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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
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REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA (España) EAL A CADEMIA CADEMIA DE LA H ISTORIA / editado por Martín MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS DE LA R EAL Almagro-Gorbea — Madrid : Real Academia de la Historia, Gabinete de Antigüedades, 2006. — 136 p. : il. en col. y n. ; 30 cm. — (Bibliotheca (Bibliotheca Numismáti Numismática ca Hispana; Hispana; 4. Monedas y medallas españolas).
D. L. L.:: M. M. 5.7 5.735 35-2 -200 007. 7.
ISBN IS BN:: 978 978-8 -844-95 9598 9833-84 84-8 -8..
1. REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA (España). Gabinete de Antigüedades. 2. MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS. I. Almagro-Gorbea, Martín. II. Título. 061.12:75.074(460.27M) 737.1(460)(083.82)
Esta obra forma parte del Programa de colaboración de la R EAL ACADEMIA DE LA H ISTORIA con las Fundaciones «B ANCO BILBAO V IZCAYA ARGENTARIA», «R AMÓN ARECES», «C AJA MADRID», «TELEFÓNICA, «RAFAEL DEL PINO», «ALSTOM», «DELOITTE» y «MAPFRE»
Portada: Cincuentín laminado en el Ingenio de Segovia en 1623 conservado en la Real Academia de la Historia.
© REAL ACADEM ACADEMIA IA DE DE LA HISTO HISTORIA RIA
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REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA GABINETE DE ANTIGÜEDADES
MONEDAS Y MEDALL AS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA
REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
editado por
M ARTÍ ARTÍN N A LMAGRO LMAGRO-GORBEA
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REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA COMISIÓN DE ANTIGÜEDADES Presidente: Excmo. Sr. D. José M. a Blázquez Martínez Vocales: Excmos. Sres. D. José M. Pita Andrade, D. Martín Almagro-Gorbea y D. Francisco Rodríguez Adrados
PUBLICACIONES DEL GABINETE DE ANTIGÜEDADES BIBLIOTHECA NVMISMATICA HISPANA 4
CONSEJO CIENTÍFICO Presidente: Prof. Dr. JOSÉ M ARÍA BLÁZQUEZ M ARTÍNEZ, de la Real Academia de la Historia Secretario y editor: LMAGRO-GORBEA , Académico Anticuario de la Real Academia de la Historia Prof. Dr. M ARTÍN A LMAGRO Vocales: BASCAL P ALAZÓN, Académico Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia y Catedrático Prof. Dr. JUAN M ANUEL A BASCAL de Historia Antigua de la Universidad de Alicante. Dr. MIGUEL BELTRÁN LLORIS, Académico Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia y Director del Museo de Zaragoza LBERTO C ANTO G ARCÍA , Académico Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia y Profesor de Prof. Dr. A LBERTO Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Prof.a Dr.a FRANCISCA CHAVES TRISTÁN, Académica Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia y Profesora de Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla IPOLLÈS , Académico Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia y Profesor de Arqueología Prof. Dr. PERE P AU R IPOLLÈS de la Universitat de València
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ÍNDICE
ÍNDICE
PRESENTACIÓN, por Gonzalo Anes y Álvarez de Castrillón .. ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... LA COLECCIÓN DE MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA.......... HISTORIA...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... Martín Almagro-Gorbea
9 11
LAS MONE MONEDAS DAS HISPÁN HISPÁNICAS ICAS ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... Pere Pau Ripollès y Juan Manuel Abascal
23
LAS MONED MONEDAS AS VISIGO VISIGODAS DAS .. ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... .. Jesús Vico Monteoliv Monteoliva a
41
LAS MONE MONEDAS DAS ANDAL ANDALUSÍES USÍES ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... .. Alberto Canto García
59
LAS MONED MONEDAS AS HISP HISPANO-CR ANO-CRISTIAN ISTIANAS AS ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... .. Juan Cayón Herre Herrero ro y Adolfo Cayón Herre Herrero ro
75
LAS MEDA MEDALLAS LLAS ESP ESPAÑOLA AÑOLASS ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... Martín Almagro-Gorbea
93
ÍNDICES
115
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ÍNDICE
PRESENTACIÓN
La Real Academia de la Historia, autorizada por el Rey Felipe V por Real Cédula de 18 de Abril de 1738, es una institución que tiene por objeto fomentar el estudio de la Historia de España y contribuir a salvaguardar su patrimonio cultural. Desde su crea- ción, esta ambiciosa tarea se ha entendido siempre con amplitud de miras, por lo que, junto a los estudio estudioss históric históricos os basado basadoss en docume documentación ntación escrita escrita,, tambié también n se han valo- rado otros «monumentos», como los restos arqueológicos y, de manera muy especial, las monedas y medallas, al considerarlas testimonio directo de la Historia. De acuerdo con este concepto de la Numismática y de la Medallística, ya formulado por los eruditos de la Ilustración, la Real Academia de la Historia, siguiendo una feliz iniciativa del Rey Fernando VI, comenzó a formar en 1750 una Colección de Medallas procedentes de algunas donaciones de la Corona, de particulares y de compras que, desde entonces, han seguido enriqueciendo la colección hasta nuestros días. En la actualidad, la colección comprende más de 40.000 monedas y 2.000 meda- llas. En estos últimos años, dentro de la labor de renovación del Gabinete de Antigüe- dades en que se custodian, han merecido una particular atención. La principal tarea del Gabinete de Antigüedades en estos años ha sido la de catalogar y publicar todas sus colecciones, entre las que las monedas y medallas ofrecen un interés singular, tanto
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
monedas y medallas de la Real Academia de la Historia. Queda constancia en esta obra, y en los trabajos anteriores que han permitido llevarla a cabo, del empeño con- tinuo de la Real Academia de la Historia por valorar el pasado y cuanto a él concierne en el rico Patrimonio Cultural de España, en el que monedas y medallas deben ocupar el destacado lugar que les corresponde, como ya supieron valorar con tanto acierto nuestros predecesores de la Ilustración. NES Y Á LVAREZ LVAREZ GONZALO A NES
DE C ASTRI ASTRILLÓ LLÓN N
Director de la Real Academia de la Historia
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INTRODUCCIÓN
LA COLECCIÓN DE MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA M ARTÍN A LMAGRO LMAGRO-GORBEA Anticuario Perpetuo de la Real Academia de la Historia
La Real Academia de la Historia, dentro de sus actividades habituales, ha organizado del 2 al 6 de abril de 2006 un ciclo de conferencias dedicado a las MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA. La finalidad pretendida era la de dar a conocer una parte esencial de la colección de más de 42.000 monedas y medallas que posee la Institución, recogidas desde 1750, colección que refleja el interés surgido durante la Ilustración por la Historia de España. Por ello, ésta era también una buena ocasión para contribuir a divulgar las importantes colecciones que custodia la Academia
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Además, este ciclo era también la oportunidad de dar a conocer al público un acontecimiento tan significativo como el que en este año 2006 se ha finalizado la catalogación y estudio de todas las piezas españolas, tarea llevada a cabo durante estos últimos años y que ha dado lugar a la publicación del Catálogo de Monedas y Medallas Españolas de la Real Academia de la Histo- ria en cinco extensos volúmenes, hecho que constituye en sí mismo un verdadero hito en los estudios numismáticos de nuestro país 1. EL G ABINETE DE A NTIGÜEDADES NTIGÜEDADES Y EL NUMARIO DE LA R EAL EAL A CADEMIA CADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA No es tarea fácil resumir aquí con brevedad ni qué es el Gabinete de Antigüedades y su Numario 2 ni las vicisitudes de su historia. La finalidad primordial del Gabinete de Antigüedades , como su nombre indica, era la custodia de los objetos que integraban estas colecciones. Inicialmente estaban al cuidado del Secretario de la Academia, pero, al crecer su número, en especial en la colección de monedas, se decidió establecer el oficio de Anticuario el 16 de Septiembre de 1763. Este cargo sigue siendo en la actualidad el responsable de los fondos del Gabinete, un cargo ocupado, desde entonces, por las más importantes personalidades de la Arqueología Española, mucho de ellos cultivadores de la Numismática, como Antonio Delgado, Manuel Gómez Moreno o Joaquín María de Navascués, por nombrar alguno de los casos más ilustres. La figura esencial en los años iniciales de la colección fue Miguel Pérez Pastor 3, quien se ocupó con eficacia de clasificar los fondos, ordenarlos y redactar el catálogo, por lo que en 1763 fue nombrado Anticuario « por por haberlo coordinado, aumentado y custodiado ».». Su fallecimiento, poco tiempo después, prácticamente coincide con el nombramiento de don Pedro Rodríguez Campomanes como III Director de la Real Academia de la Historia en 1764. La labor de este ministro ilustrado en el Monetario fue muy significativa, aunque nunca se dedicara personalmente a los estudios numismáticos, pero ha sido uno de los mejores organizadores de la colección de monedas y medallas de la Academia, que recibió un impulso definitivo durante su dirección4
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INTRODUCCIÓN
