Pañgiauan “Tinospora rumphii” Stem Extract and Lemongrass “Andropogon citratus” as an Effective Pesticide

Pañgiauan “Tinospora “Tinospora rumphii ” Stem Extract and Lemongrass “ Andropogon citratus” citratus” as an Effective Pesticide

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Biology

SAINT PAUL UNIVERSIT SURI!A" #asic Education $e%artment

R"#E NI&" RA $A!&UTA &"LEEN 'EAN AR(UI"N )ANNA L"REN $E#ERT" *AR+ ANT)"N RAR" NI++" !E",,RE #A!"TSA #A!"TSA STEVE AN!EL" A!UILAR

Researchers

Abstract In an atte attemp mptt to util utiliz ize e Pañgi Pañgiau auan an plant plant,, this this study study seek seeks s to use use Pañgiauan stem etract and lemongrass as an effecti!e pesticide" It also aims to assess if and e!er Pañgiauan #Tinospora # Tinospora rumphii $ and %emongrass # Andropogon Andropogon citratus$ citratus$ as pesticide &ill be able to be compete in today's market" Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass &ere &ashed thoroughly &ith clean &ater" Pañgiauan stems &ere cut into inches and then &ere pounded &ith the use of mortar and pestle" (he pounded Pañgiauan stem &as boiled into three cups of &ater ater heat eated at )*+- for for .* minu minute tes" s" /ean& ean&hi hile le,, lemongrass and ginger &ere &ashed and pounded, then &as boiled into . 0 cups of &ater heated at )*+ - for .+ minutes" (he boiled Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass &ith ginger &ere mied in a bo&l and &as added a little bit of calamansi" (he sample miture &as strained again to remo!e clumps and calamansi seeds" (he sample miture &as stored in a spray bottle until further use" 1ifferent 2etups &ere made and different tests &ere done" Results re!ealed

that

Pañgiauan

#Tino Tinosp spora ora

rumphi rumphii i $

and

%emongrass

# Andropogon Andropogon citratus$ citratus$ is an effecti!e pesticide and is efficient enough to compete in our market today"

Ackno&ledgement Pañgiauan #Tinospora # Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropo # Andropogon gon citratus citratus 1-$ii as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

(his dissertation &ould not ha!e been possible &ithout the guidance and the help of se!eral indi!iduals &ho in one &ay or another contributed and etended their !aluable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study" First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to /r" Ricky Boy 3 %imlingan, our Biology teacher, &ho has been our inspiration as &e hurdle all the obstacles in the completion this research &ork" /rs" 3lenita P" 4illa, for her guidance and for sharing her kno&ledge on research &hich enabled us to finish our study" Arquion Family, &ho &armly considered us to stay in their home" (o /r" Raro, for his great contribution in accomplishing this study" 2pecial thanks to our parents, &ho supported the researchers unendingly &ith lo!e and inspiration as &ell, as &e labored and 5ourneyed to&ards the accomplishment of this research" Abo!e all, &e &ould like to praise, honor and gi!e thanks to the Almighty Father In hea!en for all the blessing and graces he besto&ed, for &ithout him it &ouldn't be such a relief though obstacles came through our &ay"

(able of -ontents

iii

Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

Page Tit-e Page

i

A.stract

ii

Ac/no0-edgement

iii

Ta.-e of &ontents

i!

&)APTER I 1 INTR"$U&TI"N A" Background of the 2tudy B" 2tatement of the Problem i" 9b5ecti!es of the 2tudy ii" :ypotheses -" 2ignificance of the 2tudy 1" 2cope and %imitation

.67 .68 8 ) ) 7 7

&)APTER II 1 REVIE2 ", RELATE$ LITERATURE

*6;

&)APTER III 1 *ET)"$"L"!

<6.8

&)APTER IV 1 RESULTS AN$ $IS&USSI"N

.)6.<

&)APTER V 1 &"N&LUSI"NS AN$ RE&"**EN$ATI"NS

8+

RE,EREN&ES

8.688

-:AP(3R I

i!

