf gäpcsäf gf Mdkrcscot Kcrpcrhtdci. Kcrpcrhtdci. Bdmsd fst uif mhrquf gäpcsäf g—Hlhdi Ofrihigfz. Wcutfs lfs mhrqufs kdtäfs ghis kft cuvrhbf scit gfs mhrqufs gäpcsäfs phr lfurs prcprdäthdrfs rfspfktdos.
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Ditrcguktdci ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... .............................. ................... .... U_
Vif mätecgf fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls pcur kcistrudrf rhpdgfmfit ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf foodkhkf......... U_ Lf thalfhu gf acrg, distrumfit klä gf lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci .. ..U_ U_DD Vif mätecgf ft gfs cutdls phrtdkuldårfmfit hghptäs hux strukturfs läbårfs hdisd qu—à tcus kfux qud if vfulfit phs divfstdr diutdlfmfit .................................... .............................................. ........... U_D Vtdldsfr Mdkrcscot Fxkfl © pcur kcistrudrf sci thalfhu gf acrg fi 86 odkefs prhtdqufs ............. ............................. .........................U_DD .........U_DD Lf ldvrf l dvrf g—ui sful kcup g—śdl.............. ............................. ............................ ............. UDU Kcikfvcdr lf thalfhu gf acrg fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls ..... ..... UDU Kcistrudrf lf thalfhu gf acrg hvfk Fxkfl fi 6 tfmps ft 86 odkefs prhtdqufs ............... .............................. .............................. .......................UU ........UU Gfskrdptdo gfs ruardqufs gf l—cuvrhbf ............. ............................. ................ UUD Vi thalfhu gf acrg pcur pdlctfr .............. .............................. ............................... ................UUDDD .UUDDD
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Lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci ätfiguf fst ui prählhalf ocighmfithl gf l—fitrfprdsf pfrocrmhitf .....................UUDDD .....................UUDDD Lfs r÷lfs fssfitdfls g—ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf.....UUD_ Qägudrf l—dikfrtdtugf ...................................................UU_ ...................................................UU_ ............................. ............................... ...................UU_ UU_ [thadldsfr l—diocrmhtdci ............. Ohkdldtfr lh kcmmuidkhtdci .............. ............................. ........................... ............UU_ UU_ .............................. ............................... ...................UU_ UU_ Gyihmdsfr lh räolfxdci .............. Mhétrdsfr lf rdsquf .............. ............................. .............................. ........................UU_D .........UU_D
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L—fssfit —fssfitdfl dfl gu thalfhu gf acrg
Vif mätecgf fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls ............... ..........................UU_D ...........UU_D Lfs ociktdcis gu thalfhu gf acrg ............................. .............................UU_DDD UU_DDD Vi thalfhu gf acrg cpärhtdciifl ............................ ................................UUDU ....UUDU
Phrtdf D Kcikfvcdr lf thalfhu gf acrg fi 6 äthpfs Äthpf 8 ‛ [älfktdciifr lfs hxfs gf prcbrås .............. ............................. .....................; ......;
Cajfktdo gf l—äthpf .................................... ................................................... ..........................; ...........; Lh strhtäbdf cu l—hrt ft lh mhidårf g—hoodrmfr sh gdooärfikf ....7 Lfs prdikdphux cutdls ............... .............................. .............................. ............................? .............? Cutdl i° 8 ‛ Dgfitdodfr lfs prdikdphlfs scurkfs gf rfvfius .....5 .............................. ............................... ............................... ............................4 .............4 Prdikdpf ............... ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................88 .........88 Fi hktdci ! .............. Cutdl i° 1 ‛ [dtufr l—fitrfprdsf sur sci mhrkeä .................8; .................8; .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................87 ...........87 Prdikdpf ............... Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................86 .........86 Cutdl i° ; ‛ Ävhlufr lfs httfitfs gfs kldfits ............... .......................82 ........82 Prdikdpf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................82 ...........82 Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................84 .........84 Cutdl i° 7 ‛ Qfpärfr lfs prdikdphux lfvdfrs ................ ........................17 ........17 Prdikdpf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................17 ...........17 Xuf shdt-ci gfs prdikdphux kcikurrfits 3 .........................16 .........................16 ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................1? .........1? Fi hktdci ! .............. Cutdl i° 6 ‛ Ävhlufr ft kecdsdr lfs hxfs gf prcbrås .............12 .............12 .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................12 ...........12 Prdikdpf ............... ............15 8fr krdtårf : qufl fst l—dmphkt suppcsä sur lf kldfit 3 ............15 1 f krdtårf : qufl fst l—dmphkt sur lh kcikurrfikf 3 ...............14 ...............14 ;f ft 7 f krdtårfs : lf kcþt .............. ............................. .............................. .....................14 ......14 ............................ ............................... .............................;0 .............;0 6 f krdtårf : lf tfmps ............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................;0 .........;0 Fi hktdci ! ..............
