LA MACROECONOMÍA COMO MEDIO DE ESTUDIO EN EL MERCADO GLOBAL
CURSO:
Economía
PROFESOR:
Willian Flores Sotelo
PROFESOR GUÌA:
Asalia Mendoza Gonzales
ALUMNOS:
Carbajal Rojas, Jhosselyn García Minaya, Ahirynne Páez Vilca , Ornella
ESCUELA ACADÉMICO-PROFESIONAL NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES
CICLO II LIMA, OCTUBRE DE 2009
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Lo que poco cuesta aún se estima menos .
Miguel de Cervantes
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Este trabajo está dedicado al profesor ADRIÀN CÁCERES MINAYA por ayudarnos guiarnos en la correcta elaboración de este trab
III
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Agradecemos a nuestros por su constante
IV
ÍNDICE
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Agradecimiento Introducción
CAPÍTULO 1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA 1.1 Macroeconomía 1.2 La raíces de la macroeconomía macroeconomí a 1.2.1 La gran depresión 1.3 Historia reciente de la macroeconomía macroeconomía 1.4 Significado de la economía keynesiana 1.5 Componentes de la macroeconomía macroeconomía 1.5.1 Diagrama de flujo circular 1.5.2Los tres tres escenarios escenarios de mercado mercado 1.5.2.1 Mercado de bienes y servicios 1.5.2.2 Mercado de trabajo trabajo 1.5.2.3 Mercado de dinero
CAPÍTULO 2. VARIABLES MACROECONÓMICAS 2.1 Variables macroeconómicas 2.1.1 El producto interno 2.1.2 La tasa de desempleo 2.1.3 La tasa de inflación 2.2 La ley de okun 2.2.1 formulación matemática de la ley de okun
V 2.3 Los modelos macroeconómicos 2.3.1 La creación y el estudio de un modelo macroeconómico
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2.5 Producción e ingreso nacional 2.6 Productividad, salarios y desempleo 2.6.1 La demanda de trabajo 2.6.2 La oferta de trabajo 2.6.3 Teoría de salario flexible 2.6.4 Teoría de salario inflexible
CAPÍTULO 3. CASO PRÁCTICO 3.1 El café 3.1.1 La cafeína 3.2 Variedad de café en el PERÚ 3.3 El mercado internacional del café 3.4 Destinos 3.5 Empresas exportadoras 3.6 Producción 3.6.1 Dependencia externa 3.7 Consumo 3.7.1 Exportación
VI
CONCLUSIONES CAPÍTULO. 1
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Bibliografía Anexos
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El objetivo principal de este tema de investigación es darles a conocer, que la macroeconomía y la microeconomía son ramas de la economía que examinan el funcionamiento de la industria tanto de lo particular a lo general
Por tal razón, la macroeconomía opta por una perspectiva diferente debido a que dirige su atención a los determinantes de producción total
Por ende interesan las decisiones de los hogares y las empresas. Se ocupa de la suma de decisiones individuales, sin dejar de lado sus agentes económicos (familia, estado, nación, empresa sector externo), a nivel global además esta encargada de examinar el comportamiento de sus agregados, empleo, ingreso, producción a nivel nacional.
En resumen, la macroeconomía macroeconomía se ocupa del consumo de todas las familias en en la economía, el monto de trabajo provisto y demandado por todos los individuos y empresas, el monto total de l conjunto de bienes y servicios producidos.
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CAPÍTULO 1 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA
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La macroeconomía se ocupa del nivel agregado de los precios. Los incrementos en el nivel general de los precios (inflación), también del producto agregado, cantidad de bienes y servicios.
1.2 RAÍCES DE LA MACROECONOMÍA
1.2.1 LA GRAN DEPRESIÓN
Los acontecimientos económicos de la década de los treinta, la década de la GRAN DEPRESIÓN, suscitaron gran número de reflexiones acerca de temas macroeconómicos. Los años veinte fueron prósperos en general, sobre todo para la economía de los estados unidos, todo aqueo que buscaba trabajar , conseguía empleo los ingresos se elevaron y los precios se mantuvieron estables. Pero desde fines de1929 dio un vuelco vuelco negativo
En 1929 ,1.5 millones de estadounidenses estaban desempleados desempleados .Para 1930 la cifra había aumentado aumentado a trece millones millones de personas personas
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Después de la segunda guerra mundial en la década de los cincuenta las ideas de keynes comenzaron a ejercer creciente influencia, tanto en los economistas profesionales como en los responsables de las políticas gubernamentales
Los gobiernos terminaron por convencerse , de que podían de intervenir en la economía alcanzar metas especificas de empleo y producción y empezaron a utilizar su autoridad sobre impuestos y el gasto , así como su capacidad de influir en las tasas de interés y la oferta de dinero dinero con propósito de controlar las altas y bajas de la economía
Visión de la política gubernamental, se deduce que se asentó frente a los estados unidos “Por esta esta ley se establece el consejo de asesores económicos (grupo de economistas) que lo orientan a lo que se refiere costos de economía” Karle, case, Ray c. fair (pág. 121) 121)
1.4 SIGNIFICADO DE ECONOMÍA KEYNESIANA
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estaba reconociéndose falsedad , y cuando se proponía proclamarla murió sin hacerlo según esta doctrina ,” El desempleo se debe debe al ala ahorro y ha de combatirse forzando por todos los medios a quienes tienen dinero a que lo l o gasten “, Como si llevando el dinero al mercado salieran ala superficie inmediata mente nuevos talleres, nuevas fabricas fabricas , Llevando dinero al mercado mercado lo único que se logra es el encarecimiento de la mercancía (inflación), y por lo tanto , l a baja de nivel debida en general .Adonde .Adonde se deben llevar el dinero es la producción producción para que esta pueda contar con mas maquinarias, equipos instalaciones y pueda dar mayor ocupación a los desocupados y así sacar mas bienes y servicios al mercado y abaratar el costo de vida. Esto es lo que hace precisamente el ahorro, el que tiene dinero ahorrado no lo guarda bajo el colchón, como lo hacia la gente de la época mercantilista, sino que lo invierten invierten para que le produzca un beneficio o interés o lo coloca en bienes inmuebles, o en hipotecas, con lo cual favorece la expansión de la vivienda.