Introduction


Background of the Study As &e all kno&, the increasing demand of pesticide triggers its !alue as &ell its increase" (hey are kno&n for its capability to lessen and eterminate the amount of pests" -ommercial pesticides are products &hich contain chemicals and e!en minerals for it to ser!e its use" (herefore the manufacturers of these products depend only to the production and effecti!eness of chemicals present on it" (hese products also undergo a lot of processes before it can be appro!ed and can be used" Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ is a !ine found throughout the Philippines" =ehmer quotes :art&itch >?eue Arzneidroge #.;<@$ );<, &ho reports that the &hole plant contains a bitter principle, columbine #8"88$C traces of an alkaloidC and a glucoside" :e further records that the plant contains an amorphous bitter principle, picroretine and traces of berberine" A study sho&ed that the bitter etract of the stem does not contain an alkaloid" Pañgiauan is being studied for its possible stimulant effect on the immune system" Anecdotal benefits for a !ariety of :I46related complaints" %emon grass abundantly gro&n in the Philippines it is &idely used as spice in Philippine cooking" %emon grass is locally kno&n to us Filipinos as tanglad #-itronella Drass$" %emon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties &hich help to deal &ith lot of health problems" It is the herb &hich is used in many homes to cope mainly &ith cough, cold and fe!er"

.

Pañgiauan plant and lemongrass is !ery abundant in the Philippines especially in our place, though pro!ed to be !ery useful in terms of Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

medicinal uses, it still has disad!antages" Pañgiauan's !ines or stem climbs up and tangles electric &irings as you can see in street posts that cause &ire disconnection and may be !ery destructi!e if it happens" (he researchers are trying to do something about this problem and not 5ust let the people spend large amount of money" (hough,

lemongrass

has

sho&n

insecticidal

acti!ity

and

effecti!eness against Aedes egypti , &e, researchers, formulated the idea to combine the t&o, Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $ and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$, as an effecti!e pesticide" (his research is intended to kno& other significant uses of some natural resources like Pañgiauan plant" It is also intended to produce an effecti!e pesticide &hich is less epensi!e and safer to use" Statement of the Problem (his study aims to kno& if Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass can be used as an effecti!e pesticide" (his study &ill seek to ans&er the follo&ing questionsE ." =hat &ould be the effect of Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass to pests #e"g" snails, earth&orms$ 8" Is there a significant difference bet&een Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass, from commercial pesticides in terms of time, cost and efficiency

Objectives of the Study 8

(his study aims to kno& if Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass can be used as an effecti!e pesticide against pests and insects #e"g" snails, earth&ormd$ 2pecifically, it aims toE Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

." 1etermine the effecti!eness of Tinospora rumphii Boerl and Andropogon citratus 1- against the specific test organisms through time, cost, and efficiency" 8" -ompare the efficacy of Tinospora rumphii Boerl and Andropogon citratus 1-, &ith commercial pesticides in terms of time, cost, and efficiency"

Hypotheses ." (here is no effect of Tinospora rumphii #Pañgiauan$ stem etract and Andropogon citratus #%emongrass$ as an effecti!e pesticide" 8" (here is no difference bet&een the effecti!eness of Tinospora rumphii #Pañgiauan$ stem etract and Andropogon citratus #%emongrass$ against commercial pesticides as an effecti!e pesticide considering time, cost, and efficiency"

Significance of the Study )

(he study has significant aspects" First, it is focused in simple solutions to lessen the threat of these kinds of pests" A threat imposed upon our health and our economic stability, since our country is inclined to agriculture and &e need to protect our crops"


(he researchers &ould like to impose a ne& and effecti!e pesticide using this study to help lessen threats against our health and crops in our community, and can be obtained and made easily to the a!ailability of the materials uses in making this kind of pesticide" (he researchers &ould like to produce a pesticide from Pañgiauan stem etract and lemongrass that is effecti!e yet cheaper and is en!ironmental friendly"

Scope and Limitation of the Study (his study only deals about the effect of Pañgiauan stem etract and lemongrass on the test organisms namely, snails and earth&orms" (he effect of the said concoction &ill be compared &ith the commercial pesticide a!ailable"

