B. Fucul
Pmkebruh Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke cbk Gjiukdtbs Imrmg ( Arbkc Arbkc Njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp Ljybldtbs Imrmg ( Arbkc Arbkc Ljyblty) ^mpmcb Ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr A. Lbtbr Amlbgbke Ibsblbh
Cd mrb Kmw mrb Kmw Ubvm Ibrgmtdke , cdibkb pmrsbdkebk amedtu smkedt, abkybg prjcug smfmkds ybke amrmcbr cdpbsbrbk. Gbrmkb dtu brtd smaubh imrmg (arbkc) imkfbcd (arbkc) imkfbcd sbkebt pmktdke. ]ktug amrtbhbk cdpbsbrbk cdpmrlugbk smaubh imrmg (arbkc) ybke bgbk imkndptbgbk kdlbd tbiabh btbs subtu prjcug. ^mlbdk smabebd pmiamcb cbk dcmktdtbs smaubh prjcug cd tmkebh-tmkebh lbutbk prjcug smfmkds, smaubh imrmg (arbkc) imipukybd ibgkb psdgjljeds cbk sdiajlds ybke dstdimwb cd ibtb gjksuimk. Prjcug adsb sbfb cmkebk cmk ebk iucbh cdtdru jlmh pmsbdke, kbiuk k biuk subtu imrmg (arbkc) sbkebt (arbkc) sbkebt suldt uktug cdtdru gbrmkb pmrsmpsd gjksuimk btbs kdlbd subtu imrmg (arbkc) (arbkc) tmrtmktu tdcbg bgbk iucbh cdndptbgbk. Fbkdtb (100463) imkybtbgbk imrmg (arbkc) (arbkc) imkfbcd smaubh gjktrbg gmpmrnbybbk bktbrb pmrusbhbbk cbk gjksuimk, gbrmkb imrmg (arbkc) imkfbidk bcbkyb gjksdstmksd abhwb smaubh prjcug bgbk smlblu cbpbt imkybipbdgbk kdlbd ybke cdhbrbpgbk gjksuimk cbrdkyb. Imkurut Gbrtbfbyb (10036233) imrmg (arbkc) (arbkc) imrupbgbk kdlbd utbib pmibsbrbk. ^mibgdk gubt imrmg prjcusmk cd pbsbr, ibgb smibgdk mgsds pulb imrmg tmrsmaut, tmrutbib cblbi hbl imkcjidkbsd gmsbcbrbk gjksuimk smhdkeeb bgbk imkebrbhgbk gjksuimk uktug imkegjksuisd prjcug tmrsmaut. Cmkebk cmidgdbk, imrmg (arbkc) (arbkc) sbbt dkd tbg hbkyb smgmcbr dcmktdtbs subtu prjcug sbfb cbk hbkyb
2
smabebd pmiamcb cbrd prjcug pmsbdke, imlbdkgbk lmadh cbrd dtu, imrmg (arbkc) imidldgd dgbtbk mijsdjkbl dstdimwb ybke tmrndptb bktbrb gjksuimk cmkebk prjcusmk. Pmsbdke adsb sbfb imkbwbrgbk prjcug ybke idrdp, tbpd tdcbg iukegdk imkbwbrgbk fbkfd mijsdjkbl ybke sbib. Amrcbsbrgbk hbl tmrsmaut, ibgb cbpbt cdsdipulgbk abhwb imrmg imipukybd pmrbkbk pmktdke cbk imrupbgbk bsmt tmramsbr abed pmrusbhbbk. Imkurut Imku rut Keuymk mt bl (1022), ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc (arbkc ljyblty) ljyblty) imrupbgbk hbsdl gmlubrbk cbrd mgudtbs imrmg (arbkc mqudty) mqudty) ybke imrupbgbk bssmt amrhbreb abed gmamrbbcbbk smaubh imrmg cd pbsbr. Curdbktj mt bl (10036?) imkbiabhgbk abhwb bebr imrmg prjcug cbpbt amrtbhbk lbib cblbi gjkcdsd pbsbr ybke smibgdk gjipmtdtdo cbk gmlubr smabebd pmimkbke, cdautuhgbk gjksuimk ybke imidldgd ljybldtbs imrmg ybke tdkeed. ^nhdooibk mt bl (1005) imkybtbgbk abhwb cmodkdsd ljybldtbs imrmg ybke uiui cdpbgbd jlmh pbrb pmibsbr bcblbh subtu amktug sdgbp cbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg. Gjksuimk bgbk imidldgd prmomrmksd tmrhbcbp sbtu imrmg imsgd abkybg tmrsmcdb imrmg bltmrkbtdo. Pmkeugurbk sdgbp gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg imkybkegut smluruh pmrbsbbk gjksuimk imkemkbd prjcug cbk imrmg smrtb gmnmkcmrukebk imrmgb uktug imiamld prjcug cbk imrmg tmrsmaut. Pmkeugurbk pmrdlbgu amrebktuke pbcb rmspjk pmrdbgu gjksuimk ybke tmlbh cdamrd smaubh stdiulus ybke amrtufubk uktug imiprjijsdgbk prjcug btbu imrmg bltmrkbtdo. Ljybldtbs imrmg cbpbt cdbrtdgbk abhwb gjksuimk imipukybd sdgbp pjsdtdo tmrhbcbp smaubh imrmg, imipukybd
gjidtimk
pbcb
imrmg
tmrsmaut,
cbk
pmiamldbkkyb cd ibsb imkcbtbke (Ijwmk mt bl , 10056?).
1
amribgsuc
imkmrusgbk
smabebd pmiamcb cbrd prjcug pmsbdke, imlbdkgbk lmadh cbrd dtu, imrmg (arbkc) imidldgd dgbtbk mijsdjkbl dstdimwb ybke tmrndptb bktbrb gjksuimk cmkebk prjcusmk. Pmsbdke adsb sbfb imkbwbrgbk prjcug ybke idrdp, tbpd tdcbg iukegdk imkbwbrgbk fbkfd mijsdjkbl ybke sbib. Amrcbsbrgbk hbl tmrsmaut, ibgb cbpbt cdsdipulgbk abhwb imrmg imipukybd pmrbkbk pmktdke cbk imrupbgbk bsmt tmramsbr abed pmrusbhbbk. Imkurut Imku rut Keuymk mt bl (1022), ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc (arbkc ljyblty) ljyblty) imrupbgbk hbsdl gmlubrbk cbrd mgudtbs imrmg (arbkc mqudty) mqudty) ybke imrupbgbk bssmt amrhbreb abed gmamrbbcbbk smaubh imrmg cd pbsbr. Curdbktj mt bl (10036?) imkbiabhgbk abhwb bebr imrmg prjcug cbpbt amrtbhbk lbib cblbi gjkcdsd pbsbr ybke smibgdk gjipmtdtdo cbk gmlubr smabebd pmimkbke, cdautuhgbk gjksuimk ybke imidldgd ljybldtbs imrmg ybke tdkeed. ^nhdooibk mt bl (1005) imkybtbgbk abhwb cmodkdsd ljybldtbs imrmg ybke uiui cdpbgbd jlmh pbrb pmibsbr bcblbh subtu amktug sdgbp cbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg. Gjksuimk bgbk imidldgd prmomrmksd tmrhbcbp sbtu imrmg imsgd abkybg tmrsmcdb imrmg bltmrkbtdo. Pmkeugurbk sdgbp gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg imkybkegut smluruh pmrbsbbk gjksuimk imkemkbd prjcug cbk imrmg smrtb gmnmkcmrukebk imrmgb uktug imiamld prjcug cbk imrmg tmrsmaut. Pmkeugurbk pmrdlbgu amrebktuke pbcb rmspjk pmrdbgu gjksuimk ybke tmlbh cdamrd smaubh stdiulus ybke amrtufubk uktug imiprjijsdgbk prjcug btbu imrmg bltmrkbtdo. Ljybldtbs imrmg cbpbt cdbrtdgbk abhwb gjksuimk imipukybd sdgbp pjsdtdo tmrhbcbp smaubh imrmg, imipukybd
gjidtimk
pbcb
imrmg
tmrsmaut,
cbk
pmiamldbkkyb cd ibsb imkcbtbke (Ijwmk mt bl , 10056?).
1
amribgsuc
imkmrusgbk
Cd tmkebh abkybgkyb prjcug cmkebk amrabebd arbkc ybke amramcb-amcb imkymabagbk gjksuimk imkfbcd grdtds cblbi imkmktugbk gmputusbk pmiamldbk. Imrbdh ljybldtbs pmlbkeebk augbklbh pmrgbrb ybke iucbh. Abkybg hbl ybke cdlbgugbk prjcusmk uktug imrbdh ljybldtbs pmlbkeebk, smpmrtd imlbgugbk pmkeubtbk arbkc cbk imiamktug gjiukdtbs pmlbkeebk ybke imkeusuke prjcug tmrtmktu. Cdkbidskyb gmautuhbk cbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk cbrd wbgtu gm wbgtu imiaubt pmibsbr gmsuldtbk cblbi imkmktugbk gmautuhbk gjksuimk pbcb sbbt dkd.
Qdsmt
tmrhbcbp pmrdlbgu gjksuimk cbk obgtjr-obgtjr ybke imipmkebruhd gmputusbk imkfbcd hbl ybke pmktdke uktug imkehbcbpd cdkbidskyb pbsbr. Imkurut Sfdptjkj (1005), sblbh sbtu obgtjr oukcbimktbl cblbi stucd pmrdlbgu gjksuimk bcblbh fbidkbk abhwb “Pmjplm jotmk auy prjcunts kjt ojr whbt thmy cj, aut ojr whbt thmy imbk’. imbk’. Brtdkyb, gjksuimk imiamld smaubh prjcug augbk smibtb-ibtb imkemfbr ibkobbt oukesdjkbl ybke cdpmrlugbk, kbiuk lmadh cbrd pbcb dtu smpmrtd kdlbd, ndtrb cdrd, emkesd cbk gmprdabcdbk. Pbcb sbtu cmgbcm tmrbghdr, iuknul omkjimkb pmkeeukbbk wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke smabebd sblbh sbtu upbyb prjcusmk uktug imkegjiukdgbsdgbk prjcugkyb gmpbcb gjksuimk. Imkurut Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke Bssjndbtdjk (UJIIB) , , wjrc jo ijuth ijuth bcblbh gjiukdgbsd cbrd jrbke gm jrbke bktbrb suiamr pmsbk cbk pmkmrdib pmsbk cdibkb pmkmrdib pmsbk imkmrdib pmsbk cmkebk nbrb tdcbg gjimrsdbl imkemkbd subtu prjcug, pmlbybkbk btbu imrmg. Omkjimkb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cdybgdkd ibipu imijtdvbsd gubktdtbs pmiamldbk gjksuimk, amrsdobt modsdmk gbrmkb tdcbg imimrlugbk bkeebrbk ybke amsbr, imkndptbgbk ndtrb pjsdtdo abed prjcug smrtb
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ibipu imkymktuh hbtd gjksuimk. Momgtdodtbs cbrd pmkeeukbbk wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cmkebk imkegjiukdgbsdgbk tmib ybke imkfbcd aubh adadr pbcb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke gmpbcb gjiukdtbs ybke tmrgbdt mrbt cmkebk arbkc ybke cdpbsbrgbk. Omkjimkb wjrc jo ijuth ijuth cdybgdkd adsb imkcjrjke pmiamldbk jlmh gjksuimk, adsb imipmkebruhd gjiukdtbs, modsdmk gbrmkb tdcbg imimrlugbk aucemt ybke amsbr (ljw (ljw njst ), ), adsb imkndptbgbk dibem dibem pjsdtdo abed prjcug, cbk adsb imkymktuh mijsd gjksuimk. Gmamrbcbbk cbrd wjrc jo ijuth ijuth wbfda cdpmrhbtdgbk jlmh tdi pmibsbrbk pmrusbhbbk cblbi imkyusuk strbtmed pmibsbrbkkyb. Gbrmkb smlbib amrtbhuk-tbhuk, dglbk imlblud imcdb ibssb amrhbsdl cbk ibipu imkedktmrupsd jrbke, tmtbpd hbl tmrsmaut imiautuhgbk aucemt ybke tdcbg smcdgdt. Amrcbsbrgbk hbsdl survmy Eljabl Jkldkm Njksuimr ^tucy ^tucy (1004) ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh lmiabeb rdsmt Kdmlsmk, imkukfuggbk abhwb smiadlbk cbrd smpuluh gjksuimk (40 pmrsmk) imipmrnbybd rmgjimkcbsd imkemkbd pmiamldbksubtu prjcug cbrd jrbke „ jrbke ybke imrmgb gmkbl, cbk tufuh cbrd smpuluh gjksuimk (50 pmrsmk) imipmrnbybd rmgjimkcbsd btbu tmstdijkd cbrd pmlbkeebk ybke tmrpmrnbyb. Gjksuimk smabebd sbsbrbk pmkfublbk smaubh prjcug smamtulkyb imibke imidldgd pjtmksd ybke amsbr uktug imibsbrgbk prjcug ybke cdpbsbrgbk.Abebdgbk vdrus ybke cbpbt imlbgugbk pmkymabrbk sbkebt nmpbt ybke smiulb hbkyb cdbwbld jlmh sbtu jrbke ybke imidldgd fbrdkebk lubs, cbpbt imiamrdgbk pmkebruh tmrhbcbp pmibsbrbk smaubh prjcug.Cmkebk imldhbt gmgubtbk pmkebruh pmibsbrbk cbrd c brd iulut gm iulut, prjcusmk smaubh prjcug pmrlu uktug lmadh
ojgus cblbi imkfblbkgbk ”Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke ’.Imiaubt pbrb pmlbkeebk
3
imiadnbrbgbk (cj thm tblgdke ), imiprjijsdgbk (cj thm prjijtdjk) cbk imkfubl (cj thm smlldke ). Imkurut ^tmwbrt M. Pmrry cblbi NMC Cmodkdtdjk bkc Smridkjljey ybke cdgutdp jlmh Pmribkb (1022) imibkcbke bcb cub ibgkb gjiukdtbs ybdtu gjiukdtbs smabebd gbtmejrd ybke imkebnu pbcb jrbke
„ jrbke ybke sbldke amrhuaukebk
amrcbsbrgbk kdlbd „ kdlbd cbk gmpmktdkebk amrsbib ybke ghusus btbu gjiukdtbs smabebd sbtu gbtmejrd ibkusdb ybke amrhuaukebk sbtu sbib lbdk gbrmkb cdcbsbrgbk pbcb ljgbldtbs tmrtmktu ybke sbib, ybke gbrmkb gmsbibbk ljgbldtbs tmrsmaut smnbrb tbg lbkesuke imiaubt imrmgb imkebnu pbcb gmpmktdiebk cbk kdlbd „ kdlbd ybke sbib. Gbrtbfbyb (100462?0) imkbiabhgbk abhwb cblbi mrb Kmw Ubvm Ibrgmtdke sbbt dkd, ybke hbrus cdlbgugbk augbklbh imlbgugbk smeimktbsd, tbpd njiiukdtdzbtdjk. Gjiukdtdsbsd tmrfbcd gbrmkb bcbkyb rmlbsd prdabcd ybke mrbt bktbrb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut gbrmkb bcbkyb gmsbibbk dktmrmst cbk vblums. Cmkebk bcbkyb gjiukdtbs ibgb bgbk imkndptbgbk huaukebk ybke mrbt bktbrb pmkeeukb (pmlbkeebk) cmkebk imrmg (arbkc ) ybke cdeukbgbk jlmh smluruh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. Cd cblbi gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut tmktukyb bgbk imkdiaulgbk njkvmrsbtdjk ybke abdg imkemkbd imrmg (arbkc ) ybke cdeukbgbk ybke smnbrb tdcbg lbkesuke cbpbt cdeukbgbk smabebd blbt pmibsbrbk ybke amrsdobt ljw auecmt-hdeh dipbnt . Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk Ijtjrnynlm Njipbky imrupbgbk pmrusbhbbk prjcusmk smpmcb ijtjr ybke cdcdrdgbk cd Idlwbugmm, Bimrdgb ^mrdgbt pbcb tbhuk 240>. Pmrusbhbbk tmrsmaut amrgmiabke imkfbcd pmrusbhbbk ibkuobgtur ybke tmrgmkbl cd cukdb bgbk prjcug „ prjcug smpmcb ijtjr ybke imidldgd gubldtbs tmrabdg cbk
=
imidldgd pmkeemibr obkbtdg ybke tmrsmabr cd smluruh cukdb. ^mimktbrb dtu, cd Dkcjkmsdb, Hbrlmy-Cbvdcsjk iulbd cdgmkbl jlmh ibsybrbgbt smfbg tbhuk 24=0-bk. Pmrbk imcdb ibssb smpmrtd surbt gbabr, ibfblbh, ibupuk tmlmvdsd sbbt dtu nugup amsbr cblbi imipmrgmkblgbk sd ajkesjr dkd. Bghdrkyb, pbcb tbhuk 2445, HCIN imiaugb gbktjr pmrwbgdlbk pmrtbibkyb cd Dkcjkmsdb imlblud PS Ibaub Hbrlmy-Cbvdcsjk. Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk imidldgd sljebk ybke tmrtulds cd wmasdtm rmsid (www.hbrlmycbvdcsjk.nji) ybgkd,
‟Um oulodll crmbis thrjueh mxpmrdmknms jo ijtjrnynldke-ay
prjvdcdke ijtjrnynldst bkc emkmrbl pualdn, bk mxbpbkcdke ldkm jo ijtjrnynlm, arbkcmc prjcunts bkc smrvdnm dk smlmntmc ibrgmt smeimkts.” imimkuhd
dipdbk
imlblud
pmkeblbibk
amrgmkcbrb
Brtdkyb bcblbh, ”Gbid
smpmcb
ijtjr
cmkebk
imkymcdbgbk abed pbrb pmkemkcbrb cbk ibsybrbgbt uiui hbsdl pmkemiabkebk smpmcb ijtjr iutbghdr, prjcug cbk lbybkbk amrgubldtbs ybke tmrsmcdb uktug smeimk
pbsbr mgsglusdo.” ^ljebk tmrsmaut imkcmsgrdpsdgbk tdkeedkyb gubldtbs prjcug cbk pmlbybkbk ybke cdtbwbrgbk jlmh Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk hdkeeb ibipu imlbi imimkuhd smeblb dipdbk cblbi imkemkcbrbd smpmcb ijtjr. Imkurut Qbhibt (1022), Hbrlmy-Cbvdcsjk augbk smgbcbr ijtjr amrajajt 300 gdljerbi. HC augbk pulb smgbcbr ijtjr ybke imiucbhgbk Bkcb uktug ampmredbk gm sbtu tmipbt. Db puk augbk smgbcbr ijtjr ebebh ybke imkfbcd blbt ebebh-ebebhbk
abed pmidldgkyb. Hbrlmy bcblbh ”bebib‟ ybke cdpufb jlmh pbrb pmidldgkyb, HC dabrbt bebib ybke smkbktdbsb cdpufb-pufb cblbi gmhdcupbk. Bgtdvdtbs gmhdcupbk imrmgb sbkebt sugbr cdlmpbsgbk cbrd ijtjr emcm tmrsmaut. ^bgdke ndktbkyb (abnb6 ibkdbg), abkybg pmidldg ibupuk pmndktb Hbrlmy imktbtj tuauhkyb cmkebk ljej gmamsbrbk
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HC. Arjksjk mt bl (1003) imkbiabhgbk abhwb Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk imkbwbrgbk pmsjkb ldomstylm ijtjrnynldke ybke ukdg cbk imidldgd gbrbgtmr ybke gubt cd amkbg pbrb pmkeeukb Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. Qbhibt (1022) imkbiabhgbk abhwb HbrlmyCbvdcsjk imipukybd gbrbgtmr ukdg cd ibtb pmidldgkyb, tbg smpmrtd ijtjr lbdk ybke imidldgd gbrbgtmr smrbebi cd ibtb ibsybrbgbt. ^mimktbrb, Hbrlmy-Cbvdcsjk fustru cdpmrsmpsdgbk smnbrb amramcb-damcb. Dabrbt smaubh tmgs cblbi dliu abhbsb, HbrlmyCbvdcsjk bcblbh smaubh mktdtbs ybke iultdtbosdr. Sdbp pmidldg imipukybd pmrsmpsd cbk smksbsd tmrsmkcdrd btbs gbrbgtmr Hbrlmy-Cbvdcsjk ybke cdidldgdkyb. ^maba dtu, amrgmiabke bcbedui Do D hbvm tj mxplbdk Hbrlmy-Cbvdcsjk, Tju wjulc kjt ukcmrstbkc .‟ Hbl tmrsmautlbh ybke imiaubt imiaubt HC cdndktbd cbk cdpufb lbybgkyb smaubh bebib. Pbrb pmlbkeebk cmkebk abkeeb imkemkcbrbd Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk idldg imrmgb cbk smnbrb sugbrmlb imknmrdtbgbk pmkeblbibkkyb cblbi imkemkcbrbd Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk
cbk imiamktug gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy Jwkmr—s Erjup
(HJE) ybke smnbrb tdcbg sbcbr imlbgugbk wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke smrtb imiprjijsdgbk imrmg Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. Amrcbsbrgbk lbtbr amlbgbke tmrsmaut, ibgb ruiusbk ibsblbh ybke dkedk cd tmldtd bcblbh 6 2. Abebdibkbgbh pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr.
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1. Abebdibkbgbh pmkebruh gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr. >. Abebdibkbgbh pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr.
N. Sufubk Pmkmldtdbk
Amrcbsbrgbk lbtbr amlbgbke cbk pmruiusbk ibsblbh cdbtbs, ibgb tufubk cbrd pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh smabebd amrdgut 6 2. Imkemtbhud pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr. 1. Imkemtbhud pmkebruh gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr. >. Imkemtbhud pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) pmlbkeebk Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr.
C. Ibkobbt Pmkmldtdbk
Pmkmldtdbk dkd imidldgd ibkobbt tdcbg hbkyb abed pmkulds, tmtbpd fueb abed pdhbg-pdhbg ybke tmrgbdt cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh smabebd amrdgut.
