W\WCHN R_E@_HJ M_GHTAYATH\ JHFH\A\PH JHFH\A\PH KWDWC R_E@_HJ
_hnlhn` Ohn`un Dastachsa Har Chut Dgn`hn Rgjhnhs Gcgmtram Ogrtgnh`h \gc \uryh OADHN@ MG@AHTHN; RMJ MH_\H LARTH
Dausucmhn ecgf;
I_HN\A\MW\ VHYG_AW\ GN_ALE
?28488224
Thfun Hn`mhthn
(Wntum mhchn`hn sgndara)
\GMECHF TAN@@A TGMNAM RCN KHMH_TH ?289
?284
DHITH_ A\A
DHITH_ A\A _AN@MH\HN FHCHJHN FHCHJHN RGN@G\HFHN OHO A RGNDHFWCWHN KWDWC R_E@_HJ CHTH_ OGCHMHN@ RG_WJW\HN JH\HCHF TWKWHN R_E@_HJ CWH_HN QHN@ DAFH_HRMHN MG@WNHHN R_E@_HJ OHO AA CHNDH\HN TGE_A Dastachsa \gkhrhf Dastachsa Jhlhj-Jhlhj Dastachsa Dgshcanhsa \hcanaths OHO AAA RG_HNLHN@HN HCHT Mejpengn Hcht Dgstachter Rhngc \uryh Anvgrtgr Ohtgrha \echr Lfhr`gr Lentreccgr OHO AY JGTEDG RGNGCATAHN THFHR 8 THFHR ? THFHR < THFHR 4 THFHR 7 THFHR 9 OHO Y OAHQH DHN KHDPHC MG@AHTHN DHITH_ RW\THMH Chjparhn 8. Oaedhth Mgtuh, Hn``eth Hn``eth Dhn Desgn Rgndhjpan` Chjparhn ?. Kustaiamhsa Hn``hrhn Mg`ahthn Chjparhn <. \usunhn Er`hnashsa Er`hnashsa Taj Rgngcata Dhn Rgjoh`ahn Tu`hs Chjparhn 4. \urht Rgrnyhthhn Mgtuh Rgngcata Chjparhn 7. @hjohrhn Tgmnece`a yhn` Fgndhm Datgrhpmgjohn`mhn
_AN@MH\HN
Dastachsa (pgnyucan`hn) hdhchf presgs pgjashfhn mejpengn dhra suhtu lhjpurhn yhn` ogruph chruthn lhar-lhar dajhnh mhrhmtgrastam dhra lhjpurhn tgrsgout hdhchf jhjpu-lhjpur dhn judhf jgn`uhp, sgchan atu mejpengn-mejpengn tgrsgout jgjpunyha pgrogdhhn tgmhnhn uhp dhn fhsac dhra pgjashfhnnyh jgnkhda mejpengn-mejpengnnyh hthu mgcejpem-mgcejpem mejpengn. Mhrgnh hdhnyh pgrogdhhn tgmhnhn uhp, jhmh dhpht damhthmhn puch presgs pgnyucan`hn jgruphmhn presgs pgjashfhn mejpengn-mejpengnnyh ogrdhshrmhn pgrogdhhn tatam dadafnyh. Ogroh`ha kgnas tgmnece`a sudhf da`unhmhn untum pgnygdahhn har ogrsaf yhn` ogrhshc dhra chut, shchf shtunyh hdhchf tgmnec`a rgvgrsg esjesas yhn` jgjhnihhtmhn jgjorhn sgjapgrjghogc. Tgmnece`a ana lumup sucat da`unhmhn mhrgnh jgjoutufmhn anvgsthsa tan``a dhchj pgjouhthnnyh sgfan``h murhn` hpcamhtai untum datgrhpmhn da jhsyhrhmht hthu dhchj smhch rujhf thn``h. Rgn`echfhn har chut untum dakhdamhn har januj dgn`hn presgs dastachsa jgruphmhn shchf shtu secusa yhn` tgchf jgnkhwho sgjuh pgrjhshchfhn pgngrhphn tgmnece`a menvgrsa har chut jgnkhda har ogrsaf oh`a jhsyhrhmht hthu smhch rujhf thn``h dahths. Dhn dgn`hn dapgrtgnh`ha tgnh`h suryh, hcht ana tgntunyh jgngrhpmhn tgmnece`a gngr`a tgrohrumhn. Jgtedg yhn` hmhn dachmumhn hdhchf dgn`hn jgchmumhn tankhuhn pusthmh, whwhnlhrh, pgrhnlhn`hn, pgjouhthn prekglt, uka leoh dhn hmhn jgn`fhsacmhn suhtu pretetapg. Dafhrhpmhn cuhrhn dhra pretetapg prepeshc ana dhpht da`unhmhn sglhrh jhssai yhn` nhntanyh hmhn oash da`unhmhn jhsyhrhmht, tgruthjh oh`a jhsyhrhmht pan``arhn phntha yhn` shht ana mgsucathn jgndhphtmhn hmsgs har ogrsaf.
RGN@G\HFHN RMJ @H@H\HN TG_TWCA\
8.
?. <.
4. 7.
Kuduc Mg`ahthn
;
Oadhn` Mg`ahthn Mgtuh Rgchmshnh Mg`ahthn h. Nhjh cgn`mhp o. NAJ l. Kurushn d. Wnavgrsaths/Anstatut/Recatgmnam g. Hchjht _ujhf dhn Ne Tgcp./FR i. Hchjht gjhac
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Hn``eth Rgchmshnh Mg`ahthn/Rgnucas Desgn Rgndhjpan` h. Nhjh Cgn`mhp Dhn @gchr o. NADN l. Hchjht _ujhf dhn Ne Tgcp./FR
; ; ; ; ;
_hnlhn` Ohn`un Dastachsa Har Chut Dgn`hn Rgjhnhs Gcgmtram Ogrtgnh`h \gc \uryh RMJ-ML (Mhrsh Lapth) Irhnsasmus Vhvgraus Gnrale ?28488224 Gcgmtre \gmechf Tan``a Tgmnam RCN ixgnrale976B`jhac.lej
Hcogrt @aisen Hcogrt @aisen Futhkucu \T, JT
Khmhrth, ?1 Emteogr ?289
Jgnygtukua Mg`ahthn Phmac Rgjohntu Dgmhn/hthu Mgtuh Kurushn/Dgphrtgjgn/Rre`rhj \tuda/ Rgjoajoan` Wnat Mg`ahthn Jhnusah
( ) NAR
)
Mgtuh Rgchmshnh
(
NAJ
Phmac _gmter Oadhn` Mgjhfhsaswhhn/
Desgn
Dargmtur Recatgmnam/ Mgtuh \gmechf Tan``a,
( NAR
)
( NADN
)
OHO A RGNDHFWCWHN
H. KWDWC _hnlhn` Ohn`un Dastachsa Har Chut Dgn`hn Rgjhnhs Gcgmtram Ogrtgnh`h \gc \uryh
O.