-:AP(3R II 7

Re!ie& of Related %iterature


7

Pañgiauan is a !ine found throughout the Philippines" It is commonly kno&n as Makabuhay " It contains a bitter principle, columbine, and traces of an alkaloid, and a glucoside, berberine" (he Filipinos and /alaya in general consider this !ine as a uni!ersal medicine" It is the most popular of local medicinal plants" (he name in (agalog means Gto gi!e life"H It is commonly prescribes as an aqueous etract treatment of stomach trouble, indigestion, and diarrhea" It is the basis of a popular preparation, &hich is used as a cordial, a tonic, or an ingredient in cocktails" It is also an effecti!e remedy in the treatment of tropical ulcers" In po&der form, it is prescribed in fe!ers" A preparation &ith coconut oil is an effecti!e cure for rheumatism and also for flatulence of children #kabag$" (he preparation is made by chopping the Pañgiauan stem into pieces of . or 8 inches long, placing them in a 5ar &ith coconut oil, and cooking them under the sun, the 5ar is then put aside and not opened until a year has elapsed" A decoction of the stem is considered an effecti!e cure if used as a &ash for tropical ulcers" Father de 2te" /aria includes Pañgiauan in his book, /anual de /edicinas -asera, and says that it is gi!en the decoction or po&der from as a febrifuge" (he decoction of the stem is also an ecellent !ulnerary for itches, ordinary and cancerous &ounds, Duerrero reports that internally it is used as tonic and antimalariaE eternally as a parasiticide" Recent studies in the Philippines ha!e found it useful as an insecticide for rice crops" ?ot for pregnant &omen, as can cause abortions" It is also being studied for its possible stimulant effect on the immune

*

system" Anecdotal benefits for a !ariety of :I46related complaints"


Recent

studies

sho&ed

Pañgiauan

to

contain

a

special

polysaccharide, or carbohydrate that triggers acti!ity of macrophages, &hite blood cells that play a role in immunity" 9ther studies includeE #.$ )a3 ,ever 4 A--ergic R5initisE A study in the Indira Dhandi /edical -ollege sho&ed it effecti!e in relie!ing symptoms of hay fe!er or allergic rhinitis" (he study used the supplement (inofend )++ mg three times a day" #8$ Anti6sca.iesE Tinospora rumphii Boerl" #Pañgiauan$ in the (reatment of 2cabiesE (he study established the acaricidal property of Tinospora rumphii " A concomitant antimicrobial action could not be ruled out" #)$ ,uranoid $iter%enesE 2tudy yielded cleordane type furanoid diterpenesE a ne& rumphioside I and kno&n borapetodies - and F, plus three other compounds" #7$ &-erodane $iter%enes7 2tudy yielded t&o ne& diterpenes, . and 8, from the lea!es of Tinospora rumphii , along &ith kno&n compounds

tinotufolin

1

and

!iteilactone"

#*$ S0ine

$iarr5ea

&ontro-7 2tudy sho&ed reduction of diarrhea &ith use of 8* fresh makabuhay

decoction

from

day

.*6)*

in

piglets

&ith

diarrhea"

#$ Antiferti-it3 Effect7 2tudy on 2prague61a&ley rats in!estigated the effect of ( rumphii on the acti!ity of )6B6hydroysteroid dehydrogenase acti!ity in the o!ary" #@$ )3%og-3cemic 4 )3%o-i%idemic7 2tudy on the etract of (inospora cordifolia roots for  &eeks resulted in a significant reduction of blood and urine glucose and lipids in serum and tissues in alloan diabetic rats" #;$ Antimicro.ia- 4 $iter%enes7 2tudy on chloroform etract of air6dried lea!es yielded a ne& clerodane diterpene, B8, and kno&n diterpenes B., tinotufolin 1 #B*$ and !iteilactone #B)$" B8 &as found to ha!e antifungal acti!ity against Aspergillus niger and ("


mentagrophytes, and antibacterial acti!ity against P" aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis" %emon grass abundantly gro&n in the Philippines it is &idely used as spice in Philippine cooking" %emon grass is locally kno&n to us Filipinos as tanglad #-itronella Drass$" %emon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties &hich help to deal &ith lot of health problems" It is the herb &hich is used in many homes to cope mainly &ith cough, cold and fe!er" -itronella grass #-ymbopogon nardus$, &hich is nati!e to 2outh 3ast Asia, yields citronella oil, &hich is used in perfume, cosmetics, and insect repellents" Its repellent properties are also utilized in preparations used in dog and cat control" Fractional distillation of the oil may be used to produce menthol, &hich has medicinal uses" Recent