Además, en 1791, Campomanes dio unas ejemplares Observaciones hechas por el Sr. Director para la formación del catálogo de las monedas que conserva la Academia y los nuevos Estatutos de la Real Academia de la Historia , aprobados en la Junta 21 de septiembre de 1792, reconocen la creación del Gabinete de Antigüedades formado desde algunos años atrás y especifican la especial responsabilidad del Anticuario para con las monedas y medallas. En efecto, en estos Estatutos de 1792, al reconocer la Academia la personalidad del Gabinete de Antigüedades, indican que « El oficio de Anticuario será perpetuo y ha de recaer en individuo que tenga particular conocimiento de las antigüedades, principalmente de la Numismática» . En ellos igualmente se señala que « El gabinete de medallas y demás antigüedades, debe existir en la COLECCIÓN DE MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA 1751 1763 1763 1765 17 65 176917 69-177 17777 1796 1800 1803 1811 1817 1817 1830 1833
Fernando VI dona una apreciable colección de monedas, que dan inicio al Gabinete de Antigüe- dades La Re Real al Ac Acad adem emia ia de la Hi Hist stor oria ia in inst stit ituy uyee el el car cargo go de Anticuario La Re Real al Ac Acad adem emia ia de la Hi Hist stor oria ia au ausp spic icia ia la Historia Metálica de España, desde Ataulfo hasta Carlos III Adqu Ad quis isic ició ión n de las las colec colecci cion ones es del del Marqués de la Cañada , del Conde de Saceda y del Marqués de Belsunce D. Manuel Trabuco y Belluga , Deán de Málaga, lega su colección de monedas D. Joaquín Traggia , Anticuario Perpetuo, dona su colección de monedas Cédula sobre Instrucción sobre el modo de recoger y conservar los monumentos antiguos , que se des- cubran en el Reyno, baxo la inspección de la Real Academia de la Historia Desaparición de las monedas y medallas de oro y plata, por manos avaras durante la Guerra de Independencia Publicación de la Colección de Retratos de los Reyes de España Ingreso de de mo monedas vi visigodas de del tesoro de La Grasa (Reus, Tarragona) Proyecto de un Museo de Antigüedades en la Real Academia de la Historia , con cátedra de Numismática Real Orden de 24 de Agosto para que la Casa de la Moneda entregue un ejemplar de cada acu-
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
casa de la Acad a . pero sus llaves estarán en po- der del Antiquario, quien recibirá por inventario q to . hubiere de su inspección, y será responsable de ello» . Los Estatutos de 1 792 también indicaban que una de las labores esenciales del Anticuario era la catalogación y publicación de las colecciones del Gabinete de Antigüedades , en especial las monedas: «Será de su obligación colocar las mo- nedas que posea la Academia, o que nuevamente se adquieran, en sus respectivas series, explicar sus leyendas, inscripciones y signos, formar índices y catálogos, así de las medallas como de las demás antigüedades que junte la Academia» . Desde su fundación, a pesar de que las principales piezas en metales preciosos de la Colec- ción se perdieron en la Invasión Napoleónica, la Real Academia de la Historia ha sido la principal sede de estudios numismáticos de España, con figuras como Antonio Delgado y otros insignes numismáticos y, gracias a generosos mecenas y donantes, la colección se ha enriquecido y sigue viva, hoy más que nunca. FIGURA 2.— Monetario Monetario o buró de estilo Carlos III, para No es éste el lugar de hacer una historia, aunconservar las monedas y medallas del Numario de la que sea breve, de la colección de monedas y meReal Academia de la Historia. dallas de la Real Academia de la Historia, aunque en el Gabinete de Antigüedades siempre se consideró de particular importancia su rico Numario . El indudable interés de esta colección de monedas y medallas se acrecienta por la muy rica documentación conservada sobre ellas, recogida en el Catálogo del Numario 5. Esta documentación hace referencia a donaciones y compras
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INTRODUCCIÓN
1775 pasaron a su cargo las llaves del monetario, hasta entonces custodiadas por el Secretario. Con anterioridad, parece desprenderse de algunas alusiones que las monedas se guardaban inicialmente en la casa del Director y, también, en la de alguno de los académicos. El motivo era que la Academia carecía de edificio de su propiedad, por lo que se reunió en la Biblioteca Real hasta 1785, cuando, gracias a Carlos III, pasó a disponer de un local en la Casa de la Panadería, en la Plaza Mayor. Miguel Pérez Pastor fue el I Anticuario, nombrado en 1763 tras haber ordenado las monedas el los burós citados, cada uno con 64 gabetas o cajones que contenían, a su vez, bandejas con 40 piezas cada una, como se evidencia en los dos volúmenes iniciales de su Discurso y Catálogo de el Monetario de la Academia , fechado a partir de 1759 (fig. 3). Pero en esos años también debió utilizar el recién creado Gabinete , antes de ser desterrado por Carlos III, el Marqués de Valdeflores, V aldeflores, autor de importantes obras de Numismática Española de su época 7 y pocos años después realizaron en él los primeros estudios de numismática hispano-árabe Miguel Casiri, José Banqueri y el Anticuario José Antonio Conde, autor de las Memorias sobre las monedas árabes, principalmente sobre las que fueron acuñadas en España bajo los príncipes musulmanes 8. Los donativos regios parecen haberse repetido en reinados posteriores y a ellos se añadió la compra de piezas y de diversas colecciones en cantidades apreciables. Un memorial elevado a Carlos III hace referencia a un « copioso monetario »,», noticia que recoge Antonio Capmany en 1796 9. Este autor señala la compra de las colecciones del Marqués de la Cañada en 1766 y del Conde de Saceda y, en 1768, el ingreso de monedas procedentes de colecciones de los jesuitas expulsados por Carlos III. Capmany también indica que, en 1796, el Numario contaba ya con 200 monedas de plata y 2000 de cobre celtibéricas, 800 coloniales y 17 godas; de las árabes, 55 de oro, 462 de plata y 846 de cobre, no indicando el número de cristianas. De Macedonia, tenía 40 ejemplares de oro, plata y cobre, de los Seleúcidas, 52, y 30 de los Ptolomeos, etc. De Grecia, 400 de los tres metales y de Roma, 600 republicanas o «consulares», y de las imperiales, 157 de oro, 1000 de plata y 1000 grandes bronces, 600 medianos y 1500 pequeños, además de «50 medallones griegos y latinos» . También existían monedas de diversos países de Europa, especialmente de Rusia, lo que da idea de la importancia de la colección, que sumaba unas 12.000 monedas, incluidas las duplicadas. Además, en esos años se incrementaron las donaciones, como
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
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INTRODUCCIÓN
tiguas medallas griegas de oro, y en medallones de tan precioso metal y de plata, conmemorativos de faustos sucesos propios y extraños. De tan precioso tesoro hizo conocedor al público en 1796, y esto sirvió para que entrasen á saco manos avaras durante la guerra de la independencia por tan estimable caudal, y para que una colección de primer órden, viniera á serlo de tercero ó cuarto ». Pero en la documentación contemporánea a los hechos sólo consta que se enajenaron parte de los bienes de la Academia, pues el 7 de junio de 1811, el Anticuario (José Antonio Conde) da cuenta haber tenido una conferencia con los Sres. Martínez Marina y Fernández Navarrete acer- ca de las monedas duplicadas del monetario y , en la Junta de 25 de octubre, Francisco Martínez Marina informó que ya se habían vendido piezas «duplicadas» del monetario por valor de 18.000 reales de vellón, una cantidad ciertamente importante, por lo que bajo esta supuesta venta de piezas «duplicadas» se pudo esconder la desaparición de los mejores ejemplares de la Colección. En años posteriores la colección se iría incrementando progresivamente, pero ya sin el ritmo inicial y la falta creciente de fondos para adquisiciones ha supuesto que buena parte de la colección se haya formado a base de donaciones hechas por los propios académicos, los correspondientes y otros benefactores. Durante el reinado de Fernando VII hubo iniciativas acertadas, como la propuesta de la Real Academia de la Historia de crear un Museo de Antigüedades que debería contar con cátedras de Numismática y otras enseñanzas sobre la Antigüedad, lo que refleja el interés por potenciar las colecciones y darles una utilidad. También en 1817 se ingresó un importante conjunto de mone-
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
visigodas e hispano-cristinas13, a Álvaro Campaner, Jacobo Zóbel de Zangróniz, Celestino Pujol y Camps, Francisco Codera, Antonio Vives y Escudero y Antonio Prieto y Vives, una pléyade de numismáticos que cabría finalizar con el gran especialista en la medalla española, Adolfo de Herrera y Chiesanova. De esta actividad dan testimonio obras como La Moneda Hispánica de Antonio Vives y Escudero, publicada por la Real Academia de la Historia entre 1924 y 1926 y otros muchos estudios de estos autores publicados en el Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. Un testimonio todavía más elocuente del ambiente de esa época es el que Adolfo Herrera legó a la Real Academia su rica biblioteca de Numismática, al igual que Francisco Caballero Infante y Celestino Pujol y Camps habían donado en 1891 sus colecciones de moneda árabe. A inicios del siglo XX Juan Catalina García y López publicó el Inventario de Medallas españo- las que posee la Real Academia de la Historia 14, un breve catálogo de las 428 entonces existentes. Durante esos años se produjeron nuevos ingresos. En primer lugar, de esa época son los frecuentes envíos de monedas dirigidas al entonces Anticuario y pocos años después Director de la Academia, el P. Fidel Fita (1848-1913 (1848-1913). ). Pero también se incrementó el Numario con donaciones importantes, como la de Medallas Españolas del Excmo. Sr. Marqués de Saltillo, D. Miguel Lasso de la Vega y la Colección de monedas y medallas de Carlos V de D. Francisco de Laiglesia 15, estas últimas casi todas reproducciones. De fecha más reciente es la magnífica colección de sextercios de los emperadores romanos de D. Alejandro Lifchuz 16 y diversas colecciones de medallas, entre las que destacan las entregadas el año 2003 por D. Juan R. Cayón y las selectas monedas antiguas donadas por D. Enrique Blanco Arroyo en 2006.