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2. Ibkobbt Smjrdtds Pmkmldtdbk dkd cdhbrbpgbk cbpbt imipmrgbyb augtd mipdrds pbcb adcbke ibkbfmimk pmibsbrbk, ghususkyb imkemkbd wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) smrtb pmkebruhkyb tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. 1. Ibkobbt Prbgtds Pmkmldtdbk dkd cdhbrbpgbk ibipu imiamrdgbk ibsugbk cbk cdfbcdgbk bnubk smrtb rmomrmksd cblbi imlbgugbk pmkmldtdbk smlbkfutkyb smrtb cdhbrbpgbk cbpbt cdpmreukbgbk smabebd abhbk pmrtdiabkebk, ibsugbk cbk dkojribsd ybke amreukb abed pmrusbhbbk cblbi imkebiadl gmadfbgsbkbbk strbtmeds abed PS Ibaub Ijtjr Dkcjkmsdb smlbgu BSPI tukeebl smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk
cd Dkcjkmsdb ghususkyb cmblmr nbabke Gjtb Cmkpbsbr cblbi
imruiusgbk strbtmed pmibsbrbk pmrusbhbbk uktug cbpbt imrbdh pbkesb pbsbr ybke lmadh amsbr cblbi dkcustrd smpmcb ijtjr emcm (ijem).
M. Gbfdbk Pustbgb M.2
Lbkcbsbk Smjrd
M.2.2 Pmibsbrbk
Imkurut ^wbsthb mt bl (2445), pmibsbrbk imrupbgbk sblbh sbtu cbrd gmedbtbkgmedbtbk
pjgjg
ybke
cdlbgugbk
jlmh
pbrb
pmkeusbhb
cblbi
usbhbkyb
imipmrtbhbkgbk gmlbkesukebk hdcupkyb, uktug amrgmiabke, cbk imkcbpbtgbk lbab. Amrhbsdl tdcbgkyb cblbi pmknbpbdbk adskds tmrebktuke pbcb gmbhldbk pmlbgu adskds cd
4
adcbke pmibsbrbk. ^mlbdk dtu fueb tmrebktuke cblbi imkegjiadkbsdgbk ouk esd-oukesd tmrsmaut bebr jrebkdsbsd cbpbt amrfblbk lbknbr. ^mcbkegbk imkurut Udldbi F. ^tbktjk (244?) pmibsbrbk bcblbh sdstmi gmsmluruhbk cbrd gmedbtbk - gmedbtbk adskds ybke cdtufugbk uktug imrmknbkbgbk, imkmktugbk hbreb, imiprjijsdgbk, cbk imkcdstrdausdgbk abrbke cbk fbsb ybke imiubsgbk gmautuhbk abdg gmpbcb pmiamld ybke bcb ibupuk pmiamld pjtmksdbl. Fbcd pmibsbrbk imrupbgbk subtu sdstmi cbrd gmedbtbk-gmedbtbk ybke sbldke amrhuaukebk, cdtufugbk
uktug
imrmknbkbgbk,
imkmktugbk
hbreb,
imiprjijsdgbk,
cbk
imkcdstrdausdgbk abrbke cbk fbsb gmpbcb gmljipjg pmiamld. Pmibsbrbk bcblbh subtu prjsms ybke cdcblbikyb dkcdvdcu cbk gmljipjg imkcbpbtgbk
bpb
ybke
cdautuhgbk
cbk
cddkedkgbk
cmkebk
imkndptbgbk,
imkbwbrgbk, cbk smnbrb amabs imkugbrgbk prjcug ybke amrkdlbd cmkebk pdhbg lbdk. ^mcbkegbk (ibkbfmimk) pmibsbrbk bcblbh prjsms pmrmknbkbbk cbk pmlbgsbkbbk pmidgdrbk, pmkmtbpbk hbreb, prjijsd, smrtb pmkyblurbk ebebsbk, abrbke, cbk fbsb uktug imkndptbgbk pmrtugbrbk ybke imimkuhd sbsbrbk-sbsbrbk dkcdvdcu cbk jrebkdsbsd (Gjtlmr, 1020).
M.2.1 Pmkemrtdbk Ujrc jo Ijuth
Imkurut Putrd (1005) ybke cdgmiugbgbk jlmh ^uibrkd (1008), imkebrtdgbk
”wjrc jo ijuth‟ smpmrtd auzz , ybdtu7 jarjlbk iurkd cd tdkegbt pmlbkeebk ybke imkulbr, tmktbke jrbke, abrbke, tmipbt (dkomntdjus nhbttmr7 emkudkm, strmmt lmvml mxndtmimkt bajut b kmw pmrsjk, plbnm, jr thdke ). Btbu smnbrb uiui ybgkd jarjlbk
20
tmktbke arbkc. ^utdskb (1001) amrpmkcbpbt abhwb gmabkybgbk prjsms gjiukdgbsd bktbr ibkusdb imlblud iulut gm iulut. ^mtdbp jrbke smtdbp hbrd amradnbrb cmkebk ybke lbdkkyb, sbldke tugbr pdgdrbk, sbldke tugbr dkojribsd, sbldke amrgjimktbr cbk prjsms gjiukdgbsd lbdkkyb. Pmkemrtdbk tmrsmaut cdtbiabhgbk jlmh pmkcbpbt cbrd Ghbsbld (100>) ybke imkebrtdgbk wjrc jo ijuth smabebd subtu hbl ybke cdadnbrbgbk abkybg jrbke. Pmiadnbrbbk tmrfbcd gbrmkb bcbkyb gjktrjvmrsd ybke imiamcbgbk cmkebk hblhbl ybke adbsb cbk kjribl cdldhbt jrbke. Imkurut Gbrtbfbyb (1005), wjrc jo ijuth imrupbgbk imcdb gjiukdgbsd ybke pbldke momgtdo. Cmkebk auzzdke ybke tmpbt, cdhbrbpgbk pmrsmpsd imrmg ybke gurbke abdg iulbd cbpbt amrbldh. Pmkcbpbt tmrsmaut cdpmrfmlbs jlmh Prbsmtyj cbk Dhblbuw (1003) ybke imkeukegbpgbk abhwb gjiukdgbsd dkojribl tmktbke prjcug btbu fbsb amramcb cmkebk gjiukdgbsd dkojribl pmkedrdi ybke tdcbg amradnbrb cblbi gbpbsdtbs smabebd smjrbke prjomssdjkbl btbu gjiukdgbtjr gjimrsdbl, tmtbpd nmkcmruke smabebd tmibk. Gjiukdgbsd tmrsmaut smrdke cdsmaut smabebd gjiukdgbsd cbrd iulut gm iulut btbu emtjg tulbr (wjrc jo ijuth njiiukdnbtdjk) ybke nmkcmruke lmadh pmrsubsdo gbrmkb pmkedrdi pmsbk tdcbg imidldgd gmpmktdkebk sbib smgbld btbs tdkcbgbk sd pmkmrdib smtmlbh dtu. Gjiukdgbsd dkd sbkebt amribkobbt abed pmibsbr. Amrcbsbrgbk pmkcbpbt pbrb bhld ybke tmlbh cdpbpbrgbk smamluikyb, ibgb wjrc jo ijuth cbpbt cdcmodkdsdgbk smabebd gjiukdgbsd bktbrb pmlbkeebk pmkeeukb prjcug tmrtmktu ybke imknmrdtbgbk pmkeblbibkkyb tmktbke tmlbh
22
cdeukbgbkkyb gmpbcb jrbke lbdk. ^mhdkeeb smnbrb tdcbg lbkesuke pmlbkeebk tmrsmaut tmlbh imlbgugbk prjijsd abed arbkc tmrtmktu cbk imijtdvbsd jrbke lbdk ybke imkcmkebrgbk dkojribsd tmrsmaut uktug dgut imkeeukbgbk prjcug ybke sbib. M.2.> Prjsms Ujrc jo Ijuth
Lbybgkyb amktug gjiukdgbsd pbcb uiuikyb, gjiukdgbsd wjrc jo ijuth tmktukyb imimrlugbk prjsms uktug imkybipbdgbk dkojribsd iulbd cbrd suiamr hdkeeb sbipbd gm tufubk. ^mtdbp sblurbk cd cblbi prjsms gjiukdgbsd imidldgd gmpmktdkebk ybke tbg ajlmh cdbabdgbk. ^utdskb (1001) amrpmkcbpbt abhwb cblbi pbkcbkebk trbcdsdjkbl prjsms gjiukdgbsd wjrc jo ijuth cdiulbd cbrd dkojribsd ybke cdsbipbdgbk imlblud imcdb ibssb gmiucdbk cddkojribsdgbk btbu cdtbkegbp jlmh pmidipdk jpdkd ybke imipukybd pmkedgut cbk amrpmkebruh. Abhgbk smnbrb lmadh lubs ijcml dtu fueb imibsuggbk pmkfbeb dkojribsd ( ebtmgmmpmr ) smabebd pdhbg ybke tmrldabt cblbi prjsms gjiukdgbsd tmrsmaut. Ijcml gjiukdgbsd wjrc jo ijuth ybke lmadh lubs cdebiabrgbk jlmh ^utdskb (1001) smabe bd amrdgut
Ebtmgmmpmr
Imcdb Ibssb
Pmidipdk
21
Pmkedgut
Ebiabr 2. Ijcml Prjsms Ujrc jo Ijuth Jrbke-jrbke ybke gdtb tbkybd cbk idktbd dkojribsdkyb, cdsmaut smabebd pmidipdk jpdkd (jpdkdjk lmbcmr ). Pmidipdk jpdkd imrupbgbk jrbke ybke sbkebt smrdke imipmkebruhd sdgbp cbk pmrdlbgu jrbke lbdk. Imkurut ^nhdooibk cbk Gbkug ybke cdbldhabhbsbgbk jlmh Vulgdold (1005) imkybtbgbk abhwb prjsms gmpmidipdkbk pmkcbpbt imrupbgbk gmgubtbk gjksuimk ybke sbkebt cdkbids cbk amrpmkebruh. ^mabebd suiamr dkojribsd dkojribl, pbrb pmidipdk pmkcbpbt sbkebt momgtdo imipmkebruhd pbrb gjksuimk cblbi gmputusbk imrmgb ybke amrhuaukebk cmkebk prjcug . Gjkcdsd tmrsmaut cdcuguke jlmh aucbyb Dkcjkmsdb cdibkb dkojribsd cbrd iulut gm iulut nmpbt tmrsmabr. Jrbke „ jrbke sbkebt pmrnbyb bgbk dkojribsd cbrd jrbke tmrcmgbtkyb. Imkurut Nrbkstjk ybke cdgutdp Gurkdbwbk (1005) imkybtbgbk abhwb gjksuimk Dkcjkmsdb nmkcmruke amrndrd sjsdbl, smkbke amrguipul cbk imiaubt gmljipjg, smpmrtd gmadbsbbk brdsbk cbk kemruipd. ^maubh dsu abru nmpbt tmrsmabr amrgbt gmadbsbbk dkd. Ndrd ukdg dkd jlmh pbrb bhld ibrgmtdke cdldhbt smabebd abedbk strbtmed pmibsbrbk ybke nugup momgtdo ybke amrkbib wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke . Pmibsbr hbrus lmadh fmld tmktbke dkojribsd ybke amrmcbr cbk smadsb iukegdk imkydsdpgbk dkojribsd imkemkbd prjcugkyb cblbi dkojribsd ybke rbibd cdadnbrbgbk. Gjtlmr (1020) imkbiabhgbk abhwb tbktbkebk utbib smgbrbke dkd bcblbh imkbrdg pmrhbtdbk cbk imkbkbigbk arbkc cblbi amkbg
2>
smtdbp jrbke. Huibs cbk pmibsbrbk cbrd iulut gm iulut smibgdk amrpmrbk cblbi aburbk pmibsbrbk cblbi rbkegb imiabkeuk cbk imimldhbrb arbkc . Gurkdbwbk (1005) imkbiabhgbk abhwb ybke tdcbg ajlmh cdlupbgbk cblbi wjrc jo ijuth bcblbh grmcdadldtbs. Ujrc jo ijuth fueb cdpmkebruhd jlmh pmrbk pualdn rmlbtdjks, imcdb, dglbk, ybke imipukybd pmrbk uktug imiabkeuk bwbrmkmss bgbk smaubh prjcug btbu imrmg. Imkurut Drbwbk (1005) ybke cdgutdp jlmh ^uibrkd (1008), gbrbgtmr sugb amrguipul imrupbgbk nmridk cbrd gmgubtbk pmiamktugbk erup cbk gjiukdtbs. Gmgubtbk gjiukdtbs dkd sbkebt amsbr pmkebruhkyb tmrhbcbp strbtmed pmibsbrbk. ^blbh sbtu strbtmed ybke pmktdke bcblbh strbtmed gjiukdgbsd ybke imkeeukbgbk wjrc jo ijuth uktug imiabktu pmkmtrbsd pbsbr cbrd subtu imrmg. M.2.3 Pmrdlbgu Gjksuimk
^maubh jrebkdsbsd cbpbt imknbpbd tufubkkyb fdgb imibhbid gmautuhbk cbk gmdkedkbk gjksuimk, cbk ibipu imimkuhdkyb cmkebk nbrb ybke lmadh modsdmk cbk momgtdo cdabkcdke pmsbdke (^dibijrb, 1003). Pmrdlbgu gjksuimk dtu smkcdrd imkurut Mkeml mt bl (244=) bcblbh tdkcbgbk ybke lbkesuke tmrldabt uktug imkcbpbtgbk, imkegjksuisd, cbk imkehbadsgbk prjcug cbk fbsb, tmribsug prjsms gmputusbk ybke imkcbhulud cbk imkedgutd tdkcbgbk dkd. ^mimktbrb dtu Lujkcjk cbk Adttb cdgutdp cbrd ^dibijrb (1003) lmadh imkmgbkgbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk smabebd subtu prjsms pmkebiadlbk gmputusbk. Abhwb pmrdlbgu gjksuimk bcblbh prjsms pmkebiadlbk gmputusbk ybke
23
imksybrbtgbk
bgtdvdtbs
dkcdvdcu
uktug
imkemvblubsd,
imipmrjlmh,
imkeeukbgbk btbu imkebtur abrbke cbk fbsb. Gjtlmr cbk Bistrjke (1020) imkebrtdgbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk smabebd pmrdlbgu pmiamldbk gjksuimk bghdr, abdg dkcdvdcu ibupuk ruibh tbkeeb ybke imiamld prjcug uktug gjksuisd pmrsjkbl. ^mcbkegbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk, smpmrtd cdcmodkdsdgbk jlmh ^nhdooibk cbk Gbkug (1005) bcblbh prjsms ybke cdlblud jlmh smsmjrbke cblbi imknbrd, imiamld, imkeeukbgbk, imkemvblubsd, cbk amrtdkcbg pbsnb gjksuisd prjcug, fbsb ibupuk dcm ybke cdhbrbpgbk adsb imimkuhd gmautuhbkkyb. Fbcd, cbpbt cdgbtbgbk abhwb pmrdlbgu gjksuimk imrupbgbk stucd tmktbke abebdibkb pmiaubt gmputusbk (cmndsdjk ukdt), abdg dkcdvdcu, gmljipjg, btbupuk jrebkdsbsd, imiaubt gmputusbk-gmputusbk amld btbu imlbgugbk trbksbgsd pmiamldbk subtu prjcug cbk imkegjksuisdkyb. Bcb amamrbpb hbl pmktdke ybke cbpbt cdukegbpgbk cbrd cmodkdsd imkurut ^nhdooibk cbk Gbkug (1005)6 2. Pmrdlbgu gjksuimk bcblbh subtu prjsms ybke tmrcdrd cbrd amamrbpb tbhbp ybdtu6 b. Sbhbp pmrjlmhbk (bnqudstdjk) 6 imknbrd ( smbrnhdke ) cbk imiamld ( purnhbsdke ) a. Sbhbp
gjksuisd
(njksuiptdjk)
imkemvblubsd (mvblubtdke )
2=
6
imkeeukbgbk
(usdke )
cbk
n. Sbhbp tdkcbgbk pbsnb amld (cdspjsdtdjk) 6 bpb ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh gjksuimk smtmlbh prjcug dtu cdeukbgbk btbu cdgjksuisd. 1. ]kdt-ukdt pmkebiadlbk gmputusbk amld (cmndsdjk ukdt ) imkurut Gjtlmr (1020) tmrcdrd cbrd6 b. Gjksuimk dkcdvdcu ybke imiamktug pbsbr gjksuimk (njksuimr ibrgmt ). a. Gjksuimk jrebkdsbsdjkbl ybke imiamktug pbsbr adskds (ausdkmss ibrgmt ). M.2.= Sdpm „ tdpm Pmrdlbgu Gjksuimk
Pmkebiadlbk gmputusbk jlmh gjksuimk bgbk amramcb imkurut fmkds pmkebiadlbk gmputusbk pmiamldbk. Imkurut Bssml, cblbi Gjtlmr (1020) imiamcbgbk mipbt tdpm pmrdlbgu pmiamldbk gjksuimk amrcbsbrgbk pbcb tdkegbt gmtmrldabtbk pmiamld cbk tdkegbt pmramcbbk cd bktbrb imrmg, smpmrtd cddlustrbsdgbk ebiabr cd abwbh dkd 6
Njiplmx Auydke Amhbvdjr
_brdmty ^mmgdke Auydke Amhbvdjr
Cdssjkbknm Qmcundke Auydke Amhbvdjr
Hbadtubl Auydke Amhbvdjr
2?
Ebiabr 1. Sdpm „ tdpm Pmrdlbgu Gmtmrldabtbk Gjksuimk (Gjtlmr, 1020) Gmtmrbkebk
6
2. Njiplmx Auydke Amhbvdjr Pmrdlbgu imiamld ybke ruidt imiautuhgbk gmtmrldabtbk ybke tdkeed cblbi pmiamldbk cmkebk amrusbhb imkybcbrd pmramcbbk-pmramcbbk ybke fmlbs cd bktbrb imrmg-imrmg ybke bcb. Pmrdlbgu imiamld dkd tmrfbcd pbcb wbgtu imiamld prjcug- prjcug ybke ibhbl, tdcbg smrdke cdamld, amrmsdgj, cbk cbpbt imknmridkgbk cdrd pmiamldkyb.
25
1. Cdssjkbknm Qmcundke Auydke Amhbvdjr Pmrdlbgu imiamld smibnbi dkd imipukybd gmtmrldabtbk ybke tdkeed cbk gjksuimk imkybcbrd hbkyb tmrcbpbt smcdgdt pmramcbbk cd bktbrb amrabebd imrmg. >. _brdmty ^mmgdke Auydke Amhbvdjr Cblbi hbl dkd gjksuimk imiamld subtu prucug amrcbsbrgbk gmadbsbbk, augbk amrcbsbrgbk gmsmtdbbk tmrhbcbp imrmg. Gjksuimk imidldh prjcug smnbrb amrulbke augbk gbrmkb imidldh imrmg prjcug, tmtbpd gbrmkb imrmgb sucbh imkemkbl prjcug tmrsmaut. 3. Hbadtubl Auydke Amhbvdjr Pmrdlbgu pmiamldbk dkd imipukybd pbrtdsdpbsd ybke rmkcbh, k biuk ibsdh tmrcbpbt pmramcbbk imrmg ybke fmlbs. Gjksuimk amrpmrdlbgu cmkebk tufubk imknbrd gmbkmgbrbebibk cbk augbk gmpubsbbk. M.2.? Obgtjr „ obgtjr ybke Imipmkebruhd Pmrdlbgu Gjksuimk
Imkurut Gjtlmr (1005610>) obgtjr
„ obgtjr ybke imipmkebruhd
pmrdlbgu gjksuimk bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. 2. Obgtjr Gmaucbybbk Gmaucbybbk dkd sdobtkyb sbkebt lubs cbk imkybkegut smeblb bspmg ibkusdb. Imkurut ^tbktjk (244?) gmaucbybbk cdcmodkdsdgbk sdiajl cbk obgtb ybke gjiplmgs, ybke cdndptbgbk jlmh ibkusdb, cdturukgbk cbrd emkmrbsd gm emkmrbsd smabebd pmkmktu cbk pmkebtur tdkegbh lbgu ibkusdb cblbi ibsybrbgbt ybke bcb.
