Chili(Capsicum Annum) And Makabuhay(Tinospora Cordifolia ) Stem extract As Molluscicide
A Science Investigatory Project Presented to the SHS Research Teachers In Fulfillment of the Requirements on Practical Research-2
Jhanna Reah M. Ibarra Aries Edison R. Dalagan Jerome Argote Researchers
BACUAG NATIONAL AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL March 2018
Table of Contents
Page Cover Page Abstract
i
Acknowledgement
ii
I.
Introduction
1
Significance of the Study
2
Conceptual Framework of Study
2
(Schematic Diagram)
II. III.
Statement of the Problem
3
Hypotheses
3
Scope and Delimitation
3
Definition of Terms
4
Review of Related Literature
5-13
Research Methodology Materials/ Equipment
14
Research Design
15
General Procedure
15
Data Analysis
16
Data Gathering Procedure
16
IV. Result and Discussion
17-18
V. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation
19-20
Acknowledgement
“Success is a continuing process. Failure is stoppage. The man who keeps moving and working does not fail.”
First and foremost, we thank the almighty Father, Lord, God, for everything. For the life given to us, for the strength, for the love, for giving us wonderful people surround us, most especially to our family. We are humbled and glorified for everything that HE has given to us. Second, is to our excellent, pleased and humble adviser Dr. Queen Ann M. Navallo for imparting her expertise to make this research will done and successful. To our classmates who help us also and share their knowledge to keep this study will done. Lastly, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our parents, family, that without their undying support we cannot step forward to reach our ambitions in life. Our gratefulness is immeasurable. To God be the Glory.
Jhanna Reah M. Ibarra Aries Edieson R. Dalagan Jerome Argote
Abstract This research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem extract. Plants were extracted and varied percentage compositions of the extract were prepared. Golden apple snails are separated in three (3) different cages for mortality test. The first cage was labeled A is consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 50%, second was labeled B consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 75%, while the third one was labeled C consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 100% extract. The golden apple snail’s mortality was noted after a min. Results revealed that the time death of the golden kuhol ( ampullariidae) is at its highest time reading at 50% and is at its lowest reading at 100%. However, the difference of the death time may vary from its age. In the three (3) different concentration of extract, it is the 100% concentration of chili and makabuhay stem extract has the lowest time reading of death time period (in min.). In all percentage level of concentrations the recorded death time is in between 52 to 375 minutes. The findings revealed that 100% concentration of the chili and makabuhay extract is the most effective molluscicide which kills the golden kuhol within(average death time 63.2 minutes). In view of the finding of the study it is recommended that present & prospective farmers, and personnel in Bacuag agricultural office to follow the method stated in the study in able to achieve the effectiveness of the extract as molluscicide.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A certain mollusks has enormous damage to agricultural activities. Its perils is obviously seen on rice fields. In the modern world, pests are largely controlled by chemicals that is disparaging to all forms of living things. If spraying on rice fields will be continuously practiced, then a vast environmental degradation will be experienced. The ozone layer will decrease its thickness that leads to climate change. All inhabitants will tremendously be affected by the ill effect of global warming. In some point will trigger to bad health conditions. However, if a single farmer will do away with it and practice the traditional way, only then a positive change will be experience. The mean reason why the researchers conducted this study is to highly improve medicinal plant or natural toxins as molluscicides that will help to maintain the balance of the ecosystem, and couldn’t kill non-target organisms.
The purpose of this paper is to assemble pertinent information and provide general guidelines and recommendations to those target farmers who uses toxins and experience heavy losses on rice yields. The researcher was determined to have some experiments to test the effectiveness of the plants. Golden apple snail will be used for the experiment, extract of the chili and makabuhay will be applied and after that, results will show if there will be an effect on the golden apple snail. This is what the researcher is trying to prove, to determine if the extract of Chili ( Capsicum Annum) and Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia) is a potential extermination for golden apple snail, and to share their study to be a help to those farmers.