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INTRODUCCIÓN
Medallas Extranjeras 1761
Extranjeras 3567 Chinas 534 Bizantinas 364
No clasificables 1976
Hispánicas 3792
Visigodas 64 Andalusíes 3738
Hispano-cristianas 4125
Medallas Españolas 1141
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
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INTRODUCCIÓN
sionales, como director de la casa J. Vico, S.A. Sin lugar a dudas, es probablemente el mejor especialista en monedas visigodas y es también un asiduo colaborador del Gabinete de Antigüedades, al que ha hecho generosa donación de alguna de las piezas señeras de la Colección. Sobre las Moned Monedas as Andalu Andalusíes síes se ocupa el Prof. Dr. Alberto Canto, Profesor de Numismática de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid y Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia. Es otra figura indiscutible en su campo, la Numismática Andalusí o Hispano-árabe, y puede considerársele como uno de los más genuinos representantes de la nueva generación de numismáticos que ha renovado en la Universidad la larga tradición española de estos estudios. De las Mone Monedas das Hispan Hispano-Crist o-Cristianas ianas se ocupan otros dos reconocidos especialistas, los hermanos D. Alfonso y D. Juan Cayón Herrera. Ambos son numismáticos profesionales de otra de las
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
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LAS MONEDAS HISPÁNICAS
Pere Pau Ripollés y Juan Manuel Abascal
LAS MONEDAS HISPÁNICAS
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Respecto al primer asunto, las donaciones y adquisiciones que permitieron formar el monetario, la Real Academia de la Historia conserva un riquísima documentación, reunida en el Archivo del Gabinete del Numario y en los legados documentales que conserva la Biblioteca. Entre los muchos textos que se podrían citar a este respecto, merece citarse por su interés uno de los más antiguos que han llegado a nosotros (RAH-9-7567-I-3). Se trata de una carta anónima a Enrique Flórez (1702-1773) comunicándole la recogida de diversas monedas en Segobriga; aunque se encuentra muy deteriorada y quemada en el margen izquierdo, es de un extraordinario valor para conocer las aportaciones al Numario de la Academia y al Gabinete Numismático que Enrique Flórez organizó en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (Vallejo 2001, 429-439); el comunicante, tras describir las piezas que ha recogido in situ , dice: éstas remitiré en
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Pere Pau Ripollés y Juan Manuel Abascal
la fantástica Memoria titulada Descrip- ción de la vía romana entre Uxama y Augustobri Augustobriga ga , que le valió el premio del concurso convocado por la Academia en 1861 y su ingreso en la misma aquel año (Fig. 2). El interés de esta Memoria , al margen de la minuciosa planimetría que la acompaña, radica en la presentación junto a la misma de un cajoncito de
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Pere Pau Ripollés y Juan Manuel Abascal
LAS MONEDAS HISPÁNICAS
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
“Ensayo sobre los alphabetos de las letras des-
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Pere Pau Ripollés y Juan Manuel Abascal
LAS MONEDAS HISPÁNICAS
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
una colección de monedas en la que estuvie-
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Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
Su formación puede rastrearse documentalmente desde el siglo XVIII, en 1750, con la donación de Fernando VI 2; el momento de mayor afluencia de monedas parece corresponder a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, aunque todavía en los primeros años del siglo XX, se registran incorporaciones importantes, como veremos más adelante3. A pesar de la evidente españolidad de las monedas andalusíes los problemas derivados de la lengua en ellas escrita y ciertas consideraciones ideológicas hicieron que esta serie fuera un objeto de colección menos deseado que las romanas, hispánicas o medievales cristianas. A este respecto podemos considerar la cita recogida por Delgado sobre un comentario epistolar entre un literato español y Tychsen, el gran numísmata alemán en 1793: «nadie que yo sepa, ha escrito en Es- paña pa ña de pr op opós ósit itoo so sobr br e la lass mo mone nedas das arábigas, y se encuentran pocas, porque si son de plata se funden, si de vil metal, las gastan los campaneros» 4
Por ello adquiere más importancia la política impulsada por Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes de potenciar los trabajos en epigrafía FIGURA 1.— Plancha Plancha de cobre para el estudio de D. Miguel Casiri, conservada en la Real Academia de la Historia. y mon monedas edas ára árabes bes con vis vistas tas a una fut futura ura monografía, una disertación, en la terminología del XVIII que debería incluir las láminas y tablas de ilustraciones necesarias, empresa que recaería en la figura de Miguel de Casiri. Y para ello recaba la ayuda en forma de donaciones, depósitos, préstamos de piezas para su estudio, en fin de toda la ayuda que los miembros de la Academia, repartidos por todo el territorio, pudieran aportar, petición que a lo largo de los años siguientes hace afluir un caudal de información continuo, variables, desigual, desde ejemplares de nulo valor hasta donaciones de dinares de gran importancia, como la hecha por Francisco Caballero Infante en 1886 5. Así pues entre 1759 y 1790, Campomanes es el responsable de sentar las bases de un método de catalogación, ordenación y descripción de las piezas andalusíes, con el objetivo de realizar un Discurso y Tablas de medallas Árabes labor a la que Casiri dio comienzo pero no fin, ajustándose a las normas definidas por Martín de Ulloa y de la Torre-Guiral, en forma de Monedas Ára- bes, dibujadas y puestas en caracteres Árabes Asiáticos, traducidas a el Idioma latino con notas Histórico-Críticos-Chronológicas 6 . Sin embargo este proyecto, como hemos dicho, del que se llegarían a grabar planchas de las monedas no llegó a ver la luz. Empezaba a vislumbrarse un problema clásico de la primera etapa de la moneda hispano-árabe (cuyos secuelas han llegado a nuestros días, en algunos casos): los especialistas en lengua árabe, en ocasiones sin ninguna for2 3
El Gabinete de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia. ed. Almagro-Gorbea, Martín. Madrid, 1999, pp. 85 y ss. Así las colecciones de moneda árabe de D. Francisco Caballero Infante y D. Celestino Pujol y Camps, en Almagro-Gorbea,
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