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Äthpf 1 ‛ Gätfrmdifr lfs pcdits g—ditfrvfitdci. .........................;;
Cajfktdo gf l—äthpf .................................... ................................................... ........................;7 .........;7 Xuflqufs gäodidtdcis : hktdvdtäs ft prckfssus .............. ......................;7 ........;7 Hktdvdtäs ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................;7 ...........;7 Prckfssus .............................. .............................................. ............................... ..........................;6 ...........;6 Lf prdikdphl cutdl ............... ............................... ............................... .............................. ................. ;6 Cutdl i° ? ‛ Dgfitdodfr lfs hktdvdtäs ft lfs prckfssus krdtdqufs ..;? Prdikdpf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................;? ...........;? Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................71 .........71 Äthpf ; ‛ [älfktdciifr lfs cajfktdos .............. ............................. .............................. ................. 74
Cajfktdo gf l—äthpf .................................... ................................................... ........................74 .........74 Xuflqufs prdikdpfs ocighmfithux............... .............................. .....................74 ......74 Lfs prdikdphux cutdls ............... .............................. .............................. ..........................68 ...........68 Cutdl i° 2 ‛ Kecdsdr lfs cajfktdos................ ............................... .......................61 ........61 Prdikdpf ............... ............................... ............................... .............................. ..........................61 ...........61 Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................66 .........66 Cutdl i° 5 ‛ Mfsur Mfsurfr fr lfs rdsqufs.............. ............................. ..........................65 ...........65 ............................... ............................... .............................. ..........................65 ...........65 Prdikdpf ............... Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................?8 .........?8 Cutdl i° 4 ‛ Älhacrfr lfs plhis g—hktdci ......................... ............................?; ...?; Prdikdpf ............... ............................... ............................... .............................. ..........................?; ...........?; Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................?7 .........?7 Äthpf 7 ‛ [älfktdciifr lfs digdkhtfurs ............... .............................. ..........................?4 ...........?4
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Cajfktdo gf l—äthpf .................................... ................................................... ........................20 .........20 Lf thalfhu gf acrg fst ui distrumfit gf pdlcthbf pfrsciifl ....20 20 Lfs prdikdphux cutdls ............... .............................. .............................. ..........................21 ...........21 Cutdl i° 80 ‛ Kecdsdr lfs digdkhtfurs............... .............................. ..................2; ...2; .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................2; ...........2; Prdikdpf ............... Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................22 .........22
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L—fssfit —fssfitdfl dfl gu thalfhu gf acrg
Cutdl i° 88 ‛ Präsfitfr l—digdkhtfur sur lf pcstf gf trhvhdl ...58 Prdikdpf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................58 ...........58 Xuflqufs fxfmplfs gf präsfithtdci g—digdkhtfurs . ..............51 Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ........................5? .........5? Äthpf 6 ‛ [trukturfr lf thalfhu gf acrg .............. ............................. ........................54 .........54
Cajfktdo gf l—äthpf .................................... ................................................... ........................54 .........54 Lfs quhtrf quhldtäs fssfitdfllfs g—ui thalfhu gf acrg foodkhkf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... .............................. ................. 40 8rf quhldtä : lf thalfhu gf acrg foodkhkf if präsfitf quf lfs diocrmhtdcis fssfitdfllfs .............................. .............................. .....................40 ......40 ft uidqufmfit kfllfs-kd ............... 1 f quhldtä : lf thalfhu gf acrg foodkhkf if sf kcitfitf phs gf sdbihlfr lfs gysociktdciifmfits. Dl gäldvrf hussd gfs älämfits g—fxpldkhtdci .........................40 ;f quhldtä : lf thalfhu gf acrg foodkhkf fst ui värdthalf cutdl g—hdgf à lh gäkdsdci. Dl kcitrdauf à lh gäodidtdci .............................. ........................48 ........48 g—uif icuvfllf thktdquf g—hktdci .............. 7 f quhldtä : lf thalfhu gf acrg foodkhkf fst tcujcurs à jcur ..48 ..48 Lfs prdikdphux cutdls ............... .............................. .............................. ..........................48 ...........48 Cutdl i° 81 ‛ Fxplcdtfr l—fxpärdfikf utdldshtfur (VU) ........41 ........41 Prdikdpf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ..........................41 ...........41 [fpt kcisfdls pcur räussdr l—frbcicmdf gu thalfhu gf acrg ..4; ..4; Vi thalfhu gf acrg i—fst phs ui präsfitcdr g—digdkhtfurs ...42 ...42 ............................. .............................. .............................. ......................800 .......800 Fi hktdci ! .............. Cutdl i° 8; ‛ Kcistrudrf lf thalfhu gf acrg (vuf gf sdbihldshtdci) .............. .............................. ............................... ........................80; .........80; .............................. ............................... ............................... ........................80; .........80; Prdikdpf ............... Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ......................806 .......806 Cutdl i° 87 ‛ _ufs g—hihlysf ft gf prcspfktdci .............. ................ 881 Prdikdpf ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ........................881 .........881 Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ......................887 .......887
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Cutdl i° 86 ‛ Mhditfidr lf thalfhu gf acrg ............... .....................882 ......882 .............................. ............................... ............................... ........................882 .........882 Prdikdpf ............... Fi hktdci ! .............. ............................. .............................. .............................. ......................884 .......884 Fi hiifxf : quflqufs kcikfpts, gäodidtdcis ft rfpårfs à kciihétrf pcur mdfux kcmprfigrf lfs pualdkhtdcis ldäfs à lh kulturf « thalfhu gf acrg ft mfsurf gf lh pfrocrmhikf ¾ ............818
Phrtdf DD Kcistrudrf sci thalfhu gf acrg hvfk Fxkfl! Wfmps 8 ‛ Pdqþrf gf rhppfl ............... .............................. .............................. ...........................812 ............812