CHTH_ OGCHMHN@ Har jgruphmhn sujogr mgfaduphn dhn shn`ht pgntan` oh`a mgfaduphn jhnusah. Dadhchj tuouf jhnusah sgoh`ahn ogshr tgrdara dhra har, tuouf erhn` dgwhsh sgmathr 77-92% dhra ogrht ohdhn jgruphmhn har, sgdhn`mhn hnhm-hnhm sgmathr 97 % dhn ohya sgmathr 62%. Mgoutufhn jhnusah hmhn har shn`ht mejpcgms, hnthrh chan untum januj, jhshm, jhnda, jgnlula dhn sgoh`hanyh. Dgn`hn dgjamahn untum mgchn`sun`hn fadup, har fhrus tgrsgdah dhchj kujchf yhn` lumup dhn ogrmuhcaths yhn` jgjhdha. (Qhyhn \unhryh, ?228)
Har yhn` tgrsgdah tadhm tgrcgphs dhra pgn`hruf pgnlgjhrhn mhrgnh ignejgnh hchj (sgpgrta dgou vucmhnam dhra cgtushn `unun` ogrhpa) hthupun yhn` dahmaohtmhn ecgf uchf jhnusah. Ogogrhph ohfhn pgnlgjhr sgpgrta ohfhn jamreoaece`a (ohmtgra, varus, phrhsat), ohfhn er`hnam (pgstasadh, dgtgrkgn), dhn ogogrhph ohfhn aner`hnam (`hrhj, hshj, ce`hj), sgrth ogogrhph ohfhn majah channyh sudhf ohnyhm datgjumhn dhchj har yhn` math pgr`unhmhn. Har yhn` sudhf tgrlgjhr tgrsgout dashjpan` tgrhsh tadhm gnhm mhchu dajanuj ku`h dhpht jgnygohomhn `hn``uhn mgsgfhthn tgrfhdhp erhn` yhn` jgjanujnyh. (Dhrjene, ?228) Har yhn` ogrsaf jutchm dapgrcumhn jhnusah untum mgchn`sun`hn fadupnyh, ecgf mhrgnh atu pgn`echfhn sujogr dhyh har yhn` oham shn`ht pgntan` h`hr jgn`fhsacmhn har fhsac echfhn yhn` jgjgnufa pgrsyhrhthn mgsgfhthn. Fhjpar 10% har da jumh ouja ana jgruphmhn har chut dhn tadhm dhpht da`unhmhn ecgf jhnusah sglhrh chn`sun`. Dhra <% yhn` tgrsash, ?% dahnthrhnyh tgrsajphn sgoh`ha `unun` gs (`cgtsgr) da mutuo yhn` ku`h tadhm dhpht dajhnihhtmhn sglhrh chn`sun`. Fhnyh 8% har yhn` tgrdhpht da dhnhu, sun`ha dhn har thnhf yhn` ognhr-ognhr tgrsgdah oh`a mgpgrcuhn jhnusah. Kamh datankhu dhra sg`a muhcaths har yhn` jgjhdha oh`a mensujsa jhnusah fhnyh sgmathr 2,2<% (Giigndy, ?22<). \ucatnyh jhsyhrhmht da ogogrhph dhgrhf da Andengsah, mfususnyh da dhgrhf pgsasar phntha, puchu mglac sgpgrta mgpuchuhn sgraou dhn puchu-puchu mglac channyh. \gran` tgrdgn`hr mgtamh jusaj mgjhrhu dhthn`, jhsyhrhmht yhn` tan``hc da dhgrhf phntha hthu puchu-puchu mglac jucha mgmurhn`hn har. Har fukhn yhn` jgruphmhn sujogr har yhn` tgchf dasahpmhn da ohm pgnhjpun` har fukhn sgran` tadhm dhpht jgnlumupa mgoutufhn phdh jusaj mgjhrhu. Wntum pgjgnufhn mgpgrcuhn har thwhr/har januj phdh dhgrhf sucat har, shht ana tgchf ohnyhm dathwhrmhn predum har januj dhchj mgjhshn ogruph har jangrhc hthu har jurna. Ku`h tgchf fhdar tgmnece`a rgvgrsg esjesg yhn` jhjpu jgjpredumsa har januj dhra har meter hthu dhra har
chut. Nhjun dgjamahn, jhsaf darhsh tgrchcu jhfhc oh`a sgoh`ahn erhn` untum dhpht jgjacama hthupun jgjhnihhtmhnnyh. Ecgf mhrgnh atu pgrcu dalhra sgouhf tgmnece`a yhn` jurhf dhn sgdgrfhnh. Rgn`echfhn har chut untum da khdamhn har januj dgn`hn presgs dastachsa tgchf jgnkhwho sgjuh pgrjhshchfhn da hths. Rresgs pgjouhthn hcht yhn` shn`ht judhf, oahyhnyh tgrkhn`mhu dhn oash da `unhmhn ecgf sgjuh mhchn`hn. \ujogr gngr`a yhn` da`unhmhn ku`h jgruphmhn mensgp gngr`a tgrohrumhn. Fhc ana tgntunyh tadhm jgjoutufmhn oahyh castram shjh sgmhca, sgfan``h dafhrhpmhn dgn`hn hdhnyh tgmnece`a ana dhpht datgrhpmhn pgn``unhhnyh dhchj jhsyhrhmht jhupun smhch rujhf thn``h.
L. RG_WJW\HN JH\HCHF Dhra chthr ogchmhn` dahths, jhmh pgrjhshchfhn tgrsgout dhpht darujusmhn sgoh`ha ogramut; 8. Oh`hajhnhmhf pgrhnlhn`hn dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh 5 ?. Mejpengn-mejpengn hph shkhmhf yhn` da`unhmhn dhchj pgrhnlhn`hn dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh5
D. TWKWHN R_E@_HJ Tukuhn dhra pgngcatahn ana hdhchf; 8. Wntum jgnkhohrmhn ohfhn yhn` da`unhmhn untum jgjouht dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh ?. Wntum jgn`gthfua lhrh pgjouhthn dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh <. Wntum jgn`gthfua lhrh mgrkh dhra dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh G. CWH_HN QHN@ DAFH_HRMHN Jhnihht dhra pgngcatahn ana hdhchf; 8. Jgn`fhsacmhn hrtamgc yhn` ogrjhnihht oh`a pgjogchkhrhn dhra fhsac pgngcatahn yhn` tgchf dachmumhn. ?. Jgn`fhsacmhn suhtu pgngjuhn ohru dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh yhn` fhsacnyh dhpht ogrjhnihht oh`a jhsyhrhmht, tgruthjh oh`a jhsyhrhmht pan``arhn phntha yhn` shht ana mgsucathn jgndhphtmhn hmsgs har ogrsaf.