mación numismática o de análisis histórico, son los responsables del estudio de las monedas por su habilidad con el idioma aunque con evidentes carencias metodológicas para el estudio de la disciplina. L AS PERSONAS Es verdad que las colecciones no las forman las Instituciones sino las personas; son ellas las que definen, impulsan y dan carácter a sus colecciones. Las venidas, donaciones, cesiones o compras de monedas lo son, en gran medida según la forma de actuar de los Directores, Anticuarios, Académicos, Correspondientes o beneficiarios que han hecho de su esfuerzo y constancia el medio para dotar a la Academia de su colección. Y por ello no podemos menos que congratularnos de la secuencia de personajes que han ido participando en esta empresa, en lo que atañe a la moneda andalusí. Cabe destacar la importancia que la moneda andalusí había ido adquiriendo gracias a una sucesión de Anticuarios vinculados con la numismática en general y con estas monedas en particular; es una tradición que los Anticuarios estén sólidamente formados en numismática ya que las monedas constituyeron desde el comienzo una parte muy sustancial del Gabinete de Antigüedades. Yaa en 1796, José de Guevara y Vasconcelos en su informe sobre la formación del Monetario Y de la Real Academia al mencionar las monedas andalusíes de la colección decía: «La Academia ha tenido un particular cuidado en adquirir cuantas monedas Árabes ha podi- do y así poseer un prodigioso número de ellas= esto es cerca de 50 de oro, más de 400 de plata y mas de 800 de cobre. Gran parte de ellas no son legibles por su mala conservación, y las mas son poco útiles por que no expresan el año en que se acuñaron, ni más que la fórmula de que usan ordinariamente los Mahometanos así en el principio de sus escritos como en los monumentos pú- blicos que es una sentencia del Alcoran. Entre las que expresan el año y por esta razón son útiles para ilustrar la cronolo cronología gía hay muchas mal conservadas, pero como no pocas son duplicadas, triplicadas, etcetera de un mismo califa Rey, o dynastia se han separado las mas bien conservadas para ordenar las respectivas series (...)» 7
Sin embargo en 1796 Joaquín Traggia, el Anticuario, mencionaba que «Esperando la Acade- mia que felices circunstancias proporcionasen la adquisición de otras monedas Árabes con que tal vez pudiesen completarse las esperadas series no ha tenido por conveniente publicar aun las que dexo interpretadas e ilustradas con notas eruditas el expresado Academico Don Miguel de Casiri» 8 . Corresponde por orden cronológico y, tras la mencionada intervención de Casiri, a José Banqueri, ya en los primeros años del siglo XIX, hacerse cargo de los listados y organización de la moneda andalusí aunque su trabajo se centra más bien los listados y no en fichas o cédulas tan desarrolladas como lasque hemos mencionado. Sin embargo no pudo concluir, alejado de Madrid, sus trabajos a pesar de los requerimientos de la Real Academia « No olvidando el encargo especial que tengo de acabar de interpretar las medallas árabes que sean útiles para fijar la cronología de los Reyes mahometanos españoles, procuraré continuar en Tortosa este trabajo empleando los ratos que me deje libres la asistencia a mi Iglesia: á cuyo propósito me llevo las monedas árabes que ya tengo medio examinadas »;»; a los requerimientos de la Institución sobre el estado de sus trabajo responderá Banqueri con un «Estado de las medallas Árabes últimamente explicadas» en el que «se señalan, por una estrellita al margen, las medallas de que deben abrirse laminas (...) y de las 49 o 50 abiertas anteriormente y explicadas por el difunto Académico el señor Don Miguel Casiri (...). y todas compondrán una serie más seguida ó menos incompleta, que las que han publicado
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Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
Que el trabajo no avanzaba al ritmo deseado queda de manifiesto por la labor desarrollada por José Antonio Conde (Anticuario los años 1803 a 1820) 9, a quien corresponde ser el responsable de la primera monografía «moderna» sobre moneda andalusí, Memoria sobre las monedas árabes, principalmente sobre las que fueron acuñadas en España bajo los prín- cipes musulmanes 10. La vinculación de Conde a otros trabajos de índole histórica relacionados con al-Andalus supusieron un incremento en la riqueza de interpretación que la numismática andalusí iba a adquirir. A pesar de ello su «huella numismática» no es muy profunda pues poco o nada dejó relacionado con la ordenación y catalogación de la colección. Entre 1820 y 1846 las monedas árabes quedan a cargo de dos académicos con conocimientos de árabe, Francisco Antonio González, Bibliotecario de la Real Biblioteca y Federico Guillermo Lembke aunque, a pesar de su evidente valía y catalogación de piezas aisladas y algún conjunto, no se aporte nada decisivo para la formación del catálogo. Prueba de una lámina de la obra de FIGURA 2.— Prueba D. Antonio Delgado sobre moneda arábiga. D. Antonio Delgado y Hernández (18481867), es el personaje clave para la comprensión del desarrollo de los estudios de moneda andalusí en el siglo XIX. Su figura descolla por su importante labor en tantos y tan variados ámbitos de la política, la administración local y regional y la cultura 11, sobre todo, a partir de su vinculación a la Real Academia de la Historia 12. Hay algo que destaca sobre manera y es el hecho de que haya sido, al parecer, un «converso» tardío a la numismática islámica. Su aprendizaje con Pascual de Gayangos le permitió, en breve, comenzar sus trabajos sobre este campo de la numismática 13. Si bien sus publicaciones de moneda islámica no fueron muy abundantes, reducidas al hallazgo de Consuegra 14 y los catálogos de las colecciones de García de la Torre 15 y de Gustave Daniel de Lorichs16, si lo fue su actividad en el Monetario del Gabinete de la Real Academia de la Historia. Los materiales dejados para la preparación de su magna obra titulada, Numismática Hispano- Árabe como comprobante de la dominación islamita en la Península , depositados en la Academia (fig. 2), son buena muestra de ello, así como las planchas litografíadas o las pruebas de imprenta de las primeras hojas de la citada obra. Por no hablar hablar de las tablas de existencia de monedas 19 10
11 12 13
Sobre su figura vid. Canto García, Alberto y Ibrahim, Tawfiq: Moneda andalusí en la Alhambra. Sevilla, 1997, p.88 y una detallada biografía en Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (1999). Pp. 128-132. Conde, José Antonio: Memoria sobre las monedas árabes, principalmente sobre las que fueron acuñadas en España bajo los príncipes musulmanes. Madrid, 1817, que fue su disertación al entrar como Supernumerario el 15 de enero de 1802. Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia, X, Madrid, 1885. Pocos ejemplos hay de una implicación tan profunda y personal con el desarrollo de los asuntos públicos y de los avatares que, tal implicación, supusieron para D. Antonio Delgado Hernández, a lo largo de su vida. Sobre la actividad de Don Antonio Delgado en la Real Academia de la Historia vid. Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (1999). Pp. 139-142. Fabié, Antonio M.a: «Necrología«, B.R.A.H., 1, pp. 409-422.
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
en colecciones, la organización de las series o los estudios parciales sobre dinastías. Toda esta masa de material justifica los comentarios realizados realizados por F. Codera sobre su persona e influencia: influencia: «... a quien con razón puede llamarse el fundador de la ciencia numismática en España, en especial de la arábiga...» 17.