Significance of the Study This study was undertaken for the benefits of the following:
Present and Prospective Farmers:
Farmers are the main beneficiaries of this research as this provides an avenue in preventing escalation of mollusks.
Personnel in Bacuag Agricultural Office : Through this study, they can expand their campaign to inform agriculturist regarding to the result of improving Crop plants.
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework This study is anchored in the concept of killing competitor to the growth of rice in the rice field based on the study of S.E Shawari, S.M Abd-Alla et. Al. (2013)
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Experimental Set-up Chili and Makabuhay stem extract Concentration
Death of Golden Kuhol
50%
in minutes
75% 100%
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Study
Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the potential of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract as molluscicide. Specifically, this study will sought to find answer to the following questions: 1. Can Chili and Makabuhay stem extract are effective to kill certain mollusks in the farm? 2. Is there significant difference between the effect of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill golden kuhol? Considering the following concentration? 2.1 100% 2.2 75% 2.3 50% 3. Which of the different concentration is the most effective? 3.1 100%
Chili and Makabuhay stem extract
3.2 75%
Chili and Makabuhay stem extract
3.3 50%
Chili and Makabuhay stem extract
Research Hypotheses At 0.05 level of significance it is hypothesized that: Null hypothesis: There is no effect of using Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill certain mollusks. Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the effect of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill golden kuhol (Ampolariidae).
Scope and limitation of the Study The study covers on assessing the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem extract from preventing and eliminating escalation of mo llusks.
The subject of the study is limited only to fifteen (15) golden kuhol taken in Poblacion, Bacuag, Surigao del Norte. A phytochemical analysis of chili &makabuhay extract was not secured because BAE permit was not secured. Caraga State University
and Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of
technology did not accommodate the phytochemical screening as well due to lack of reagents. The study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018.
Definition of Terms:
Golden Kuhol ( Ampullariidae)- Most description of the habitat of the golden apple snail are
qualitative. In its native area, the apple snail has been described as inhabiting
of mainly quiet stretches water, such as lagoons, ponds and swamps.
Mollusks - Any one of a large group of animals (such as snails and clams) that have a soft body without a backbone and that usually lives in a shell.
Concentration - Refers to a liquid solution.
Extract - A solution ( as in alcohol) of essential constituents of a complex material (as meat or an aromatic plant)
Chili ( Capsicum Annum) - A small pepper with a very hot flavor.
Molluscicide - Are pesticides which kill mollusks, an animal phylum of ten of thousands of invertebrate creature. Mollusks include octopi and squid as well as snail or slugs, which is a poison or a chemical that kills mollusks.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Chili (Capsicum Annum)
Chili(Capsicum Annum) plant is a small, perennial shrub with a woody stem, growing up to a meter in height. It is native to the Central American region where it employed as one the main spice ingredients in Mexican cuisine for centuries. Later, it was introduced to the rest of the world by Spanish and Portuguese explorers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Today chili pepper is grown widely in many parts of the world as an important commercial crop. Several cultivars of chili peppers grown all around the world. Depending upon cultivar type, it bears flowers which subsequently develop into fruit pods of variable size, shape, color, and pungency. Moreover, again, depending on the cultivar type, their hotness ranges from mild, fleshy (Mexican bell peppers) to fiery, tiny, Nag Jalokiya chili peppers of the Indian subcontinent. The hotness of chili measured in “Scoville heat units” (SHU). On the Scoville scale, a sweet bell pepper
scores 0, a jalapeño pepper around 2,500-4,000 units, and Mexican habañeros may have 200,000 to 500,000 units. Inside, each chili fruit pod features numerous tiny, white, or cream colored, circular, flat seeds which clinging on to the central white-placenta. Chilies have a strong spicy taste that comes to them from the active alkaloid compounds: capsaicin,capsanthin,and,capsorubin. To get rid of burning feeling, it is advisable to take fat or greasy content like milk, curd, sugar, or ice cream. Drinking water will not relieve the burning of your mouth because capsaicin is insoluble in
water.