Vi rhpdgf survcl gfs prdikdpfs g—Fxkfl© .............. .........................812 ...........812 Odkef prhtdquf i° 8 ‛ Prdikdpf ft strukturf g—Fxkfl © ........815 Cajfktdos ............... ............................... ............................... .............................. ........................815 .........815 Prdikdpf ocightfur g—Fxkfl © .............. ............................. ...........................815 ............815 [trukturf g—Fxkfl © ................ ............................... .............................. ........................8;0 .........8;0 Odkef prhtdquf i° 1 ‛ Vtdldsfr lfs ocrmulfs ft lfs ociktdcis ..8;; Cajfktdos ............... ............................... ............................... .............................. ........................8;; .........8;; Kcistrudrf ui sdmplf khlkul hutcmhtdsä à l—hdgf g—uif ocrmulf ............... .............................. .............................. .............................. ...................8;; 8;; Vtdldsfr uif ociktdci ............... .............................. .............................. ......................8;7 .......8;7 ............................. ...................8;6 ....8;6 Vtdldsfr ui cpärhtfur kcigdtdciifl .............. Wfmps 1 ‛ Kcistrudrf lh phbf gf sdbihldshtdci ................ ...........................8;2 ...........8;2
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Odkef prhtdquf i° ; ‛ Kcistrudrf lfs digdkhtfurs..............8;5 Odkef Cajfktdos ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................8;5 .........8;5 Vtdldsfr lfs brhpedquf brhpedqufs s ............. ............................ ............................... ......................8;5 ......8;5 Kcistrudrf ui digdkhtfur gf typf thkeymåtrf ..................8;5 Kcistrudrf ui digdkhtfur gf typf vumåtrf ......................876 Kcmmfit utdldsfr l—digdkhtfur vumåtrf .............. ..........................872 ............872 ...............872 Kcistrudrf ui digdkhtfur gf typf tefrmcmåtrf ...............872 Kcistrudrf ui digdkhtfur gf typf kcuraf hvfk sfudl .........875 .........875
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L—fssfit —fssfitdfl dfl gu thalfh thalfhuu gf acrg
Odkef prhtdquf i° 7 ‛ Prcofssdciihldsfr lh präsfithtdci Odkef gfs phbfs ............... .............................. .............................. .............................. ...........................860 ............860 Cajfktdos ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ........................860 .........860 Disärfr dmhbfs, ahiidårfs ft Rcrg Hrt .............. ............................860 ..............860 Kehibfr lh kculfur gf ocig .............. ............................. .............................868 ..............868 ×tfr lf quhgrdllhbf, lfs icms gf ldbif ft gf kclciif, lfs ahrrfs gf gäodlfmfit ft lfs ciblfts ............. ............................ ...................868 868 .............................. .............................868 ..............868 [upprdmfr lfs mfius Fxkfl ............... Prctäbfr lh ofudllf cu lf klhssfur ............... .............................. ......................861 .......861 Odkef Odk ef prhtdquf i° 6 ‛ Gäodidr lfs hkkås hux vufs gf gäthdl 867 867 Cajfktdos ............... .............................. ............................... ............................... ........................867 .........867 Lf thalfhu gf acrg « g—ui sful kcup g—śdl ¾ ....................867 Hkkägfr à uif vuf gf gf gäthdl gfpuds ui digdkhtfur digdkhtfur ...........867 ...........867 .................................866 866 Hssckdfr uif mhkrc à ui digdkhtfur digdkhtfur ............................. Disärfr ui acutci gf kcmmhigf ............. ............................ ......................86? .......86? Disärfr gfs kcmmfithdrfs .............. ............................. .............................. ...................862 862 Wfmps ; ‛ Kcistrudrf Kc istrudrf lfs phbfs g—hihlysf ...................................864
Odkef prhtdquf i° ? ‛ Vtdldsfr lf aci brhpedquf .............. Odkef ................ 8?0 Cajfktdos ............... ............................... ............................... .............................. ........................8?0 .........8?0 ............................. .............................. ............................... .................. 8?0 L—edstcbrhmmf .............. Lf ahrrf-brhpe ahrrf-brhpef f ............... .............................. .............................. .............................8?; ..............8?; Brhpedquf Brhped quf Edstcbrhmmf hvfk Phrftc (Fxkfl 108?) ........8?6 Brhpedquf Brhped quf fi sfktfurs .............. ............................. .............................. ......................8?? .......8?? Brhpedquf fi hiifhux ............... .............................. .............................. ...................8?2 ....8?2 .............................. .............................. .............................. ...........................8?2 ............8?2 Kcuraf ............... Brhpedquf fi hdrfs ................ ............................... .............................. ........................8?5 .........8?5 Brhpedquf rhghr .............. ............................. .............................. .............................8?4 ..............8?4 Brhpedquf à aullfs ................ ............................... .............................. ........................8?4 .........8?4 ............................. .............................828 ..............828 Brhpedquf Brhped quf iuhbf gf pcdits .............. Brhpedquf WrffMhp ft Qhyci gf [clfdl (Fxkfl 108?) ......821 Gdhbrhmmf Khskhgf (Fxkfl 108?) ............... ............................... .................. 826 Gdhbrhmmf Fitciicdr (Fxkfl 108?) ............... .............................82? ..............82?
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UDDD
Hkkägfr à lh ahsf gckumfithdrf gckumfithdrf gf l—fitrfprdsf l—fitrfprdsf ................82? Odkef Odk ef prhtdquf i° 2 ‛ Vtdldsfr l—cutdl gf khrtcbrhpedf .......824 ............................................ ............................... ...........................824 ...........824 Cajfktdo ............................. Vtdldsfr l—cutdl gf khrtcbrhpedf .............................. .......................................824 .........824 Fxkfl 108; ft lh ahsf gf gciiäfs khrtcbrhpedqufs Adib Mhps .............. ............................. .............................. ............................... ......................85; ......85; Odkef prhtdquf i° 5 ‛ Vtdldsfr lfs sphrnldifs pcur ätugdfr vcs gciiäfs .............. ............................. .............................. ...................85? ....85? Cajfktdos ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................85? .........85? Lfs hvhithbfs gfs sphrnldifs .............. ............................. ...........................85? ............85? Kcmmfit utdldsfr lfs brhpedqufs sphrnldifs....................852 Wfmps 7 ‛ Kcistrudrf lfs phbfs gf prcspfktdci ............. .........................84; ............84;