La edición de esta obra inédita de Delgado, por la Real Academia de la Historia, ha añadido más fama y ha hecho justicia, tardía pero justicia al fin y al cabo, a esta figura señera de la arqueología y la numismática españolas y en especial de la moneda andalusí. Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgado (1901) 18 de quien, a pesar de su corta estancia en el cargo, no se puede olvidar como responsable del primer catálogo sobre monedas publicado por el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid, que resultó ser el de las monedas arábigas, publicado en 1892, con una estrecha colaboración y participación de Antonio Vives Escudero y de Francisco Codera y Zaidín 19. Joaquín M. a Navascués y de Juan (1957-1975) ha sido el último Anticuario de una larga saga de especialistas en numismática y, en su caso, también añadía una especial devoción por la moneda hispano-árabe20. De su paso por el Gabinete de Antigüedades y su contacto con la serie andalusí debe proceder el último proceso de reorganización de los materiales selectos, previo al proyecto actual21. Hemos mencionado a aquellos miembros de la Academia que desempeñaron el cargo de Anticuarios y que mantuvieron una estrecha relación con la Numismática andalusí; sin duda otros ha habido que, sin ser especialistas en el tema que nos ocupa, han preservado la colección y favorecido su estudio 22. De igual manera no se puede dejar en el olvido a otros miembros de la Real Academia de la Historia que han desempeñado un papel de capital importancia en los estudios de numismática andalusí y cuya huella se puede percibir, en mayor o menor medida, en los materiales de la colección23. Así, vinculados a la Real Academia de la Historia, se encuentran y sobresalen las figuras de los académicos Francisco Codera y Zaidín 24, (1879-1917) decano en 1917, Antonio Vives Escudero (1901-1925) y Antonio Prieto y Vives (1929-1939), estas tres personas han sido consideradas, con razón la «triada capitolina» de la moneda andalusí. Crecida y formada a la sombra, lejana, de la figura de Antonio Delgado y en pleno contacto con los representantes más importantes de la investigación europea sobre moneda oriental sobra cualquier mención sobre su aportación a la moneda andalusí, pues tanto en los informes emitidos a la Real Academia, como por las múltiples publicaciones (sobre todo en el caso de Codera) realizadas en el Boletín de la Real Acade- mia de la Historia se puede rastrear su intensa vinculación con el Gabinete 25, por no citar sus monografías clásicas. Cada uno de ellos, desde un punto de aproximación diferente fueron construyendo un edificio científico de una envergadura extraordinaria; si de Francisco Codera es fácil recordar sus soberbios estudios de determinadas dinastías o personajes basándose en el testimonio numismático o la secuencia de los hallazgos publicados por él, utilizados para la elaboración de su estudios e historia de al-Andalus, de Antonio Vives, más parco en sus publicaciones, destaca su papel Codera y Zaidín, Francisco, Tratado de Numismática Arábigo-española. Madrid, 1879. Pp. XVIII. Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (1999). Pp. 146-148. 19 Rada y Delgado, Juan de Dios de la: Catálogo de monedas arábigas españolas que se conservan en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional. Madrid, 1892. 20 Su paso por el Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Córdoba le puso en estrecho contacto con este material, como lo demostró en la serie de artículos publicados en la revista Numario Hispánico. 21 Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (1999). Pp. 158-160. 17 18
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Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
como coleccionista, su formación de la mejor colección privada de moneda andalusí que ha existido en este país, su preservación de otras grandes colecciones anteriores y su decisiva participación (junto con Codera) en los primeros pasos del Museo Arqueológico Nacional que, con el tiempo, albergaría su colección, por no mencionar su catálogo de monedas hispano-árabes insustituíble hasta la fecha26. Por su parte Antonio Prieto y Vives, nuestro último ejemplo de brillante ingeniero, hombre de ciencias, cuya investigación en humanidades (al igual que acaeció con E. Saavedra) le hizo alcanzar merecida fama; sólo el destino, aciago, impidió que vieran la luz sus trabajos definitivos, de madurez, y no sólo sobre la moneda andalusí sino sobre la islámica en general. Estas tres personas han constituido la base, la columna vertebral de la numismática de al- Andalus desde el último cuarto del siglo XIX hasta nuestros días; su huella ha sido tan importante que aspectos fundamentales de su obra como los repertorios de Vives y de Prieto no han sido superados hasta la fecha, aunque algo se haya hecho en tiempos recientes pero la deuda contraída y su aportación ha sido tan grande que sólo de forma muy lenta y pausada se intentan ir superando sus logros 27; parece imposible que se pueda repetir, por desgracia, una generación semejante de investigadores tan estrechamente relacionados entre sí y compartiendo información, documentación en un esfuerzo común. EAL A CADEMIA CADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA L AS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES EN EL G ABINETE DE LA R EAL
Los hallazgos 28
El Gabinete de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia contiene una rica, muy rica información relacionada con los hallazgos de monedas. Los hallazgos de monedas, término frío bajo el que se oculta (nada mejor dicho) una de las fuentes primarias de la numismática, abastecedor de monedas, los tesoros, los ocultamientos son la fuente de aprovisionamiento básica e indispensable de la arqueología y de las colecciones, rodeada de un halo de misterio y de le yenda y sujeta a los azares e imponderables de su descubrimiento ya sea casual, forzado, en excavación o perdida su información para la posteridad en muchos otros casos. Constituye un axioma en la ciencia numismática que el valor de un conjunto monetario, tesoro, hallazgo, depósito, etc..., es mayor que la suma de sus componentes, es decir la información que se puede extraer del análisis del conjunto es mucho más enriquecedora e interesante que la parcialidad del mismo, por más que siempre, como vamos a ver, puedan existir piezas únicas o de especial importancia que destaquen dentro de un conjunto. Si en ocasiones esta falta de información aplicable a los hallazgos recientes nos plantea problemas de interpretación dudas e incertidumbres qué decir de los conjuntos descubiertos hace 100 o 200 años. Pero he aquí que este es un apartado donde la labor del Gabinete de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia se ha manifestado de forma impecable. La documentación recogida y la información que nos proporciona ha supuesto una mina de datos y de pistas para recomponer conjuntos desaparecidos o para la atribución a determinados hallazgos de las piezas depositadas en esta y en otras colecciones. En este sentido la información documental ha subsanado y rellenado las lagunas que la ausencia de método arqueológico (características de otros momentos) había propiciado en este tipo de hallazgos. Ya en 1791 Campomanes decía sobre la moneda árabe. « ...que en tan gran número se hallan en España, y de que hasta ahora se ha hecho tampoco uso» 29. 26
Ya se ha hablado en este ciclo del expolio de la colección visigoda del Museo Arqueológico Nacional en 1936; otro tanto se podría decir de lo que afectó a la serie hispanoárabe del citado Museo que albergaba la mejor colección del mundo
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
En buena lógica es de justicia decir que la percepción o el concepto de la formación de las colecciones ha variado, y mucho, con el tiempo por lo que el criterio actual no es el que se aplicaba hace uno o dos siglos; aún así el cuidado y esmero con el que se recogió la información, en algunos casos, ha permitido recomponer conjuntos de indudable importancia. De igual forma se podía hablar de los cambios estructurales que en la gestión del Patrimonio Histórico español se aplicaron desde el último tercio del siglo XIX que fueron mermando el papel primordial que tenía la Real Academia en este campo. Y sin embargo ya a comienzos del XIX tanto José Conde como Antonio Delgado realizarían dos precisiones puntuales sobre el tema de los hallazgos de plena validez en nuestros días; en el caso del primero de ellos, Conde, manifestaba en 1818: «...la sabiduría del Gobierno debería prevenir y evitar la ocultación, ruina y acabamiento de estos preciosos restos de la antigüedad, ordenando premios competentes generosos o alo menos justos a los inventores y manifestadores de estos hallazgos, quantas preciosidades de esta clase de monu- mentos ha hecho desaparecer la codicia por temor de las leyes fiscales demasiado avaras y malentendidas! El valor específico de oro u plata suele ser mui poco y la importancia de tales monumentos antiguos es incalculable para el conocimiento y luz de la historia de los pueblos y de las artes de cada tiempo: es mui fácil representar y substituir igual masa y cantidad metálica por preciosa que sea, la de un depósito de los que alguna rara vez suele ofrecer la fortuna, pero es ciertamente imposible el restituir a las artes y a la historia de los pasados tiempos una pieza de oro u plata que se derrite...»
El segundo, Delgado, hacía una precisión, relacionada con moneda romana, pero válida en su aspecto metodológico ara cualquier etapa de la numismática: «...y después deduciendo importantes investigaciones de los tesorillos encontrados de algunos años a esta parte, fijando la época en que fueron enterrados, para deducir son mas modernas aquellas que no se encuentran en los mismos; y el grado de antigüedad de cada una de las descubiertas por la señales que hubiesen en ella dejado su curso anterior entre las manos. El resultado ha sido un curioso sincronismo, que augura llegará en breve el día en que puedan colocarse cronológica- mente. Así con la ayuda de los historiadores clásicos, pueden aclararse muchos puntos históricos hasta ahora poco conocidos. Esta es la razón por la que he cuidado de fijar la procedencia de aquellas monedas que han venido al Gabinete durante mi conservaduría »
Los hallazgos de moneda árabe recogidos por la documentación del Gabinete Numario inclu yen, por orden cronológico los siguientes: Pinos Puente 1 30, en Granada, realizado a finales del siglo XVIII, con medio millar de dirhames del emirato omeya de Córdoba, del cual llegarán al monetario unas 169 monedas; al parecer el resto del conjunto debió integrarse en la Real Biblioteca. Pinos Puente 2 , en Granada, de comienzos del siglo XIX, 1801, de dirhames nazaríes, sin que sepamos número de las monedas que lo componían.