Medicinal Value
capsaicin
is
used
for
treatment
for
many
diseases
like
arthritis.
When chilly is eaten, it makes the brain to release endorphins, a natural painkiller present in the body. The endorphin lowers blood pressure and helps to fight against cancer.
Chilly
Sore throat, varicose ulcers, and laryngitis can be cured by using antibacterial chilly. Man made
contains
capsaicin
lots
called
of
vitamin
A,
"Guafenesein"
vitamin
is
used
B,
and
in
vitamin
cough
C
syrups.
Chilly helps cure many diseases like blood pleasure, insomnia, hay fever, flu( Andrews 1984).
Benefits of Chili
Chilies are excellent source of Vitamin, A, B, C and E with minerals like molybdenum, manganese, folate, potassium, thiamin, and copper. Chili contains seven times more vitamin C than orange.
According to Proulx (1985) ever since its introduction to India in 1498, chilies have been included in Ayurvedic medicines and used as tonic to ward off many diseases. Chilies are good for slimming down as it burns the calorie easily. Chilies stimulate the appetite, help to clear the lungs, and stimulate digestive system.
Capsaicin : Chilies have vitamin C and Vitamin A containing beta-carotenoids which are powerful antioxidant. These antioxidants destroy free radical bodies. Usually, these radical
bodies may travel in the body and cause huge amounts of damage to cells. These radical bodies could damage nerve and blood v essel in diabetes.
The antioxidants present in the chili wipe out the radical bodies that could build up cholesterol
causing
major
heart
diseases
such
as
atherosclerosis.
Chilies have antioxidants that can destroy cholesterol which could cause major disease like atherosclerosis and other heart diseases. Other disease like cataract and arthritis like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It also dilates airway of lungs which reduces asthma andwheezing.
Detoxicants : Chilies acts as detoxifiers as they removes waste products from our body and increases supply nutrients to the tissues. It also acts as gastrointestinal detoxicants helping in
digestion
of
food.
Pain killer : Chilies stimulates the release of endorphins that are natural pain killers. It relieves pain caused due to shingles (Herpes Zoster), bursitis, diabetic neuropathy and muscle spasm in shoulders, and extremities. It also helps in relieving arthritic pains in the extremities.
Antibiotic : Chilies brings fresh blood to the site of the infection. The fresh blood fights infection. The white blood cells and leukocytes present in the fresh blood fights viruses.
Brain : Capsaicin stimulates brain to excrete endorphin and gives a sense of pleasure when ingested.
This
is
the
reason
people
get
addicted
to
chili.
Cancer : It has been noted that vitamin C, beta-carotene and folic acid found in chili reduces the risk of colon cancer. Chilies such as red pepper have cartonoid lycopene, which prevents cancer
disease.
Heart Attack : Chilies have vitamin B6 and folic acid. The vitamin B reduces high homocysteine level. High homocysteine levels have been shown to cause damage to blood vessels and are associated with a greatly increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It also converts homocysteine into other molecules which is beneficial to lower cholesterol level.
Lung disease : Chilies gives relief from nasal congestion by increasing the metabolism. It also dilates airway of lungs which reduces asthma and wheezing. It relieves chronic congestion in people
who
are
heavy
drinkers.
Cigarette smoke contains benzopyrene which destroys the vitamin A in the body. The vitamin A present in chili reduces inflammation of lungs and emphysema caused due to cigarette smoking.
Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia )
The makabuhay( Tinospora Cordifolia ) plant is a clinging vine, and the name itself suggests the primary purpose of such plant. Makabuhay is a Filipino translation of the English term ‘prolife or to give life’. It is commonly
known as the paliahan in the Visayas region. The plant belongs to the family of Menispermaceae, and can grow, or rather climb, up to fifteen meters long. The makabuhay
leaves are thin sheets that are heart-shaped, and its flowers look distinct as they only have three petals. The makabuhay plant is known for its bitter nature, and the fruits of this plant are held in clusters, which can be as long as two centimeters. This plant may be propagated by planting its stem, which contains a bitter sap. However, it is important to note that makabuhay can be found in most forests all over the Philippines. It grows in tropical areas, and it is of little wonder why it is abundant in a country like the Philippines. The fruits of this plant have not been utilized nor established to have medicinal values. Only the leaves and the stems of makabuhay have been found to cure particular health concerns. For the stems, both the dried and the fresh stems are found to be beneficial.
Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia ) as it is called in the Philippines has a long, history of medicinal use in India alsa called Guduchi. Makabuhay has long been used in Ayurveda medicine (traditional medicine in India) for thousands of years. Ayurvedic practitioners in India used Makabuhay to promote longevity, prevent diseases and to treat various illness from arthritis to treatment cancer.
In the Philippines, Makabuhay plant extract is traditionally combined with coconut oil to treat rheumatism and arthritis, abdominal pains (kabag), scabies, skin ulcers and others.
Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia ) contains many chemicals that are known to have antioxidant activities while a few can even fight cancer cells in animal studies. However, most of the scientific studies that are made on the medicinal uses of Makabuhay are limited to animals or in test tubes. Scientific studies on humans are insufficient.
Makabuhay Traditional Medicinal Uses
Makabuhay is largely used in traditional herbal medicine for various conditions.
Makabuhay roots, stems and leaves are used as herbal treatment for fevers, malaria. Makabuhay leaves and roots are pounded then dissolved in cold water. Applied with a soft cloth over the nape, forehead, underarms and other body parts to bring down the body temperature.
Makabuhay poultice is used to treat gout, arthritis, and rheumatism by reducing pain and edema.
Makabuhay is used to treat skin diseases (athle te’s foot, scabies, etc.), promotes wound healing and alleviate skin itching.
Makabuhay tonic is believed to promote over all good health and longevity, improves memory, improves skin tone and texture, and provides energy.
Makabuhay tonic is also used to treat fever and malaria.
Makabuhay tonic is used to treat gastrointestinal and digestive problems, which includes diarrhea, hyperacidity, abdominal pains, gas pains (kabag), vomiting, dyspepsia, dysentery, colitis, constipation, loss of appetite and even worm infestation.
Makabuhay is also used in the treatment of diabetes, heart problems, hepatitis, anemia, impotence,tuberculosis,jaundice.
Other Scientific Studies Relating to Makabuhay (Tinospora cordifolia)
Diabetes and Tinospora Cordifolia
A research conducted in the Indian Medicine research laboratory in Sri Ramachandra University, studied the mechanism of the active ingredients of Tinospora cor difolia against key marker cells of insulin dependent glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) and the predominant protein
that influences glucose metabolism. According to results, the Glut-4 and the dominant protein were modulated by Tinospora cordifolia. Moreover, the uptake of glucose was likewise mediated suggesting the anti-diabetic properties of TC compounds. (Phytomedicine Feb 2013: Anti-diabetic Property of Tinospora Cordifolia)
Anti-Cancer Properties of Tinospora Cordifolia
The Division of Ethnopharmacology of Lo yola College in India conducted a study on the effects of Tinospora cordifolia extracts against induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats to determine its potential use in cancer therapy. Results have shown that those treated with Tinospora cordiflia extract (TCE) exhibit an increased level of antioxidants and detoxification enzymes, and decreased serum transaminase level and hepatic marker enzymes to near normal. TCE likewise reduced tumor incidence and reversed the damaged hepatocytes to normal. The study concludes that TCE exhibits preventive effect against chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats and further suggests that Tinospora cordifolia extract can be a potent chemopreventive drug for HCC. (Investigational New Drugs, August 2011: Chemopreventive potential of Epoxy clerodane diterpene from Tinospora cordifolia against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma)
Effects of Tinospora cordifolia to Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis The Division of Endocrinology, University of Gottingen in Germany conducted a laboratory investigation of the effects of beta-Ecdysone (ECD), a steroid found in Tinospora cordifol ia extract on joints, epiphyseal cartilage and trabecular ti ssues in rats. The study has shown that rats subjected to treatment of ECD have developed thicker joint cartilage and thicker epiphyseal growth plate. The study suggests that Tinospora cordifolia has antiosteoporotic effects and may be of value in the prevention and treatment osteoporosis and osteoarthritis which is of increasing importance due to
aging and obesity among individuals. (Phytomedicine, April 2010: Beneficial effects of beta-Ecdysone on the joint, epiphyseal cartilage tissue and trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats).