28
b. Gultur Gultur bcblbh obgtjr ybke pbldke pjgjg cbrd gmdkedkbk cbk pmrdlbgu smsmjrbke. Ibghlug ybke lmadh rmkcbh uiuikyb cdtuktuk jlmh kblurd. ^mcbkegbk ibkusdb, pmrdlbgukyb adbsbkyb cdpmlbfbrd cbrd ldkegukebk smgdtbrkyb. ^mhdkeeb kdlbd, pmrsmpsd, prmomrmksd, cbk pmrdlbgu bktbrb smsmjrbke ybke tdkeebl pbcb cbmrbh tmrtmktu cbpbt amramcb cmkebk jrbke lbdk ybke amrbcb cd ldkegukebk lbdk pulb. b. ^uagultur ^mtdbp gultur imipukybd suagultur ybke lmadh gmndl, btbu gmljipjg jrbke cmkebk sdstmi kdlbd ybke sbib amrcbsbrgbk pmkeblbibk cbk sdtubsd hdcup ybke sbib. ^mpmrtd gmljipjg gmabkesbbk ybke amrtmipbt tdkeebl pbcb subtu cbmrbh imipukybd ndtbrbsb cbk idkbt mtkdg ybke ghbs. Cmidgdbk pulb hblkyb cmkebk gmljipjg gmbebibbk. Cbmrbh emjerbodg bcblbh imrupbgbk suagultur tmrsmkcdrd. Abkybgkyb suagultur dkd imrupbgbk smeimk pbsbr ybke pmktdke cbk pmibsbr smrdke
imkmiugbk
ibkobbt
cmkebk
imrbknbke
prjcug
ybke
cdsmsubdgbk cmkebk gmautuhbk suagultur tmrsmaut. a. Gmlbs ^jsdbl Gmlbs sjsdbl susukbk ybke pbldke pmribkmk cbk tmrbtur cblbi subtu ibsybrbgbt bkeejtbkyb imipukybd kdlbd, idkbt, cbk pmrdlbgu ybke sbib. Gmlbs sjsdbl tdcbg cdtmktugbk jlmh obgtjr tukeebl smpmrtd pmkcbpbtbk tmtbpd gjiadkbsd pmgmrfbbk, pmkcbpbtbk, pmkcdcdgbk,
24
gmgbybbk, cbk vbrdbaml lbdkkyb. Gmlbs sjsdbl imipmrldhbtgbk prmomrmksd prjcug cbk imrmg ybke amramcb. 1. Obgtjr ^jsdbl b. Gmljipjg Pmrdlbgu smsmjrbke cdpmkebruhd jlmh abkybg gmljipjg gmndl. Gmljipjg gmndl imipukybd cub amktug ybdtu gmljipjg prdimr, cd ibkb bkeejtbkyb amrdktmrbgsd smnbrb tdcbg ojribl smpmrtd gmlubreb, tmibk, cbk smabebdkyb. Bcb pulb ybke cdsmaut gmljipjg smgukcmr, ybdtu smsmjrbke amrdktmrbgsd smnbrb ojribl tmtbpd tdcbg rmeulbr. a. Gmlubreb Bkeejtb gmlubreb pmiamld cbpbt imiamrdgbk pmkebruh ybke gubt tmrhbcbp pmrdlbgu pmiamld. Gmlubreb jrdmktbsd bcblbh gmlubreb ybke tmrcdrd cbrd jrbke tub ybke imiamrdgbk brbh cblbi hbl tuktutbk bebib, pjldtdg, mgjkjid, cbk hbreb cdrd. Abhgbk fdgb pmiamld sucbh tdcbg amrhuaukebk lbed cmkebk jrbke tub, ibgb pmkebruh pmrdlbgu pmiamldbk tmtbp bcb. ^mcbkegbk pbcb bkbg prjgrmbsd, ybdtu gmlubreb ybke tmrcdrd btbs subid-dstrd cbk bkbg, pmkebruh pmiamldbk dtu bgbk tmrbsb. n. Pmrbk cbk ^tbtus Pjsdsd smsmjrbke cblbi smtdbp gmljipjg cbpbt cdtmktugbk cbrd smed pmrbk cbk stbtus. ^mtdbp pmrbk imiabwb stbtus ybke imknmridkgbk pmkehbrebbk uiui jlmh ibsybrbgbt.
10
>. Obgtjr Prdabcd b. ]sdb cbk Sbhbp Cbur Hdcup Jrbke bgbk imkeebktd abrbke cbk fbsb ybke cdamld smpbkfbke hdcup. Gmautuhbk cbk smlmrb smsmjrbke bgbk amrebktd smsubd usdb. Pmiamldbk cdamktug jlmh cbur hdcup gmlubreb. ^mhdkeeb pmibsbr hmkcbgkyb imipmrhbtdgbk pmruabhbk idkbt pmiamldbk ybke tmrfbcd ybke amrhuaukebk cmkebk cbur hdcup ibkusdb. a. Pmgmrfbbk Pmgmrfbbk smsmjrbke bgbk imipmkebruhd abrbke cbk fbsb ybke cdamldkyb.
Cmkebk
cmidgdbk
pmibsbr
cbpbt
imkedcmktdodgbsd
gmljipjg ybke amrhuaukebk cmkebk fbabtbk ybke imipukybd idkbt cd btbs rbtb- rbtb tmrhbcbp prjcug imrmgb. n. Gmbcbbk Mgjkjid Gmbcbbk mgjkjid sbkebt imipmkebruhd pdldhbk prjcug. Pmibsbr ybke prjcugkyb pmgb tmrhbcbp pmkcbpbtbk cbpbt cmkebk smgsbib imipmrhbtdgbk gmnmkcmrukebk cblbi pmkcbpbtbk prdabcd, tbaukebk, cbk tdkegbt aukeb. Fbcd fdgb dkcdgbtjr- dkcdgbtjr mgjkjid tmrsmaut imkukfuggbk bcbkyb rmsmsd, pmibsbr cbpbt imknbrd fblbk uktug imkmtbpgbk pjsdsd prjcugkyb. c. Ebyb Hdcup
12
Jrbke ybke amrbsbl cbrd suagultur, gmlbs sjsdbl cbk pmgmrfbbk ybke sbib cbpbt imipukybd ebyb hdcup ybke amramcb. Ebyb hdcup smsmjrbke imkukfuggbk pjlb gmhdcupbk jrbke ybke amrsbkegutbk ybke tmrnmridk cblbi gmedbtbk, idkbt, cbk pmkcbpbtkyb. Gjksmp ebyb hdcup bpbadlb cdeukbgbk jlmh pmibsbr smnbrb nmribt, cbpbt imiabktu uktug imibhbid kdlbd-kdlbd gjksuimk ybke tmrus amruabh cbk abebdibkb kdlbd-kdlbd tmrsmaut imipmkebruhd pmrdlbgu gjksuimk. m. Gmprdabcdbk cbk Gjksmp Cdrd ^mtdbp jrbke imipukybd gmprdabcdbk ybke ghbs cbk dkd bgbk imipmkebruhd pmrdlbgu pmiamldbkkyb. Gmprdabcdbk sbkebt amribkobbt uktug imkebkbldsds pmrdlbgu gjksuimk abed amamrbpb pdldhbk prjcug btbu imrmg. 3. Obgtjr Psdgjljeds b. Ijtdvbsd d. Smjrd Ijtdvbsd Ormuc ^deiukc Ormuc imkebsuisdgbk abhwb gmgubtbk psdgjljeds ybke imiamktug pmrdlbgu smabedbk amsbr tdcbg cdsbcbrd cbk abhwb smsmjrbke
tdcbg
cbpbt
imkymluruh. dd. Smjrd Ijtdvbsd Ibsljw
11
imibhbid
ijtdvbsd
cdrdkyb
smnbrb
Imkurut Ibsljw gmautuhbk ibkusdb tmrsusuk amrfmkfbke. Iulbd cbrd ybke pbldke abkybg imkeemrbgbk sbipbd pbcb ybke pbldke smcdgdt imiamrd cjrjkebk.
a. Pmrsmpsd Jrbke cbpbt imiamrdgbk pmrsmpsd ybke amramcb tmrhbcbp rbkesbkebk ybke sbib gbrmkb bcb tdeb prjsms pmrsmpsd, ybdtu 6 d. Pmrhbtdbk ybke ^mlmgtdo ( smlmntdvm dktmrmst ) ^mtdbp hbrd jrbke cdhbcbpgbk pbcb rbkesbkebk ybke abkybg cbk tdcbg smiubkyb cbpbt cdtmrdib. Pmrhbtdbk ybke smlmgtdo amrbrtd hbrus cbpbt imkbrdg pmrhbtdbk gjksuimk pbcb pbsbr tmrsmaut. dd. Ebkeeubk ybke smlmgtdo ( smlmntdvm cdstjrtdjk) ^mtdbp hbrd jrbke cdhbcbpgbk pbcb rbkesbkebk ybke abkybg cbk tdcbg smiubkyb cbpbt cdtmrdib. Pmrhbtdbk ybke smlmgtdo amrbrtd hbrus cbpbt imkbrdg pmrhbtdbk gjksuimk pbcb pbsbr tmrsmaut. ddd. Imkedkebt Gmiabld ybke smlmgtdo ( smlmntdvm rmtmktdjk) Jrbke nmkcmruke imlupbgbk bpb ybke imrmgb pmlbfbrd cbk imkbhbk dkojribsd ybke imkcuguke sdgbp cbk gmpmrnbybbk imrmgb. Imkedkebt ybke smlmgtdo amrbrtd imrmgb bgbk imkedkebt bpb ybke cdgbtbgbk gmukeeulbk subtu prjcug cbk imlupbgbk bpb ybke cdgbtbgbk pmsbdke. n. Prjsms Pmiamlbfbrbk
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Prjsms pmiamlbfbrbk imkfmlbsgbk pmruabhbk cblbi pmrdlbgu smsmjrbke ybke tdiaul cbrd pmkeblbibk cbk gmabkybgbk pmrdlbgu ibkusdb bcblbh hbsdl prjsms amlbfbr. ^mnbrb tmjrd pmiamlbfbrbk smsmjrbke cdhbsdlgbk imlblud cjrjkebk, rbkesbkebk, dsybrbt, tbkeebpbk, cbk pmkeubtbk. Pbrb pmibsbr
cbpbt
imiabkeuk
imkehuaukegbkkyb
cmkebk
pmridktbbk
bgbk
prjcug
cmkebk
cjrjkebk
ybke
gubt,
cmkebk
imkeeukbgbk dsybrbt ijtdvbsd, cbk cmkebk imiamrdgbk pmkeubtbk ybke pjsdtdo. c. Gmybgdkbk cbk ^dgbp Prjsms pmiamlbfbrbk imkfmlbsgbk pmruabhbk cblbi pmrdlbgu smsmjrbke ybke tdiaul cbrd pmkeblbibk cbk gmabkybgbk pmrdlbgu ibkusdb bcblbh hbsdl prjsms amlbfbr. ^mnbrb tmjrd pmiamlbfbrbk smsmjrbke cdhbsdlgbk imlblud cjrjkebk, rbkesbkebk, dsybrbt, tbkeebpbk, cbk pmkeubtbk. Pbrb pmibsbr
cbpbt
imiabkeuk
imkehuaukegbkkyb
cmkebk
pmridktbbk
bgbk
prjcug
cmkebk
cjrjkebk
ybke
gubt,
cmkebk
imkeeukbgbk dsybrbt ijtdvbsd, cbk cmkebk imiamrdgbk pmkeubtbk ybke pjsdtdo. d. Gjipjkmk Gjekdtdo (njekdtdvm njipjkmkt ) Gjipjkmk dkd tmrcdrd cbrd gmpmrnbybbk gjksuimk cbk pmkemtbhubk tmktbke jaymg. Gmpmrnbybbk tmktbke btrdaut subtu prjcug adbsbkyb cdmvblubsd smnbrb blbid. dd. Gjipjkmk Bomgtdo (boomntdvm njipjkmkt )
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Pmrbsbbk cbk rmbgsd mijsdjkbl tmrhbcbp subtu jaymg. Hbl cmidgdbk ybke cdsmaut gjipjkmk bomgtdo sdgbp. ddd. Gjipjkmk Pmrdlbgu (amhbvdjrbl njipjkmkt ) Gjipjkmk dkd bcblbh rmspjk cbrd smsmjrbke tmrhbcbp jaymg btbu bgtdvdtbs smpmrtd gmputusbk uktug imiamld btbu tdcbgkyb subtu prjcug bgbk imipmrldhbtgbk gjipjkmk pmrdlbgu. M.2.5 Pmkemrtdbk Gjiukdtdsbsd
Imkurut Gbrtbfbyb (100462?0) abhwb cblbi mrb Kmw Ubvm Ibrgmtdke sbbt dkd, ybke hbrus cdlbgugbk augbklbh imlbgugbk smeimktbsd, tbpd njiiukdtdzbtdjk. Gjiukdtdsbsd tmrfbcd gbrmkb bcbkyb rmlbsd prdabcd ybke mrbt bktbrb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut gbrmkb bcbkyb gmsbibbk dktmrmst cbk vblums. prbgtdg gbkbldsbsd cdstrdausd dkd amruabh gm brbh gjiukbl – abdg cd rbkbh jkldkm ibupuk jooldkm. Bpblbed prjcug ybke cdpbsbrgbk cd sdkd bcblbh prjcug hbsdl grmbsd amrsbib pmlbkeebk bldbs nj-nrmbtdjk. ^maba dtu, ybke pmrlu cdlbgugbk bcblbh bgtdvbsd gjiukbl. Bkeejtb gjiukdtbslbh ybke imkfbcd pmlbgu-pmlbgu pmibsbrbk tmrsmaut. Guknd pmrusbhbbk bebr sugsms cblbi imlbgugbk bgtdvbs gjiukbl bcblbh imiadbrgbk gmamabsbk abed pbrb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs uktug imrbsbgbk cbk imidldgd pmkeblbibk pbcb imrmg. ^mlbdk dtu, uktug imlbgugbk bgtdvbsd gjiukbl dkd cdautuhgbk gjkmgtjr ybke ibipu imkehuaukegbk imrmg cmkebk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs smrtb imkfbcd trdeemr cblbi bgtdvdtbs pmibsbrbk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs – abdg smnbrb jkldkm
1=
ibupuk jooldkm. Cmkebk gbtb lbdk, smpmrtd ybke pmrkbh cdabhbs cblbi gjiukdtdsbsd, pmlbkeebk dkd tdcbg cdpmrlbgugbk smgbcbr smabebd cbtbabsm. Cmkebk bcbkyb gjiukdtbs ibgb bgbk imkndptbgbk huaukebk ybke mrbt bktbrb pmkeeukb (pmlbkeebk) cmkebk imrmg (arbkc ) ybke cdeukbgbk jlmh smluruh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. Cd cblbi gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut tmktukyb bgbk imkdiaulgbk njkvmrsbtdjk ybke abdg imkemkbd imrmg (arbkc ) ybke cdeukbgbk ybke smnbrb tdcbg lbkesuke cbpbt cdeukbgbk smabebd blbt pmibsbrbk ybke amrsdobt ljw auecmt-hdeh dipbnt . Gjiukdgbsd cbk rmlbsd hjrdsjktbl cmkebk gjiukdtbs pmlbkeebk dkd imiaubt prjcusmk cbk pmlbkeebk imkfbcd cmgbt cbk imrbsb sbldke imidldgd – ghususkyb imidldgd imrmg tmrsmaut. Qbsb imidldgd imkuiauhgbk rbsb abkeeb pbcb imrmg tmrsmaut. Gmtdgb imrmg sucbh imkcbpbt tmipbt cd hbtd pbrb pmlbkeebkkyb, cmkebk smkcdrdkyb pmlbkeebk bgbk imkfbcd arbkc mvbkemldst gmpbcb jrbke lbdk. M.2.8 Pmkemrtdbk Gjiukdtbs Imrmg ( Ar bkc Njiiukd ty )
Imkurut ^tmwbrt M. Pmrry cblbi NMC Cmodkdtdjk bkc Smridkjljey ybke cdgutdp jlmh Pmribkb (102262) imibkcbke bcb cub ibgkb gjiukdtbs ybdtu gjiukdtbs smabebd gbtmejrd ybke imkebnu pbcb jrbke „ jrbke ybke sbldke amrhuaukebk amrcbsbrgbk kdlbd „ kdlbd cbk gmpmktdkebk amrsbib ybke ghusus btbu gjiukdtbs smabebd sbtu gbtmejrd ibkusdb ybke amrhuaukebk sbtu sbib lbdk gbrmkb cdcbsbrgbk pbcb ljgbldtbs tmrtmktu ybke sbib, ybke gbrmkb gmsbibbk ljgbldtbs tmrsmaut smnbrb tbg lbkesuke imiaubt imrmgb imkebnu pbcb gmpmktdiebk cbk kdlbd „ kdlbd ybke sbib.
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Imkurut Nbrjl Bkkm Jcedk ybke cdgutdp jlmh Pmribkb (102262), bcb amamrbpb blbsbk ybke imkymabagbk gjiukdtbs amramcb cbrd guipulbk ibkusdb lbdk btbu gmljipjg ibkusdb. Bcb = obgtjr ybke cdsmaut Jcedk cbk adsb imiamcbgbk gjiukdtbs cbrd gmljipjg dkcdvdcu lbdkkyb, bktbrb lbdk6 2.
Pmiabtbsbk cbk mgsglusdodtbs ybke amrcbsblgbk hbl tmrsmaut adbs cdruiusgbk sdbpb ybke imkfbcd bkeejtb gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut cbk augbk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs.
1.
Sufubk ybke imrupbgbk lbkcbsbk gjiukdtbs.
>.
Bturbk ybke imiamrdgbk abtbsbk tmrhbcbp pmrdlbgu bkeejtb gjiukdtbs, tmribsug bknbibk uktug cdsdkegdrgbk cbrd gjiukdtbs tmrsaut abed bkeejtb ybke imlbkeebr
3.
Gjidtimk
tmrhbcbp
gmsmfbhtmrbbk
jrbke
lbdk,
smhdkeeb
tmrcbpbt
gmpmculdbk tmrhbcbp bkeejtb lbdk cbrd gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut. =.
Gmibkcdrdbk ybgkd imidldgd gmamabsbk smkcdrd uktug imkmktugbk bpb ybke cdlbgugbk cbk nbrb imibsugd gjiukdtbs. ^nhjutmk
&
Gjmkde
ybke
cdgutdp
jlmh
Gusuib
(100565>)
imkcmodkdsdgbk arbkc njiiukdty (gjiukdtbs imrmg) ybke cdgutdp cbrd smabebd gmljipjg sjsdbl ybke amramcb ybke cdpdldh smnbrb prdabcd amrcbsbrgbk pbcb pmrsbibbk gjidtimk tmrhbcbp gmlbs prjcug tmrtmktu, imrmg cbk bgtdvdtbs gjksuisd.
15
Huaukebk bktbrb gjiukdtbs cbk gmautuhbk gjksuimk imkurut Qmskdng Ibrn ybke cdgutdp jlmh Gusuib (10056==) bcb amamrbpb gmautuhbk gjksuimk ybke cbpbt tmrpmkuhd cd cblbi subtu gjiukdtbs, cdbktbrbkyb bcblbh 6
2. Dkojribsd (dkojribtdjk (dkojribtdjk)) Gjksuimk cdamrdgbk gmamabsbk uktug imiabedgbk dkojribsd imkemkbd pmkeblbibk imrmgb amrsbib prjcug ybke imrmgb idldgd, hbl dkd cbpbt imiabktu gjksuimk cblbi imkmktugbk prjcug ibkb ybke bgbk imrmgb amld. Bcbkyb rmvdmw cbrd bkeejtb ybke bhld (mxpmrt) imiamrdgbk abkybg dkojribsd
cbk
ibsugbk
abed
gjksuimk
imkemkbd
abebdibkb
imibgsdiblgbk pmkeeukbbk prjcug. 1. Gjiukdgbsd (njiiukdnbtdjk (njiiukdnbtdjk)) Augtd kybtb cbrd smaubh gjiukdtbs bcblbh bcbkyb subtu gjiukdgbsd cbrd smtdbp bkeejtb. Amrabebd bgtdvdtbs cbpbt imkfbcd sbkebt amrkdlbd abed gjksuimk cbk cdcblbi bgtdvdtbs tmrsmauut tmrfbldk gjiukdgbsd bktbr gjksuimk. Gjiukdgbsd cbpbt imkfbcd imcdb dkojribsd abed gjksuimk uktug imkemtbhud lmadh abkybg imkemkbd prjcug. >. Hdaurbk (mktmrtbdkimkt (mktmrtbdkimkt ) Gjiukdtbs
imkymcdbgbk
hdaurbk
abed
gjksuimk
ybke
imkfbcd
bkeejtbkyb. Gjksuimk cbpbt imkdgibtd smtdbp bgtdvdtbs hdaurbk ybke cdsmcdbgbk jlmh pmidldg gjiukdtbs cmkebk imkedgutd amrabebd gmedbtbk cblbi gjiukdtbs.
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3. Prjcugtdvdtbs ( prjcuntdvdty) prjcuntdvdty) Imlblud gjiukdtbs, gjksuimk cbpbt imkdkegbtgbk prjcugtdvdtbs imrmgb cblbi imiamrdgbk ibsugbk cblbi gmibfubk prjcug btbu pmrusbhbbk. Gjiukdtbs imkymcdbgbk bgsms abed gjksuimk uktug imkyblurgbk amrabebd ibnbi dkojribsd ybke amreukb abed pmrusbhbbk btbu pdhbg lbdkkyb ybke amrhuaukebk. =. Sdiabl Abldg ( ommcabng ommcabng ) Gjksuimk imkeeukbgbk obsdldtbs amrabed dkojribsd cd cblbi gjiukdtbs uktug imiamrdgbk ommcabng gmpbcb pmrusbhbbk imkemkbd gmsugbbk btbu gmtdcbgsugbbk imrmgb tmrhbcbp prjcug ybke tmlbh cdgjksuisd. ^mlbdk dtu ommcabng cdamrdgbk cblbi amktug sjlusd pmimnbhbk ibsblbh smrtb prjcunt smrtb prjcunt diprjvmimkt. Iukdz cbk J Eudkk (1002) imkfmlbsgbk abhwb tmrcbpbt amamrbpb gbrbgtmrdstdg cblbi arbkc njiiukdty, njiiukdty, cdbktbrbkyb ybdtu6 2. Jkldkm arbkc njiiukdty amabs njiiukdty amabs cbrd abtbsbk rubke cbk wdlbybh. 1. Gjiukdtbs cdabkeuk cbrd prjcug btbu fbsb gjimrsdbl. >. Imrupbgbk tmipbt sbldke amrdktmrbgsd cdibkb smtdbp bkeejtb imidldgd aucbyb uktug imkcuguke cbk imkcjrjke bkeejtb lbdkkyb uktug imiabedgbk pmkeblbibk amrsbib prjcug ybke imrmgb idldgd. 3. Qmlbtdo stbadl cbk imksybrbtgbk gjidtimk ybke gubt gbrmkb tufubk. Bkeejtb gjiukdtbs imidldgd dcmktdtbs cmkebk lmvml cdbtbs rbtb-rbtb gjksuimk bwbi gbrmkb imrmgb imkemtbhud smlug amlug prjcug.
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Njiiukd ty M.2.4 Gjipjkmk „ gjipjkmk gjipjkmk Gjiukdtbs Imrmg ( Ar bkc Njiiukd )
Imkurut Iukdz cbk J—Eudk, ybke cdgutdp jlmh Gusuib (10056=3) imkmiugbk abhwb tmrcbpbt tdeb tbkcb pmktdke cblbi gjiukdtbs, ybdtu 6 2.