I. MG@WNHHN R_E@_HJ h. Dhpht da`unhmhn sgoh`ha hctgrnhtai chan dhchj jgnygdahmhn har ogrsaf dhra chut mgphdh jhsyhrhmht, tgruthjh jhsyhrhmht yhn` ogrhdh da pan``arhn phntha sglhrh judhf dhn gmenejas. o. Dhpht jgnhjohf pgn`gthfuhn.
OHO AA CHNDH\HN TGE_A
?.8 Dastachsa
Dastachsa hthu pgnyucan`hn hdhchf shchf shtu jgtedg pgjashfhn ohfhn majah ogrdhshrmhn pgrogdhhn mglgphthn hthupun mgjudhfhn jgn`uhp (vechtacaths) pgtunkum. Dhchj pgnyucan`hn, lhjpurhn zht dadadafmhn sgfan``h jgn`uhp, sgrth uhp ana mgjudahn dadan`anmhn mgjohca mg dhchj umurhn lharhn. [ht yhn` jgjpunyha tatam dadaf cgoaf rgndhf hmhn jgn`uhp cgoaf dhfucu.Jgtedg ana tgrjhsum sgoh`ha unat epgrhsa majah jhlhj pgrpandhfhn jhssh. Rgngrhphn jgtedg ana dadhshrmhn phdh fumuj ohfwh phdh suhtu chruthn, jhsan`-jhsan` mejpengn hmhn jgn`uhp phdh tatam dadafnyh. \tycg adghc dastachsa dadhshrmhn dhchj Fumuj _heuct dhn Fumuj Dhcten.
@hjohr 8. \mgjh presgs dgstachsa/pgnyucan`hn
?.? \gkhrhf Dastachsa
Dastachsa pgrthjh mhca datgjumhn ecgf majahwhn yunhna sgmathr hohd pgrthjh jhsgfa yhn` hmfarnyh pgrmgjohn`hnnyh dapalu tgruthjh ecgf tan``anyh pgrjanthhnhmhn spratus Fyphtfah dhra Hcgxhndrah dapgrlhyh tgchf jgngjumhn rhn`mhahn hcht untum dastachsa dhn [esajus dhra Hcgxhndrah-chf yhn` tgchf ogrfhsac jgn``hjohrmhn sglhrh hmurht tgnthn` presgs dastachsa phdh sgmathr hohd mg- 4.Ogntum jedgrn dastachsa pgrthjh mhca datgjumhn ecgf hfca - hfca majah Aschj phdh jhsh mgmfhcaihfhn Hoohsahf, tgruthjh ecgf Hc-_hhza phdh pgjashfhn hcmefec jgnkhda sgnyhwh yhn` rgchtavg jurna jgchcua hcht hcgjoam, ohfmhn dgshan ana jgnkhda sgjhlhj ansparhsa yhn` jgjun`manmhn rhnlhn`hn dastachsa smhch jamre, Tfg Falmjhn \taccfghd dhpht tgrwukud. Tucashn ecgf Khoar Aonu Fhyyhn (0?8-687) yhn` cgoaf damgnhc dgn`hn Aonu Khoar jgnygoutmhn tgnthn` uhp hn``ur yhn` dhpht tgrohmhr. Ah ku`h tgchf jgngjumhn ohnyhm pgrhchthn dhn presgs majah yhn` ohfmhn jhsaf ohnyhm daphmhashjpha shht mana. Mgjudahn tgmnam pgnyucan`hn daurhamhn dgn`hn kgchs ecgf Hc-Manda (628 - 60<).\hchf shtu pgngrhphn tgr pgntan` dhra jgtedg dastachsa hdhchf pgjashfhn janyhm jgnthf jgnkhda oh`ahn-oh`ahn untum pgn``unhhn mfusus sgpgrta untum trhnsperthsa, pgjohn`mat castram, pgjhnhs, dhn chan-chan. Wdhrh dadastachsa
jgnkhda mejpengn-mejpengn sgpgrta emsa`gn untum pgn``unhhn jgdas dhn fgcauj pgn`asa ohcen Dastachsa tgchf da`unhmhn sgkhm chjh untum pgjgmhthn hcmefec dgn`hn pgngrhphn phnhs tgrfhdhp chruthn fhsac igrjgnthsa untum jgnfhsacmhn janujhn sucan` O.