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sector exterior, estos grupos interactúan entre entre si de diversas maneras, maneras, muchos de los cuales suponen ya sea recepción o pago de ingresos.
1.6 DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO CIRCULAR
Se muestra los ingresos recibidos y los pasos efectuados por cada sector. Las familias trabajan para las empresas y el gobierno y reciben salarios por su trabajo, como pago por tales servicios .Los hogares reciben también intereses de bonos corporativos y gubernamentales y dividendo de las empresas. las familias gastan en la compra de bienes y servicios de las empresas y en el paso de impuestos del gobierno.
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1.7 LOS TRES ESCENARIOS DE MERCADO
Otras forma de analizar el modo en que las familias, empresas gobiernos y resto del mundo se relaciona entre si, es considerar los mercados en que interactúan. Los tres escenarios del mercado.
1.7.1 MERCADO DE BIENES Y SERVICIOS
En este mercado las empresas compran bienes entre si, Por ejemplo : LEVI STRAUSS, compra dril dril de algodón a otras empresas para confeccionar bule bule jeans, además las empresas compran bienes de capital de otras empresas. Si general motriz necesita necesita nuevos robots en sus líneas de ensamble, probablemente probablemente los comprara de otras empresas en ves de fabricarlos por si mismos.
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1.7.3 MERCADO DE DINERO
Conocido también como mercado financiero, las familias compran bonos de las empresas, Aportan fondos a este mercado con la expectativa de obtener ingresos en forma de dividendos de acciones e intereses de bonos. Las familias también demanda (piden prestado).
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Al hacer un análisis de la macroeconomía desde sus inicios, en la cual como país principal tenemos a Estados Unidos, llegamos a concluir que en la economía se presentan altos y bajos en cuanto el ingreso y a otros factores.
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CAPÍTULO 2 VARIABLES MACROECONÓMICAS
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2.1.1 EL PRODUCTO BRUTO INTERNO :
La Producción y la Renta El indicador de la producción agregada se llama (Producto Bruto Interno) y su
forma de cálculo es la siguiente:
Ejemplo: Consideremos el caso de una economía pequeña en donde solo se elaboran dos bienes:
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. Después de haber dado 2 casos mas, estamos ahora en condiciones de elaborar la primera definición de PBI.
1.- El PBI es el valor de los bienes y servicios finales producidos en la economía durante un periodo determinado. . 2.-El PBI es la suma del valor añadido de la economía durante un periodo determinado.
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2.1.3 LA TASA DE INFLACIÓN
La inflación es un alza continua y generalizada del nivel general de precios de la economía. Se dice que es continua porque el alza es repetitiva en todos los periodos y se generaliza porque afecta a todos o casi todos los bienes de la economía. La tasa de inflación es la tasa ala que que sube el nivel de precios ala inversa, una deflación es un descenso continuo del nivel ni vel de predio corresponde a una tasa de inflación negativa.
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(Pero el incremento/disminución en la tasa de desempleo es sólo la mitad del incremento/disminución en el PIB real).
Esta medida es sólo una observación empírica, ya que no es posible demostrarla. Okun se basó en datos de los años 1950 en Estados Unidos, y además avisó que esta teoría sólo es efectiva cuando la tasa de desempleo está entre el 3 y 7'5 %. Hasta ahora, la regla se ha cumplido en la mayoría de casos, y por eso es considerada como una observación muy fiable en macroeconomía. macroeconomía. El porcentaje exacto depende del período y país considerados, aunque lo normal es que esté
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La ley de Okun tal como se ha mostrado antes es difícil de usar en la práctica porque
y
pueden ser solo estimados, nunca medidos. Una forma más
corriente de expresar la ley, expresada en forma de tasa de crecimiento de la ley de Okun, relaciona los cambios en la l a producción con los cambios en el desempleo:
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supuestos que se hagan, de qué relaciones se consideren o no, de qué tipo de efectos transmitan estas relaciones, como se haga esa transmisión, y de que se suponga qué valores del mundo real representan las variables utilizadas, se obtendrán unos modelos u otros, de ahí que exista una gran variedad de modelos que predigan o expliquen cosas diferentes acerca del funcionamiento de la
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ellas, pero tales modelos resultan cada vez más difíciles de estudiar, o de usar para predecir o explicar la economía, que en el caso de las versiones más simplificadas. Pero las versiones más simples, por su misma naturaleza, tienden a fallar y a no prever sucesos económicos o a predecir correctamente los valores que tomarán las variables económicas. Un ejemplo típico es el de políticas
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Un modelo macroeconómico no serviría para demostrarnos la r ealidad si no se pudiera comprobar la validez de este usando los valores reales de la variables que estamos considerando, así como tampoco nos serviría de nada suponer cuales son las relaciones entre las variables y cuales son los valores de los parámetros que influyen en esas relaciones, si no podemos comprobar en qué
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modelo lineal es válido (o sea, que acertaría a explicar el valor de C a partir de las restantes variables) o si alguna de estas variables es irrelevante, o si resultan en conjunto insuficientes para explicar el valor de C a lo largo del periodo considerado.
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