studies sho&ed

that lemongrass

can

be

used

asE

#.$ Anti.acteria- 4 Antifunga-E 2tudies ha!e sho&n antibacterial acti!ity, comparable to penicillin" 4arious studies has sho&n acti!ity against albicans, - pseudotropicalis, /ycrosporum gypseum and A niger" #8$ Neuro.e5aviora- Effects7 2tudy of myrcene in rats suggests aniolytic acti!ity" 2tudy of essentail oil produced marked -?2 depression in mice, similar to chlorpromazine effect" Also, it increased sleepness time, similar to a thiopental effect" #)$ Antinocice%tive 4 Ana-gesic7 /yrcene etract from the essential oil has been sho&n to ha!e an antinocicepti!e effect" #7$ Antitumora-7 2tudy sho&ed a6myrcene possess antimutagenic acti!ity in mammary cells" Plant compounds, a6limonene and geraniol sho&ed inhibition of li!er and intestinal mucous membrane cancer in mice" 2tudy in Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

(hailand sho&ed inhibition of colorectal neoplasia in mice" 2tudy sho&ed inhibitory effects on early phase hepatocarcinogenesis in rats after initiation &ith diethylnitrosamine" #*$ Insect re%e--ent 4 Insecticida-7 2tudies of plant oil and po&der ha!e sho&n insect repellent and insecticidal acti!ity" 3ssential oil has sho&n acti!ity against Anopheline mosquitos, A culicifacies and A quinquefasciatus and certainde!elopmental phase inhibition of A aegypti" #$ *os8uito re%e--ent7 2tudy on the mosquito repellency properties of !olatile oils deri!ed from lemongrass #- citratus$, citronella grass #cymbopobon nadus$ and /ay chang #%itsea cubeba$ against Aedes aegypti and -ule quinquefascitus sho&ed no significant difference on repellency" 9ther studies related to

Pañgiauan and %emongrass areE @

Tinospora rumphii Boerl" #/akabuhay$ in the (reatment of 2cabies J ?elia P

2alazar

et

al

JC

Insecticidal

use

of

(inospora

(he use of 8* fresh makabuhay #Tinospora rumphii

rhumhiiC Boerl$ !ine

decoction as pre!enti!e medication for s&ine #2us domesticus$ suckling diarrhea #.*6)* days old$ J -arace D B and 4illa!er ( ( J -%2K 2cientific Lournal M 4ol .68"pp*<6+C (he modulation of o!arian )B6:ydroysteroid dehydrogenase acti!ity in rats during treatment &ith Tinospora rumphii Boerl J 3lse 1apat J .<<< J 192( 2ci?3(6PhilC 3ffi cacy of 4olatile 9ils 1eri!ed from -ymbopogon citratus, - nardus and % cubeba against /osquitoes J 9ramon 2anti&itchaya J (hesis J"

Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ ; as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

-:AP(3R III /ethodology

Sampling Site and ollection of Sample

(he collection of samples of Pañgiauan stem &as done at the mountains of Barangay Bad6as, Placer, 2urigao del ?orteC &hile the collection of samples of lemongrass &as done at 2itio %ooc, 2urigao -ity" (he samples &ere then placed on a clean plastic bag for transportation"

Sample Preparation Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass &ere &ashed thoroughly &ith clean &ater" An ample amount of Pañgiauan stems &ere cut into inches and then &ere pounded &ith the use of mortar and pestle" (he pounded Pañgiauan stem &as boiled into three cups of &ater heated at )*+ - for .* minutes" /ean&hile, lemongrass and ginger &ere &ashed and pounded, then &as boiled into . 0 cups of &ater heated at )*+ - for .+ minutes" (he boiled Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass &ith ginger &ere strained repeatedly to get clumps and unneeded substance from the sample miture" (he boiled Pañgiauan stem and lemongrass &ith ginger &ere mied in a bo&l and &as added a little bit of calamansi" (he sample miture &as strained again to remo!e clumps and calamansi seeds" (he sample miture &as stored in a spray bottle until further use" See Figure 1" Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