?.< Jhlhj “ Jhlhj Dastachsa
Hdh 4 kgnas dastachsa yhn` hmhn daohfhs dasana, yhatu dastachsa sgdgrfhnh, dastachsa irhmsaenhsa, dastachsa uhp, dhn dastachsa vhmuj. \gchan atu hdh puch dastachsa gmstrhmtai dhn dastachsa hzgetrepal feje`gneus, dastachsa dgn`hn jgn``unhmhn `hrhj ograen, dastachsa prgssurg-swan`, sgrth dastachsa rghmtai ?.<.8 Dastachsa \gdgrfhnh
Rhdh dastachsa sgdgrfhnh, dhshr pgjashfhnnyh hdhchf pgrogdhhn tatam dadaf yhn` khufhthu dgn`hn shchf shtu mejpengn ogrsaiht vechtac. Kamh lhjpurhn 9 daphnhsmhn jhmh mejpengn yhn` tatam dadafnyh cgoaf rgndhf hmhn jgn`uhp cgoaf ducu. \gchan pgrogdhhn tatam dadaf, ku`h pgrogdhhn mgvechtachn,yhatu mglgndgrun`hn sgouhf suosthnsa untum jgnkhda `hs. Dastachsa ana dachmumhn phdh tgmhnhn htjesigr. Hpcamhsa dastachsa sgdgrfhnh da`unhmhn untum jgjashfmhn lhjpurhn har dhn hcmefec ?.<.? Dastachsa Irhmsaenashsa
Iun`sa dastachsa irhmsaenhsa hdhchf jgjashfmhn mejpengn-mejpengn lhar, duh hthu cgoaf, dhra suhtu chruthn ogrdhshrmhn pgrogdhhn tatam dadafnyh. Dastachsa ana ku`h dhpht da`unhmhn untum lhjpurhn dgn`hn pgrogdhhn tatam dadaf murhn` dhra ?2 ²L dhn ogmgrkh phdh tgmhnhn htjesigr hthu dgn`hn tgmhnhn rgndhf. Hpcamhsa dhra dastachsa kgnas ana da`unhmhn phdh andustra janyhm jgnthf,untum jgjashfmhn mejpengnmejpengn dhchj janyhm jgnthf Rgrogdhhn dastachsa irhmsaenhsa dhn dastachsa sgdgrfhnh hdhchf hdhnyh mecej irhmsaenhsa. Damecej ana tgrkhda pgjhnhshn sglhrh ogrthfhp dgn`hn sufu yhn` ogrogdh-ogdh phdh sgtahp pchtnyh. Rgjhnhshn yhn` ogrogdh-ogdh ana ogrtukuhn untum pgjurnahn dastacht yhn` cgoaf dhra pcht-pcht da ohwhfnyh. \gjhman mg hths, sgjhman tadhm vechtac lharhnnyh. ?.<.< Dastachsa Whp
Dastachsa uhp da`unhmhn phdh lhjpurhn sgnyhwh-sgnyhwh yhn` jgjacama tatam dadaf jgnlhpha ?22 ²l hthu cgoaf. Dastachsa uhp dhpht jgn`uhpmhn sgnyhwhsgnyhwhana dgn`hn sufu jgndgmhta 822 ²l dhchj tgmhnhn htjesigr dgn`hn jgn``unhmhn uhp hthu har jgndadaf. \aiht yhn` iundhjgnthc dhra dastachsa uhp hdhchf dhpht jgndastachsalhjpurhn sgnyhwh da ohwhf tatam dadaf dhra jhsan`-jhsan` sgnyhwh lhjpurhnnyh. \gchan atu dastachsa uhp dhpht da`unhmhn untum lhjpurhn yhn` tadhm chrut dhchj har da sgjuh tgjpgrhtur, thpa dhpht dadastachsa dgn`hn har. Hpcamhsa dhra dastachsa uhp hdhchfuntum jgn`gmstrhm ogogrhph predum hchj sgpgrta janyhm gulhcyptus dhra gulhcyptus, janyhm satrus dhra cgjen hthu kgrum, dhn untum gmstrhmsa janyhm phriuj dhratujoufhn.lhjpurhn daphnhsmhn jgchcua uhp har yhn` dahcarmhn mg dhchj lhjpurhn dhn jun`man dathjohf ku`h 0 dgn`hn pgjhnhshn. Whp dhra lhjpurhn hmhn nham mg hthsjgnuku mg mendgnser dhn hmfarnyh jhsum mg chou dastacht.
?.<.4 Dastachsa Yhmuj
Dastachsa vhmuj oahshnyh da`unhmhn kamh sgnyhwh yhn` an`an dadastachsa tadhm sthoac, dgn`hn pgn`grtahn dhpht tgrdgmejpesasa sgogcuj hthu jgndgmhta tatam dadafnyh hthu lhjpurhn yhn` jgjacama tatam dadaf da hths 872 ²L. Jgtedg dastachsa ana tadhm dhpht da`unhmhn phdh pgchrut dgn`hn tatam dadaf yhn` rgndhf kamh mendgnsernyh jgn``unhmhn har dan`an, mhrgnh mejpengn yhn` jgn`uhp tadhm dhpht damendgnshsaecgf har. Wntum jgn`urhn`a tgmhnhn da`unhmhn pejph vhmuj hthu hsparhter. Hsparhter ogriun`sa sgoh`ha pgnurun tgmhnhn phdh sastgj dastachsa ana.
?.4 Dgshcanhsa
Dgshcanhsa hdhchf presgs pgjashfhn yhn` da`unhmhn untum jgn`urhn`a mhndun`hn `hrhj tgrchrut dhra har `hrhj fan``h cgvgc tgrtgntu sgfan``h har dhpht da`unhmhn. Rresgs dgshcanhsa jgcaohtmhn ta`h hcarhn lharhn, yhatu ujphn ogruph har `hrhj (jashcnyh har chut), predum ogrshcanaths rgndhf, dhn mensgntrht ogrshcanaths tan``a. Rredum presgs dgshcanhsa ujujnyh jgruphmhn har dgn`hn mhndun`hn `hrhj tgrchrut murhn` dhra 722 j`/c, yhn` dhpht da`unhmhn untum mgpgrcuhn dejgstam, andustra, dhn pgrthnahn. Fhsac shjpan`hn dhra presgs dgshcanhsa hdhchf orang. Orang hdhchf chruthn `hrhj ogrmensgntrhsa tan``a (cgoaf dhra <7222 j`/c `hrhj tgrchrut). Duh jgtedg yhn` phcan` ohnyhm da `unhmhn dhchj presgs dgshcanhsa hdhchf _avgrsg esjesas dhn Dgstachsa.
@hjohr ?. Rransap Dgshcanhsa
?.7 \hcanaths
\hcanaths hdhchf tan`mht mghsanhn hthu mhdhr (mhndun`hn) `hrhj yhn` tgrchrut dhchj har, nhjun ku`h dhpht jgn`hlu phdh mhndun`hn `hrhj dhchj thnhf. \hcanaths ku`h jgruphmhn kujchf dhra sgcuruf mhdhr `hrhj dhchj `rhj (`) phdh sgtahp mace`rhj (m`) har chut. Mhndun`hn `hrhj yhn` tgrdhpht phdh sgoh`ahn ogshr dhnhu, sun`ha, dhn shcurhn har hchja shn`ht mglac, sgfan``h har da wachyhf ana damhtg`eramhn sgoh`ha har thwhr. Mhndun`hn `hrhj sgognhrnyh phdh har hdhchf murhn` dhra 2,27%. Oach mensgntrhsanyh hdhchf < fan``h 7% jhmh har damhtg`eramhn sgoh`ha har phyhu hthu jgnkhda shcang. Dhn kamh mensgntrhsanyh cgoaf dhra 7% jhmh dhpht dasgout orang.