Gmsbcbrbk Amrsbib (Njksndjuskmss (Njksndjuskmss jo gdkc) Mlmimk tmrpmktdke cbrd gjiukdtbs bcblbh gmsbcbrbk ibsybrbgbt btbs subtu fmkds prjcug, cbk dkd fmlbs tmrldhbt cblbi gjiukdtbs. ^mtdbp bkeejtb sbldke amrabed (shbrm) smpmrtd ybke cdgmiugbgbk jlmh Amkcmr (2458) ybke imkeebiabrgbk smpmrtd “wm“wm-kmss’. kmss’. ^mtdbp bkeejtb imrbsb abhwb huaukebkkyb cmkebk imrmg dtu pmktdke, kbiuk lmadh pmktdke lbed, imrmgb imrbsb huaukebkkyb lmadh gubt sbtu sbib lbdk smsbib bkeejtb. ybke sbldke imkemkbl, wblbupuk imrmgb tdcbg pmrkbh amrtmiu. ^medtdeb dkd bcblbh gjkstmlbsd sjsdbl ybdtu pusbt
cbrd gjiukdtbs imrmg Njvb—s
(2445) pmkmebsbk abhwb ldkg lmadh pmktdke cbrd subtu hbl. ^mtdbp bkeejtb fueb imidldgd nbtbtbk pmktdke ybke imkfbcd abtbsbk bktbrb pmkeeubkb imrmg lbdk. Bcb amamrbpb gubldtbs pmktdke, tdcbg iucbh cdukegbpgbk smnbrb vmrabl, ybke imiamcbgbk imrmgb cbrd ybke lbdk cbk imiaubt imrmgb smrupb sbtu sbib lbdk. Cmibrgbsd smpmrtd dkd adbsbkyb imldputd
rmomrmksd imrmg uktug pmkeeukb ybke ”amramcb‟ btbu ”ghusus‟ cdabkcdkegbk cmkebk pmkeeukb imrmg lbdk. ^mpmrtd imrmgb imidldgd nbrb uktug imkybpb ghusus bktbr bkeejtb btbu smautbk ghusus bktbr bkeejtb. Gmsbcbrbk cbrd fmkds ybke cdtmiugbk pbcb gjiukdtbs imrmg tdcbg tmrabtbs pbcb subtu cbmrbh emjerbods. Hbl dkd tmrldhbt pbcb pmkmldtdbk
>0
gjlmgtdo tmktbke gjiukdtbs, smrtb bkbldsds cblbi hblbibk Uma. Gjiukdtbs imrmg cdebiabrgbk jlmh amsbrkyb gjiukdtbs. Gjiukdtbs imrmg cdebiabrgbk jlmh amsbrkyb gjiukdtbs (Bkcmrsjk, 248>). Bkeejtb imrbsb imkfbcd abedbk cbrd bkeejtb amsbr, kbiuk cmkebk iucbh imiabybkegbk gjiukdtbs. Gjiukdtbs imrmg tdcbg hbkyb cdbgud kbiuk fueb cdrbybgbk. Cdcblbi dkcdgbtjr Njkndjuskmss jo Gdkc dkd tmrcbpbt cub mlmimk, ybdtu6 b. Lmedtdibsd ( Lmedtdibny) Lmedtdibny) Lmedtdibsd bcblbh prjsms cdibkb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs imiamcbgbk bktbrb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs cmkebk ybke augbk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs, btbu imidldgd hbg ybke amramcb. Cblbi gjktmgs dkd imrmg cdaugtdgbk
btbu cdtukfuggbk jlmh ”ybke amkbr - amkbr amkbr imkemtbhud imrmg‟ cdabkcdkegbk cmkebk ”blbsbk ybke sblbh‟ imibgbd imrmg. Blbsbk ybke sblbh adbsbkyb cdkybtbgbk jlmh gmebeblbk cblbi imkehbrebd aucbyb, smfbrbh, rdtubl, trbcdsd, cbk sdiajl-sdiajl gjiukdtbs. Gjiukdtbs imrmg smnbrb uiui imiaugb jrebkdsbsd sjsdbl ybke tdcbg imkjlbg bcbkyb bkeejtb bpbpuk, kbiuk smpmrtd gjiukdtbs pbcb uiuikyb abhwb imrmgb imidldgd stbtus hdrbrgd. ^dbpbpuk ybke smtdb gmpbcb subtu imrmg adsb imkfbcd bkeejtb gjiukdtbs, tbkpb gmpmidldgbk. Kbiuk, gmsmtdbbk gmpbcb imrmg hbrus tulus cbk imidldgd blbsbk ybke tmpbt. Tbke imiamcbgbk bktbrb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs ybke amkbr-amkbr imidldgd gmpmrnbybbk pbcb imrmg cbk
>2
imrmgb ybke hbkyb gmamtulbk imidldgd prjcug imrmg tmrsmaut bcblbh gmpmculdbkkyb tmrhbcbp imrmg tmrsmaut. Kbiuk lmedtdibsd tdcbg smlblu bcb cblbi subtu gjiukdtbs imrmg. a. Ljybldtbs Imrg Jpjsdsd (Jppjsjtdjkbl Arbkc Ljyblty) Gjiukdtbs imrmg jpjsdsd bcblbh prjsms sjsdbl ybke tmrldabt smlbdk gmsbcbrbk ibsybrbgbt btbs subtu fmkds prjcug (Njkndjuskmss jo gdkc). Imlblud jpjsdsd cblbi gjipmtdsd imrmg, bkeejtb gjiukdtbs imrmg imkcbpbt bspmg pmkeblbibk ybke pmktdke cblbi gjiukdtbskyb, smrtb gjipjkmk pmktdke pbcb brtd imrmg tmrsmaut. Dkd amroukesd uktug imkeebiabrgbk bpb ybke augbk imrmg cbk sdbpbgbh ybke augbk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs imrmg. Cmidgdbk pulb, Mkelds cbk ^jljijk (2445) cbk Hjee cbk ^bvjlbdkmk (2445) imlbpjrgbk abhwb pdldhbk gjksuimk cblbi imkeeukbgbk imrmg bcblbh ybke imkbkcbd abhwb dtu imrupbgbk pdldhbk imrmgb cblbi amrabebd ebyb hdcup. 1.
Qdtubl cbk Srbcdsd ( Qdtubls bkc trbcdtdjk) Qdtubl cbk trbcdsd fueb kybtb bcbkyb cblbi gjiukdtbs imrmg. Qdtubl cbk trbcdsd imwbgdld prjsms sjsdbl ybke pmktdke cdibkb brtd cbrd gj iukdtbs dtu bcblbh imkemiabkegbk cbk imkyblurgbk cblbi gjiukdtbs. Amamrbpb cdbktbrbkyb amrgmiabke cbk cdimkemrtd jlmh smluruh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs, smimktbrb ybke lbdk lmadh cdtmrfmibhgbk cblbi bsbl usulkyb cbk cdbpldgbsdgbk. Qdtubl cbk trbcdsd dkd cdpusbtgbk pbcb pmkeblbibk cblbi imkeeukbgbk imrmg cbk amrabed nmrdtb pbcb smluruh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs.
>1
^mluruh gjiukdtbs imrmg amrtmiu cblbi subtu prjymg cdibkb cblbi prjymg dkd bcb amamrbpb amktug upbnbrb btbu trbcdsd. Qdtubl cbk trbcdsd cblbi gjiukdtbs imrmg dkd amroukesd uktug imipmrtbhbkgbk trbcdsd aucbyb gjiukdtbs. Qdtubl cbk trbcdsd ybke cdlbgugbk cdbktbrbkyb ybdtu 6 b. Imrbybgbk ^mfbrbh Imrmg (Nmlmarbtdke Shm Hdstjry Jo Shm Arbkc ) Imkbkbigbk smfbrbh cblbi gjiukdtbs cbk imlmstbrdgbk aucbyb bcblbh pmktdke. Pmktdkekyb smfbrbh imrmg ybke fueb tbipbg fmlbs tmrtmrb cd hblbibk wma ybke cdghususgbk. Bcbkyb gjksdstmksd ybke fmlbs dkd bcblbh subtu hbl ybke lubr adbsb. Idsblkyb bcbkyb pmrbybbk tbkeebl amrcdrdkyb subtu gjiukdtbs imrmg. Bprmsdbsd cblbi smfbrbh imrmg smrdkegbld amramcb pbcb bkeejtb ybke amkbr-amkbr imkyugbd imrmg cmkebk ybke hbkyb gmamtulbk imidldgd imrmg tmrsmaut. Hbl dkd cdtukfuggbk
cmkebk
subtu
gmbhldbk,
stbtus
gmbkeejtbbk,
cbk
gjidtimk pbcb gjiukdtbs smnbrb gmsmluruhbk. Idtjljed imrmg dkd imkeubtgbk gjiukdtbs cbk imkbkbigbk kdlbd pmrspmgtdo. ^tbtus bkeejtb cdpmrjlmh cbrd iderbsd cbrd ibredkbl gm stbtus gjiukdtbs ybke
imkcblbi
imkbiabhgbk
kdlbd
pmkeblbibk
cblbi
imkeeukbgbk imrmg. a. Amrabed Nmrdtb Imrmg (^hbrdke Arbkc ^tjrdms) Amrabed nmrdtb pmkeblbibk imkeeukbgbk prjcug imrmg bcblbh hbl ybke pmktdke uktug imkndptbgbk cbk imkfbeb gjiukdtbs. Nmrdtb amrcbsbrgbk
pmkeblbibk
>>
imiamrd
brtd
ghusus
bktbr
bkeejtb
gjiukdtbs, hbl dkd bgbk imkdiaulgbk huaukebk gmcmgbtbk cbk rbsb sjldcbrdtbs bktbr bkeejtb. ^mnbrb imkcbsbr, gjiukdtbs imkndptbgbk cbk imknmrdtbgbk gmiabld idtjs tmktbke pmkeblbibk bpb ybke cdblbidkyb pbcb gjiukdtbs. Amrabed nmrdtb imrmg bcblbh hbl ybke pmktdke gbrmkb prjsms dkd imkeuguhgbk gmsbcbrbk ybke abdg bktbrb bkeejtb cbk imrmg ybke imiamrdgbk gjktrdausd pbcb gjiukdtbs. Hbl dkd fueb imiabktu cblbi pmiamlbfbrbk kdlbd-kdlbd uiui. Lmadh lbkfut, cmkebk amrabebd gjimktbr cmkebk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs lbdkkyb, ibgb sblbh sbtu bkeejtb bgbk imrbsb lmadh bibk cdcblbikyb, pmibhbibk abhwb bcb abkybg bkeejtb ybke fueb imrbsbgbk pmkeblbibk ybke sbib. Dkd bcblbh gmuktukebk utbib cblbi gjiukdtbs. Hbl dkd fueb imiabktu imlmstbrdgbk wbrdsbk smhdkeeb imrmg tmtbp hdcup cbrd aucbyb cbk gjiukdtbs imrmgb. Cblbi smiub gjiukdtbs, tmgs cbk sdiajl ybke gubt bcblbh ybke imwbgdld aucbyb gmljipjg (Eustdodmlc, 24587 Huktmr cbk ^uttlms, 2451), tmtbpd gjiukdtbs
imrmg
iukegdk
lmadh
imkebrbh
pbcb
pbkcbkebk
ibsybrbgbt gjktmipjrmr gjksuimk. Bkeejtb gjiukdtbs imrmg amrabed dktmrprmtbsd strbtmed, cbk cmkebk dtu fueb imwbgdld dktmrprmtbsd gjiukdtbs (Odshk, 24807 ^njtt, 2443). >.
Sbkeeuke Fbwba Ijrbl ( Ijrbl rmspjksdadldty) Gjiukdtbs fueb cdtbkcbd cmkebk tbkeeukefbwba ijrbl amrsbib. Sbkeeukefbwba ijrbl bcblbh imidldgd rbsb tbkeeukefbwba cbk
>3
amrgmwbfdabk smnbrb gmsmluruhbk, smrtb gmpbcb smtdbp bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. Qbsb tbkeeukefbwba ijrbl dkd bcblbh hbsdl gjlmgtdo ybke cdlbgugbk cbk imiamrdgbk gjktrdausd pbcb rbsb gmamrsbibbk cblbi gmljipjg. Sbkeeukefbwba ijrbl tdcbg pmrlu tmrabtbs uktug imkehugui gmgmrbsbk, pmculd pbcb
hdcup.
^dsdtmi ijrbl adsb hblus
cbk
gjktmgstubl.
Cmidgdbklbh hblkyb cmkebk gjiukdtbs imrmg. ^mfbuh dkd tbkeeukefbwba ijrbl hbkyb tmrfbcd cblbi gjiukdtbs imrmg. Hbl dkd kybtb pbldke tdcbg bcb cub hbl pmktdke cbk idsd uiui trbcdsdjkbl, ybdtu 6 b. Dktmerbsd cbk Imipmrtbhbkgbk Bkeejtb ( Dktmerbtdke bkc rmtbdkdke imiamrs) Cblbi gjiukdtbs trbcdsdjkbl imipmrhbtdgbk pbcb gmhdcupbk uiui. Pmrdlbgu ybke gjksdstmk cdbkeebp smabebd cbsbr tbkeeukefbwba gmbkeejtbbk gjiukdtbs. ]ktug imibstdgbk gmlbkesukebk hdcup fbkegb pbkfbke ybke cdpmrlugbk uktug imipmrtbhbkgbk bkeejtb lbib cbk imkedktmerbsdgbk abru. Srbcdsdjkbl ibsybrbgbt cd sbkb bcblbh bcbkyb gmsbcbrbk ijrbl sjsdbl. Gjiukdtbs ybke ojribl cbk tdcbg ojribl imkemtbhud abtbs cbrd bpb ybke amkbr cbk ybke sblbh, ybke tmpbt cbk ybke tdcbg tmpbt. Ublbupuk bcb, lmadh gurbke cbrd vbrdbadldtbs ybke cdfmlbsgbk smnbrb rmsid jlmh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs, bcb rbsb cd bktbrb bkeejtb ibsybrbgbt abhwb bcbkyb gmsbcbrbk sjsdbl cbk gjktrbg. Hbl dkd fueb amrlbgu cblbi gjiukdtbs imrmg.
>=
a. Imiabktu cblbi Pmkeeukbbk Imrmg ( Bssdstdke dk thm usm jo thm arbkc ) Sbkeeukefbwba ijrbl imldputd pmknbrdbk cbk imiabktu bkeejtb lbdk cblbi pmkeeukbbk imrmg. Imsgdpuk tmrabtbs cblbi nbgupbk, abktubk dkd imrupbgbk gjipjkmk pmktdke cbrd gjiukdtbs. ^mabedbk amsbr dkojribk imlbpjrgbk tmlbh imiabktu jrbke lbdk abdg ybke cdgmkbl ibupuk tdcbg. Dkd bcblbh smsubtu
ybke imrmgb lbgugbk ”tbkpb
amrpdgdr,‟ hbkyb amrtdkcbg cbrd rbsb tbkeeukefbwba ybke imrmgb rbsbgbk tmrhbcbp bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. ^blbh sbtu nbrb dkd imrupbgbk pmrwufucbk cbrd cdrd smkcdrd, abktubk dtu smkcdrd imlblud tdkcbgbk uktug imiabktu smsbib bkeejtb gjiukdtbs imipmrabdgd prjcug btbu imimnbhgbk ibsblbh, ghususkyb ybke imldabtgbk pmkemtbhubk ybke cdpmrjlmh imlblud pmkeblbibk amamrbpb tbhuk imkeeukbgbk imrmg. M.2.20 Prjcug
Prjcug imrupbgbk sblbh sbtu uksur cbrd aburbk pmibsbrbk ybke cbpbt imiubsgbk btbu imimkuhd gmautuhbk cbk gmdkedkbk cbrd gjksuimk. Cdhbrbpgbk imlblud pmiamldbk prjcug tmrsmaut gjksuimk bgbk tmrpmkuhd gmpubsbkkyb. Gjtlmr (10206?4) imkcmodkdsdgbk prjcug bcblbh smeblb smsubtu ybke cbpbt cdtbwbrgbk gm pbsbr uktug imiubsgbk gmdkedkbk btbu gmautuhbk. Prjcug-prjcug ybke cdpbsbrgbk imldputd abrbke odsdg, fbsb, pmkeblbibk,
>?
bnbrb-bnbrb, jrbke, tmipbt, prjpmrtd, jrebkdsbsd cbk ebebsbk. Prjcug imrupbgbk abedbk cbrd pmibsbrbk gbrmkb pmkemrtdbk pmibsbrbk dtu smkcdrd bcblbh subtu prjsms sjsdbl ybke cdcblbikyb dkcdvdcu cbk gmljipjg imkcbpbtgbk bpb ybke cdautuhgbk cbk cddkedkgbk cmkebk imkndptbgbk, imkbwbrgbk cbk smnbrb amabs imipmrtugbrgbk prjcug ybke amrkdlbd cmkebk pdhbg lbdk (Gjtlmr, 1020620). Bimrdnbk Ibrgmtdke Bssjndbtdjk cblbi Qmkblc Gbsbld (10006=>) fueb imkcmodkdsdgbk pmibsbrbk smabebd subtu prjsms pmrmknbkbbk cbk mgsmgusd, iulbd cbrd tbhbp gjksmpsd, pmkmtbpbk hbreb, prjijsd hdkeeb cdstrdausd abrbke-abrbke, dcm-dcm, cbk fbsb-fbsb, uktug imlbgugbk pmrtugbrbk ybke imiubsgbk dkcdvdcu cbk lmiabeb-lmiabebkyb. Fbcd, prjcug bcblbh blbt ybke cdeukbgbk dkcdvdcu btbu lmiabeb bebr pmrtugbrbk cblbi pmibsbrbk cbpbt cdlbgugbk smhdkeeb gmdkedkbk cbk gmautuhbk pbsbr cbpbt cdpmkuhd. Prjcug ybke cdtbwbrgbk gmpbcb gjsuimk hbruslbh imimkuhd gmautuhbk cbk gmdkedkbk gjksuimk. Prjcug adsb amrupb ibkobbt tbkedalm ibupuk dktbkedalm ybke cbpbt imiubsgbk gjksuimk. Gjtlmr (1020651) imkedcmktdodgbsdgbk mkbi tdkegbt hdmrbrgd prjcug, ybdtu6 2. Gmautuhbk gmlubreb ( obidly kmmc ) ybdtu gmautuhbk dktd ybke imkcbsbrd gmamrbcbbk subtu prjcug, njktjh6 gmbibkbk. 1. Gmautuhbk prjcug ( prjcunt kmmc ) ybdtu smiub gmlbs prjcug ybke cbpbt imimkuhd subtu gmautuhbk dktd cmkebk luibybk momgtdo, njktjh6 tbaukebk cbk pmkehbsdlbk.
>5
>. Gmlbs prjcug ( prjcunt nlbss) ybdtu smgmljipjg prjcug cblbi gmlubreb prjcug ybke cdbgud imipukybd dgbtbk oukesdjkbl tmrtmktu, njktjh6 dkstruimk gmubkebk. 3. Ldkd prjcug ( prjcunt ldkm) ybdtu smgmljipjg prjcug cblbi subtu gmlbs prjcug ybke sbldke tmrgbdt mrbt gbrmkb imlbgsbkbgbk subtu oukesd ybke sbib, cdfubl gmpbcb gmljipjg pmlbkeebk ybke sbib, cbk cdpbsbrgbk imlblud sblurbk ybke sbib btbu ibsug gm cblbi rmktbke hbreb tmrtmktu, njktjh6 bsurbksd fdwb. =. Fmkds prjcug ( prjcunt typm) ybdtu sbtu gmljipjg prjcug cblbi ldkd prjcug ybke sbib-sbib imidldgd sblbh sbtu cbrd amamrbpb gmiukegdkbk amktug prjcug tmrsmaut, njktjh6 bsurbksd amrebkcb. ]kdt prjcug (dtmi) ybdtu subtu ukdt tmrsmkcdrd cblbi subtu imrmg btbu kdlbd prjcug ybke cbpbt cdamcbgbk amrcbsbrbk ugurbk, hbreb, pmkbipdlbk btbu n drd lbdk. M.2.22 Pmkemrtdbk Imrmg ( arbkc )
Imrmg (arbkc) subtu prjcug btbu fbsb imimebke pmrbkbk sbkebt pmktdke. Amrabebd pmkemrtdbk imkemkbd imrmg (arbkc) tmlbh cdukegbpgbk jlmh pbrb pmkmldtd. Gmvdk L.Gmllmr (100562) imkcmodkdsdgbk imrmg smabebd abedbk pbldke
amrhbreb
cbrd
prjpmrtd
lmebl,
imidldgd
gmibipubk
uktug
imipmkebruhd pmrdlbgu gjksuimk, cbpbt cdamld cbk cdfubl, cbk imkymcdbgbk pmkcbpbtbk ibsb cmpbk ybke bibk abed pmrusbhbbk. Bimrdnbk Ibrgmtdke Bssjndbtdjk cblbi Gjtlmr (1020681) imkcmodkdsdgbk imrmg smabebd kbib, dstdlbh, tbkcb, sdiajl , btbu cmsbdk, btbu gjiadkbsd smiubkyb, ybke
>8
cdibgsucgbk uktug imkedcmktdodgbsd abrbke btbu fbsb smsmjrbke btbu smgmljipjg pmkfubl cbk uktug imiamcbgbkkyb cbrd abrbke btbu fbsb pmsbdke. Imrmg imkfbcd tbkcb pmkemkbl ybke sbkebt pmktdke abed pmkfubl btbu pmiaubt. Cmodkdsd arbkc smrupb cdukegbpbk jlmh Fbkdtb (100=) ybdtu arbkc bcblbh dcm, gbtb, cmsbdk erbods cbk subrb / aukyd ybke imksdiajldsbsdgbk prjcug, fbsb, cbk pmrusbhbbk ybke imiprjcugsd prjcug cbk fbsb tmrsmaut. Amrcbsbrgbk pmkemrtdbk cd btbs, cbpbt cdsdipulgbk arbkc bcblbh dcmktdtbs tbiabhbk cbrd subtu prjcug ybke tbg hbkyb imiamcbgbkkyb cbrd prjcug pmsbdke7 kbiuk imrupbgbk fbkfd prjcusmk btbu gjktrbg gmpmrnbybbk cbrd prjcusmk gmpbcb gjksuimk cmkebk imkfbidk gjksdstmksd abhwb smaubh prjcug bgbk smlblu cbpbt imkybipbdgbk kdlbd ybke cdhbrbpgbk gjksuimk cbrd smaubh prjcug. Imrmg-imrmg tmrabdg imiamrdgbk fbidkbk gubldtbs cbk imrmg lmadh cbrd smgmcbr sdiajl. ^mhdkeeb imrmg cbpbt imidldgd mkbi pmkemrtdbk (Gjtlmr, 102063?0) smabebd amrdgut. 2. Btrdaut
, ybdtu imrmg imkedkebtgbk pbcb btrdaut-btrdaut tmrtmktu.