<

<

!igure "# Collection of Pañgiauan stems and lemongrass, and preparation of sample

Sampling Site and Preparation of Test Organism (he collection of samples of Nohol #Dolden Apple 2nail$ &as done at Barangay Bad6as, Placer, 2urigao del ?orte" It &as then placed on a clean plastic bag for transportation" Nohol &as placed on a plastic bo&l filled &ith &ater and sorted out the ones that &ould be used for the four different tests" For the first test, ; Nohols &ere prepared to be used" 9n the second test, ; Nohols &ere also prepared to be used" Four Nohols &ere prepared to be used in the third Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

and fourth tests" All of the Nohols &ere sorted out by determining &hich Nohol &as still ali!e so as to be used in the eperiment" An etra fifth test &as also carried out"

$valuating the $ffectiveness -omparing and contrasting method for anti6pest susceptibility testing .+

&as carried out to assess the effecti!eness of the produced sample

pesticide &ith other locally kno&n pesticides" Four tests &ere done and four setups &ere made, being setup B, setup -, and setup 1 &ere sample pesticides, and setup A &as the controlled setup" 2etup B had the Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass pesticide" 2etup - and 2etup 1 had the commercially a!ailable pesticides, being that 2etup - &as gi!en by a farmer and 2etup 1 &as from a supermarket" (est ., had 7 setups prepared, each &ith 8 Nohols put in a mini saucer" 3ach setup &as treated &ith the sample pesticidesC each saucer &as poured an ample amount of pesticide B, pesticide - and pesticide 1, ecept for setup A" (he Nohols &ere soaked &ith pesticide for .+ minutes" See Figure ! (est 8, had the same setups as (est ., but Nohols of (est 8 &ere soaked &ith pesticide for * minutes" See Figure " (est ), &as the indi!idual test" (hree Nohols &ere treated &ith pesticide and . Nohol as the control" 9ne Nohol &as soaked in pesticide B for .+ seconds, another in pesticide - as &ell as pesticide 1" See Figure # (est 7, &as the effecti!eness on &ater test" Four Nohols &ere placed in a bo&l of clean &ater" (hen an ample amount Pañgiauan stem etract


and %emongrass pesticide &as sprayed unto the bo&l of clean &ater" See Figure $ An etra fifth test &as carried out" An ample amount Pañgiauan stems etract and %emongrass pesticide &as sprayed unto earth&orms on the ground, See figure % ..

!igure %# Test 1& 'left to right( had # setups prepared) soaked *ith pesticide for 1+ minutes) *ait for any signs of ohol still ali-e

!igure &# Test !& 'left to right( had # setups prepared) soaked *ith pesticide for $ minutes) *ait for any signs of ohol still ali-e

!igure '# Test "& 'left to right( kohol *as

!igure (# Test #& Pañgiauan and

soaked for 1+ seconds

.emongrass pesticide spray on bo*l


!igure )# Test $& Pañgiauan and .emongrass pesticide spray on earth*orm

-:AP(3R I4 .8

Results and 1iscussion

$ffectiveness by Time (est . and (est 8 &ere both made to test the effecti!eness of Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass pesticide #pesticide B$ against commercially a!ailable pesticides6 pesticide - and pesticide 1" In (est ., one hour after all of the Nohols &ere soaked for .+ minutes, there &ere no signs of any Nohol that sur!i!ed" All of the Nohols treated &ith pesticide B, pesticide -, and pesticide 1 sho&ed no signs of life or reco!ery" In (est 8, one hour after all of the Nohols &ere soaked for * minutes, the Nohol from setup B, treated &ith Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass pesticide, &oke up again" +")"L

Time

Resu-t

+o5o-s used 8

controlled

controlled

Setu% #

8

.+ minutes

3ffecti!e

Setu% &

8

.+ minutes

3ffecti!e

Setu% $

8

.+ minutes

3ffecti!e

in9 Setu% A

Test .

Num.er of


Table "# Test 1& /ffecti-eness of Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates( sho*s the same as to commercially a-ailable pesticide in 1+ minutes

+")"L in9

Time

Resu-t

+o5o-s used 8

controlled

controlled

Setu% #

8

* minutes

?ot 3ffecti!e

Setu% &

8

* minutes

3ffecti!e

Setu% $

8

* minutes

3ffecti!e

Setu% A

Test 8

Num.er of

.)