Ihmter “ ihmter yhn` jgjpgn`hrufa shcanaths hdhchf; -Rgn`uhphn, jhman ogshr tan`mht pgn`uhphn har chut da suhtu wachyhf, jhmh shcanathsnyh tan``a dhn sgohcamnyh phdh dhgrhf yhn` rgndhf tan`mht pgn`uhphn har chutnyh, jhmh dhgrhf atu rgndhf mhdhr `hrhjnyh. -Lurhf fukhn, jhman ogshr/ohnyhm lurhf fukhn da suhtu wachyhf chut jhmh shcanaths har chut atu hmhn rgndhf dhn sgohcamnyh jhman sgdamat/mglac lurhf fukhn yhn` turun shcanaths hmhn tan``a. -Ohnyhm sgdamatnyh sun`ha yhn` ogrjuhrh da chut tgrsgout, jhman ohnyhm sun`ha yhn` ogrjuhrh mg chut tgrsgout jhmh shcanaths chut tgrsgout hmhn rgndhf, dhn sgohcamnyh jhman sgdamat sun`ha yhn` ogrjuhrh mg chut tgrsgout jhmh shcanathsnyh hmhn tan``a. 8. \hcanaths Har Ogrdhshrmhn @hrhj Tgrchrut [ht tgrchrut jgcaputa `hrhj-`hrhj hner`hnam, sgnyhwhsgnyhwh er`hnam yhn` ogrhshc dhra er`hnasjg fadup, dhn `hs`hs yhn` tgrchrut. @hrhj-`hrhjhn uthjh yhn` tgrdhpht dhchj har chut hdhchf mceradh (77,24%), nhtrauj (<2,98%), suciht (0,96%), jh`ngsauj (<.91%), mhcsauj (8,89%), mhcauj (8,82%) dhn sashnyh (murhn` dhra 8%) tgradara dhra oamhroenht, orejadh, hshj oerhm, strentauj dhn iceradh. Ta`h sujogr uthjh dhra `hrhj-`hrhjhn da chut hdhchf pgchpumhn ohtuhn da dhrht, `hs-`hs vucmhnam dhn sarmuchsa cuohn`-cuohn` fadretgrjhc (fydretfgrjhc vgnts) da chut dhchj. Mgogrhdhhn `hrhj-`hrhjhn jgjpgn`hrufa saiht iasas har chut (sgpgrta; dgnsaths, mejprgsaoacaths, tatam ogmu, dhn tgjpgrhtur dajhnh dgnsaths jgnkhda jhmsajuj) ogogrhph tan`mht, tgthpa tadhm jgngntumhnnyh. Ogogrhph saiht (vasmesaths, dhyh sgrhp lhfhyh) tadhm tgrpgn`hruf sglhrh sa`naiamhn ecgf shcanaths. Thogc shcanaths har ogrdhshrmhn `hrhj tgrchrut dhpht dacafht phdh `hjohr daohwhf ana.
OHO AAA RG_HNLHN@HN HCHT
<.8 Mejpengn Hcht Dgstachter
Rgrhchthn uthjh yhn` dapgrcumhn untum pgngcatahn ana hdhchf sgoh`ha ogramut; 8. Wnat pgnhjpun` har chut ogrohfhn mhlh dgn`hn mgtgohchn 2,7 lj dgn`hn dajgnsa 72 lj x <2 lj x 72 lj. ?. Wnat pgn`entrec jumh har ogrohfhn mhlh dgn`hn mgtgohchn 2,7 lj dgn`hn dajgnsa 72 lj x <2 lj x 72 lj. <.Wnat gvhperhter, yhn` tgrdara dhra whdhf har ogrohfhn sthancgss \tggc dgn`hn mgtgohchn 2,8 lj dhn pgnutup ogrohfhn mhlh dgn`hn mgtgohchn 2,7 lj dgn`hn dajgnsa 882 lj x 02 lj x 2,0< lj. Rgrhchthn pgcgn`mhp hdhchf hmsgsera yhn` dapgrcumhn dhchj unat dgstachter. Rgrhchthn pgcgn`mhp yhn` dapgrcumhn dhchj pgngcatahn ana hdhchf sgoh`ha ogramut;
@hjohr <. _gnlhnh Dgstachter Har Chut
8. Tgrjejgtgr untum jgn`umur sufu har chut. ?. @gchs umur untum jgn`umur vecujg har fhsac pgnyucan`hn. <. \gchn` untum jgn`fuoun`mhn tahptahp unat dhn sgoh`ha shcurhn eutput. 4. Oetec pchstam kgnas RGT untum jgnhjpun` har shjpgc yhn` hmhn dahnhcasas. 7. Mrhn jhnuhc untum jgn`htur oumh tutup ancgt dhn eutcgt. 9. Mrhn pgchjpun` etejhtas untum jgnkh`h mgtan``ahn har phdh unat pgn`entrec jumh har.
0. Gcgjgn pgjhnhs castram untum jgjouht gngr`a phnhs. 6. Tgrjanhc castram sgoh`ha pgn`fuoun` dhn pgjutus hcarhn castram.
<.? Rhngc \uryh <.?.8 Rgn`grtahn Rhngc \uryh
Rhngc suryh hdhchf hcht yhn` tgrdara dhra sgc suryh yhn` jgn`uohf gngr`a ieten lhfhyh jgnkhda castram. Jgrgmh dasgout suryh hths Jhthfhra hthu "sec" mhrgnh Jhthfhra jgruphmhn sujogr lhfhyh tgrmuht yhn` dhpht dajhnihhtmhn. Rhngc suryh sgran` mhca dasgout sgc pfetevecthal, pfetevecthal dhpht dahrtamhn sgoh`ha "lhfhyh-castram". \gc suryh hthu sgc RY ogr`hntun` phdh gigm pfetevecthal untum jgnygrhp gngr`a Jhthfhra dhn jgnygohomhn hrus jgn`hcar hnthrh duh chpashn ogrjuhthn yhn` ogrchwhnhn. <.?.? \astgj Rhngc \uryh \gouhf sgc suryh jgn`uohf gngr`a lhfhyh jgnkhda gngr`a castram. Menvgrsa ana dadhshrmhn phdh ignejgnh gigm pfetevectham. \anhr jhthfhra tgradara dhra ieten dgn`hn tan`mht gngr`a yhn` ogrogdh tgr`hntun` spgmtruj dhr jhnh jgrgmh ogrhshc. Mgtamh sanhr jhthfhra jgnygrhn` pgrjumhhn ohfhn pfetevectham atu jgnygjourmhn gcgmtren yhn` jgn`fhsacmhn `gngrhsa castram. Ignejgnh ana damgnhc sgoh`h gigm pfetevectham. \glhrh tgera, sgc suryh dhpht jgn`menvgrsa sgmathr <2 pgrsgn dhra gngr`a rhdahsa jhthfhra jgnkhda castram ansadgn. <.< Anvgrtgr
@hjohr 4. Anvgrtgr
<.<.8 Rgn`grtahn Anvgrtgr Anvgrtgr hdhchf sgouhf menvgrtgr castram yhn` ogriun`sa jgn`uohf hrus DL jgnkhda HL. HL yhn` dafhsacmhn ecgfnyh oash jgjacama vecthsg dhn irgmugnsa tgrtgntu sgsuha mgoutufhn, sgchjh dafhsacmhn jgn``unhmhn trhnsierjgr dhn sarmuat mentrec yhn` tgpht. Anvgrtgr ohnyhm da`unhmhn da ogroh`ha pgrhchthn gcgmtrenam, jucha dhra yhn` mglac sgpgrta mejputgr fan``h hpcamhsa hrus ogrtg`hn`hn
tg`hn`hn tan``a. Mgohnyhmhn anvgrtgr datgjumhn da phngc suryh hthu ohtgrha.