Odkef prhtdquf i° 4 ‛ Vtdldsfr lfs skäihrdcs ............. Odkef ......................847 .........847 ............................................ .............................. ...........................847 ............847 Cajfktdo ............................. Vtdldsfr l—cutdl skäihrdc ............... .............................. .............................. ...................847 ....847 .............................. .............................. ...................846 ....846 Kcistrudrf ui skäihrdc ............... Odkef Odk ef prhtdquf i° 80 ‛ Vtdldsfr lf sclvfur .................... ........................842 ....842 Cajfktdo ............................. ............................................ .............................. ...........................842 ............842 .............................. .............................. ........................842 .........842 Prdikdpf gu sclvfur ............... Vtdldsfr lf sclvfur ............... .............................. .............................. ...........................845 ............845 Odkef prhtdquf i° 88 ‛ Vtdldsfr lfs thalfhux krcdsäs gyihmdqufs ............. ............................. ............................... .............................. ........................108 .........108 ............................................ .............................. ...........................108 ............108 Cajfktdo ............................. Prdikdpf gfs thalfhux krcdsäs gyihmdqufs .......................108 .........................101 ............101 Vtdldsfr lfs thalfhux krcdsäs gyihmdqufs ............. Wfmps 6 ‛ Odihldsfr lf thalfhu gf acrg ............... .............................. ........................188 .........188 s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Odkef prhtdquf i° 81 ‛ [thighrgdsfr lfs thalfhux gf acrg... Odkef ...181 181 ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................181 .........181 Cajfktdos ................ Kräfr uif mhkrc .............. ............................. .............................. .............................181 ..............181 Hssckdfr uif mhkrc à ui acutci gf gf kcmmhigf . ..............186
UD_
L—fssfit —fssfitdfl dfl gu thalfhu gf acrg
Kräfr uif ociktdci pfrsciihldsäf .............................. ......................186 ......186 (VGO Vsfr-Gfodi Vsfr-Gfodifg fg Ouiktdcis) .............. Odkef prhtdquf i° 8; ‛ Vtdldsfr lfs digdkhtfurs prcbrhmmäs ............... .............................. .............................. ............................... ......................185 ......185 Cajfktdos ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................185 .........185 ............................. ...........................185 ............185 L—digdkhtfur « ofu trdkclcrf ¾ .............. L—digdkhtfur « jhubf vfrtdkhlf hvfk sfudls ¾ ......................184 L—digdkhtfur « jhubf ecrdzcithlf hvfk sfudls ¾ ..................118 Odkef Odk ef prhtdquf i° 87 ‛ Hkkägfr hux gciiäfs gf l—fitrfprdsf .................................... ................................................... .............................11; ..............11; Cajfktdos ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................11; .........11; Dmpcrtfr ui odkedfr fxtfrif .............. ............................. .............................11; ..............11; Äthaldr ui ldfi pfrmhifit hvfk uif scurkf gf gciiäfs fxtärdfurf ............... .............................. ............................... ......................117 ......117 Odkef Odk ef prhtdquf i° 86 ‛ Vtdldsfr uif ahsf CLHP ..............114 Cajfktdos ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................114 .........114 Xu—fst-kf qu—CLHP ( Ci-Ldif Ci-Ldif Hihlytdkhl Prck Prckfssdib fssdib ) 3 ..114 Pcurqucd Pcur qucd utdldsfr ui sfrvfur CLHP CL HP 3 .............................1;1 .............................1;1 Kcmmfit hkkägfr à ui sfrvfur CLHP 3 ........................1;1 ........................1;1 Fxkfl pcur lfs fxpfrts gf lh Ausdifss Ditflldbfikf .............1;6 .............1;6 Xuflqufs räpcisfs hux qufstdcis quf tcut kcikfptfur fst fi grcdt gf sf pcsfr ................ ............................... .............................. .............................. ........................1;2 .........1;2
Lh gämhrkef strhtäbdquf (Äthpf 8) ............... .............................. ...................1;2 ....1;2 L—dgfitdodkhtdci gfs prckfssus (Äthpf 1) ...........................1;5 Gäodidr lfs thktdqufs (Äthpf ;)............ ;)........................... .............................1;4 ..............1;4 Kecdsdr lfs digdkhtfurs (Äthpf 7) .................. ................................. ...................170 ....170 Aátdr lf thalfhu gf acrg (Äthpf 6) ........................ ...................................178 ...........178 Qfpårfs adaldcbrhpedqufs ................ ............................... .............................. .............................176 ..............176
s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Ditrcguktdci Kcmmfit rähldsfr sdmplfmfit, rhpdgfmfit ft à mcdigrf kcþt ui thalfhu gf acrg foodkhkf 3 Lh räpcisf fst ghis kfttf mätecgf kcm plåtf ft kf budgf gf mdsf fi prhtdqu prhtdquff hvfk hvfk Mdkrcscot Mdkrcscot Fxkfl. Dl fst gfvfiu kcutumdfr gf präsfitfr lf mcigf äkcicmdquf hktufl kcmmf uif ocdrf g�fmpcdbif cô sful lf kldfit hurhdt quflqufs kehikfs gf scrtdr bhbihit. Mêmf sd lf trhdt sfmalf ui pfu ocrkä, dl fst vrhd quf lfs mhrkeäs if ocit phs gf khgfhux. Plus gf 60 % gfs fitrfprdsfs gdsphrhdssfit hu kcurs gfs kdiq prfmdårfs hiiäfs gf lfur fxdstfikf, ft ci if kcmptf plus lfs ousdcis, hascrptdcis cu mdsfs fi ldqudghtdci purfs ft sdmplfs g�äthaldssfmfits à lh rficmmäf säkulhdrf. Kf i�fst phs rdfi, ft dl ohut adfi sf räscugrf à hgmfttrf qu�dl if suoodt plus gf sf rfpcsfr sur sfs hkquds fi lfs suppcshit dmpärdsshalfs. dmpärdsshalfs. Ocrtfs gf kf kcistht, aci icmarf g�fit fitrfpr rfprdsfs dsfs sf scit gäjà plhkäfs ghis uif gyihmdquf gf kciquêtf pfrmhifitf. Ghis ui kcitfxtf kcikurrfitdfl fxhkfraä, dl i�fxdstf phs fi fooft g�hutrf sclutdci quf g�hssurf hssurfrr sh pcsdtdci tcut fi älhrbdsshit sci mhrkeä.
Vif mätecgf fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls pcur kcistrudrf rhpdgfmfit ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf fokhkf s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Kfux qud sf scit gäjà orcttäs à uif gämhrkef gf prcbrås kcisäqufitf shvfit pfrtdifmmfit quf lf räsultht if tcmaf phs tcut kudt ft quf lh ahrrf gcdt êtrf ofrmfmfit tfiuf. Lf thalfhu gf acrg fst digdspfishalf.
U_D
L—fssfi —fssfitdfl tdfl gu thalfh thalfhuu gf acrg
Lf thalfhu gf acrg, distrumfit klä gf lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci
Lf thalfhu gf acrg fst l�distrumfit shis lfqufl tcutf gämhrkef gf prcbrås fst dmpfishalf. Kcmmfit pcurrhdt-ci p currhdt-ci s�hssurfr gf lh justfssf gf l�foocrt ocurid oc urid shis ui distrumfit gf mfsurf hgäquht 3 Kcmmfit gäkdgfr fi kcurs gf phrkcurs 3 Ohut-dl kcitdiufr hdisd, mfttrf lfs acukeäfs gcualfs cu, hu kcitrhdrf ft plus rhgdkhlfmfit, kehibfr lh mhidårf gf vcdr vc dr lf prcalåmf prcal åmf 3 Wcut Wcut rfspcishalf, rfspcishal f, à ui mcmfit cu à ui hutrf, sfrh kciorcitä à kfs multdplfs gdlfmmfs. [his ui thalfhu gf acrg ohkdldthit lf pdlcthbf ft ldmdthit lf rdsquf, k�fst shis odlft qu�dl sfrh kcitrhdit gf gäkdgfr pcur scrtdr gf l�fxpfkthtdvf.. Gås lcrs thtdvf l crs qu�uif fitrfprdsf rfkefrkef uif hmäldcrhtdci sdbidodkhtdvf gf lh vhlfur gäldvräf, fllf if pfut ohdrf l�dmphssf gu thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf.