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Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
resultaron de una ley de 23 con 3/4 quilates, es decir casi oro puro, junto con monedas que por la descripción hecha sería dinares y medios dinares almohades. Marbella , Málaga, en 1837, de nuevo la vasija de barro con más de medio millar de monedas de plata dirhames. Sólo hay información de dos monedas una de ellas omeya oriental y la otra de Abd al-Rahman I,del año 169 H./ d.C. Por ello parece un conjunto del emirato omeya independiente de Córdoba, aunque la presencia de la moneda omeya oriental suscita dudas e interés sobre el nivel de presencia de ejemplares de este tipo en el conjunto. Por desgracia no se dispone de más información al respecto. Niebla , Huelva, hacia 1838, llegan a la Real Academia 39 monedas de un conjunto de más de 6000 dirhames almohades anónimos, incluyendo alguna moneda de la taifa almohade de al-Mutawakil ibn Hud. Al final de la revisión de 5227 monedas envíadas se encuentran las ya citadas anónimas almohades a nombre del Mahdi, almohades a nombre de Abd al-Mumin ibn Ali, de los taifas almohades como Al-Watiq ibn Muhammad ibn Hud y alguna pieza anterior de Ali ibn Muyahid Iqbal al-Dawla de Denia y Baleares. Este conjunto demuestra como la revisión detallada de los hallazgos suele conducir a encontrar monedas de mayor interés dentro del mismo, aunque haya que revisar miles de piezas iguales. Atalaya , Cuenca, hacia 1840, aparece « una olla... con gran cantidad de estas monedas »,», que se vendieron para ser fundidas. De ellas, siete, llegarían a la Real Academia y se estimó, por José Conde, ser califales sin más precisión. Consuegra , Toledo, 1850; se trata de un conjunto califal estudiado por Antonio Delgado y el primero del que existe una relación detallada puesto que sería publicado por el mismo en el Memorial Histórico Español , siendo uno de los primeros hallazgos andalusíes publicados con detalle con nombres, cecas y fechas 31. Hospital Militar de Zaragoza , 1858; es un de los grandes hallazgos de dinares realizado en el siglo XIX, del que queda cierta constancia. No se sabe, con detalle, su número exacto, composición, etc..., pero del mismo cierto número de monedas acabaron en la Real Academia, unas adquiridas y otras donadas por el correspondiente Gómez de Arteche y Lombillo. Este conjunto ha sido objeto de un detallado estudio, reconocimiento e identificación de piezas publicado por Fátima Martín Escudero identificando con precisión los ejemplares depositados en la Real Academia. Estamos hablando de algunas de las monedas más importantes depositadas en esta colección como la que es portada y colofón del catálogo de Monedas andalusíes de la Real Academia, el dinar de Mundir II al-Tuyibí de la taifa de Zaragoza del año 420 H./ 1029 d.C. Judería de Almería , 1865, monedas de oro sin ninguna información sobre su identidad, aunque seis piezas son donadas a la Real Academia. Paredes , Cuenca, 1874, un espectacular hallazgo de monedas califales, más de seis mil ejemplares, de los que seis monedas fueron a parar a la colección de la Academia.
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
de piezas, de las que 227 fueron remitidas a la Real Academia, estudiadas por Codera y más adelante por Prieto y Vi ves. De ambos se conservan cuidada hojas de improntas con las monedas 32. Como puede verse la información es irregular, algunos hallazgos están muy bien documentados y otros son sim- n I al- jil, Dirham, 154H./770 d.C. ples menciones de los que FIGURA 4.— Al-Andalus Al-Andalus ‘Abd al-Rahma al-Da Da o (Catálogo, n. 563). (Escala: 2 ×). poco o nada se puede extraer; sin embargo la importancia de algunos de ellos es fundamental para la colección de la Real Academia y para la moneda andalusí. Debemos tener en cuenta que sólo se han preservado para la investigación y el conocimiento general cuatro hallazgos de dinares de época califal a lo largo de más de dos siglos; sin duda ha habido muchos más pero o no han llegado a público conocimiento, o han sido dispersados de manera inmediata. Por ello la importancia extraordinaria que ha tenido la Academia al preservar lotes de material como el del tesoro de Zaragoza. Si consideramos que la más grande colección española, en su momento, la del Museo Arqueológico Nacional pudo haber recibido parte de los materiales de estos hallazgos, vía intercambios, adquisiciones, la integración de la colección Vives, etc.., pero quedo mutilada de forma irremediable en 1936, la importancia de esta colección y su aporte documental se incrementa. L A COLECCIÓN 33 Aunque el estudio sobre su formación, procedencia de piezas, hallazgos y demás información de carácter historiográfico se llevará a cabo, es de esperar que de forma detallada, en un próximo volumen se pueden destacar algunos datos sobre la misma. La mayor parte de las piezas, salvo el legado inicial de formación de la colección, se incorporan bien en forma de conjuntos o de piezas individuales que han llegado a la Real Academia de la Historia a través de diversas donaciones, realizadas por los académicos o
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LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
la documentación depositada en la Real Academia de la Historia, estudios inéditos sobre la colección o parte de ella, sobre su procedencia, adquisición...37 La colección estaba organizada por el conjunto de los materiales que podríamos denominar «selectos» guardados en los armarios monetarios del siglo XVIII38 por un lado y lotes de material almacenados en otros armarios del FIGURA 6.— Al-Andalus, Al-Andalus, Al-Qasim I ibn Hammud, Hammud, al-Ma’mun, Gabinete de Antigüedades por otro. Dirham, 410H/1019 d. C. (Catálogo n.o 1453). (Escala: 2 ×). Toda el material ha sido digitalizado y organizado en una base de datos informática en la que, junto con la información histórica se recoge la documental slobre su procedencia y lote al que fue asignado a su entrada en la Real Academia de la Historia, al tiempo que se incluye la imagen de la moneda; de esta forma se ha preservado la información procedente de las agrupaciones originales junto con el nuevo orden de catalogación. El orden del catálogo actual es por el que las monedas están guardadas en los nuevos monetarios adquiridos al efecto, al tiempo que se conserva toda la información documental que acompañaba a las monedas en su ubicación original. La colección ha sido organizada según las divisiones clásicas de la moneda andalusí, desde la conquista hasta los nazaríes de Granada. Aquellas piezas que, formando parte de la colección los autores hemos entendido corresponden a talleres orientales (algo frecuente en feluses del momento de la conquista) serán incorporadas al siguiente volumen de moneda no-andalusí. COMPOSICIÓN DE LA COLECCIÓN Periodo
Conquista: Emirato: Califato: Revolución de Córdoba: Taifas: Almorávides y sus taifas: Almohades y sus taifas: Nazaríes:
Número de monedas
557 420 395 76 889 89 1188 297
Número de catálogo
1-557 558-977 978-1372 1373-1448 1449-2337 2338-2426 2247-3435 3436-3732
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Estas incorporaciones puntuales hacen que, en determinados momentos, exista una amplia y surtida representación de algún tipo de monedas como ocurre en el Califato con la inclusión del tesoro de Consuegra 39, en las Taifas con el hallazgo de Belalcázar 40 o el conjunto de dinares de Zaragoza 41, el lote de dinares almorávides o en época almohade con un conjunto de dirham es es que, sin duda forman parte de un hallazgo. Ante An teri rior or me ment ntee ha habí bíaa co come ment ntad ado o la lass FIGURA 7.— Medina Medina Cuenca, Yahya II ibn Isma il ibn Yahya al-Ma’mun, al-Qadir, Dirham, XXXH (Catálogo n.o 2164). donaciones a la colección que no han ce(Escala: 2×). sado en el tiempo y, como ejemplo de ello, son las recientes incorporaciones procedentes de los legados de Céspedes del Castillo, un dirham de Abd al-Rahman II de al-Andalus del 224 H./838 d.C. (Vives 170) y otro de la misma ceca de Hisam II del 379 H./989 d.C. (Vives 510) y la Rodríguez Moñino. Sobre todo, en el caso de este último, ha supuesto la venida de una variada serie de dinares que incluyen dentro del Califato Omeya de Córdoba a tres dinares de Abd al-Rahman III de ceca Al-Andalus del 321 H./933 d.C. (Vives 376), uno de la misma ceca del año 333 H./944 d.C. (Vives 399) y un dirham de madinat al-Zahra del 347 H./958 d.C. (Vives 441); un dirham de Al-Hakam II, de la misma ceca del 355 H./965 d.C.; de Hisam II, dos ejemplares, ambos de Al- Andalus , uno del 380 H./ 990 d.C. (Vives 511) y otro del 387 H./997 d.C. que (corresponde al tipo Vives 529) bastante raro puesto que no se conocían dinares de este año y disposición hasta la publicación de una pieza semejante en el Tesoro de Badajoz por Prieto y Vives en 1934; de hecho Miles sólo cita, por referencia, la moneda mencionada por Prieto y con posterioridad se conoce algún ejemplar más, presente en el hallazgo de la calle Cruz Conde de Córdoba, por ejemplo, depositado en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid; de Sulayman al-Musta’in, acuñado en Madina al-Zahra , uno del año 400 H./1009 d.C. (Vives 695). Dentro de los almorávides cuatro dinares de Ali b. Yusuf, uno sin ceca ni fecha legible por tener las orlas recortadas, otro de Agmat del 494 H./1100 d.C. (Vives 1475) y dos de Almería de los años 515 H./1121 d.C. (Vives 1646) y 522 H./1128 d.C. (Vives 1653) y un quirate, sin ceca ni fecha (Vives 1774). De los Almohades un dinar de Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada, de Madina Ceuta (Vives 2081) y un dirham anónimo, sin ceca ni fecha (Vives 2088) 42.