tgnh`h
<.<.? Kgnas-kgnas Anvgrtgr
\garan` pgrmgjohn`hnnyh, shht ana hdh ohnyhm kgnas anvgrtgr yhn` oash Hndh tgjua. \gjuh kgnas anvgrtgr tgrsgout jgjacama mhrhmtgrastam dhn iun`sa jhsan`-jhsan`. Ogramut hdhchf ogogrhph kgnas anvgrtgr yhn` chzaj da`unhmhn.
8. Anvgrtgr squhrg whvg, yhmna anvgrtgr yhn` fhsac hrusnyh jgjacama mentgn yhn` shn`ht fhrjenas. Anvgrtgr kgnas ana tadhm lelem da`unhmhn untum ogogrhph kgnas jgsan, sgpgrta jeter hthu trhnsierjgr. Anvgrtgr squhrg whvg hdhchf shchf shtu anvgrtgr pgceper dhchj sgkhrhf pgrmgjohn`hn anvgrtgr. ?. Anvgrtgr jedaiagd sang whvg hthu quhsa squhrg jgn`fhsacmhn hrus yhn` murhn` cgoaf shjh dgn`hn hrus fhsac anvgrtgr squhrg whvg. Fhnyh shkh anvgrtgr ana jgn`fhsacmhn hrus yhn` hmhn jgn`fachn` (nec vecthsa) ogogrhph shht sgogcuj ogruohf jgnkhda hrus pesatai hthu ng`htai. Anvgrtgr kgnas ana shn`ht sgdgrfhnh dhn gmenejas, sgrth lelem da`unhmhn untum sg`hch kgnas hcht gcgmtrenam= mgluhca pgrhchthn mfusus yhn` sgnsatai sgpgrta prantgr chsgr, pgrhchthn hudae, dhn chjpu pakhr. <. Anvgrtgr juctacgvgc, yhmna anvgrtgr yhn` jgjpgrshtumhn tg`hn`hn dhra ogroh`ha tan`mht hrus chn`sun` sgoh`ha anputnyh= kujchf tg`hn`hn dhpht dahtur sgsuha mgan`anhn. Mguntun`hn jgn``unhmhn anvgrtgr juctacgvgc hdhchf jgnurunnyh nacha dhyh dhra hcht gcgmtrenam tgrsgout sgfan``h cgoaf gmenejas. Hdh ta`h kgnas anvgrtgr ana, yhmna anvgrtgr lchjpgd, icyan` lhphlater, dhn lhslhdgd 4. Anvgrtgr purg sang whvg, yhmna anvgrtgr yhn` jgn`fhsacmhn `gcejohn` sanus yhn` nyhras sgjpurnh. Dgshannyh cgoaf rujat sgfan``h jgjgrcumhn cgoaf ohnyhm oahyh untum jgjhshn`nyh. 7. Anvgrtgr rgsenhnt, yhn` ogrdhshrmhn phdh esachsa h rus rgsenhn. 9. Anvgrtgr `rad tag, sgruph purg sang whvg tgthpa dadgshan untum jgnyuntammhn castram mg sastgj pgndastraousahn tgnh`h castram. Anvgrtgr sgpgrta ana fhrus sanmren dgn`hn irgmugnsa khran`hn castram. 0. Anvgrtgr synlfreneus, yhmna anvgrtgr yhn` tgrfuoun`mhn dgn`hn khran`hn sgrth jgjudhfmhn khchn mgcuhr jhsum khran`hn= tgr`hntun` mgoutufhn pgjhmha. 6. Anvgrtgr sthnd-hceng, yhmna anvgrtgr yhn` sgran` mhca da`unhmhn untum jgn`uohf hrus chn`sun` dhra sujogr gngr`a yhn` dhpht dapgrohrua, sgpgrta phngc tgnh`h suryh hthu manlar hn`an mglac yhn` oahsh da`unhmhn untum jgjgnufa dhyh da rujhf-rujhf hthu andustra mglac. 1. Anvgrtgr sechr, yhn` jgjacama iun`sa mfusus yhmna dhpht ogrhdhpthsa dgn`hn hntgnh pfetevecthal. 82. Anvgrtgr sechr jalre, yhn` jgn`uohf hrus chn`sun` fhnyh dhra sgouhf phngc tgnh`h suryh.
<.4 Ohtgrha <.4.8 Rgn`grtahn Ohtgrha
Ohtgrha (Ohttgry) hdhchf sgouhf hcht yhn` dhpht jgruohf gngr`a majah yhn` dasajphnnyh jgnkhda gngr`a Castram yhn` dhpht da`unhmhn ecgf suhtu pgrhn`mht Gcgmtrenam. Fhjpar sgjuh pgrhn`mht gcgmtrenam yhn` perthogc sgpgrta Fhndpfeng, Chptep, \gntgr, hthupun _gjetg Lentrec jgn``unhmhn Ohtgrha sgoh`ha sujogr castramnyh. Dgn`hn hdhnyh Ohtgrha, math tadhm pgrcu jgnyhjoun`mhn mhogc castram untum dhpht jgn`hmtaimhn pgrhn`mht gcgmtrenam math sgfan``h dhpht dgn`hn judhf daohwh mgjhnh- jhnh.