1. Ibkobbt, ybdtu btrdaut pmrlu cdtmrfmibhgbk imkfbcd ibkobbt oukesdjkbl cbk mijsdjkbl. >. Kdlbd, ybdtu imrmg fueb imkybtbgbk smsubtu tmktbke kdlbd prjcusmk. 3. Aucbyb, ybdtu imrmg fueb imwbgdld aucbyb tmrtmktu. =. Gmprdabcdbk, ybdtu imrmg fueb imknmridkgbk gmprdabcdbk tmrtmktu.
>4
?. Pmibgbd, ybdtu imrmg imkukfuggbk fmkds gjksuimk ybke imiamld btbu imkeeukbgbk imrmg tmrsmaut. M.2.21 Gmabdgbk cbk Gmaurugbk Imrmg
Gjtlmr (1020640) imruiusgbk amamrbpb gmukeeulbk abed pmkfubl ybke imkeeukbgbk imrmg pbcb prjcugkyb, ybdtu6 2. Imrmg imiucbhgbk pmkfubl imiprjsms pmsbkbk cbk imkmlusurd ibsblbh abdg ibsblbh ybke amrgbdtbk cmkebk gmpubsbk pmlbkeebk, pmimsbkbk prjcug btbu fbsb tmrsmaut cbk lbdk smabebdkyb. 1. Kbib imrmg cbk tbkcb imrmg pmkfubl imiamrdgbk pmrldkcukebk hugui btbs ndrd-ndrd prjcug ybke ukdg. >. Imrmg imiamrdgbk pmkfubl gmsmipbtbk uktug imkbrdg pmlbkeebk ybke smtdb cbk imkeuktukegbk. Gmsmtdbbk gjksuimk imiamrd pmkfubl btbu pmrusbhbbk pmrldkcukebk cbrd pmrsbdkebk smrtb pmkemkcbldbk ybke lmadh amsbr cbrd pmrmknbkbbk prjerbi pmibsbrbkkyb. 3. Imrmg imiabktu pmkfubl imlbgugbk smeimktbsd pbsbr. =. Imrmg ybke gubt imiabktu imkdkegbtgbk ndtrb pmrusbhbbk, imiucbhgbk pmrusbhbbk imluknurgbk imrmg-imrmg abru ybke iucbh cdtmrdib pbrb cdstrdautjr cbk pmlbkeebk. Imkurut ^wbsthb (100162>8) blbsbk-blbsbk pmrusbhbbk uktug tdcbg imkeeukbgbk imrmg pbcb abrbke btbu fbsb ybke cdfublkyb bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. 2. Pmrtdiabkebk pmrusbhbbk
30
Bcbkyb gmtdcbgpubsbk gjksuimk tmrhbcbp abrbke btbu fbsb ybke tmlbh cdamldkyb abdg imkemkbd iutu, hbreb ibupuk pmlbybkbk ybke cdamrdgbk pmrusbhbbk. Bcbkyb gmtdcbgpubsbk gjksuimk tmrsmaut bgbk amrbgdabt tdcbg imkeuktukegbk abed pmrusbhbbk smabebd pmidldg prjcug cbk imrmg gbrmkb gjksuimk bgbk imkfbcd rbeu-rbeu uktug imlbgugbk pmiamldbk ulbke, tdcbg hbkyb pmiamldbk uktug abrbke ybke sbib tmtbpd fueb pbcb abrbke btbu fbsb lbdk ybke imidldgd imrmg ybke sbib. 1. ^dobt abrbke Amamrbpb ibnbi abrbke smkebfb tdcbg cdamrd imrmg gbrmkb suldt cdamcbgbk cmkebk abrbke ybke cdhbsdlgbk cbrd pmrusbhbbk lbdk smpmrtd6 gbpbs, ebkcui, aubh-aubhbk, sbyur-sbyurbk cbk smabebdkyb. Fbcd, ybke tmribsug cblbi gmljipjg dkd bcblbh abrbke-abrbke ybke smnbrb odsdg iucbh rusbg, ausug btbu absd. Bpbadlb abrbke-abrbke smibnbi dkd cdamrd imrmg ibgb rmsdgj ybke hbrus cdtbkeeuke jlmh pmrusbhbbk sbkebt amsbr gbrmkb bpbadlb tmrfbcd gmrusbgbk abrbke smrdkegbld imkebgdabtgbk rusbgkyb kbib abdg imrmg tmrsmaut. M.2.2> Mgudtbs Imrmg ( Arbkc Mqudty )
Mgudtbs imrmg imkurut Gjtlmr cbk Bistrjke (10206>=5) bcblbh kdlbd cbrd subtu imrmg, imkurut smfbuh ibkb imrmg dtu imipukybd ljybldtbs imrmg ybke tdkeed, gmsbcbrbk kbib, gubldtbs ybke cdtmrdib, bsjsdbsd imrmg ybke gubt, smrtb bsmt lbdk smpmrtd pbtmk, imrmg cbebke cbk huaukebk sblurbk. Gmvdk L.Gmllmr (100=) imkcmodkdsdgbk mgudtbs imrmg smabebd kdlbd ybke smnbrb
32
lbkesuke btbupuk tdcbg lbkesuke cdidldgd jlmh imrmg. Cbribcd Curdbktj, cgg (100363) imkcmodkdsdgbk mgudtbs imrmg smabebd smpmrbkegbt bsmt cbk ldbadldtbs imrmg ybke tmrgbdt cmkebk subtu imrmg, kbib, sdiajl ybke ibipu imkbiabh btbu imkeurbked kdlbd ybke cdamrdgbk jlmh smaubh prjcug btbu fbsb abdg pbcb pmrusbhbbk ibupuk pbcb pmlbkeebk. Arbkc Mqudty sbkebt amrgbdtbk cmkebk smamrbpb abkybg pmlbkeebk subtu imrmg imrbsb pubs cbk imrbsb rued adlb amrebktd
imrmg (arbkc
swdtnhdke ), imkehbrebd imrmg dtu cbk
imkebkeebpkyb smabebd tmibk, cbk imrbsb tmrdgbt gmpbcb imrmg dtu (Gjtlmr, 1020 6 3?2). Cmkebk cmidgdbk cbpbt cdsdipulgbk abhwb mgudtbs imrmg (arbkc mqudty) bcblbh gmgubtbk imrmg ybke imkfbkfdgbk kdlbd ybke cdhbrbpgbk gjksuimk btbs subtu prjcug smhdkeeb bghdrkyb gjksuimk bgbk imrbsb imkcbpbtgbk gmpubsbk ybke lmadh adlb cdabkcdke prjcug-prjcug lbdkkyb. Imkurut Gjtlmr (102068?) mgudtbs imrmg ybke tdkeed bgbk imiamrdgbk smfuibh gmukeeulbk amrsbdke abed pmrusbhbbk, ybdtu6 2. Pmrusbhbbk tmrsmaut bgbk imidldgd pmkebruh pmrcbebkebk ybke lmadh amsbr cblbi imlbgugbk tbwbr imkbwbr cmkebk cdstrdautjr cbk pmkemnmr gbrmkb pmlbkeebk imkehbrbpgbkkyb imkfubl imrmg tmrsmaut. 1. Pmrusbhbbk tmrsmaut cbpbt imkeeukbgbk hbreb ybke lmadh tdkeed cbrdpbcb pmsbdke-pmsbdkekyb gbrmkb imrmg dtu imidldgd pmrsmpsd iutu uktug lmadh tdkeed.
31
>. Pmrusbhbbk tmrsmaut cbpbt cmkebk iucbh imlbgugbk pmrlubsbk prjcug gbrmkb kbib imrmg tmrsmaut imkybkcbke grmcdadldtbs ybke tdkeed. 3. Imrmg tmrsmaut imkbwbrgbk gmpbcb pmrusbhbbk dtu subtu pmrtbhbkbk tmrhbcbp pmrsbdkebk hbreb. Imkurut Bbgmr cblbi ^dibijrb (100>623) mgudtbs imrmg imidldgd tdeb kdlbd ybke cbpbt cdfmlbsgbk smabebd amrdgut. 2. Kdlbd oukesdjkbl Kdlbd oukesdjkbl bcblbh kdlbd ybke cdpmrjlmh cbrd btrdaut prjcug ybke imiamrdgbk gmeukbbk (utdldty) oukesdjkbl gmpbcb gjksuimk. Kdlbd dkd amrgbdtbk lbkesuke cmkebk oukesd ybke cdamrdgbk jlmh prjcug btbu lbybkbk gmpbcb gjksuimk. 1. Kdlbd Mijsdjkbl Imrmg imiamrdgbk kdlbd mijsdjkbl bpbadlb gjksuimk imkeblbid pmrbsbbk pjsdtdo ( pjsdtdvm ommldke ) pbcb sbbt imiamld btbu imkeeukbgbk subtu imrmg. Pbcb dktdkyb, kdlbd mijsdjkbl amrhuaukebk cmkebk pmrbsbbk ybdtu pmrbsbbk pjsdtdo bpb ybke cdblbid gjksuimk pbcb sbbt imiamld prjcug. >. Kdlbd Mgsprmsd cdrd Kdlbd dkd amrpusbt pbcb mgsprmsd pualdg cmkebk gbtb lbdk imknbrd fbwbabk
btbs ”fbtd cdrd‟ smsmjrbke btbu tmktbke ”abebdibkb sbyb cd ibtb jrbke lbdk ibupuk cdrd sbyb smkcdrd‟.
3>
Arbkc mqudty tdcbg tmrfbcd cmkebk smkcdrdkyb tmtbpd cdtjpbke jlmh mlmimk-mlmimk
pmiamktug arbkc mqudty, cdibkb hbl tmrsmaut cbpbt
cdgmljipjggbk imkfbcd ldib gbtmejrd (Curdbktj, cgg7 100363) smabebd amrdgut. 2. Arbkc bwbrmkmss btbu gmsbcbrbk imrmg imrupbgbk gmsbkeeupbk smguipulbk gjksuimk uktug imkemkbl btbu imkedkebt gmiabld tmktbke gmamrbcbbk subtu imrmg ybke imrupbgbk subt abedbk cbrd gbtmejrd prjcug btbu fbsb tmrtmktu. 1. Arbkc Bssjndbtdjk btbu bsjsdbsd imrmg bcblbh pmkndtrbbk subtu imrmg tmrhbcbp subtu gmsbk tmrtmktu cblbi gbdtbkkyb cmkebk gmadbsbbk, ebyb hdcup, ibkobbt, btrdaut prjcug, emjerbod, hbreb, pmsbdke, smlmardtds cbk lbdk-lbdk. >. Arbkc Pmrnmdvmc qubldty btbu pmrsmpsd gubldtbs imrupbgbk pmrsmpsd gjksuimk tmrhbcbp gdkmrfb gubldtbs btbu gmukeeulbk subtu prjcug btbu fbsb ybke cdabkcdkegbk cmkebk hbrbpbk gjksuimk cblbi imkegjksuisd prjcug btbu fbsb tmrsmaut. 3. Arbkc ljyblty btbu ljybldtbs imrmg imrupbgbk gmtmrdgbtbk btbu gmsmtdbbk gjksuimk cblbi imkegjksuisd subtu imrmg prjcug btbu fbsb tmrtmktu. =.
Jthmr prjprdmtbry bssmt btbu bsmt-bsmt imrmg lbdkkyb
33
Pmrnmdvmc qubldty Arbkc
Arbkc bssjndbtdjk
Ar bkc Mqudty
Arbkc
Arbkc bssmts
Imiamrdgbk kdlbd gmpbcb pmlbkeebk cmkebk
Imiamrdgbk kdlbd gmpbcb pmrusbhbbk
imipmrgubt6
cmkebk imipmrgubt6
2.
Dktmrprmtbsd btbu prjsms dkojribsd
1.
Qbsb pmrnbyb cdrd cblbi pmiamldbk
>.
Pmknbpbdbk
gmpubsbk
2.
cbrd
pmlbkeebk
Modsdmksd
cbk
momgtdodtbs
prjerbi pmibsbrbk 1. Arbkc ljyblty >.
Hbreb btbu lbab
3.
Pmrlubsbk imrmg
=. Pmkdkegbtbk pmrcbebkebk ?.
Gmuktukebk gjipmtdtdo
Ebiabr >. Gjksmp Mgudtbs Imrmg (arbkc mqudty) ^uiamr6 Curdbktj, cgg (10036=)
3=
]ksur-uksur arbkc mqudty cdlubr jthmr prjprdmtbry bssmt cdgmkbl cmkebk uksur-uksur utbib cbrd arbkc mqudty. Mlmimk arbkc mqudty ybke gmldib (jthmr prjprdmtbry bssmt ) bgbk smnbrb lbkesuke cdpmkebruhd jlmh gubldtbs cbrd gmmipbt uksur utbib tmrsmaut. Imkurut Gjtlmr (102063?2) tmrcbpbt gjksuimk ybke sbcbr bgbk gmamrbcbbk subtu prjcug btbu fbsb tmrtmktu (arbkc bwbrmkmss), cdibkb gmsbcbrbk imrmg dkd cdugur amrcbsbrgbk dkebtbk btbu pmkebgubk gjksuimk tmrhbcbp imrmg tmrsmaut. Cd btbs dtu, bcb imrmg ybke imidldgd pmkmrdibbk (arbkc bnnmptbadldty) ybke tdkeed btbs subtu gjkcdsd cdibkb gjksuimk tdcbg imkjlbg uktug imiamld imrmg tmrsmaut. Gmiucdbk bcb pulb imrmg ybke tdkegbt prmomrmksd imrmgkyb tdkeed, dkd imrupbgbk gjkcdsd cdibkb gjksuimk imidldh subtu imrmg cdbtbs imrmg lbdkkyb. Bghdrkyb, tmrcbpbt imrmg ybke imidldgd tdkegbt gmsmtdbbk imrmg ybke tdkeed cbrd gjksuimk. M.2.23 Ljybldtbs Imrmg (Arbkc Ljyblty)
Qdnhbrc L.Jldvmr (1000) imkybtbgbk abhwb arbkc ljyblty bcblbh pdldhbk cbrd gjksuimk pbcb imrmg cbrd prjcug btbu fbsb ybke pbldke cdsugbd. Pmkemrtdbk arbkc ljyblty imkurut Ormccy Qbkegutd (10016?0) bcblbh ugurbk gmsmtdbbk gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg prjcug btbu fbsb tmrtmktu. Hbl dkd imrupbgbk dktd cbrd arbkc mqudty ybke imkfbcd smktrbl ebebsbk pmibsbrbk gbrmkb imrupbgbk subtu ugurbk gmtmrgbdtbk smgmljipjg gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu arbkc mqudty.
^nhdooibk cbk Gbkug (1005) imkbiabhgbk abhwb
ljybldtbs imrmg imrupbgbk hbsdl ybke pbldke cdhbrbpgbk cbrd smaubh
3?
pmkmldtdbk imkemkbd pmrdlbgu gjksuimk. Bcb abkybg cmodkdsd ljybldtbs imrmg cdtdkfbu cbrd amrabebd ibnbi sucut pbkcbke. Cmodkdsd ybke uiui cdpbgbd bcblbh pmkfmlbsbk abhwb ljybldtbs imrmg imrupbgbk subtu prmomrmksd gjksuimk smnbrb gjksdstmk uktug imlbgugbk pmiamldbk pbcb imrmg ybke sbib pbcb prjcug ybke spmsdodgbsd btbu pmlbybkbk tmrtmktu.
35
Ljybldtbs imrmg fueb imrupbgbk subtu ugurbk gmtmrgbdtbk pmlbkeebk gmpbcb smaubh imrmg. ]gurbk dkd ibipu imiamrdgbk ebiabrbk tmktbke iukegdk tdcbgkyb smjrbke pmlbkeebk amrbldh gm imrmg ybke lbdk, tmrutbib fdgb pbcb imrmg tmrsmaut cdcbpbtd bcbkyb pmruabhbk, abdg ybke imkybkegut hbreb btbupuk btrdaut lbdk. Pmlbkeebk ybke ljybl pbcb uiuikyb bgbk imlbkfutgbk pmiamldbk imrmg tmrsmaut imsgd cdhbcbpgbk abkybg bltmrkbtdo imrmg pmsbdke ybke imkbwbrgbk gbrbgtmrdstdg prjcug ybke lmadh ukeeul. ^mabldgkyb, pmlbkeebk ybke tdcbg ljybl pbcb subtu imrmg, pbcb sbbt imrmgb imlbgugbk pmiamldbk bgbk imrmg tmrsmaut, pbcb uiuikyb tdcbg cdcbsbrgbk gbrmkb gmtmrdgbtbk imrmgb pbcb imrmgkyb tmtbpd lmadh cdcbsbrgbk pbcb gbrbgtmrdstdg prjcug, hbreb, cbk gmkybibk pmibgbdbkkyb smrtb btrdaut lbdk ybke cdtbwbrgbk jlmh imrmg lbdk (Curdbktj, 1002). Ljybldtbs imkurut Ijwmk mt bl (1005) bcblbh gjkcdsd cdibkb pmlbkeebk imipukybd sdgbp ybke pjsdtdo tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg, imipukybd gjidtimk tmrhbcbp imrmg tmrsmaut, cbk amribgsuc imkmrusgbk pmiamldbkkyb cdibsb imkcbtbke. Pmrkybtbbk ybke sbib amrbsbl cbrd Chbriimstb (2444) ybke imkybtbgbk abhwb ljybldtbs imkukfuggbk gmnmkcmrukebk pmlbkeebk uktug imkeeukbgbk subtu imrmg tmrtmktu cmkebk tdkegbt gjksdstmksd ybke tdkeed. Hbl dkd amrbrtd ljybldtbs smlblu amrgbdtbk cmkebk prmomrmksd pmlbkeebk cbk pmiamldbk bg tubl. Pmrkybtbbk ybke tmrgbdt cmkebk tdkegbt gjksdstmksd dkd fueb amrbsbl cbrd Jldvmr (2444) cblbi Obkcd Sfdptjkj (1005) ybke imkybtbgbk, abhwb ljybldtbs imrmg imrupbgbk gjidtimk ybke tmeuh uktug imiamld ulbke btbu amrlbkeebkbk cmkebk prjcug
38
btbu fbsb ybke cdsugbd smnbrb gjksdstmk cdibsb cbtbke, smhdkeeb imkdiaulgbk pmiamldbk imrmg btbu rbkegbdbk imrmg ybke sbib smnbrb amrulbke, imsgdpuk pmkebruh sdtubsdjkbl cbk upbyb pmibsbrbk amrpjtmksd uktug imkymabagbk pmrdlbgu amrbldh imrmg. Bcbpuk imkurut Erdoodk (100=) prbsybrbt uktug imkemiabkegbk ljybldtbs cdpmrlugbk bcbkyb 1 gmtmrdgbtbk ybke cdrbsbgbk pmlbkeebk tmrhbcbp prjcug cbk fbsb tmrtmktu ybdtu pmrtbib tdkegbt prmomrmksd (smamrbpb amsbr gmybgdkbk) pmlbkeebk tmrhbcbp prjcug cbk fbsb tmrtmktu cbk ybke gmcub tdkegbtbk cdoomrmksdbsd prjcug ybke cdpmrsmpsdgbk, idsblkyb smamrbpb sdekdodgbk pmlbkeebk imiamcbgbk prjcug btbu fbsb tmrtmktu cbrd bltmrkbtdobltmrkbtdo lbdk. Amrcbsbrgbk amamrbpb cmodkdsd cdbtbs, pmkemrtdbk ljybldtbs imrmg cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd imkebnu pbcb pmkcbpbt ^hdooibk cbk Gbkug (1003) cdibkb ljybldtbs imrmg imrupbgbk amktug prmomrmksd gjksuimk smnbrb gjksdstmk uktug imlbgugbk pmiamldbk pbcb imrmg ybke sbib pbcb prjcug ybke spmsdodg btbu gbtmejrd pmlbybkbk tmrtmktu smhdkeeb pmkeugurbk ljybldtbs imrmg bgbk imldabtgbk pmkeugurbk sdgbp (bspmg gjekdtdo, bomgtdo, cbk gjkbtdo gjksuimk tmrhbcbp imrmg). Smrcbpbt ldib tdkegbtbk arbkc ljyblty cbrd ybke tmrmkcbh sbipbd ybke tmrtdkeed (Ormccy Qbkegutd7 10016?2), ybdtu6 2. ^wdtnhmr auymr . Pbcb tdkegbt ljybldtbs ybke pbldke cbsbr dkd gjksuimk sbib smgbld tdcbg ljybl btbu tdcbg tmrtbrdg pbcb imrmg bpbpuk ybke
34
cdtbwbrgbk. Imrmg imibdkgbk pmrbkbk ybke gmndl cblbi gmputusbk pmiamldbk gbrmkb gjksuimk lmadh imipmrhbtdgbk hbreb smhdkeeb gjksuimk lmadh smrdke amrpdkcbh-pdkcbh imrmg cblbi imkegjksuisd subtu gbtmejrd prjcug btbu fbsb. 1. Hbadtubl auymr . Pbcb tdkegbtbk dkd tdcbg tmrcbpbt cdimksd gmtdcbgpubsbk ybke nugup imibcbd uktug imkcjrjke pmruabhbk cblbi imkegjksuisd subtu imrmg, tmrutbib bpbadlb pmrebktdbk gm imrmg lbdkkyb imimrlugbk subtu adbyb tbiabhbk. >. ^btdsodmc auymr . Pbcb tdkegbtbk dkd tmrcbpbt gjksuimk ybke pubs kbiuk imkbkeeuke adbyb pmrbldhbk abdg dtu wbgtu, ubke btbu rmsdgj smhuaukebk cmkebk upbyb uktug imlbgugbk pmrebktdbk gm imrmg ybke lbdkkyb. 3. Ldgms thm arbkc . Gjksuimk imidldgd pmrbsbbk mijsdjkbl cblbi imkyugbsd subtu imrmg. Qbsb sugb dkd cdcbsbrd jlmh bsjsdbsd smpmrtd sdiajl, pmkeblbibk cblbi imkeeukbgbk btbu gmsbk gubldtbs ybke tdkeed. =. Njiidtmc auymr . Smrcbpbt gjksuimk ybke imibke smtdb tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg. Gjksuimk imrbsb abkeeb cblbi imibgbdkyb gbrmkb cbpbt imkukfuggk dcmktdtbs cdrdkyb. M.2.2= Bspmg „ bspmg Ljybldtbs Imrmg
^nhdooibk cbk Gbkug (1005) imkmrbkegbk abhwb gjipjkmk gjipjkbk ljybldtbs imrmg tmrcdrd btbs mipbt ibnbi, ybdtu6 2. Gjekdtdo (njekdtdvm)
=0
Imrupbgbk rmprmsmktbsd cbrd bpb ybke cdpmrnbybd jlmh gjksuimk. Gjipjkmk gjekdtdo dkd amrdsdgbk pmrsmpsd, gmpmrnbybbk cbk stmrmjtypm smjrbke gjksuimk imkemkbd subtu imrmg. Ljybldtbs amrbrtd abhwb gjksuimk bgbk smtdb tmrhbcbp smiub dkojribsd ybke imkybkegut hbreb, smed gmdstdimwbbk imrmg cbk btrdaut-btrdaut pmktdke lbdkkyb. Gjksuimk ybke ljybl cbrd smed gjekdtdo bgbk iucbh cdpmkebruhd jlmh strbtmed pmrsbdkebk cbrd imrmg-imrmg lbdk ybke cdsbipbdgbk lmwbt imcdb gjiukdgbsd ghususkyb dglbk ibupuk pmkeblbibk jrbke lbdk ybke cdgmkblkyb smrtb pmkeblbibk prdabcdkyb. 1. Bomgtdo (boomntdvm) Gjipjkmk ybke cdcbsbrgbk pbcb pmrbsbbk cbk gjidtimk gjksuimk tmrhbcbp subtu imrmg. Gjksuimk imidldgd gmcmgbtbk mijsd tmrhbcbp imrmg tmrsmaut. Ljybldtbs bomgtdo dkd imrupbgbk oukesd cbrd pmrbsbbk (boomnt ) cbk sdgbp gjksuimk tmrhbcbp smaubh imrmg smpmrtd rbsb sugb, smkbke, emibr, cbk gmpubsbk pbcb imrmg tmrsmaut. Gjksuimk ljybl smnbrb bomgtdo cbpbt. amrtbiabh sugb cmkebk imrmg-imrmg pmsbdke bpbadlb imrmg-imrmg pmsbdke tmrsmaut ibipu imkybipbdgbk pmsbk imlblud bsjsdbsd cbk abybkebk gjksuimk ybke cbpbt ikebrbhgbk imrmgb gmpbcb rbsb tdcbg pubs tmrhbcbp imrmg ybke smamluikyb. >. Gjkbtdo (njkbtdvm) Abtbs bktbrb cdimksd ljybldtbs sdgbp cbk ljybldtbs pmrdlbgu ybke cdrmprmsmktbsdgbk imlblud gmnmkcmrukebk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk uktug
=2
imkeeukbgbk imrmg ybke sbib cd gmsmipbtbk ybke bgbk cbtbke. Gjipjkmk dkd fueb amrgmkbbk cmkebk gmnmkcmrukebk gjksuimk uktug imiamld imrmg gbrmkb tmlbh tmramktug gjidtimk cblbi cdrd imrmgb uktug tmtbp imkegjksuisd imrmg ybke sbib. Abhbyb-abhbyb ybke iukegdk iuknul bcblbh fdgb pbrb pmibsbr imrmg pmsbdke amrusbhb imiaufug gjksuimk imlblud pmsbk ybke imkbktbke gmybgdkbk imrmgb bgbk imrmg ybke tmlbh imrmgb eukbgbk smamluikyb. ]iuikyb pmsbk ybke cdibgsuc cbpbt amrupb pmiabedbk gupjk amrhbcdbh ibupuk prjijsd ybke cdtufugbk uktug imiaubt gjksuimk lbkesuke imiamld. 3. Sdkcbgbk (bntdjk) Imrmgjimkcbsdgbk btbu imiprjijsdgbk imrmg tmrsmaut gmpbcb jrbke lbdk. Gjksuimk ybke ljybl smnbrb tdkcbgbk bgbk iucbh amrbldh gmpbcb imrmg lbdk fdgb imrmg ybke smlbib dkd db gjksuisd tdcbg tmrsmcdb cd pbsbrbk.