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Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
fecto de ceca Qasim), pero más aún los de la última década de su reinado, debido a la pérdida del control del Norte de Áfri Áf rica ca,, a ca caus usaa de la pr pres esió ión n de lo loss fatimíes que interrumpen la llegada del metal aurífero, aspecto que influye en la misma calidad de las emisiones de este momento. Con su hijo y sucesor, al-Hakam II, se reanudan las emisiones en oro, producto del éxito de su política norteafricana, F IGURA 9.— Tortosa, Muqatil al-Fata al-Saqlabi, Mu’izz al como puede verse en este dinar (n. o Dawla, Sayf al-Milla, Dirham (Catálogo n.o 2231). (Escala: 2 ×). 1169), del año 358 H./968 d.C., en el que además aparece, por primera vez en una moneda andalusí, el nombre del hayib Ya’far. En el dinar del año 360 H./970 d.C., (n. o 1183), aparece el nombre, en el reverso, de Amir, Muhammad Ibn Abi Amir el futuro Almanzor, que desempeña, en este momento, el cargo de sahib al-sikka . En otros dinares, (n. os 1122, 1291 y 1296), de Hisam II, el último califa, aparece Amir que ya ejerce el poder real en el Califato (lám. 3), como también está presente en los dirham es es como o uno del 392 H./1001 d.C. (n. 1309, fig. 5). La pieza n. o 1359 es algo peculiar por tratarse de una fracción de dirham , acuñada en el Norte de África, y que fue registrada como única y procedente de la colección de la Real Academia de la Historia por Vives en el siglo pasado43. Dentro del efímero segundo reinado de Hisam II 400-403 H./1010-1013 d.C., la colección guarda el rarísimo dirham del año 402 H./1011 d.C. (n. o 1440), cuya distribución epigráfica FIGURA 10.— Denia, Denia, ‘Ali ibn Muyahid, Iqbal al-Dawla, Fracción de Dinar s.f. era desconocida en la serie de la plata 44. o (Catálogo n. 2240). (Escala: 2 ×). Algo Al go se seme meja jant ntee oc ocur urre re co con n lo loss ra rarí rísi simo moss di dina nare ress de
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
atribución de esta pieza porque como puede verse en las Láminas de Vives esta moneda presenta una decoración en la parte superior del an verso, donde debería ir la primera parte del nombre Qasim. El tipo Vivess 775 pr Vive prese esenta nta est estaa ano anomal malía ía pero se trata de un dirham . También es de reseñar otro dinar del 424 H./1032 d.C. (n. o 1463)48. Los Amiríes de Valencia tienen un raro ejemplar de dirham del año Sevilla, ‘Ali ibn Yusuf, Dinar, 520H 520H./112 ./1126 6 d. C. FIGURA 12.— Sevilla, (Catálogo n.o 2386). (Escala: 2 ×). 446 H./1054 d.C. (n. o 1982) emitido por Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Amir al-Mansur, con una configuración atípica y que figura en las láminas de la obra inédita de D. Antonio Delgado. como procedente de la Real Academia de la Historia, y puede comprobarse que se trata de la misma pieza 49. De los emires de Zaragoza, destaca una serie de dinares, sin duda procedentes de un hallazgo, el ya mencionado del Hospital Militar de Zaragoza, de excepcional rareza e importancia. Ya en su momento aparecen como únicos en la obra de Vives y, en la actualidad, lo siguen siendo. En concreto podemos citar de Yahya ibn Mundir I ibn Yahya at-Tuyibi al-Muzzaffar el único dinar del 417 H./1026 d.C. 50 (n.o 2166); similar por su importancia son los dinares de Mundir II ibn Yahya Y ahya ibn Mundir at-Tuyibi, acuñados en Zaragoza, dos en el año 420 H./1029 d.C. y otro en el 423 H./1031 d.C. (n. os 2167, 2168 y 2169), presentes todos ellos de la colección de la Real Academia de la Historia (fig. 8). Del referido tesoro de Zaragoza es una de la pieza más destacables de la colección, el dinar o (n. 2170) batido nominalmente a nombre de Hisam III por los Tuyibies de Zaragoza, en el que Mundir II reconoce a Hisam III al-Mu’tad bi-llah en lugar del nominal Abd Allah; Vives recogió dos ejemplares, uno de la Real Academia de la Historia y otro en la colección de Francisco Codera 51.
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Al be rt o Ca nt o Ga rc ía
LAS MONEDAS ANDALUSÍES
Existe un grupo de monedas, pertenecientes al hallazgo de Belalcázar (n. os 22882299) que desde su publicación por Codera55 se han atribuido al reino de Almería; esta asignación no puede mantenerse por diversos criterios y por ello las hemos ubicado dentro de la serie de monedas anónimas de época de las Taifas del siglo XI 56. Para época de los almorávides existe en la colección de la Academia un conjunto FIGURA 14.—Sin ceca, Yaqub Yusuf, Dinar, s.f. amplio de dinares, casi con toda probabili(Catálogo n.o 2432). (Escala: 2×). dad procedentes (la mayoría de ellos) de un mismo hallazgo, que incluye numerosos ejemplares de Granada año 517 H./1123 d.C. (n. o 2349), Algeciras año 508 H./1114 d.C. (n. o 2361), Sevilla años 518 H./1124 d.C. (n. o 2381) y 520 H./1126 d.C. (n. o 2386, fig. 12) 57. De la serie de los almohades y sus taifas, destaca, sobre todo, la moneda de Al-Mutawakkil ibn Hud, (n. o 3432), el dirham inédito y único de la ceca de Granada, que puede ser interpretada como la primera moneda batida por Muhammad ibn Nasr, el fundador de la dinastía nazarí que, durante un breve periodo de tiempo, reconoció nominalmente la autoridad de Al-Mutawakkil ibn Hud de Murcia (fig. 15). La desaparición del reino de Granada supone el ocaso de la moneda andalusí; las monedas, los documentos arqueológicos de al-Andalus de carácter histórico más abundantes, fuentes de información económica primaria, repertorio inagotable de nombres, genealogías, cecas, cargos y mensajes religiosos y políticos, indispensables para el conocimiento de la historia de al-Andalus, se fueron olvidando, se perdieron en la noche de los tiempos; hemos visto, de forma abreviada, su rescate como testimonio de nuestra historia que ha ido indisolublemente unido a la historia de esta Institución y sus miembros que, siempre a lo largo de más de dos siglos y medio, consideraron que la moneda de al-Andalus era y es parte in-
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS JUAN C A AYÓN YÓN HERRERO DOLFO C A AYÓN YÓN HERRERO A DOLFO Casa Cayón de Numismática
No es una tarea sencilla la que pretenden estas líneas, que intentan, nada menos, que resumir diez siglos de la compleja historia numismática de España. Para ello, como punto de partida para la Edad Media, hemos de tener en cuenta el contexto histórico, resaltando tres factores de importancia por su interés y por su incidencia en la Numismática: • La atomización feudal , que implica poca actividad económica, ya que ésta esencialmente se basaba en el trueque, a lo que se añadía la ausencia de un sistema monetario unificado y centralizado. • La Reconquista , no sólo por los grandes gastos que requería llevar a cabo dicha empresa,
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
surgiendo a lo largo de todo el siglo X (Ausona, Gerona, Barcelona, Besalú, Cardona, Rosellón, etc.), pero hasta el siglo XI no se generalizan y extienden al resto de la Península, siendo los reinos de León y de Navarra los primeros en hacerlo. Como ejemplo, cabe señalar un dinero del conde Ramón Borrell (992-1015), acuñado en Barcelona, pues este personaje fue el primero en incluir su nombre, RAIMS, en las piezas que FIGURA 1.— Mancuso Mancuso de oro de Ramón Berenguer IV emitía, como se puede leer en el anverso de la (954-1076) (2 × ). citada pieza. Al llegar a pleno siglo XI , hay que destacar el arraigo del derecho de regalía ; entendido como el derecho exclusivo del soberano para acuñar moneda. Constituye una clara expresión del poder, además de una formidable vía de ingresos y un mecanismo eficaz para la difusión de un mensaje y propaganda. También hay que tener en cuenta el contexto histórico, ya que, como consecuencia de la aparición de los reinos de taifas árabes y de las parias o tributos que pagaban los soberanos musulmanes a los cristianos, a lo que se añadían los servicios que los taifas contrataban a soberanos cristianos, se produce un gran flujo monetario musulmán al norte cristiano . El dinar , de oro, era ampliamente aceptado, a pesar de los prejuicios religiosos. De hecho, se conserva docu-
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
FIGURA 2.— Maravedí Maravedí de oro de Alfonso VIII (1158-1214) (2 × ).