<.7 \echr Lfhr`g Lentreccgr
@hjohr 7. \echr Lfhr`g Lentreccgr
<.7.8 Rgn`grtahn \echr Lfhr`g Lentreccgr
\echr lfhr`g lentreccgr hdhchf shchf shtu oh`ahn mejpengn dhra pgjohn`mat castram tgnh`h suryh. \echr lfhr`g lentreccgr ogriun`sa untum jgn`htur tg`hn`hn dhra phngc suryh h`hr ohtgrha ta dhm evgr lfhr`g. \glhrh `hras ogshr \echr lfhr`g lentreccgr jgjacama duh kgnas yhatu 8. RPJsechr lfhr`g Lentreccgr ?. JRRT \echr lfhr`g lentreccgr Rhdh pgrhn`mht pgjohn`mat castram tgnh`h jhthfhra sechr lfhr`gr lentreccgr ogmgrkh jgcandun`a ohtgrha mhrgnh castram yhn` dafhsacmhn ecgf phngc suryh ogrhdh damashrhn 89-80 vect sgdhn`mhn ohtgrha fhnyh jgjgrcumhn 8<,6 YDL untum jgchmumhn pgn`asahn. Kamh cgoaf dhra atu jhmh ohtgrha hmhn rushm sgfan``h da outufmhn pgrhn`mht ana \echr lfhr`g lentreccgr ku`h jgjacama anput tgr`hntun` dhra yhn` daoutufmhn
dhra sastgj phngc suryhnyh. Jashc sastgj castram phngc suryh 8?YDL jhmh jgjoutufmhn sechr lfhr`g lentreccgr dgn`hn anput 8?YDL. dhn jgjacama eutput DL dgn`hn hrus hjpgrg yhn` ogrogdh ogdh tgr`hntun` dhra mgoutufhn sastgj phngc suryh yhn` hmhn da`unhmhn
OHO AY JGTEDG RGNGCATAHN
@hjohr 9. Hcur mg`ahthn dhchj pgngcatahn
-Thfhp A. Jucha Thfhp untum jgjucha mg`ahthn pgngcatahn dhchj jgjouht dastachsa har chut dgn`hn pgjhnhs gcgmtram ogrtgnh`h sgc suryh .
-Thfhp AA. Rgn`ujpuchn dhth dhn anierjhsa Thfhp pgrgnlhnhhn tgrdhpht duh mg`ahthn yhatu studa pusthmh dhn ku`h whwhnlhrh. h.\tuda Rusthmh Jgnlhra, jgjohlh, dhn jgjhfhja mangrkh Dgstachter, Rhngc \uryh, Anvgrtgr, Ohtgrha dhn \echr Lfhr`gr Lentreccgr mgphdh phmhr gcgmtrenamh.dhra oumu, catgrhtur jhupun antgrngt. o.Phwhnlhrh
Jgchmumhn dasmusa, thnyh khwho dhn whwhnlhrh sgputhr Dgstachter, Rhngc \uryh, Anvgrtgr, Ohtgrha dhn \echr Lfhr`gr Lentreccgr mgphdh phmhr gcgmtrenamh.
-Thfhp AAA. Tankhuhn Rusthmh Rhdh thfhp ana, pgnucas jgnleoh jgjpgchkhra dhn jgjhfhja tgera dhn dhth yhn` dahjoac dhra oumu rgigrgnsa dhn daunduf dhra antgrngt untum pgrsahphn dhchj pgjohfhshn sgrth pgnucas jgchmumhn whwhnlhrh mg sg naer-sgnaer dhn desgn yhn` hfca dhchj gcgmtrenamh. -Thfhp AY. Rgjohfhshn Rgjohfhshn jgruphmhn oh`ahn uthjh dhra pgngcatahn ana yhn` dajucha dhra pgrhnlhn`hn, pgjouhthn preygm dhn yhn` tgrhmfar hdhchf uka leoh. Kamh phdh thfhp uka leoh fhsac yhn` dapgrecgf tadhm sumsgs jhmh pgngcatahn mgjohca phdh thfhp pgjouhthn preygm dgn`hn jgchmumhn mensucthsa sgogcujnyh hphoach preygm ogrfhsac jhmh hmhn chnkut phdh sgjanhr. -Thfhp Y. \gjanhr Dasana pgnucas jgchmumhn sgjanhr tgrfhdhp hph yhn` ogrfhsac daukaleohmhn. -Thfhp YA. \gcgsha Mg`ahthn tgchf sgcgsha.
OHO Y
OAHQH DHN KHDPHC MG@AHTHN
8. OAHQH \pgsaiamhsa
Oahyh
Rgrhchthn pgnunkhn` RMJ
_p.
Ohfhn fhoas phmha
_p.
Rgrkhchnhn
_p.
122.222
Chan-chan
_p.
8.472.222
Tethc
_p.
<.412.222
?. KHDPHC MG@AHTHN Ne
Ouchn
Mg`ahthn 8
Jgn`hdhmhn eosgrvhsa 8 tgrfhdhp pgrhchthn yhn` hmhn dapgr`unhmhn Rgn`ujpuchn dhth dhn ? anierjhsa ogruph jhtgra < Rgrsahphn hcht dhn ohfhn Jgn`hdhmhn 4 pgrhnlhn`hn 7 Rgjouhthn prekglt 9 Wka Leoh 0 Rgrsahphn chperhn 6 Rgjouhthn Chperhn 1 \gjanhr Rgn`arajhn Chperhn dhn 82 demujgnthsa
?
<
4
7
DHITH_ RW\THMH
]8Z \jatf, Gral. ?288. DAQ \echr Rrekglts; Few te Rut tfg \un te Perm an Qeur Fejg.Lrghtvg Ruocasfan` Antgrnhtaenhc.
]?Z Cue, Ihn` Can dhn Fen` Qg. ?28<. Hdvhnlgd DL/HL Anvgrtgrs; Hppcalhtaens an _gngwhocg Gngr`y. L_L Rrgss.
]
]4Z Giignda, F. ?22<. Tgchhf Muhcaths Har oh`a Rgn`gcechhn \ujogr Dhyh dhn Can`mun`hn Rgrharhn, Lgthmhn Mgcajh. Qe`yhmhrth; Mhnasaus.
]7Z Fadhyht, _. _. ?288. _hnlhn` Ohn`un Hcht Rgjashf @hrhj dhn Har Thwhr dgn`hn Jgn``unhmhn Gngr`a Jhthfhra, Oe`er; Anstatut Rgrthnahn Oe`er.
]9Z Juhnnas. ?221. Rgn`ukahn \astgj Dgstachsa Har Chut Tgnh`h \uryh Jgn``unhmhn Mecgmter Rcht Dhthr Dgn`hn Tapg Mhlh Rgnutup Jaran`, Jgdhn; Wnavgrsaths \ujhtgrh Wthrh.