Table %# Test !& /ffecti-eness of Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates( sho*s not effecti-e as to commercially a-ailable pesticide in $ minutes

In (est ), it &as the indi!idual test" (his test is for us to kno& ho& effecti!e pesticide B, pesticide -, and pesticide 1 in regards to ho& quickly the organism is affected by the pesticide" (his test is a matter of speed and ho& quick does the pesticide take effect" In order for us to find out if the Nohol is dead is to obser!e the amount of bubbles the Nohol ecretes during or after the .+ second soaking of the Nohol" (his &ill sho& ho& much air, or diffused oygen is breathed out" Results sho& that, after .+ seconds that one Nohol &as soaked in 2etup B, it released air for . minute and .) seconds"


2etup - released air for about . minute and *+ seconds" 2etup 1 released air for a surprising short time of )+ seconds" 2etup B and 2etup 1 &ere confirmed dead after fe& minutes" :o&e!er, 2etup - &oke up again after * minutes" Table " sho&s the summary of (est )" +")"L in9

Setu% A

Setu% $

Test

)

Num.er

Time

.7

Num.er of

of +o5o-

+o5o-s

used

dead in

controlled

+ sec

minutes controlled

.+ sec

+

8+ sec

+

)+ sec

.

.

Resu-t

controlled

3ffecti!e and 4ery Fast

Setu% #

.

7+ sec

+

*+ sec

+

. min

+

.E.+ min

.

3ffecti!e and Fast

Setu% &

.

.E8+ min

+

.E)+ min

+

.E7+ min

+

.E*+ min

.

3ffecti!e but 2lo&


8E++ min

+

Table &# Test "& /ffecti-eness of Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates( sho*s to be faster thaun Setup C but slo*er than Setup 

In (est 7, sho&s the effecti!eness of Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $

.*

stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ pesticide through &ater" =e need to ha!e this test because Nohols are pest that thri!e in &aters and are seldom seen on dry land ecept &hen they eat and destroy crops like palay" Four Nohols &ere put in a bo&l of clean &ater Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $ stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ pesticide &as put in the bo&l" Because of the pesticide, the Nohols released air &hich means its losing oygen" Fi!e minutes later, the Nohols &ere dead" See Figure 2 In (est *, &e researchers stayed true to our background of finding other significant uses of Pañgiauan " (hat is &hy (est * &as made to kno& if Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $ stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ is an effecti!e molluscicide" 2ame sample miture &as sprayed unto the earth&orm then the earth&orm turned pale then died immediately after" See Figure 3


!igure *# Test $& 'left to right( /arth*orm *as sprayed *ith Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates(

.

!igure +# Test #& 'left to right( Clean*ater *as sprayed *ith Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates( pesticide) All ohol *ere dead

Efectiveness by Time 100 80 Column2

60 40 20 0 Setup A

Setup B

Setup C

Setup D

hart "# /ffecti-eness of Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates( sho*s to be the same as Setup CSetup  is much effecti-e *hen it comes to time


$ffectiveness by ost 2etup - and 2etup 1 are both commercially a!ailable pesticides, so there is no doubt that commercial products are al&ays high on !alue" 2etup B, &hich is the Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $ stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ pesticide, uses lo& cost items and most .@

of the materials used can be found at home" Pañgiauan #Tinospora

rumphii $ stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ is cheaper and effecti!e"

Efectiveness by Cost 120 100 Column2

80 60 40 20 0 Setup A

Setup B

Setup C

Setup D

hart %# /ffecti-eness of Pañgiauan 'Tinospora rumphii( stem e0tract and .emongrass 'Andropogon citrates( sho*s to be much more cheaper

$ffectiveness by $fficiency


(ime for the product to &ork and cost are one of the ma5or factors for the successful marketing of a product" =ith 2etup -, you get a slightly mediocre product and costly too" =ith 2etup 1, it is understandable that it is costly because it &orks so &ell" =ith 2etup 1, you get a great !alue for your money" But, &ith 2etup B, the Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $ stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ pesticide, you get similar results to roughly to that of 2etup - and spend less for the materials used &ere lo& cost" .;