Vif mätecgf ft gfs cutdls phrtdkuldårfmfit hghptäs hux strukturfs läbårfs hdisd qu—à tcus kfux qud if vfulfit phs divfstdr diutdlfmfit
Mhds ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf if sf kcistrudt phs à lh vh-vdtf. Dl if suoodt phs gf pdckefr gf-kd gf-là gfs diocrmhtdcis fi lfs brhtdodhit gu quhldthtdo g�digdkhtfu digdkhtfurs rs pcur sf gdrf : « Âh y fst, mcd hussd, j�hd mci thalfhu gf acrg ! ¾ I�cualdcis phs quf tcutf gäkdsdci fst uif prdsf gf rdsqufs. Lh vdhadldtä gf l�fitrfprdsf fst à tfrmf gdrfktfmfit gäpfighitf gäpfighitf gf lh quhldtä gf sci s ci prckfssus gf prdsf gf gäkdsdci. Huthit plhkfr ui mhxdmum g�htcut htcutss gf sci k÷tä. Lf thalfhu gf acrg sfrh kciâu mätecgdqufmfit fi tfihit kcmptf gf lh vcdf gf prcbrås rftfiuf, gfs späkdodkdtäs gf l�fitrfprdsf ft gfs httfitfs präkdsfs gf kehquf gäkdgfur. gäkdg fur. Lh mätecgf gf kcikfptdci gfs thalfhux gf acrg fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls prcpcsäf ghis kft cuvrhbf fst phrtdkuldårfmfit hghptäf hux strukturfs läbårfs fi fivdrciifmfit kcikurrfitdfl, kcmmf uif
s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Ditrcguktdci
U_DD
PMF cu uif fitdtä rfspcishalf g�ui brcupf plus dmpcrthit8. Ocigäf sur lh mätecgf Bdmsd©, fllf fst rflhtdvfmfit rhpdgf à mfttrf fi śuvrf pcur ui kcþt phrtdkuldårfmfit rägudt.
Vtdldsfr Mdkrcscot Fxkfl© pcur kcistrudrf sci thalfhu gf acrg fi 86 kefs prhtdqufs Pcur if phs Pcur ph s hahigciifr lf lfktfur hu mcmfit gu phsshbf phsshb f à l�hktdci, lh sfkcigf phrtdf gf kf ldvrf fst kcishkräf à l�utdldshtdci gf Mdkrcscot Fxkfl© kcmmf cutdl gf thalfhu gf acrg. Fxkfl ©, kcmpcshit mhjfur gf lh bhmmf Coodkf©, fst präsfit sur lh trås brhigf mhjcrdtä gfs pcstfs. Kf thalfur fst suoodshmmfit pudsshit pcur räpcigrf hux afscdis präkds gf lh pluphrt gfs utdldshtfurs. Dl pfrmft fi tcut tcut khs gf gäarcusshdllfr lf prcalåmf hvhit gf phssfr à ui cutdl plus pudsshit ft späkdodquf gf l�hdgf à lh gäkdsdci. Kfttf icuvfllf ägdtdci rfmhidäf ft kcmplätäf ditåbrf lfs späkdodkdtäs frbcicmdqufs ft ociktdci ociktdciifllfs ifllfs gf Mdkrcscot Fxkfl 108?. Ecrmds lfs odkefs 2 ft 5, tcutfs lfs hutrfs odkefs prhtdqufs, lfs cutdls ft lf thalfhu gf acrg fxfmplf à täläkehrbfr gfpuds lf sdtf www.thalfhugf-acrg.crb, scit kcmphtdalfs hvfk tcutfs lfs vfrsdcis gf Mdkrcscot Fxkfl. Lh odkef 2, gägdäf à lh khrtcbrhpedf gyihmdquf, fst uidqufmfit kcmphtdalf hvfk lfs vfrsdcis 108; ft 108?. Mdkrcscot h kehibä gf multdplfs ocds sh pcldtdquf g�ditäbrhtdci g�ui cutdl gf khrtcbrhpedf. Kfs gfux gfridårfs vfrsdcis vfrsdcis sfmalfit à pfu prås sthadldsäfs. sthadldsäfs .
s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
8. 46 % gfs 1,5 mdlldcis g fitrfprdsfs rfkfisäfs fi Orhikf Orhikf scit gfs PMF gf mcdis gf 160 pfrsciifs. Fllfs fmplcdfit 1 hktdos sur ; (scurkf : Disff). Qfmhrqucis quf kfttf mätecgf fst tcut hussd utdlf pcur präphrfr ui prcjft plus kcisäqufit, « vcdr hvhit gf phyfr ¾ fi quflquf scrtf. �
U_DDD
L—fssfi —fssfitdfl tdfl gu thalfh thalfhuu gf acrg
Lh odkef 5, kcishkräf à l�ushbf gfs sphrnldifs, fst räsfrväf hux utdldshtfurs gfs vfrsdcis Fxkfl gfpuds 1080, ghtf g�ditäbrhtdci gf kft cutdl fssfitdfl. Aci pdlcthbf ! Kehkui gfs kehpdtrfs gf kft cuvrhbf cuvrhb f fst hssckdä hssc kdä à uif phbf phb f Rfa Rfa späkdodquf gu sdtf www.thalfhu-gf-acrg.crb Wcus lfs tutcrdfls vdgäcs scit hkkfssdalfs dkd : Wcus ettp://ta1.fu/vf
s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Ditrcguktdci
UDU
Lf ldvrf g—ui sful kcup g—śdl
Kcikfvcdr lf thalfhu gf acrg fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls
Äthpf 8 : sälfktdciifr lfs hxfs gf prcbrås
8. Kcmprfigrf ft ocrmhldsfr lfs httfitfs gu mhrkeä ft gfs kldfits
Qähktdvdtä kcikfptdci Qäsfhu gf gdstrdautdci
80
Gälhds gf prcguktdci Xuhldtä prcguktdci
6 0
Qäsfhu gf ocuridssfur [älfktdci ocuridssfur
Äthpf 1 : gätfrmdifr lfs pcdits g—ditfrvfitdci c p P ä r r c h k t f d s c s i u i s f l s
Idvflmh Kcikurrfit 8
Diocrmhtdcis kciscmmhtfur
Prcmctdci gf lh mhrquf Mhétrdsf gfs kcþts
Fxfmplf : lf 7 f cutdl
> rfpärfr lfs
1. Hssurfr lh vfdllf ;. Kcikfvcdr lfs prcgudts 7. Prcmcuvcdr ft vfigrf lfs prcgudts 6. Prcgudrf ft bärfr lh lcbdstdquf
?. Bärfr hgmdidstrhtdvfmfit lfs vfitfs 2. [udvrf lfs kldfits
prdikdphux lfvdfrs
Prckfssus gf mhihbfmfit ft gf scutdfi
5.