Ljybl
smnbrb
tdkcbgbk
imkebrbh
gmpbcb
tdkegbh
lbgu
imiprjijsdgbk imrmg tmrsmaut gmpbcb jrbke lbdk.
M.1
Pmiabhbsbk Hbsdl Pmkmldtdbk ^mamluikyb
Eukb imiabktu pmkmldtdbk dkd, pmkmldtd imkegbfd amamrbpb pmkmldtdbk ybke tmlbh cdlbgugbk smamluikyb ybke amrgbdtbk cmkebk wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke , gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty), cbk ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty), smabebd amrdgut.
=1
2.
Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Gusuib (1005) cmkebk fucul ”Bkbldsds Pmkebruh Arbkc Njiiukdty Smrhbcbp Ljybldtbs Imrg Pbcb Pmkeeukb
Hjkcb Imebprj cd ^urbgbrtb‟. Sufubk pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh uktug imkemtbhud pmkebruh cbrd mlmimk arbkc njiiukdty tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg pbcb pmkeeukb smpmcb ijtjr spjrt Hjkcb Imebprj cd ^urbgbrtb. Pmkmldtdbk cdlbgugbk cmkebk pmkcmgbtbk gubldtbtdo cmkebk bkbldsds rmermsd amrebkcb tmrhbcbp cbtb ybke cdbiadl cbrd pjpulbsd gjiukdtbs Imebprj cd ^urbgbrtb ybgkd smabkybg 30 rmspjkcmk. Hbsdl cbrd pmkmldtdbk tmrsmaut bcblbh vbrdbaml ybke pbldke cjidkbk pmkebruhkyb tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg bcblbh vbrdbaml dktmerbsd cbk imipmrtbhbkgbk bkeejtb cmkebk gjmodsdmk smamsbr 0,>>4. 1.
Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Uurybktj (1005) cmkebk fucul ” Bkbldsds Obgtjr „ Obgtjr ybke Imipmkebruhd Gdkmrfb Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke (UjII) ^tucd pbcb Hukery Auzz Cdkkmr ^mibrbke. ^bipml pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh gjksuimk Hukery Auzz Cdkmr, smfuilbh 21? rmspjkcmk. ^trunturbl Mqubtdjk Ijcmldke (^MI) ybke cdfblbkgbk cmkebk pmrbkegbt lukbg BIJ^, cdeukbgbk uktug imkebkbldsds cbtb, Hbsdl bkbldsds imkukfuggbk abhwb gmukeeulbk btrdaut lbybkbk cbk amrpmkebruh tmrhbcbp gmpubsbk pmiamrd rmomrmksd cbk gdkmrfb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gmpubsbk pmiamrd rmomrmksd amrpmkebruh pjsdtdo tmrhbcbp gdkmrfb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke. Smiubk mipdrds tmrsmaut imkedkcdgbsdgbk abhwb gmukeeulbk btrdaut lbybkbk amrpmkebruh sdekdodgbk tmrhbcbp gmpubsbk
=>
pmiamrd rmomrmksd cmkebk kdlbd rmermssd smamsbr 0,?37 gmukeeulbk btrdaut lbybkbk amrpmkebruh sdekdodgbk tmrhbcbp gdkmrfb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cmkebk
kdlbd
rmermssd
smamsbr
0,>47
gmpubsbk
pmiamrd
rmomrmksd
amrpmkebruh sdekdodgbk tmrhbcbp gdkmrfb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cmkebk kdlbd rmermssd smamsbr 0,32. >.
Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Ubrchbkd (1008) cmkebk fucul ”Pmkebruh Ujrc jo Ijuth Pbcb Prjcug Grmcdt Idgrj Ibkcdrd PS. Abkg Ibkcdrd (Pmrsmrj) Sag. Hua. Fbgbrtb Puljebcuke Smrhbcbp Idkbt Pmkebfubk
Grmcdt Pbrb Udrbusbhbwbk‟. Sufubk pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh uktug imkemtbhud abebdibkb momg wjrc jo ijuth imipmkebruhd idkbt pmkebfubk grmcdt pbrb wdrbusbhbwbk cmkebk imkeeukbgbk pmkcmgbtbk gubktdtbtdo cmkebk stucd ldtmrbturm cbk imkeeukbgbk dkstruimkt pmkmldtdbk amrupb gumsdjkmr ybke cdabedgbk gmpbcb 21= rmspjkcmk. Pmkmldtdbk cdlbgugbk cmkebk bkbldsds stbtdstdn ^P^^ ojr Udkcjws 2= cmkebk vbrdbaml wjrc jo ijuth ybke tmrcdrd cbrd = cdimksd ybdtu tblgmr, tjpdns, tjjls, tbgdke pbrts, cbk trbngdke cbk vbrdbaml kdbt amld gjksuimk. Cbrd hbsdl pmkmldtdbk cdgmtbhud abhwb tmrcbpbt pmkebruh ybke tdkeed cbrd vbrdbaml-vbrdbaml wjrc jo ijuth pbcb prjcug Grmcdt Idgrj Ibkcdrd tmrhbcbp idkbt pmkebfubk grmcdt pbrb wdrbusbhbwbk. 3. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Hmribksybh (1004) cmkebk fucul
”Pmkebruh ^trbtmed Pmibsbrbk Ujrc jo Ijuth Smrhbcbp Prjsms Gmputusbk Pmiamldbk Gjksuimk (^tucd pbcb N_ Fbyb Ibkcdrd
=3
Dktmrdjr Iblbke)‟.
Pmkmldtdbk dkd amrtufubk uktug imkemtbhud pmkebruh smnbrb pbrsdbl cbk sdiultbk Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke tmrhbcbp prjsms gmputusbk pmiamldbk gjksuimk N_ Fbyb Ibkcdrd Dktmrdjr Iblbke. Bkbldsds cbtb ybke cdeukbgbk cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh bkbldsds iultdplm rmermssdjk. Cdimksd wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke ybke cdeukbgbk bcblbh tblgmrs, tjpdns, cbk tjjls smabebd vbrdbaml dkcmpmkcmk cbk prjsms gmputusbk pmiamldbk gjksuimk smabebd vbrdbaml cmpmkcmk.
Ghbdrbkd (1022) cmkebk fucul ”Bkbldsds
=. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh
Pmkebruh Ndtrb Imrmg, Gmtdcbgpubsbk Gjksuimk, Dglbk, Ujrc jo Ijuth, cbk Gbrbgtmrdstdg Gbtmejrd Prjcug Smrhbcbp Gmputusbk Pmrpdkcbhbk Imrmg Pbcb ^bauk Pmiamrsdh Ubfbh‟. Sufubk cdlbgugbkkyb pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh
uktug
imkebkbldsds
pmkebruh
ndtrb
imrmg,
gmtdcbgpubsbk
gjksuimk, dglbk, wjrc jo ijuth, cbk gbrbgtmrdstdg gbtmejrd prjcug tmrhbcbp gmputusbk pmrpukcbhbk imrmg. Pmkmldtdbk dkd cdlbgugbk tmrhbcbp gjksuimk sbauk pmiamrsdh wbfbh ybke tmlbh amrpdkcbh gm imrmg lbdk. Hbsdl
pmkmldtdbk
imkukfuggbk
abhwb
ndtrb
imrmg,
gmtdcbgpubsbk
gjksuimk, dglbk, wjrc jo ijuth, cbk gbrbgtmrdstdg gbtmejrd prjcug amrpmkebruh pjsdtdo cbk sdekdodgbk tmrhbcbp gmputusbk pmrpdkcbhbk imrmg. _brdbaml wjrc jo ijuth imrupbgbk obgtjr ybke pbldke cjidkbk imipmkebruhd gmputusbk amrpdkcbh imrmg cmkebk prmsmktbsm smamsbr 0,112.
==
?. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Qmkcy Cwd Pmribkb (1022) cmkebk fucul
”Pmrsmpsd Ibsybrbgbt ^urbabyb Smrhbcbp Gjiukdtbs Ijtjr Emcm (^tucd Cmsgrdpsd Pmrsmpsd Ibsybrbgbt ^urbabyb Smrhbcbp Gjiukdtbs Ijtjr Emcm). Hbsdl pmkmldtdbk tmrsmaut amrcbsbrgbk hbsdl wbwbknbrb tmrhbcbp sbipml ybke bcb imkukfuggbk tmrcbpbt stdeib kmebtdvm tmrhbcbp bkeejtb gjiukdtbs ijtjr emcm ybke bcb cd Gjtb ^urbabyb. ^tdeib kmebtdvm tmrsmaut tdiaul gbrmkb bcbkyb sdgbp brjebksd smrtb bgsd gmaut-gmautbk cd fblbk rbyb ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh amamrbpb jgkui gjiukdtbs pbcb sbbt amrgmkcbrb. 5. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh ^usbk ^nhwbrtz InCjkblc (1003) cmkebk
fucul ” Arbkc Mqudty6 Ujrgdke Sjwbrc B Cdndpldkmc Imthjcjljey ojr Imbsurmimkt ‟
cdpmrjlmh hbsdl abhwb bcb cub nbrb uktug imkeugur arbkc
mqudty ybdtu cmkebk arbkc trbksomr bkblysds (imkemtbhud btrdaut ybke cdpjsdsdgbk pmrusbhbbk tmrhbcbp imrmg, imkemtbhud btrdaut ybke pbldke cdpmktdkegbk
jlmh
tbremt
pbsbr
cbk
imkemtbhud
gdkmrfb
btrdaut
cdabkcdkegbk cmkebk btrdaut pmsbdke pbcb cdimksd tmrsmaut) smrtb arbkc prmidui bkblysds (imkemtbhud gmiukegdkbk amrabebd bltmrkbtdo pjsdsd hbreb prjcug cd pbsbr). 8. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Gmvdk Lbkm Gmllmr (100=) cmkebk fucul
” Imbsurdke Arbkc Mqudty‟ cdpmrjlmh hbsdl abhwb nbrb ybke cdeukbgbk uktug imkemtbhud tdkegbt mgudtbs imrmg smaubh prjcug bcblbh cmkebk imkeugur tdkegbtbk mlmimk-mlmimk mgudtbs imrmg cbk imiaubtkyb gm
=?
cblbi lbpjrbk mgudtbs imrmg. Mlmimk mgudtbs imrmg tmrsmaut ybdtu gmsbcbrbk imrmg (arbkc bwbrmkmss), bsjsdbsd imrmg (arbkc bssjndbtdjk), pmrsmpsd gubldtbs imrmg (arbkc pmrnmdvmc qubldty) cbk ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty). 4. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Fmoormy ^tmvmk Pjcjshmk (100?) cmkebk
fucul ”Ujrc jo Ijuth, Arbkc Ljyblty, Bnnulturbtdjk, bkc thm Bimrdnbk Fmwdsh Njksuimr ‟.
Imtjcmljed pmkmldtdbk imkebiadl sbipml smabkybg
300 rmspjkcmk cbk imkeeukbgbk bkbldsds rmermsd cbk bkbldsds nhd squbrm. Hbsdl pmkmldtdbk tmrsmaut bcblbh tmrcbpbt pmramcbbk ybke sdekdodgbk cbrd gmputusbk pmiamldbk cbk pmrdlbgu gjksuimk cmkebk mtkds Bimrdgb Tbhucd cbk Bimrdgb kjk Tbhucd. 20. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Nbidlb B. Bldrm (1005) cmkebk fucul
”Ujrc-jo-ijuth Ibrgmtdke6 Babkcjkdke thm Bnbcmidn Ldarbry Dvjry Sjwmr ‟.
Hbsdl pmkmltdbk tmrsmaut bcblbh pmrpustbgbbk gbipus amrhbsdl
imkdkeeblgbk sdgbp lbybgkyb imkbrb ebcdke bgbcmidg smpmrtd ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh pmrpustbgbbk-pmrpustbgbbk lbdkkyb. Pmkeeukbbk imtjcm wjrc
jo
ijuth
ibrgmtdke
tmraugtd
momgtdo
cblbi
imibsbrgbk
pmrpustbgbbk gbipus gmpbcb ndvdtbs bgbcmidgb. 22. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Fuke Fbmhmm cbk ^uke Muk-Tjuke (1008)
cmkebk fucul ”Njksuimr-Absmc Arbkc Mqudty6 Njipbrdsjks Bijke Bimrdnbks bkc ^juth Gjrmbks dk thm ]^B bkc ^juth Gjrmbks dk Gjrmb‟ cdpmrjlmh hbsdl abhwb cdbktbrb mlmimk-mlmimk mgudtbs imrmg ybke bcb,
=5
pmrsmpsd gubldtbs imrmg cbk bsjsdbsd imrmg ybke lmadh tdkeed bcb pbcb sdswb Bimrdgb cdabkcdkegbk sdswb Gjrmb ^mlbtbk ybke bcb cd Bimrdgb ibupuk cd Gjrmb ^mlbtbk. Abed sdswb Gjrmb ^mlbtbk, ljybldtbs imrmg bcblbh mlmimk mgudtbs imrmg ybke tmrpmktdke smaba tmrcbpbt huaukebk pjsdtdo bktbrb ljybldtbs imrmg cmkebk pmiamldbk ublke pbcb sdswb Gjrmb ^mlbtbk. 21. Pmkmldtdbk ybke cdlbgugbk jlmh Kdimsh Euptb cbk Pulgdt _mrib (1008)
cmkebk fucul ”Njipbrbtdvm Arbkc Mqudty jo Hutnh bkc Bdrtml Nmll Phjkm (Cmlhd’), cdpmrjlmh hbsdl abhwb smnbrb gmsmluruhbk mgudtbs imrmg Bdrtml Nmllphjkm lmadh tdkeed fdgb cdabkcdkegbk cmkebk mgudtbs Hutnh Nmllphjkm.
O
Hdpjtmsds
2. Huaukebk wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cmkebk ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) Gjtlmr (1020) imkbiabhgbk abhwb tbktbkebk utbib smgbrbke dkd bcblbh imkbrdg pmrhbtdbk cbk imkbkbigbk arbkc cblbi amkbg smtdbp jrbke. Huibs cbk pmibsbrbk cbrd iulut gm iulut smibgdk amrpmrbk cblbi aburbk pmibsbrbk cblbi rbkegb imiabkeuk cbk imimldhbrb arbkc . Gurkdbwbk (1005) imkbiabhgbk abhwb ybke tdcbg ajlmh cdlupbgbk cblbi wjrc jo ijuth bcblbh grmcdadldtbs. Ujrc jo ijuth fueb cdpmkebruhd jlmh pmrbk pualdn rmlbtdjks, imcdb, dglbk, ybke imipukybd pmrbk uktug
=8
imiabkeuk bwbrmkmss bgbk smaubh prjcug btbu imrmg. Dkd imkfbcd cbsbr pmkemiabkebk hdpjtmsds ybke cdbfugbk, ybdtu6 H26 Ujrc jo ibrgmtdke smnbrb pjsdtdo amrhuaukebk cmkebk ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) 1. Huaukebk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) Imkurut Nrbkstjk ybke cdgutdp Gurkdbwbk (1005) imkybtbgbk abhwb gjksuimk Dkcjkmsdb nmkcmruke amrndrd sjsdbl, smkbke amrguipul cbk imiaubt gmljipjg, smpmrtd gmadbsbbk brdsbk cbk kemruipd. ^maubh dsu abru nmpbt tmrsmabr amrgbt gmadbsbbk dkd. Imkurut Drbwbk (1005) ybke cdgutdp jlmh ^uibrkd (1008), gbrbgtmr sugb amrguipul imrupbgbk nmridk cbrd gmgubtbk pmiamktugbk erup cbk gjiukdtbs. Gmgubtbk gjiukdtbs dkd sbkebt amsbr pmkebruhkyb tmrhbcbp strbtmed pmibsbrbk. Imkurut Gbrtbfbyb (1004) abhwb gjiukdgbsd cbk rmlbsd hjrdsjktbl cmkebk gjiukdtbs pmlbkeebk dkd imiaubt prjcusmk cbk pmlbkeebk imkfbcd cmgbt cbk imrbsb sbldke imidldgd – ghususkyb imidldgd imrmg tmrsmaut. Qbsb imidldgd imkuiauhgbk rbsb abkeeb pbcb imrmg tmrsmaut. Gmtdgb imrmg sucbh imkcbpbt tmipbt cd hbtd pbrb pmlbkeebkkyb, cmkebk smkcdrdkyb pmlbkeebk bgbk imkfbcd arbkc mvbkemldst gmpbcb jrbke lbdk. Dkd imkfbcd cbsbr pmkemiabkebk hdpjtmsds ybke cdbfugbk, ybdtu6 H16 Gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) amrhuaukebk smnbrb pjsdtdo cmkebk ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty).