Chjparhn ?. Kustaiamhsa Hn``hrhn Mg`ahthn
8. Ohfhn Fhoas Rhmha
Jhtgrahc
Kustaiamhsa Rgjhmhahn
Muhntaths
Rgn`uohf gngr`a jhthfhra jgnkhda gngr`a castram
8
Ohttgry 8? Y 822Hf
Rgnyajphn gngr`a
8
Dgstachter
Wntum jgnhjpun` har
Jeduc \uryh 822
Fhr`h \htuhn (_p)
Kujchf (_p)
8
\WOTETHC (_p)
?. Rgrhchthn Rgnunkhn` RMJ
Jhtgrahc Rgrmhmhs dhn Hcht Wmur
Mhogc dhn mengmter phngc suryh Anvgrtgr 722 Phtt
Lfhr`g Lentreccgr 8?Y <2H
Kustaiamhsa Rgjhmhahn \goh`ha hcht ohntu dhchj pgjouhthn mejpengn Mhogc Rgn`fuoun`
Muhntaths
8 Rhmgt
9j
Fhr`h \htuhn (_p)
Kujchf (_p)
?.222.222
?.222.222
42.222
?42.222
Wohf DL mg HL
8
722.222
722.222
\goh`ha pgn`htur lfhr`gr
8
072.222
072.222
\WOTETHC (_p)
<.412.222
<. Rgrkhchnhn
Jhtgrahc Trhnsperthsa
Eosgrvhsa
Kustaiamhsa Rgjhmhahn Trhnsperthsa dhchj pgn`ujpuchn dhth eosgrvhsa Mgpgrcuhn yhn` da`unhmhn dhchj eosgrvhsa
Muhntaths
Fhr`h \htuhn (_p)
Kujchf (_p)
< Erhn`
?72.222
072.222
< Erhn`
72.222
872.222
\WOTETHC (_p)
122.222
4. Chan-chan
Jhtgrahc
Kustaiamhsa Rgjhmhahn
Wntum mhjpus, Rgnyusunhn dhn desgn Rgrohnyhmhn pgndhjpan`, Chperhn taj dcc Jgn`hnhcasas Hnhcasas Dhth dhth Tankhuhn _gigrgnsa pusthmh Restgr, Ruocamhsa Rhjicgt, stalmgr \gjanhr
Muhntaths
Fhr`h \htuhn (_p)
Kujchf (_p)
7
42.222
?22.222
8
?72.222
?72.222
82
?7.222
?72.222
8 Rhmgt
722.222
722.222
8 072.222 \WOTETHC (_p)
?72.222 8.472.222
TETHC (Mgsgcurufhn)
Chjparhn <. \usunhn Er`hnashsa Taj Rgnyusun dhn Rgjoh`ahn Tu`hs
Ne
Nhjh/NAJ
8
Irhnsasmus Vhvgraus Gnrale
Rre`rhj \tuda Tgmnam Gcgmtre
Oadhn` Acju Tgmnam Gcgmtre
Hcemhsa Phmtu 82 khj/jan``u
Wrhahn Tu`hs Jgnlhra sujogr pusthmh pgndumun` `h`hshn, pgjouhthn `hjohrhn dhn meerdanhter taj
Chjparhn 4. \urht Rgrnyhthhn Mgtuh Taj \W_HT RG_NQHTHHN MGTWH RGNGCATA/RGCHM\HNH
Qhn` ogrthndh thn`hn da ohwhf ana; Nhjh
; Irhnsasmus Vhvgraus Gnrale
NAJ
; ?28488224
Rre`rhj \tuda
; Tgmnam Gcgmtre
Kurushn
; Tgmnam Gcgmtre
Dgn`hn ana jgnyhthmhn ohfwh prepeshc (Asa sgsuha dgn`hn oadhn` RMJ) shyh dgn`hn kuduc; ............................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................... yhn` dausucmhn untum thfun hn``hrhn ................ ogrsaiht era`anhc dhn ogcuj pgrnhf daoahyha ecgf cgjoh`h hthu sujogr dhnh chan.
Oachjhnh da mgjudahn fhra datgjumhn mgtadhmsgsuhahn dgn`hn pgrnyhthhn ana, jhmh shyh ogrsgdah datuntut dhn dapresgs sgsuha dgn`hn mgtgntuhn yhn` ogrchmu dhn jgn`gjohcamhn sgcuruf oahyh pgngcatahn yhn` sudhf datgrajh mg mhs ng`hrh.
Dgjamahn pgrnyhthhn ana daouht dgn`hn sgsun``ufnyh dhn dgn`hn sgognhr-ognhrnyh.
Khmhrth, ?1 Emteogr ?289 Jgn`gthfua Rgjohntu _gmter/Mgtuh Oadhn` mgjhfhsaswhhn,
(
NRM/NAM
)
Qhn` jgnyhthmhn,
(Irhnsasmus Vhvgraus Gnrale)
NAJ ?28488224
Chjparhn 7. @hjohrhn Tgmnece`a yhn` Fgndhm Datgrhpmgjohn`mhn
Ogramut hdhchf `hjohr ocem dah`rhj ogsgrth pgnkgchshnnyh;
@hjohr 0. Ocem Dah`rhj \astgj
Rgnkgchshn dhn lhrh mgrkh jhsan`-jhsan` oh`ahn; 8. Rhdh phngc suryh dafuoun`mhn dgn`hn lfhr`g lentreccgr yhn` mgjudahn dhra lfhr`g lentreccgr ana dafuoun`mhn mg anvgrtgr dhn ohtgrha dhn pert lfhr`gr fhndpfeng. ?. Rhngc suryh hmhn jgjpgrecgf gngr`a dhra gngr`a lhfhyh jhthfhra yhn` jgnyanhra phngc. <. Lfhr`g lentreccgr ana ogriun`sa untum jgn`htur lfhr`g dhn daslfhr`g yhn` ogrhshc dhra phngc suryh untum jhsum mg ohtgrha dhn jgn`htur jhsumnyh hrus mg anvgrtgr. 4. Anvgrtgr hmhn jgn`uohf hrus DL yhn` datgrajh dhra lfhr`g lentreccgr jgnkhda hrus HL h`hr dhpht da`unhmhn Rgjhnhs (Fghtgr) untum ogmgrkh. 7. Gngr`a yhn` dadhpht dhra phngc suryh ku`h da`unhmhn ohtgrha untum jgn`asa tgnh`h shjpha pgnuf h`hr dhpht jgnsupcha gngr`a yhn` jhsum mg Rgjhnhs (Fghtgr).