4.
80.
88.
81.
Bärfr lfs rfsscurkfs eumhdifs
Bärfr lfs odihikfs
Bärfr lfs rflhtdcis fxtfrifs
Hmäldcrfr fi kcitdiu
Mhditfidr lf syståmf
Fxfmplf gf prckfssus
Äthpf ; : sälfktdciifr lfs cajfktdos Cajfktdo
Guräf
Vidtä
M ä te c g f
Qägudrf ? mcds Icmarf lf icmarf gf gf vhldghtdcis vhldghtdcis fi kdrkudt lcib (20 à 50 %)
Äthpf 7 : sälfktdciifr lfs digdkhtfurs
Mcyfis/ Hgeäsd Hge äsdci c i Kci Kcitrd trdautd a utdci ci kcitrhditfs
;
1
;
Digdkhtfur
Cajfktdo Dikdtf Odhalf vdsä
tdalf
sfmfit
hkkfpthalf
; Digdkhtfur 8
Digdkhtfur 1
Digdkhtfur ;
…
Fxfmplf gf brdllf gf sälfktdci g—digdkhtfurs pfrtdifits
Fxfmplf gf brdllf gf sälfktdci g—cajfktdos
Äthpf 6 : strukturfr lf thalfhu gf acrg Vrbfikfs Icrmhlfs Cajfktdo 40
Mcrhl 1
Wrås aci
Aci
Httfitdci
Cajfktdo 40
Hppfl scus-trhdthikf
Mfsurf Mhuvhds
Wrås mhuvhds
Mfsurf
?0
74
1; %
8
0%
10 %
Hlfrtf kldfit
s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
70 %
?0 %
50 %
Hlfrtf Hlfrtf augbft prckfssus
800 %
Päiä Pä iätr trht htdc dci i mh mhrk rkeä eä
Augb Au gbft ft kc kcmm mmfr frkd kdhl hl
;1 %
12
;6
;0
Fxfmplf gf thalfhu gf acrg (phbf prdikdphlf)
UU
L—fssfi —fssfitdfl tdfl gu thalfh thalfhuu gf acrg
Kcistrudrf lf thalfhu gf acrg hvfk Fxkfl fi 6 tfmps ft 86 kefs prhtdqufs p rhtdqufs
Wfmps 8 : pdqþrf gf rhppfl
Wfmps 1 : kcistrudrf lh phbf gf sdbihldshtdci
Fxfmplf g—utdldshtdci gfs ocrmulfs ft ociktdcis
Fxfmplf g—digdkhtfurs
Wfmps ; : kcistrudrf lfs phbfs g—hihlysf
Wfmps 7 : kcistrudrf lfs phbfs gf prcspfktdci Kcmmfrkdhl
(Wcus)
[cmmf gf vfitf Qäbdci Mcds Fst Hvrdl Mhd Judi Wcthl Fst DGO Hvrdl Mhd Judi Wcthl DGO Ic rg Hvrdl Mhd Judi Wcthl Icrg Cufst Hvrdl Mhd Judi Wcthl Cu fst [ug -Fst Mhd Judi Wcthl [u g-Fst [ug -Cuf st Hvrdl Mhd Judi Wcthl [u g-Cufst Wcthl
Fxfmplf : cutdl gf khrtcbrhpedf
Prcgudts Olf xdsndi 1;1 00 0 6? 00 0
[ kf ptc gfrm ; 2 00 0 7 6 00 0
155 00 0 ;24 00 0 875 00 0 181 00 0 2;4 00 0
5 1 00 0 1? 2 00 0 77 1 00 0 85 4 00 0 54 5 00 0
76 00 0 76 00 0 1;0 00 0 87; 00 0 42 00 0 720 00 0 52 00 0 810 00 0 102 00 0 ;00 00 0 1;0 00 0 818 00 0 ?68 00 0 1 700 00 0
86 ? 00 0 2 5 00 0 1; 7 00 0 85 2 00 0 8? 8 00 0 1; ? 00 0 65 7 00 0 4 5 00 0 8; 5 00 0 1; ? 00 0 82 2 00 0 17 4 00 0 71 ? 00 0 1 7? 0 00 0
Gfrmp rc tfkt ; 7 0 00 6 ? 0 00 5 2 0 00 82 2 0 00 81 8 0 00 85 2 0 00 1; 8 0 00 6; 4 0 00 81 4 0 00 81 4 0 00 ;0 4 0 00 81 ; 0 00 11 5 0 00 ?? 0 0 00 6 ? 0 00 4 5 0 00 86 7 0 00 ;8 ? 0 00 85 4 0 00 ;8 7 0 00 58 4 0 00 1 72 5 0 00
Wc thl ;0 ; 00 0 86 2 00 0 5 2 00 0 67 2 00 0 2? 2 00 0 22 2 00 0 ?; 1 00 0 1 82 ? 00 0 81 4 00 0 86 ? 00 0 81 ; 00 0 70 5 00 0 21 ? 00 0 71 2 00 0 6? 8 00 0 8 28 7 00 0 17 8 00 0 ;6 ? 00 0 64 2 00 0 24 ; 00 0 78 4 00 0 ?5 7 00 0 8 54 ? 00 0 2 ;; 5 00 0
Fxfmplf : thalfhu krcdsä gyihmdquf
Wfmps 6 : ihldsfr ihldsf r lf thalfhu gf acrg
4
Fxfmplf : digdkhtfurs prcbrhmmäs prcbrhmmäs ft ahsf CLHP
s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Ditrcguktdci
UUD
Gfskrdptdo gfs ruardqufs gf l—cuvrhbf Pcur vcus hdgfr à rfpärfr ohkdlfmfit ui kfrthdi icmarf g�diocrmhtdcis dmpcrthitfs, icus hvcis krää tcutf uif särdf gf ruardqufs. Fi vcdkd lh gfskrdpt gfskrdptdci dci : Lf truk gu prc kfttf ruardquf kcrrfspcig à gfs kcisfdls prcofssdciifls gf l—hutfur à gfstdihtdci gfs lfktfurs.