Golden Apple snail ( Ampullariidae)
The
golden
apple
snail
was
introduced from Florida and Latin America to Taiwan
(Province
of
China)
and
the
Philippines in the early 1980s by private snail farmers hoping to reap big profits exporting snails to Europe. Easy to rear and fast breeding, the snail's high protein content also apparently made it an ideal supplement to the low-protein diet of the rural poor. Unfortunately, the snails were not a success with consumers, and although they were initially expensive, their market value soon plummeted.
The escaped and discarded snails quickly spread through waterways and irrigation canals. When they reached the rice fields they found an ideal habitat, feeding by night and at dawn on young succulent plants such as newly transplanted rice crops and weeds. With only a few natural enemies to constrain them, the snails rapidly developed into a serious pest in many areas of cultivated rice land in Asia. Their fast growth and reproduction - females lay egg masses of up to 500 eggs once a week - leads to population levels that can destroy entire rice crops.
Most description of the habitat of the golden apple snail are qualitative. In its native area, the apple snail has been described as inhabiting mainly quiet stretches of water, such as lagoons, ponds and swamps (Scott 1957, Bachmann 1960). However, field research suggest that the snail is frequently found in streams in its native area (Martin et. Al. 2001). In Japan, the snail is found in a
wide variety of habitat , including rivers, ponds, swamps, reservoirs, creeks, drainage canals and paddy fields (Hirai 1987).
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY Materials/ Equipment
Materials for the Mortality Testing: 100g chili extract 100g Makabuhay 15 Golden Kuhol
Apparatus: Triple Beam Balance Beaker Mortar and Pestle Lab gown Goggles Gloves Vial Scissors Clean cloth Laboratory
Research Design This study used experimental research design because it concerned with examining of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or interventions. Experimental research designs are familiar to most people as the classic science experiment, much like those performed in high school science class. Imagine that golden kuhol that is affected by the chili and makabuhay stem extract as molluscicide in different concentration, though all subjects affected of the extract. If the golden kuhol that affected of the highest concentration of extract than those that effected of higher and high concentration of extract, the researchers can conclude that the chili and makabuhay stem extract is effective as molluscicde. Further, if we are certain that all subjects in both percentage concentration of extract were identical at the start of the experiment and that affecting molluscicide was the only way they differed; the researchers can conclude that molluscicide will cause the death of all golden kuhol.
General Procedure:
Collection and Preparation of Samples and Materials
Extracting of Chili and Makabuhay
Experimentation on the Golden Kuhol
Results and Observations
Data Analysis This study used the following statistical tools to analyze the gathered data: 1. t-test- use to differentiate if there is a significant difference the two means from two variables.
Data Gathering Procedure Collection and preparation of Samples and Materials Step 1. The researchers collects chili and makabuhay planst that will be used. Step 2. The different equipment’s will be prepared in the clean table. Step 3. The chili and makabuhay plant both weighs 100 grams. Step 4. The chili and makabuhay plants will be extracted with the use of mortar and pestle. Step 5. The chili and makabuhay extract will be divided into different composition. Step 6. The chili and makabuhay extract will be orally applied to golden kuhol.
Step 7. Gathering the results of the experiment will be made.