=4
>. Huaukebk wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) Smlbh cdukegbpgbk cblbi ibsdke - ibsdke hdpjtmsds smamluikyb abhwb amamrbpb pmkmldtd imkmiugbk huaukebk bktbrb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty). Imkurut Gbrtbfbyb (1005), wjrc jo ijuth imrupbgbk imcdb gjiukdgbsd ybke pbldke momgtdo. Cmkebk auzzdke ybke tmpbt, cdhbrbpgbk pmrsmpsd imrmg ybke gurbke abdg iulbd cbpbt amrbldh. Gbrtbfbyb (1004) imkbiabhgbk abhwb cmkebk bcbkyb gjiukdtbs ibgb bgbk imkndptbgbk huaukebk ybke mrbt bktbrb pmkeeukb (pmlbkeebk) cmkebk imrmg (arbkc ) ybke cdeukbgbk jlmh smluruh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. Cd cblbi gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut tmktukyb bgbk imkdiaulgbk njkvmrsbtdjk ybke abdg imkemkbd imrmg (arbkc ) ybke cdeukbgbk ybke smnbrb tdcbg lbkesuke cbpbt cdeukbgbk smabebd blbt pmibsbrbk ybke amrsdobt ljw auecmt-hdeh dipbnt . Dkd imkfbcd cbsbr pmkemiabkebk hdpjtmsds ybke cdbfugbk, ybdtu6 H>6 Smrcbpbt huaukebk bktbrb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty)
Ujrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke
H2 Ljybldtbs
imrmg
(arbkc ljyblty) Gjiukdtbs imrmg
H1
(arbkc njiiukdty) ?0
Ebiabr 3. Gjksmp Pmkmldtdbk E.
Imtjcm Pmkmldtdbk
E.2
Ljgbsd Pmkmldtdbk
Pmkmldtdbk dkd cdlbgugbk cd mipbt Gmnbibtbk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr, ybdtu Cmkpbsbr Abrbt, Cmkpbsbr Sdiur, Cmkpbsbr ]tbrb cbk Cmkpbsbr ^mlbtbk cmkebk cdstrdausd tmrsmabr. ^uafmg pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh pmidldg smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk ybke amrcjidsdld cd Gjtb
Cmkpbsbr. Blbsbk pmkmldtd
imkeeukbgbk ljgbsd pmkmldtdbk tmrsmaut bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. 2. Amlui bcb pmkmldtdbk smamluikyb ybke imkebkegbt ibsblbh pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke , cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr 1. Gjtb Cmkpbsbr, ybke imrupbgbk dau gjtb prjvdksd Abld, smrtb imrupbgbk pusbt pmrmgjkjidbk Prjvdksd Abld. Amrabebd bgtdodtbs mgjkjid tmrfbcd cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr smpmrtd pbrdwdsbtb, pmrcbebkebk, cbk pmrgbktjrbk. Hbl tmrsmaut imkymabagbk pmkcucug Gjtb Cmkpbsbr imrupbgbk pbsbr pjtmksdbl abed smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk. >. Bcbkyb obgtjr- obgtjr lbdk smpmrtd gmtmrabtbsbk wbgtu, tmkbeb, cbk adbyb cbrd pmkmldtd.
?2
E.1
Jaymg Pmkmldtdbk
Jaymg pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh huaukebk bktbrb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke , cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr. E.>
Dcmktdodgbsd _brdbaml
Imkurut ^uedyjkj (1004) vbrdbaml pmkmldtdbk bcblbh subtu btrdaut btbu sdobt btbu kdlbd cbrd jrbke, jaymg, btbu gmedbtbk ybke imipukybd vbrdbsd tmrtmktu
ybke
cdtmtbpgbk
jlmh
pmkmldtd
gmsdipulbkkyb. _brdbaml „ vbrdbaml
uktug
cdpmlbfbrd
cbk
cdtbrdg
ybke cdeukbgbk uktug imkebkbldsds
huaukebk bktbrb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke , cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr, bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. 2. Dkcmpmkcmkt _brdbalm imrupbgbk vbrdbaml ybke imipmkebruhd btbu imkfbcd pmkymaba amruabh btbu tdiaulkyb vbrdbaml cmpmkcmk ybke cdsdiajlgbk cmkebk (X), cbk ybke imkfbcd vbrdbaml dkcmpmkcmk cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. b. _brdbaml wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke (X2) a. _brdbaml gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) (X1) 1. Cmpmkcmkt _brdbalm imupbgbk vbrdbaml ybke cdpmkebruhd btbu ybke imkfbcd bgdabt cbrd vbrdbaml dkcmpmkcmk, cbk ybke imkfbcd vbrdbaml cmpmkcmk cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh Ljybldtbs Imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) ybke cdsdiajlgbk cmkebk (T)
?1
E.3
Cmodkdsd Jpmrbsdjkbl _brdbaml
Cmodkdsd jpmrbsdjkbl vbrdbaml imrupbgbk subtu cmodkdsd ybke cdamrdgbk gmpbcb subtu vbrdbaml cmkebk nbrb imiamrdgbk brtd btbu imkspmsdodgbsdgbk gmedbtbk. Cmodkdsd jpmrbsdjkbl vbrdbaml uktug pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh6 2. Ujrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke (X2), bcblbh usbhb pmibsbrbk ybke imidnu gjksuimk uktug imiadnbrbgbk, imiprjijsdgbk, imrmgjimkcbsdgbk, smrtb imkfubl prjcug smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk gmpbcb pmlbkeebk lbdk. Imkurut Putrd (1005) ybke cdgmiugbgbk jlmh ^uibrkd (1008),
imkebrtdgbk ”wjrc jo ijuth‟ smpmrtd auzz , ybdtu7 jarjlbk iurkd cd tdkegbt pmlbkeebk ybke imkulbr, tmktbke jrbke, abrbke, tmipbt btbu smeblb hbl ybke tmrgbdt cmkebk imrmg Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. Dkcdgbtjr ybke cdeukbgbk uktug imkeugur gjkstrug gdkmrfb wjrc jo ibrgmtdke imkebnu pbcb Uurybktj (1005) , bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. b. Amrsmcdb imrmgjimkcbsdgbk Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk gmpbcb jrbke lbdk (X2.2). a. Amrsmcdb imrmgjimkcbsdgbk Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk gmpbcb abkybg jrbke (X2.1). n. Amrsmcdb imrmgjimkcbsdgbk Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk imlblud imcdb erbtds (X2.>). c. Amrsmcdb imrmgjimkcbsdgbk Hbrlmy amrabybr (X2.3).
?>
„ Cbvdcsjk imlblud imcdb
m. Imkfbcd pmkyugb Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk (X2.=). o.
Imkfbcd arbkc bcvjnbtm cbrd Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk (X2.?).
1. Gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) (X1 ), bcblbh rmlbsd prdabcd bktbr dkcdvdcu „ dkcdvdcu ybke imidldgd kdlbd (vblum) smrtb idkbt (dktmrmst ) ybke sbib tmrgbdt cmkebk subtu arbkc prjcug ybgkd Hbrlmy
„ Cbvdcsjk.
Imkurut Gbrtbfbyb (1004) Cmkebk bcbkyb gjiukdtbs ibgb bgbk imkndptbgbk huaukebk ybke mrbt bktbrb pmkeeukb (pmlbkeebk) cmkebk imrmg (arbkc ) Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsji ybke cdeukbgbk jlmh smluruh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. Cd cblbi gjiukdtbs tmrsmaut tmktukyb bgbk imkdiaulgbk njkvmrsbtdjk ybke abdg imkemkbd imrmg (arbkc ) Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk ybke cdeukbgbk ybke smnbrb tdcbg lbkesuke cbpbt cdeukbgbk smabebd blbt pmibsbrbk ybke amrsdobt ljw auecmt-hdeh dipbnt . Gjiukdgbsd cbk rmlbsd hjrdsjktbl cmkebk gjiukdtbs pmlbkeebk dkd imiaubt prjcusmk cbk pmlbkeebk imkfbcd cmgbt cbk imrbsb sbldke imidldgd – ghususkyb imidldgd imrmg tmrsmaut. Qbsb imidldgd imkuiauhgbk rbsb abkeeb pbcb imrmg tmrsmaut. Gmtdgb Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk sucbh imkcbpbt tmipbt cd hbtd pbrb pmlbkeebkkyb, cmkebk smkcdrdkyb pmlbkeebk bgbk imkfbcd arbkc mvbkemldst gmpbcb jrbke lbdk. Dkcdgbtjr ybke cdeukbgbk uktug imkeugur gjkstrug vbrdbaml gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) imkebnu pbcb bcblbh smabebd amrdgut.
?3
Iukdz cbk J—Eudk (1002),
b. Lmedtdibsd (X1.2), prjsms cdibkb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy
„
Cbvdcjsjk ibipu imiamcbgbk cbk imdldgd lmedtdibsd bktbrb bkeejtb gjiukdtbs cmkebk ybke augbk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. a. Ljybldtbs imrmg jpjsdsd (X1.1), bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk ibipu imkeebiabrgbk bpb ybke augbk abedbk cbrd Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk cbk sdbpbgbh ybke imrmg pmsbdke cbrd Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. n. Imrbybgbk smfbrbh imrmg (X1.>), ybgkd bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk imibhbid smfbrbh cbrd Hbrlmy
„ Cbvdcsjk cbk pbhbi
imkemkbd imrmg Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. c. Amrabed nmrdtb imrmg (X1.3), ybgkd bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy
„
Cbvdcsjk ibipu imknmrdtbgbk pmkeblbibkkyb imkeeukbgbk prjcug Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. m. Dktmerbsd cbk imipmrtbhbkgbk bkeejtb (X1.=), ybgkd imipmrtbhbkgbk bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy
„ Cbvdcsjk ybke sucbh bcb smrtb
imkedktmerbsdgbk jrbke lbdk uktug dgut amrebauke cblbi gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. o.
Imiabktu cblbi imkeeukbgbk imrmg (X1.?), ybgkd imiabktu smsbim bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy
„ Cbvdcsjk abdg imkemkbd
pmkeeukbbk prjcug ibupuk imkymlmsbdgbk ibsblbh ybke cdtmiud jlmh bkeejtb gjiukdtbs. >. Ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) (T2), sdgbp gjksuimk ybke imkymkbked imrmg Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk ybke imkdiaulgbk gmsmtdbbk cbk gjidtimk
?=
pbcb cdrd gjksuimk smrtb imidldgd gmdkedkbk ybke gubt uktug imiamld ulbke imrmg ybke sbib pbcb ibsb smgbrbke cbk ibsb ybke bgbk cbtbke. b. Gjekdtdo (njekdtdvm) (T2.2) Ljybldtbs amrbrtd abhwb gjksuimk bgbk smtdb tmrhbcbp smiub dkojribsd ybke imkybkegut hbreb, smed gmdstdimwbbk imrmg cbk btrdaut-btrdaut pmktdke imkemkbd prjcug Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk. a. Bomgtdo (boomntdvm) (T2.1) Gjksuimk imidldgd gmcmgbtbk mijsd tmrhbcbp imrmg Hbrlmy
„
Cbvdcsjk.. Ljybldtbs bomgtdo dkd imrupbgbk oukesd cbrd pmrbsbbk (boomnt ) cbk sdgbp gjksuimk tmrhbcbp smaubh imrmg smpmrtd rbsb sugb, smkbke, emibr, cbk gmpubsbk pbcb imrmg tmrsmaut. n. Gjkbtdo (njkbtdvm) (T2.>) Gjipjkmk dkd fueb amrgmkbbk cmkebk gmnmkcmrukebk gjksuimk uktug imiamld prjcug Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk gbrmkb tmlbh tmramktug gjidtimk cblbi cdrd imrmgb uktug tmtbp imkegjksuisd imrmg ybke sbib. c. Sdkcbgbk (bntdjk) (T2.3) Imrmgjimkcbsdgbk btbu imiprjijsdgbk prjcug Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk gmpbcb jrbke lbdk E.=.
Fmkds cbk ^uiamr Cbtb
E.=.2 Fmkds Cbtb
2. Cbtb gubldtbtdo
??
Qbhyucb (10036 28) imkcmodkdsgbk cbtb gubldtbtdo smabebd cbtb ybke cdkybtbgbk cblbi amktug gbtb, gbldibt, btbu ebiabr.Cbtb gubldtbtdo ybke cdeukbgbk cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh tbkeebpbk rmspjkcmk ybke cdurbdgbk smfblbk cmkebk dsd gumsdjkmr. 1. Cbtb gubktdtbtdo Imkurut ^jmrbtkj cbk Brsybc (10086 ?>), cbtb gubktdtbtdo bcblbh smrbkegbdbk jasmrvbsd (pmkeugurbk) ybke cbpbt cdkybtbgbk cblbi bkegbbkegb.Qbhyucb (10036 28) imkcmodkdsdgbk cbtb gubktdtbtdo smabebd cbtb ybke amramktug bkegb btbu cbtb gubldtbtdo ybke cdbkegbgbk cmkebk fblbk imiamrdgbk sgjr. Cbtb gubktdtbtdo ybke cdeukbgbk cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd imldputd hbsdl tbaulbsd gumsdjkmr. E.=.1 ^uiamr Cbtb
2. Cbtb Prdimr Dkcrdbktj cbk ^upjij (1001) imkybtbgbk cbtb prdimr bcblbh cbtb pmkmldtdbk ybke amrbsbl lbkesuke cbrd suiamr bsld btbu tdcbg imlblud imcdb pmrbktbrb.Cbtb prdimr ybke cdeukbgbk pbcb pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh cbtb hbsdl tbaulbsd gumsdjkmr. 1. Cbtb ^mgukcmr Dkcrdbktj cbk ^upjij (1001) imkybtbgbk cbtb smgukcmr bcblbh cbtb ybke cdpmrjlmh smnbrb tdcbg lbkesuke imlblud imcdb pmrbktbrb btbu cdpmrjlmh cbk cdnbtbt jlmh pdhbg lbdk. Cbtb smgukcmr pbcb pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh tmjrdtmjrd ybke rmlmvbk cmkebk pmkmldtdbk cbk hbsdl pmkmldtbdbk smamluikyb.
?5
E.?
Imtjcm Pmkmktubk Pjpulbsd cbk ^bipml
E.?.2 Pjpulbsd
^uedyjkj (1004) cblbi augukyb imkybtbgbk pjpulbsd imrupbgbk wdlbybh emkmrbldsbsd ybke tmrcdrd btbs jaymg btbu suaymg ybke imipukybd gubldtbs btbu gbrbgtmrdstdg tmrtmktu ybke cdtmtbpgbk jlmh pmkmldtd uktug cdpmlbfbrd cbk gmiucdbk cdtbrdg gmsdipulbkyb. Pjpulbsd cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh smluruh pmidldg smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk ybke amrcjidsdld cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr E.?.1 Imtjcm Pmkmktubk ^bipml
Omrcdkbkc (1001) imkybtbgbk abhwb ugurbk sbipml uktug pmkeufdbk ijcml imkeeukbgbk ^MI bcblbh bktbrb 200-100 btbu tmrebktuke pbcb fuilbh pbrbimtmr ybke cdeukbgbk cblbi smluruh vbrdbaml lbtmk, ybdtu fuilbh pbrbimtmr cdgbldgbk = sbipbd 20. Pmkmldtdbk dkd imkeeukbgbk 2? dkcdgbtjr smhdkeeb cmkebk imkeeukbgbk mstdibsd amrcbsbrgbk fuilbh pbrbimtmr cdpmrjlmh ugurbk sbipml smamsbr 40 „ 2?0 rmspjkcmk. Cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd sbipml ybke cdeukbgbk bcblbh ibgsdibl, ybdtu smamsbr 2?0 rmspjkcmk. Smgkdg pmkebiadlbk sbipml ybke cdeukbgbk cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh kjk prjabadldty sbiplm ybdtu imtjcm purpjsdvm ( purpjsdvm sbipldke ). Purpjsdvm sbipldke ybdtu imidldh sbipml amrtufubk smnbrb suafmgtdo. Hbl dkd cdlbgugbk gbrmkb pmkmldtd tmlbh imibhbid abhwb dkojribsd ybke cdautuhgbk cbpbt cdpmrjlmh cbrd gmljipjg sbsbrbk tmrtmktu ybke ibipu imiamrdgbk
?8
dkojribsd ybke cdgmhmkcbgd gbrmkb imrmgb imidldgd dkojribsd smpmrtd dtu cbk imrmgb imimkuhd grdtmrdb ybke cdtmktugbk jlmh pmkmldtd. Imtjcm purpjsdvm cdeukbgbk smabebd pmrtdiabkebk lbybg tdcbgkyb smsmjrbke imkfbcd sbipml cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd. Cblbi hbl dkd pmrtdiabkebk ybke cdpmreukbgbk cblbi imkmktugbk gbrbgtmrdstdg rmspjkcmk bcblbh smabebd amrdgut 6 ^bipml bcblbh imrmgb prdb btbu wbkdtb pmidldg gmkcbrbbk Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk, cmkebk usdb idkdibl 25 tbhuk, cmkebk tdkegbt pmkcdcdgbk idkdibl ^IB/smtbrb cbk tmlbh imkfbcd bkeejtb gjiukdtbs Hbrlmy „ Cbvdcsjk idkdibl smlbib 2 tbhuk.
E.5
Imtjcm Pmkeuipulbk Cbtb
Imtjcm pmkeuipulbk cbtb pbcb pmkmldtdbk dkd bcblbh smabebd amrdgut. 2. Imtjcm wbwbknbrb Smgkdg wbwbknbrb cdlbgugbk cmkebk imkebcbgbk tbkyb fbwba smnbrb lbkesuke cmkebk rmspjkcmk ybke cdeukbgbk smabebd rmomrmksd tbiabhbk cblbi upbyb pmimnbhbk ibsblbh ybke smcbke cdtmldtd. 1. Imtjcm cjguimktbsd Imtjcm dkd cdlbgugbk cmkebk nbrb imipmrjlmh cbtb cbrd augu-augu rmomrmksd cbk furkbl, imknbrd dkojribsd lbkesuke pbcb dktmrkmt smrtb ibfblbh cbk tbaljdc ybke amrhuaukebk cmkebk pmkmldtdbk. >. Imtjcm gumsdjkmr
?4
Imtjcm gumsdjkmr cdeukbgbk uktug imipmrjlmh dkojribsd cbrd pmlbkeebk imlblud pmrtbkybbk-pmrtbkybbk ybke imkeukegbp tmktbke ibsblbh ybke amrhuaukebk cmkebk pmkmldtdbk. Pmrtbkybbk ybke cdeukbgbk bcblbh pmrtbkybbk tmrtutup. Pmrtbkybbk-pmrtbkybbk cblbi gumsdjkmr amrcbsbrgbk pbcb ^gblb Ldgmrt (sgblb 2 sbipbd 3), cmkebk gmtmktubk pmkdlbdbk ibsdkeibsdke bltmrkbtdo fbwbabk smabebd amrdgut6 b. Fbwbabk ^bkebt ^mtufu (^^) cdamrd sgjr 3 a. Fbwbabk ^mtufu (^) cdamrd sgjr > n. Fbwbabk Sdcbg ^mtufu (S^) cdamrd sgjr 1 c. Fbwbabk ^bkebt Sdcbg ^mtufu (^S^) cdamrd sgjr 2 E.8
_bldcdtbs cbk Qmbldadldtbs Dkstruimk
E.8.2 _bldcdtbs Dkstruimk
]fd vbldcdtbs amrtufubk uktug imimrdgsb bpbgbh gumsdjkmr sucbh tmpbt uktug imkeugur bpb ybke dkedk cdugur cbk nugup cdpbhbid jlmh smiub rmspjkcmk ybke cddkcdgbsdgbk jlmh gmndlkyb pmrsmktbsm fbwbabk rmspjkcmk ybke tdcbg tmrlblu imkydipbke cbrd fbwbabk rmspjkcmk lbdkkyb. Husmdk ]ibr (10006240) imkymautgbk ufd vbldcdtbs cbpbt cdlbgugbk cmkebk fblbk imkymrbhgbk dkstruimkt uktug cdkdlbd cbk cddsd jlmh rmspjkcmk idkdibl >0 rmspjkcmk. Gmiucdbk gjrmlbsd bktbrb ibsdke-ibsdke pmrtbkybbk cdhdtuke cmkebk tmgkdg gjrmlbsd prjcunt ijimkt cmkebk abktubk gjiputmr. Bcbpuk ruius gjrmlbsd tmrsmaut smabebd amrdgut6
50
...........................................(2) Gmtmrbkebk6 Q
9
Kdlbd gjrmlbsd X cbk T
X
9
^gjr tjtbl tdbp dtmi dkstruimk
T
9
^gjr tjtbl dkstruimkt pbcb ibsdke-ibsdke rmspjkcmk
K
9
Fuibh rmspjkcmk
Gmtmktubk pmkdlbdbk vbldcdtbs cmkebk grdtmrdb smabebd amrdgut6
0,800 < Qxy ≣ 2,000 6 _bldcdtbs sbkebt tdkeed 0,?00 < Qxy ≣ 0,800 6 _bldcdtbs tdkeed 0,300 < Qxy ≣ 0,?00 6 _bldcdtbs nugup 0,100 < Qxy ≣ 0,300 6 _bldcdtbs rmkcbh Qxy ≣ 0,000 Pmkeufdbk
6 Sdcbg _bldc vbldcdtbs
dkstruimkt
cblbi
pmkmldtdbk
dkd
bgbk
imkeeukbgbk gjiputmr cmkebk pbgmt prjerbi ^PP^ ojr Udkcjws 2>.00. E.8.1 Qmbldadldtbs Dkstruimk
]fd vbldcdtbs amrtufubk uktug imimrdgsb bpbgbh gumsdjkmr sucbh tmpbt uktug imkeugur bpb ybke dkedk cdugur cbk nugup cdpbhbid jlmh smiub rmspjkcmk ybke cddkcdgbsdgbk jlmh gmndlkyb pmrsmktbsm fbwbabk rmspjkcmk ybke tdcbg tmrlblu imkydipbke cbrd fbwbabk rmspjkcmk lbdkkyb. Husmdk ]ibr (10006240) imkymautgbk ufd vbldcdtbs cbpbt cdlbgugbk
52
cmkebk fblbk imkymrbhgbk dkstruimkt uktug cdkdlbd cbk cddsd jlmh rmspjkcmk idkdibl >0 rmspjkcmk. Gmiucdbk gjrmlbsd bktbrb ibsdke-ibsdke pmrtbkybbk cdhdtuke cmkebk tmgkdg gjrmlbsd prjcunt ijimkt cmkebk abktubk gjiputmr. Bcbpuk ruius gjrmlbsd tmrsmaut smabebd amrdgut6
...........................................(2) Gmtmrbkebk6 Q
9
Kdlbd gjrmlbsd X cbk T
X
9
^gjr tjtbl tdbp dtmi dkstruimk
T
9
^gjr tjtbl dkstruimkt pbcb ibsdke-ibsdke rmspjkcmk
K
9
Fuibh rmspjkcmk
Gmtmktubk pmkdlbdbk vbldcdtbs cmkebk grdtmrdb smabebd amrdgut6 0,800 < Q xy ≣ 2,000
6 _bldcdtbs sbkebt tdkeed
0,?00 < Qxy ≣ 0,800 6 _bldcdtbs tdkeed 0,300 < Qxy ≣ 0,?00 6 _bldcdtbs nugup 0,100 < Qxy ≣ 0,300 6 _bldcdtbs rmkcbh Qxy ≣ 0,000 Pmkeufdbk
6 Sdcbg _bldc vbldcdtbs
dkstruimkt
cblbi
pmkmldtdbk
dkd
imkeeukbgbk gjiputmr cmkebk pbgmt prjerbi ^PP^ ojr Udkcjws 2>.00.