Qfmhrquf kfttf ruardquf pfrmft à l—hutfur g—fxpldkdtfr ui prcpcs, gf mfttrf fi vhlfur uif dgäf cu gf gciifr gfs kcisfdls prhtdqufs.
À rftfidr kfttf ruardquf mft fi vhlfur lfs gäidtdcis fssfitdfllfs ft lfs dgäfs kläs räsumäfs fi i gf phrtdf.
Wämcdbihbf kfttf ruardquf gciif lh phrclf à gfs prcofssdciifls ft dllustrf l—hktdci prcofssdciifllf qud vh êtrf gävflcppäf ghis lh sfktdci. Hlfrtf : kfttf ruardquf fst gfstdiäf à httdrfr l—httfitdci gu lfktfur sur ui pcdit präkds, pciktufllfmfit. s f l l c r y F f p u c r B ©
Äthpf kfttf dk÷if phrtdkuldårf kcikfrif uif ruardquf kerciclcbdquf qud gävflcppf tcutfs lfs äthpfs gf kcikfptdci g—ui thalfhu gf acrg. Dl y h uif dk÷if phr äthpf.
Vi thalfhu gf acrg pcur pdlctfr p dlctfr « Kcmmfikfz phr gäodidr cô �cus scuehdtfz hllfr ft kcmmfit �cus kcmptfz y hllfr hvhit gf kefrkefr à shvcdr sd �cus hllfz hssfz vdtf ¾.
L�fxplcsdci gfs råblfs gf lh kcikurrfikf h aculfvfrsä lfs prdikdpfs crbhidshtdciifls säkulhdrfs qud räbdsshdfit lfs fitrfprdsfs jusqu�à ics jcurs. L�hkkälärht hkkälärhtdci dci gu kehibfmf kehibfmfit it dmpcsf gf icuvfllfs råblfs gf ociktdciifmfit, fssfitdfllfmfit ocigäfs sur l�hmäldcrhtdci fi kcitdiuu ft lh rähktdvdt kcitdi rähktdvdtä. ä. Mhds qud gdt rähktdvdtä gdt prdsf gf gäkdsdci plus rhpdgf. Lh mfsurf gf lh pfrocrm p frocrmhikf, hikf, tcut kcmmf lh quêtf gf l�diocrmhtdci fssfitdfllf, fst gäscrmhds uif ociktdci vdthlf gf l�fitrfprdsf. Lf thalfhu gf acrg fst ui « phrtfihdrf ¾ dikcitcurihalf. dikcitcurihalf .
Lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci ätfiguf fst ui prählhalf ocighmfithl gf l—fitrfprdsf pfrocrmhitf
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Lh prfssdci kcikurrfitdfllf hktufllf, tcut kcmmf l�dikfrtdtugf hmadhitf, mft à mhl lfs klhssdqufs prdikdpfs strhtäbdqufs ocigäs fssfitdfllfmfit sur lh plhidodkhtdci à lcib tfrmf. Hujcurg�eud, mêmf s�dl fst dmpcrthit gf gäodidr ui aut, dl ohugrh mhlbrä tcut hpprfigrff à ihvdbufr à vuf ft sf tfidr prêt à foofktufr hpprfigr foof ktufr lfs acis kecdx lcrsqu�dls sf präsfitfrcit. Kfttf iäkfssdtä gf pdlcthbf if kcikfrif phs uidqufmfit uidqufmfit lh gdrfktdci gf l�fitrfprdsf. Ghis ui kcitfxtf g�dm prävdsdadldtä, dl i�fst plus pcssdalf gf sf rfpcsfr fxklusdvfmfit sur ui syståmf gf prckägurfs prääthaldfs, kfisäfs trhdtfr tcus lfs khs gf odburf. Wcut rfspcishalf, qufl quf scdt sci gcmhdif g�hktdvdtä ft qufl quf scdt scd t sci r÷lf, pfut p fut à tcut mcmfit sf rftrcuvfr rftrcuvfr fi sdtuhtdci gf gäkdsdci. Lh bäiärhldshtdci gf lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci gf typf
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fst gfvfiuf gf vfiuf lf prdikdpf gf ociktdciif ociktdciifmfit mfit g�uif fitrfprdsf hg eck fst pfrocrmhitf. pfrocrmhi tf.
Gäkdgfr, k—fst gäklfikefr lf phsshbf à l—hktdci hprås hvcdr kecdsd uif gdrfktdci g—ävclutdci. [d lfs diocrmhtdcis didtdhlfs scit dikcmplåtfs ft lf phrkcurs mhl dgfitdä, dl ohugrh quhig mêmf gäkdgfr. Dl i—fxdstf phs gf gäkdsdci shis prdsf gf rdsqufs.
Fi prcpcshit uif pfrkfptdci sthalf ft strukturäf gf lh prcbrfssdci sflci l�hxf gf prcbrås, lf thalfhu gf acrg kcitrdauf à rägudrf l �dikfrtdtugf ft ohkdldtf hdisd lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci. Lf thalfhu gf acrg fst l�distru distrumfit mfit digdspfishalf hu pdlcthbf gf l�fitrfprdsf pfrocrmhitf.
Lfs r÷lfs fssfitdfls g—ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf Lf thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf i�fst phs ui sdmplf phiifhu g�hoodkehbf präsfithit lfs gfridfrs räsulthts. räsulthts . Pcur kflh kflh,, ui rhppcrt fst adfi suoodshit. Vi thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf fst ui cutdl à lh ocds adfi plus kcmplfxf kcmplfxf ft suatdl. Dl Dl rägudt l�dikfrtdtugf gf lh gäkdsdci fi sthadldshit l�diocrmhtdci ft kcitrdauf hdisd à uif mfdllfurf mhétrdsf gu rdsquf. K�fst hussd ui cutdl ohkdldthit lh kcmmuidkhtdci ft gyihmdshit lh räolfxdci.
G—hukuis hdmfit à mhrtflfr : « Mfsurfr, mfsurfr ft fikcrf mfsufitrfprdsf gf ehutf kcurfr ! ¾ _cdlà uif aciif gfvdsf… pcur uif fitrfprdsf turf ! [d kf i—fst ghis lh pfrspfktdvf gf ohkdldtfr ohkdl dtfr lf pdlcthbf, dl fst diutdlf diutdl f gf pfrgrf sci tfmps à mfsurfr.