CHAPTER IV RESULTS & DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results and provides comprehensive discussion on the eff ect of chili and makabuhay stem extract from varied composition of plant extract.
Time Recorded as to the Death of golden Kuhol after Chili & Makabuhay Extract Used as molluscicide
Shown in Table 1 is the time recorded death of golden apple snail after chili and makabuhay extract used as mollscicide.
Table 1. Time Recorded Death of Golden Apple Snail after Chili & Makabuhay Extract Used as molluscicide
Different Concentrations of Chili & Makabuhay Extract
(in minutes) 50%
75%
100%
240
180
60
250
178
70
318
216
52
226
22
75
375
200
59
281.8
159.2
63.2
Kuhol 1 2 3 4 5 Average
Results reveal on a variation of percentage mortality of golden apple snail treated with the different concentration of the plant extract throughout the entire exposure period. It is noted that the golden apple snail exposed to different concentration showed highest percentage of go lden apple snail’s mortality, in mins
Table 2. Significant Difference among the Different Concentration Percentage of Chili & Makabuhay Extract as Molluscicide
Group 1
Group 2
t
Df
p
Decision on H0
Remarks
75%
2.73
8
0.023
Reject
Significant
100%
7.68
8
0.000
Reject
Significant
100%
2.72
8
0.026
Reject
Significant
50%
75%
** Significant at p<0.05
Based on the result in Table 2, reveals the computed the p-value of different percentage composition of chili and makabuhay extract. The data in said table tell that the computed the pvalue of 0.023 at 0.05 level of significance. Result shows a significant difference: therefore the null hypothesis, “ There is no effect of using Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill certain mollusks ” is
rejected. Statistically, this means that chili and makabuhay which are in different percentage composition is preferably used as pesticidal and molluscicidal.
Chapter V Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation
Summary
This research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem extract as molluscicide. Plants were extracted and varied percentage compositions of the extract were prepared. Golden apple snails are separated in three (3) different cages for mortality test. The first cage was labeled A is consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 50%, second was labeled B consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 75%, while the third one was labeled C consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 100% extract. The golden apple snail’s mortality was noted after a min.
It used experimental research design because it concerned with examining of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or interventions. T-test, are used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that 100% concentration of the chili and makabuhay extract is the most effective molluscicide which kills the golden kuhol within 63.2 minutes. The data gathered also revealed that there is a significant difference on the efficacy of chili and makabuhay extract considering the following concentration: (1) 100%, (2) 75%, (3) 50%.
Conclusions
Based on the results and discussions, the following conclusions are made:
1. The three (3) different percentage compositions could either be used as potential molluscicide but 100% extract is the most effective. 2. Pure chili and makabuhay extract is preferable to be used in killing golden kuhol.
Recommendations
Based on the results and calculations, the following recommendations are offered:
1. The Present and Prospective Farmers should use chili and makabuhay extract as an alternative medicine for pest control.
2. The Personnel in Bacuag Agricultural Office should recommend the use of the newly discovered molluscicide which cheap yet effective.
3. For the future researchers that they should consider other plants to be used in making extracts that would kill mollusks.
Appendix A A.) Preparation for Samples and Materials
B.) Extracting Chili and Makabuhay
C.) Different Concentration of Chili and Makabuhay Extract
D.) Mortality testing on Golden Apple Snail
References
Electronic sources of chili and makabuhay (Andrews 1984) Retrieve from: http://www.chilly.in/chili_facts.htm
Retrieve from: http://www.chilly.in/chili_benefits.htm
Retrievefrom:http://rullanamador.blogspot.com/2010/01/makabuhay-tinospora-rumphii-boerl.html
Retrieve from: philippineherbalmedicine.org,trc.gov.ph,stuartxchange.org
Retrievefrom:http://rullanamador.blogspot.com/2010/01/makabuhay-tinospora-rumphii-boerl.html
Retrieve from: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110712080302)