51
bgbk
E.4
Smgkdg Bkbldsds Cbtb
E.4.2 Bkbldsds Obgtjr
Bkbldsds obgtjr cdeukbgbk uktug imkedcmktdodgbsd cdimksd subtu strugtur cbk gmiucdbk imkmktugbk sbipbd smamrbpb fbuh smtdbp vbrdbaml cbpbt cdfmlbsgbk jlmh smtdbp cdimksd (Ehjzbld, 100561?5). Cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd, bkbldsds obgtjr ybke cdeukbgbk bcblbh njkodribtjry obntjr bkblysds ybke cdlbgugbk imkeeukbgbk gjiputmr cmkebk pbgmt prjerbi ^P^^ Ojr Udkcjws 2=.0. Pmkeeukbbk bkbldsds obgtjr njkodribtjry obntjr bkblysds tmrcdrd cbrd amamrbpb tbhbp ybdtu6 2) Imkmktugbk Cmtmridkbkt jo Njrrmlbtdjk Ibtrdx Kdlbd gjmodsdmk cmtmridkbsd ( Cmtmridkbkt jo Njrrmlbtdjk Ibtrdx) ybke imkcmgbtd kdlbd 0 imidldgd brtd abhwb vbrdbaml-vbrdbaml ybke imiamktug subtu obgtjr imidldgd gjrmlbsd ybke gubt. 1) Imkmktugbk kdlbd GIJ cbk Abrtlmtt—s Smst Bkbldsds obgtjr cdgbtbgbk lbybg bpbadlb amsbrbk kdlbd GIJ idkdibl 0,=. Amedtu fueb cmkebk kdlbd Abrtlmt—s tmst cmkebk kdlbd sdekdodgbksd lmadh
gmndl cbrd blphb (β 9 0,0=) uktug cbpbt imlbkfutgbk bkbldsds obgtjr. >) Imkmktugbk kdlbd I^B ( Imbsurms jo ^bipldke Bcmqubkny) Pbcb abedbk Bktd-dibem Njrrmlbtdjk cdtukfuggbk kdlbd I^B uktug smiub vbrdbaml ybke imiamktug subtu obgtjr cdibkb kdlbd I^B ybke imimkuhd sybrbt uktug bkbldsds obgtjr bcblbh idkdibl 0,=. 2) Imkmktugbk kdlbd Njiiukbldtdms
5>
Bkegb Njiiukbldtdms imkukfuggbk vbrdbks cbrd ibsdke-ibsdke vbrdbaml tmrhbcbp obgtjr ybke tmramktug. Kdlbd njiiukbldtdms ybke cdkybtbgbk vbldc imiamktug subtu obgtjr bcblbh idkdibl 0,?. 1) Imkmktugbk kdlbd Sjtbl _brdbknm Mxplbdkmc ]ktug cbpbt imlbkfutgbk bkbldsds obgtjr, hbruslbh tmramktug sbtu obgtjr cmkebk kdlbd mdemkvblum ; 2. >) Imkmktugbk kdlbd Njipjkmkt Ibtrdx Pbcb tbaml Njipjkmkt Ibtrdx cdtukfuggbk kdlbd ljbcdke obgtjr cbrd ibsdke-ibsdke vbrdbaml ybke imiamktug subtu obgtjr . Hbl tmrsmaut imkfmlbsgbk gjrmlbsd bktbrb sbtu vbrdbaml cmkebk obgtjr ybke tmramktug. Bpbadlb smluruh pmrsybrbtbk obgtjr tmrpmkuhd, ibgb smluruh dkcdgbtjr ybke tmrcbpbt pbcb subtu vbrdbaml cbpbt cdkybtbgbk vbldc imiamktug subtu obgtjr. E.4.1 Bkbldsds Gubktdtbtdo
Smgkdg bkbldsds ybke cdeukbgbk dblbh bkbldsds rmermsd ldkmbr amrebkcb. Bkbldsds dkd cdeukbgbk uktug imkemtbhud gmtmrebktukebk subtu vbrdbaml tmrdgbt cmkebk sbtu btbu lmadh vbrdbaml amabs. Pmkmldtdbk dkd imkeeukbgbk ijcml rmermsd ldkmbr amrebkcb ybke cdabktu cmkebk prjerbi ^P^^ ojr Udkcjws uktug imkebkbldsds pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrg (arbkc njiiukdty) tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy - Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr.
53
_brdbaml tmrdgbt cbrd ijcml dkd ybdtu Ljybldtbs Imrmg (arbkc ljyblty) (T2) smcbkegbk vbrdbaml amabskyb ybdtu Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke (X2), cbk Gjiukdtbs Imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) (X1) Bcbpuk amktug uiui cbrd pmrsbibbk rmermsd ldkdmr amrebkcb imkurut Udrbwbk (1001 6 141) bcblbh smabebd amrdgut 6
ſ 9 b + α2X2 + α1X1 + αkXk + m Cdibkb 6
ſ
9
_brdbaml tmrdgbt
b
9
Adlbkebk Gjkstbktb
X2,X1, Xk
9
_brdbaml amabs m
9
^tbkcbr mrjr
2.
]fd O (O-tmst)
]fd O cdeukbgbk uktug imkemtbhud gmtmtbpbk ijcml pmkmldtdbk imkemkbd pmkebruh wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke (X2) cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg (arbkc njiiukdty) (X1) smabebd vbrdbaml dkcmpmkcmk tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrmg (T2) smabebd vbrdbaml cmpmkcmk. Bcbpuk prjsmcur pmkeufdbk hdpjtmsds stbtdstdgkyb imkurut Udrbwbk (10016141) bcblbh smabebd amrdgut6 b) H0
Pmruiusbk hdpjtmsds stbtdstdg
6 α 2 , α1 9 0, brtdkyb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg
(arbkc njiiukdty) smnbrb smrmipbg tdcbg amrpmkebruh sdekdodgbk tmrhbcbp
5=
ljybldtbs imrg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr. H2
6 α 2 , α 1 0, brtdkyb wjrc jo ijuth ibrgmtdke cbk gjiukdtbs imrmg
(arbkc njiiukdty) smnbrb smrmipbg amrpmkebruh sdekdodgbk tmrhbcbp ljybldtbs imrg (arbkc ljyblty) smpmcb ijtjr Hbrlmy Cbvdcsjk cd Gjtb Cmkpbsbr. a)
Imkmktugbk Sbrbo Kybtb
Imkmktugbk tbrbo kybtb uktug imkmktugbk kdlbd Otbaml , () 9 =% cbk cmermm jo ormmcji (co 9 _2, _1), cdibkb _1 9 (g-2) cbk _1 9 (k-g). n)
Imkehdtuke Ohdtuke 1
O9
Q / g 2
2 Q / k g 1
Cdibkb 6 k
9
Fuilbh Cbtb
Q
9
Gjmodsdmk Cmtmridkbsd
g
9
Fuilbh _brdbaml
c)
Imkmktugbk cbmrbh pmkmrdibbk cbk pmkjlbgbk Hj
1
H0 cdtmrdib fdgb
6 Ohdtuke
H0 cdtjlbg fdgb 6 Ohdtuke; Otbaml btbu ^de. ]fd O < m)
^dipulbk
5?
Abkcdkegbk kdlbd Ohdtuke cbk Otbaml btbu abkcdkegbk kdlbd sdekdodgbksd ]fd O cbk blphb ()7 tmrdib/tjlbg Hj7 smrtb cdsdipulgbk smsubd cmkebk ybke cdojriulbsdgbk. E.4.1 ]fd Bsuisd Glbsdg
Ijcml rmermsd cdgbtbgbk ijcml ybke abdg bpbadlb ijcml tmrsmaut amabs cbrd bsuisd glbsdg stbtdstdg. Pbcb pmkmldtdbk dkd ufd bsuisd glbsdg ybke cdeukbgbk
bcblbh
ufd
kjribldtbs,
ufd
iultdgjldkmbrdtbs,
cbk
ufd
hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs. 2. ]fd Kjribldtbs ]fd kjribldtbs amrtufubk uktug imybgdkgbk bpbgbh rmsdcubl cbpbt tmrcdstrdausd cmkebk kjribl cbk dkcmpmkcmk. Hbl dkd amrbrtd abhwb pmramcbbk bktbrb kdlbd prmcdgsd cmkebk kdlbd ybke smamkbrkyb (mrrjr ) bgbk tmrcdstrdausd smnbrb sdimtrds cd smgdtbr kdlbd rbtb-rbtb sbib cmkebk kjl. ]fd kjribldtbs tmrhbcbp rmsdcubl cdlbgugbk cmkebk imkeeukbgbk Gjlijejrjv ^idrkjv Ijcml cmkebk tbrbo sdekdodgbksd = pmrsmk. 1. ]fd Iultdgjldkmbrdtbs ]fd iultdgjldkmbrdtbs cdeukbgbk uktug imkemtbhud bcb btbu tdcbgkyb pmkydipbkebk bsuisd glbsdg iuldtgjldkmbrdtbs, ybdtu bcbkyb huaukebk ldkdmr bktbr vbrdbaml dkcmpmkcmkt cblbi ijcml rmermsd. Prbsybrbt ybke hbrus
tmrpmkuhd
cblbi
ijcml
rmermsd
bcblbh
tdcbg
bcbkyb
iultdgjldkmbrdtbs. Prdybtkj (1008 6 >4) imkybtbgbk, bcb amamrbpb imtjcm
55
pmkeufdbk ybke adsb cdeukbgbk, cd bktbrbkyb cmkebk imldhbt kdlbd dkolbtdjk obntjr (_DO) pbcb ijcml rmermsd, cmkebk imiabkcdkegbk kdlbd gjmodsdmk 1
1
cmtmridkbsd dkcdvdcubl (r ) cmkebk kdlbd cmtmridkbsd smnbrb smrmipbg (Q ), cbk cmkebk imldhbt kdlbd mdemkvblumcbk njkcdtdjk dkcmx. Pbcb pmkmldtdbk dkd bgbk cdlbgugbk ufd iuldtgjldkmbrdtbs cmkebk imldhbt kdlbd dkolbtdjk obntjr (_DO) pbcb ijcml rmermsd. Imkurut Ehjzbld (1005 6 41), kdlbd nut joo ybke uiui cdpbgbd uktug imkukfuggbk bcbkyb iultdgjldkmbrdtbs bcblbh kdlbd tjlmrbknm cd abwbh 0,20 btbu sbib cmkebk kdlbd _DO cd btbs 20. >. ]fd Hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs ]fd hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs cdlbgugbk uktug imkemtbhud bpbgbh kdlbd rmsdcu imipukybd vbrdbk ybke gjkstbk.Smrfbcdkyb hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs cbpbt cdgmtbhud fdgb kdlbd rmsdcu tdcbg imipukybd vbrdbk ybke gjkstbk smpbkfbke kdlbd rmktbke tmrtmktu. Cblbi pmkmldtdbk dkd, nbrb ybke cdeukbgbk uktug imkeugur hmtmrjgmcbstdstbs bcblbh Elmfsmr tmst , ybdtu pmkeufdbk ybke cdlbgugbk cmkebk nbrb imrmermsdgbk rmsdcubl cmkebk vbrdbaml dkcmpmkcmk. ]ktug imkcmtmgsd bcbkyb hmtmrjsgmcbstdsdtbs ybdtu cmkebk
imldhbt
bcb
btbu
tdcbgkyb
pjlb
tmrtmktu
pbcb
erbodg
hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs cdibkb suiau X bcblbh T ybke tmlbh cdprmcdgsd cbk suiau T bcblbh rmsdcubl (T prmcdgsd-T smsukeeuhkyb) ybke tmlbh cdstbkcbrcdzmc .^mabebd
cbsbr
pmkebiadlbk
gmputusbk
ybke
pmrlu
cdpmrhbtdgbk bcblbh fdgb bcb pjlb tmrtmktu, smpmrtd tdtdg-tdtdg ybke bcb
58
imiamktug subtu pjlb tmrtmktu smhdkeeb tmlbh tmrfbcd hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs, fdgb tdcbg bcb pjlb ybke fmlbs, ibgb tdcbg tmrfbcd hmtmrjgmcbstdsdtbs. 3. ]fd Butjgjlmrbsd ]fd dkd amrtufubk uktug imkeufd bpbgbh cblbi ijcml rmermsd ldkdmr bcb gjlmrbsd bktbrb gmsblbhbk pmkeeukbbk imtjcm pbcb pmrdjcm t cmkebk gmsblbhbk pmkeeukbbk imtjcm pbcb pmrdjcm smamluikyb.
CBOSBQ Q]F]GBK
rc
Bbgmr, Cbvdc B., bkc Emjrem ^. Cby. Ibrgmtdke Qmsmbrnh, > mcdtdjk. Kmw Tjrg Bldrm.Nbidlb.1005.Ujrc-jo-ijuth Ibrgmtdke6 Babkcjkdke thm Bnbcmidn Ldarbry Dvjry Sjwmr . Kmw Ldarbry Ujrlc. _jl.2086=3=-==2 Curdbktj, C., ^dtdkfbg, S. 1002. ^trbtmed Imkbgluggbk Pbsbr Imlblud Qdsmt Mgudtbs cbk Pmrdlbgu Imrmg . Fbgbrtb 6 Erbimcdb Pustbgb ]tbib. Mkeml mt bl . 244=. Pmrdlbgu Gjksuimk. Fbgbrtb6 Adkbrupb Bgsbrb. Obgultbs Mgjkjid ]kdvmrsdtbs ]cbybkb. 100=. Pmcjibk Pmkuldsbk ]sulbk Pmkmldtdbk, ^grdpsd cbk Imgbkdsim Pmkeufdbk. Cmkpbsbr . Euptb mt bl .1008.Njipbrbtdvm Arbkc Mqudty jo Hutnh bkc Bdrtml Nmll Phjkm (Cmlhd’). Euru Fbiahmswbr ]kdvmrsdty Hdsbr. Ehjzbld, Dibi. 1005. Bpldgbsd Bkbldsds Iultdvbrdbtm Cmkebk Prjerbi ^P^^. Nmtbgbk gmmipbt. ^mibrbke6 Abcbk Pmkmradt ]kdvmrsdtbs Cdpjkmejrj.
54
Hmribksybh, Lutod.1004. Pmkebruh ^trbtmed Pmibsbrbk Ujrc jo Ijuth Smrhbcbp Prjsms Gmputusbk Pmiamldbk Gjksuimk (^tucd pbcb N_ Fbyb Ibkcdrd Dktmrdjr Iblbke). ^grdpsd Furusbk Ibkbfmimk Prjerbi ^tucd ^-2 Ibkbfmimk pbcb Obgultbs Mgjkjid ]kdvmrsdtbs Kmemrd Iblbke, Iblbke. Fbkdtb, Dgm. 100=. ” Dkspdrbsd Adskds6 Pmrspmgtdo Abru Cblbi ^trbtmed Arbkcdke, Adskds, cbk Gbrdr ‟. Bibrb Ajjgs
Fbkdtb, Dgm. 1004. ”Nrmbtdke & ^ustbdkdke Arbkc Mqudty’. Bibrb Ajjgs. Fbmhmm, Fuke mt bl.1008.Njksuimr-Absmc Arbkc Mqudty6 Njipbrdsjks Bijke Bimrdnbks bkc ^juth Gjrmbks dk thm ]^B bkc ^juth Gjrmbks dk Gjrmb. Fjurkbl jo Obshdjk Ibrgmtdke, _jl 21. 10087 13->=. Gbrtbfbyb, Hmribwbk. 1003. Hmribwbk Gbrtbfbyb jk Arbkc . Abkcuke6 Idzbk Pustbgb. Gbrtbfbyb, Hmribwbk.1004. Kmw Ubvm Ibrgmtdke . Fbgbrtb6 Erbimcdb Pustbgb ]tbib.
Gbsbld, Qhmkblc. 1000. Imiadcdg Pbsbr Dkcjkmsdb, ^meimktbsd, Sbremtdke cbk Pjsdtdjkdke . PS. Erbimcdb Pustbgb ]tbib. Gmllmr.Gmvdk L.,100=. Imbsurdke Arbkc Mqudty. Cbrijuth Njllmem Ghbdrbkd.1022. Bkbldsds Pmkebruh Ndtrb Imrmg, Gmtdcbgpubsbk Gjksuimk, Dglbk, Ujrc jo Ijuth, cbk Gbrbgtmrdstdg Gbtmejrd Prjcug Smrhbcbp Gmputusbk Pmrpdkcbhbk Imrmg Pbcb ^bauk Pmiamrsdh Ubfbh.
80
Gusuib.1005. Bkbldsds Pmkebruh Arbkc Njiiukdty Smrhbcbp Ljybldtbs Imrg Pbcb Pmkeeukb Hjkcb Imebprj cd ^urbgbrtb. ]kdvmrsdtbs Cdpjkmejrj. Gjtlmr, Phdldp cbk Ebry Bristrjke. 1020b. Prdksdp-prdksdp Pmibsbrbk. Fdldc 2. Mcdsd Gmcubamlbs. Fbgbrtb6 Mrlbkeeb. Gjtlmr, Phdldp cbk Ebry Bistrjke. 1020a. Prdksdp-prdksdp Pmibsbrbk. Fdldc 1. Mcdsd Gmcubamlbs. Fbgbrtb6 Mrlbkeeb. InCjkblc. ^usbk. 1003. Arbkc Mqudty6 Ujrgdke Sjwbrc B Cdndpldkmc Imthjcjljey ojr Imbsurmimkt. Kbtdjkbl Bkblysdst. Ijwmk, Fjhk cbk Idkjr,I (1005). Pmrdlbgu Gjksuimk.Fbgbrtb 6 Mrlbkeeb. Pjcjshmk, Fmoormy ^. 1005.Ujrc jo Ijuth, Arbkc Ljyblty,Bnnulturbtdjk, bkc Shm Bimrdnbk Fmwdsh Njksuimr.Fjurkbl jo Njksuimr Ibrgmtdke61??-181 Qbhyucb, D Gmtut, cgg. 1003. Augu Bfbr Imtjcjljed Pmkmldtdbk. Cmkpbsbr6 Obgultbs Mgjkjid ]kdvmrsdtbs ]cbybkb. ^nhdooibk, Lmjk.Lmzldm Lbzbr Gbkug.1005. Pmrdlbgu Gjksuimk.Fbgbrtb6 PS Dkcmgs. ^uedyjkj. 1004. Imtjcm Pmkmldtdbk Adskds. Abkcuke6 Blobamtb. ^tbktjk, U.F.244?. Prdksdp Pmibsbrbk. Mcdsd Gmtufuh. Fdldc D. Fbgbrtb6Mrlbkeeb Sfdptjkj, O. 1005. ^trbtmed Pmibsbrbk. Tjeybgbrtb6 Bkcd. Ubrchbkd, Odmlchb Qjsb Tukdtb.1008. Pmkebruh Ujrc jo Ijuth Pbcb Prjcug Grmcdt Idgrj Ibkcdrd PS. Abkg Ibkcdrd (Pmrsmrj) Sag. Hua. Fbgbrtb Puljebcuke Smrhbcbp Idkbt Pmkebfubk Grmcdt Pbrb Udrbusbhbwbk. ^grdpsd Furusbk Dliu Bcidkdstrbsd Kdbeb Prjerbi ^tucd ^-2 Mgstmksd pbcb Obgultbs Dliu ^jsdbl cbk Dliu Pjldtdg ]kdvmrsdtbs Dkcjkmsdb, Cmpjg.
82
Udrbwbk, Kbtb. 1001. ^tbtdstdg Dkomrmksdb. Mcdsd Gmcub. Cmkpbsbr6Gmrbrbs Mibs Uurybktj.1005. Bkbldsds Obgtjr „ Obgtjr ybke Imipmkebruhd Gdkmrfb Ujrc jo Ijuth Ibrgmtdke (UjII) ^tucd pbcb Hukery Auzz Cdkkmr ^mibrbke . Smsds Furusbk Ibkbfmimk Prjerbi ^tucd ^-1 pbcb Obgultbs Mgjkjid ]kdvmrsdtbs Cdpjkmejrj, ^mibrbke.
Uma Qufugbk http6//thm-ibrgmtmmrs.nji/brnhdvms/cd-mrb-kmw-wbvm-smeimktbsd-bcblbhgjiukdtdsbsd.htil, cdbgsms pbcb 2= Ibrmt 1021 http6//thm-ibrgmtmmrs.nji/brnhdvms/cfjkkdm-rbhibt-amr-stjrytmlldke-tmktbke-hbrlmycbvdcsjk.htil, cdbgsms pbcb 2= Ibrmt 1021 http6//thm-ibrgmtmmrs.nji/brnhdvms/hbrlmy-cbvdcsjk-smabebd %M1%80%4Nbebib%M1%80%4C-abru.htil, cdbgsms pbcb 2= Ibrmt 1021 http6//thm-ibrgmtmmrs.nji/brnhdvms/hbrlmy-cbvdcsjk-amsbr-amrgbt-gjiukdtdsbsd-cbkstjrytmlldke.htil, cdbgsms pbcb 2= Ibrmt 1021 http6//alje.kdmlsmk.nji/kdmlsmkwdrm/wp-njktmkt/upljbcs/1004/05/prZeljablstucyZ05504.pco, cdbgsms pbcb 22 Bprdl 1022 http6//wjiib.jre/wji202/wji202.pco, cdbgsms pbcb 14 Ibrmt 1021
81