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Vi thalfhu gf acrg pcur pdlctfr
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Qägudrf l—dikfrtdtugf
Lf thalfhu gf acrg coorf uif mfdllfurf pfrkfptdci gu kcitfxtf gf pdlcthbf. Dl kcit kcitrdauf rdauf à rägudrf rägudrf quflquf quflquf pfu l�dikfrtdtug dikfrtdtugff qud ehigdkhpf tcutf prdsf gf gäkdsdci.
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Ohkdldtfr lh kcmmuidkhtdci
Lcrsquf lf thalfhu gf acrg fst utdldsä phr ui brcupf b rcupf gf trhvhdl, dl rfm pldt hussd lf r÷lf gf räoärf räoärfitdfl itdfl kcmmui fi coorhit uif pfrkfpt pfrkfptdci dci uidodäf gf lh sdtuhtdci. Dl ohkdldtf huthit lfs äkehibfs à l�ditärdfur gu brcupf qu�hvfk lf rfstf gf l�fitrfprdsf.
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Gyihmdsfr lh räfifxdci
Lf thalfhu gf acrg if sf kcitf kcitfitf itf phs gf bärfr lfs hlfrtfs. hl frtfs. Dl prcpcsf hussd gfs cutdls g�hihlysf pudsshits pcur ätugdfr lh sdtuhtdci ft subbärfr gfs älämfits gf räolfxdci.
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L—fssfi —fssfitdfl tdfl gu thalfh thalfhuu gf acrg
Mhétrdsfr lf rdsquf
Ci if lf räpätfrh jhmhds hssfz, tcutf gäkdsdci fst uif prdsf gf rdsqufs. Hvfk ui thalfhu gf acrg adfi kciâu, kehquf rfspcishalf fi sdtuhtdci gf gäkdgfr gdspcsf g�uif vdsdci sthalf ft strukturäf gf sci fivdrciifmfit, sflci l�äklhdrhbf gfs hxfs h xfs gf gävflcppfmfit gävflcppfmfit kecdsds. Lf thalfhu gf acrg coorf uif mfdllfurf hppräkdhtdci hppräkdhtdci gu rdsquf gf lh gäkdsdci.
Vif mätecgf fi 6 äthpfs ft 86 cutdls Pcurqucd uif mätecgf 3 If Pcurqucd If suoodt-dl suoodt-dl phs gf kecdsdr lfs digdkhtfurs digdkhtfurs ehadtufllfmfit utdldsäs phr lh prcofssdci 3
Digdkhtfurs gf pdlcthbf cu rhtdcs gf bfstdci 3
Pcur kcistrudrf ui thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf gdbif gf kf icm, dl fst tfithit gf sf kcitfitfr gf pdckefr gf-kd gf-là lfs trhgdtdciifls digdkhtfurs odihikdfrs ft prcguktdvdstfs, puds gf lfs hssfmalfr thit adfi quf mhl sur uif mêmf phbf. ph bf. Kfs suppcsäs digdkhtfurs digdkhtfurs if scit s cit fi ohdt quf gfs rhtdcs gf bfstdci. b fstdci. Ocrt utdlfs utdlfs pcur älhacrfr lfs adlhis odihux, dls if scit phs, phr fssfikf, gfs digdkhtfurs gf pdlcthbf. • Wrcp lfits, dls i�hutcrdsfit qu�ui kcistht hprås kcup. • Wrcp ldmdtäs, dls if pfrmfttfit phs g�hppräkdfr lh pfrocrmhikf scus tcus sfs hspfkts. Pcur räfllfmfit rfmpldr sci r÷lf g�hssdsthikf hu pdlcthbf ft hdisd ohkdldtfr lh prdsf gf gäkdsdci, ui digdkhtfur pfrtdifit präsfitf lfs trcds khrhktärdstdqufs sudvhitfs : • dl mfsurf lh pfrocrmhikf sflci lh gdrfktdci gf prcbrås qud h ätä kecdsdf >
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Vi thalfhu gf acrg pcur pdlctfr UU_DD
• dl fst hghptä hu kcitfx kcitfxtf tf hdisd qu�hux mcyfis g�hktdci gdspcidalfs > • dl fst fi hkkcrg hvfk lfs afscdis späkd�qufs gf kehquf gäkdgfur. gäk dgfur.
K�fst fi prckäghit mätecgdqufmfit mätecgdqu fmfit quf l�ci dgfitdodf lfs värdt värdthalfs halfs digdkhtfurs pfrtdifits. I�cualdcis phs quf lf gäkdgfur gfvrh s�fibhbfr à lh lfkturf gfs digdkhtfurs. Hu odl gfs kehpdtrfs sudvhits, icus ätugdfrcis ghis lf gäthdl uif mätecgf hdisd quf 86 cutdls pcur kcistrudrf ui värdthalf thalfhu gf acrg gf pdlcthbf8. Äthpf 8
[älfktdciifr lfs hxfs gf prcbrås
Kcmmfit dgfitdodfr lh mfdllfurf
Äthpf 1
Kcmmfit gätfrmdifr lfs prckfssus
Äthpf ;
[älfktdciifr lfs cajfktdos
Kcmmfit kehquf rfspcishalf gäkldif-t-dl à sci idvfhu lh gämhrkef
Äthpf 7
[älfktdciifr lfs digdkhtfurs
Äthpf 6
[trukturfr lf thalfhu gf acrg
Kcmmfit sälfktdciifr ft kcistrudrf lfs digdkhtfurs lfs mdfux hghptäs hux afscdis gf kehquf Kcmmfit kcistrudrf ft mhditfidr lf thalfhu gf acrg pcur bhrhitdr
Odburf 8.0.1. Lfs 6 äthpfs gf lh mätecgf
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8. Lh mätecgf prcpcsäf ghis kf ldvrf fst uif hghpthtdci gf lh mätecgf mätecgf Bdmsd à gfs strukturfs plus läbårfs. Vi Bdmsd « ldtf ¾ fi quflquf scrtf. Lh mätecgf Bdmsd h lhrbfmfit ohdt sfs prfuvfs pcur gfs prcjfts gf thalfhux gf acrg kcisäqufits. Fllf fst gäthdlläf ghis l cuvrhbf gf räoärfikf Lfs Icuvfhux Whalfhux gf acrg gfs mhihbfrs , Ofrihigfz H., ? f äg., Phrds, Fyrcllfs ‛ Ägdtdcis g Crbhidshtdci, 108;. ®
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