(he final !erdict &ould beE

Efectiveness by Eciency (Marketability) 100 90 80 70 Column2

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Setup A

Setup B

Setup C

Setup D


-:AP(3R 4

.<

-onclusions and Recommendations onclusions


=e therefore conclude that Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii $ stem etract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus$ can be successfully made into an effecti!e pesticide against pests &ho threats our economy's primary source of income6agriculture" Based on the results, the null hypothesis &as re5ected" Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass &as pro!en to be an effecti!e pesticide" Fi!e tests confirm that not only does this study pro!e to be an effecti!e pesticide but, according to (est *, it is also an effecti!e molluscicide" Pañgiauan stem etract and %emongrass as pesticide can compete &ith today's market especially that market prices are getting higher and higher" ,ecommendations Researchers recommend testing other characteristics of Pañgiauan or other parts of Pañgiauan other than the stems to utilize in other studies such as anti6bacterial, anti6fungal, or as an insecticide" In addition, &e recommend testing %emongrass and Pañgiauan if it is an effecti!e pesticide by it sel!es"

References

8+


Ans0ers:com" 4o* do you make insecticide 5 lemon grass napthalene ginger6" httpEJJ&iki"ans&ers"comJOJ:o&doyoumakeinsecticide6 lemongrassnapthaleneginger &arace ! # and Vi--aver T T: The use of !$7 fresh makabuhay 'Tinospora rumphii 8oerl( -ine decoction as pre-enti-e medication for s*ine 'Sus domesticus( suckling diarrhea '1$5"$ days old( . -%2K 2cientific Lournal M 4ol .68" pp *<6+ &ru;< *a: &ece-3n S: =>???@: 9e* antimicrobial diterpenes from Tinospora rumphii  1e %a 2alle Kni!ersity !-ee La0ree; &agas =>?@: A study on Panya*an as Termicide )a%%35omema/erBB:com =>??B@: 9atural Pesticide from .emongrass httpEJJhappyhomemaker;;"comJ8++;J+7J.+Jnatural6plant6etract6pesticideJ *ar-ene A-%5onse =>?@: 4o* to Make .emongrass httpEJJ&&&"buzzle"comJarticlesJho&6to6make6lemongrass6oil"html

:il

*ona Pena-es< 'o5nas *angata< 'ames !ordo =>??B@: /-aluation on Antibacterial Property of Makabuhay 'T;nospora rumphii 8oerl( Stem /0tract Negre--e RR#: !omes E& =>??C@: Cymbopogon citratus 'C( Stapf & chemical composition and biological acti-ities. Re!" Bras" Pl" /ed", Botucatu, !"<, n"., p";+6<8 Ne-ia P Sa-a;ar et a-: Tinospora rumphii 8oerl 'Makabuhay( in the Treatment of Scabies

8. Pañgiauan #Tinospora rumphii Boerl$ 2tem 3tract and %emongrass # Andropogon citratus 1-$ as an 3ffecti!e Pesticide and Insecticide

"ramon Santi0itc5a3a: /ffi cacy of
from

Pa/ ': 2eed =>??C@: ./M:9 >?ASS& 8:TA9@, /T49:8:TA9@ A9 C4/M;ST?@5A ?/<;/ . 2ci" Res" .)#.68$E .8<6.)7 PAN !erman3 Pesti;id A/tions6Net;0er/ e:V: =>??@:Tinospora httpEJJ&&&"oisat"orgJcontrolmethodsJplantsinpestcontrolJtinospora"html 8+

Pesticide Action ?et&ork ?orth America GPA??AH #8+.+$" 9il of lemongrass 6 Identification, toicity, use, &ater pollution potential, ecological toicity and regulatory information" httpEJJ&&&"pesticideinfo"orgJ1etail-hemical"5spRecIdQP-)*877

P5i-i%%ine *edicina- P-ants =>?@: 4ealth 8enefits of .emongrass httpEJJphilippinemedicinalplants"blogspot"comJ8+..J+
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Pañgiauan “Tinospora rumphii” Stem Extract and Lemongrass “Andropogon citratus” as an Effective Pesticide

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