moneda ofrece un mensaje de alto contenido religioso cristiano, frente al islámico de las monedas árabes en las que se inspira, pues en el inicio del anverso puede leerse: PRÍNCIPE DE LOS CATÓLICOS, ALFONSO, HIJO DE SANCHO, AYÚDELE DIOS Y PROTÉJALE... y en el final del reverso: ...EN EL NOMBRE DEL PADRE Y DEL ESPÍRITU, SANTO EL QUE CREYERA Y FUERA BAUTIZADO SE SALVARÁ. Estos maravedís —nombre, por cierto, derivado de almorávide— supusieron un nuevo siste-
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
decir, por su derecho de regalía antes citado, ya que la alteración de la ley producía inflación y graves perjuicios económicos. Pero este compromiso era frecuentemente incumplido por casi la totalidad de monarcas, que llegaban hasta utilizar la moneda como una herramienta fiscal recaudatoria. De hecho, a primeros del siglo XVII, el padre Juan de Mariana publicó una Croat de plata de la ceca de Barcelona, FIGURA 4.— Croat obra de notable relevancia históricoacuñado por Fernando el Católico (2 × ). numismática, De Monetae mutatione , en la que denuncia la utilización fraudulenta de la moneda como mecanismo expropiatorio y confiscatorio por parte del soberano, por lo que llegó a plantear que este hecho podía constituir un motivo para su derrocamiento. Esta obra inspiraría los pensamientos liberales que conforman parte de la llamada Escuela de Salamanca, de donde bebió la hoy viva Escuela Austriaca de pensamiento económico. También es interesante señalar otros hechos relevantes en el siglo XIII. Uno son los importantes cambios en la moneda que se suceden en Castilla, que dieron como resultado un nuevo
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
hemos de advertir que en lugar del busto, se solía incluir la inicial o iniciales del rey, como afirmación de quién era el soberano y quién ostentaba el poder, vinculando, aún más si cabe, la soberanía a la persona individual del rey. Dentro del trimetalismo al que se ha hecho alusión, junto al vellón y la plata, cerrando el sistema, aparece la dobla de oro , acuñación reina de la Edad Media con un peso “Dobla de la silla alta”, de Enrique IV (2 × ). FIGURA 5.— “Dobla aproximado de 4’6 gramos, de la que se conocen diversos tipos. Un ejemplo es la dobla de busto coronado de Pedro I o dobla de cabeza . Otro es un caste- llano de Enrique IV, con marcada propaganda reivindicativa de sus territorios, ya que, por un lado, el anverso, ofrece el castillo, por Castilla, y por el otro, el reverso, un león rampante, por León, que puede ir sin corona en las piezas acuñadas por Alfonso X o con corona en las de Alfonso XI, Pedro I y Enrique IV. La Real Academia de la Historia posee un ejemplar de las llamadas Enrique de la silla alta (fig. 5), con una carga propagandística notable y muy apropiada
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
reverso (a excepción de los castellanos) los emblemas heráldicos de los soberanos y la marca de ceca, en caso de que se muestre, marca que normalmente puede verse situada arriba o en la parte inferior. La Real Academia de la Historia posee una bandeja con treinta y seis doblas de la banda que fueron donadas a la Academia por don Lamberto Janet en 1866 y que forman un Real de Enrique II, FIGURA 7.— Real notable conjunto muy destacable dentro de su Numario (fig. de la ceca de Toledo. 6). Esta colección es una magnífica representación de la dobla castellana, acuñación áurea por excelencia de la Edad Media que da idea de la fuerza económica de Castilla. En ella están presentes distintas cecas, además de variantes de cuños, ya sean por leyendas, diferencias leves de estilo o por la situación de la marca de la ceca. Este breve repaso realizado permite observar el cambio producido desde los inicios de las acuñaciones cristianas de la Península Ibérica, representadas por las primeras emisiones altomedievales en los territorios del Nordeste, hasta las bajomedievales, en las que se constata el desarrollo económico y político adquiridos por Castilla , convertida en esa época en el reino más poderoso y en el centro y motor de los estados de la Península Ibérica . Este hecho se refleja también en la Numismática, ya que con un sistema trimetálico estable y sostenible, una moneda reina, la dobla , y otras dos de gran aceptación, el real (fig. 7) y la blanca , Castilla pasó a estar muy
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
Los Reyes Católicos representan en la Historia de España la unificación de los distintos territorios y reinos bajo un único monarca, gracias a la unión surgida del matrimonio de Fernando e Isabel, pero aún siguió habiendo leyes propias en cada territorio. Su reinado supuso la unión de Castilla, incluyendo Granada y las Indias, Aragón, que englo-
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Moneda de 4 reales a nombre FIGURA 10.— Moneda de Juana y Carlos acuñada en Méjico.
propia, por lo que reguló la situación y creó una nueva moneda, el escudo . Un ejemplo es el escudo acuñado en Segovia a nombre de Juana y Carlos, tipo en el que destaca la inclusión, por primera vez, de la leyenda de reverso HISPANIARVM REGES, que pasó a ser característica de las acuñaciones españolas hasta el siglo XIX (fig. 10). Por último, es obligado señalar cómo la notable mejora de las técnicas para obtener la plata tras el descubrimiento y explotación de las riquísimas minas de Potosí y Zacatecas, potenciaron enormemente la labra de plata, que
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LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
a
b
c
d
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
pieza de 8 reales acuñado por Felipe III, II de Aragón, cuyo reinado transcurrió de 1598 a 1621. La fecha que aparentemente muestra esta pieza, 1556, que se tenía hasta el momento por única, es una mistificación, con el error de haberse confundido a Felipe II de Castilla con su hijo Felipe II de Aragón (III de Castilla), ya que se han alterado los tres últimos dígitos de la fecha, tal como se ha puesto en evidencia al acometer el estudio del Catálogo de las Monedas Hispano- Cristianas de la Real Academia de la Historia , actualmente en curso. Tomás Dasí, en su espléndida obra Estudio de los Reales de a Ocho (vol. II, pág. 51) no hacía mención alguna a esta fecha, aunque, sin embargo, sí hablaba de otra de 1566, de la que ya dudaba de su autenticidad. El hecho no debe considerarse excepcional, pues en las colecciones del siglo XIX era habitual realizar este tipo de alteraciones o mistificaciones, bien para cubrir un hueco o bien para
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
como se decía en la época, símbolo que se venía usando desde tiempo de Enrique IV ( vid.
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
entonces constantes devaluaciones y revaluaciones, no
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
se labró en un taller sito en lo que hoy es el edificio del Monte de
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Jua n Ca yó n He rr er o y Ad ol fo Ca yó n He rr er o
LAS MONEDAS HISPANO-CRISTIANAS
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
bre de ese año dio la siguiente opinión acer-
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LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Índices
Tormo, Elías: 110. Trabuco y Belluga, Manuel: 12, 15. Traggia, Joaquín: 12, 15, 62. Trezzo, Jacomo Nicola da: 100, 101. Tulgan: 48, 50. Turismundo: 105. Turriano, Juanelo: 100, 101. Tychsen, Oluf Gerhard: 61.
Vidal, José M.a: 93. Vidal, Pablo: 108. Villahermosa, Duque de: 100. Viñaza, Conde de la: 110. Vinci, Leonardo da: 84. Viu, José de: 29. Vives y Escudero, Antonio: 18, 30, 31, 32, 59, 64, 65, 68, 71, 72.
Ulloa y de la Torre-Guiral, Martín de: 61.
Walia: 43. Walia: Witerico: 48-50, 54. Witiza: 47, 48.
Valdeflores, Marqués de: 15, 18, 27, 32, 53, 56. Valdeflores, Valentiniano V alentiniano III: 43. Vallmitjana, V allmitjana, Talleres: 109. Valls, V alls, Ignacio: 105. Vázquez de Parga, Manuel: 64. Velada, V elada, Marqués de: 102. Velasco, V elasco, Luis de: 103. Velázquez, V elázquez, Diego de: 87. Veláz V elázque quez, z, Luis José de: Véa Véase se Vald aldeflo eflores, res, Marq Marqués ués de. Vico Monteoliva, Jesús: 12, 20, 41.
Yahya I ibn Hammud: 71. Yahya ibn Mundir I: 72. Yahya II ibn Isma: 70. Zapata, Cardenal: 86. Zeli: 101. Zóbel de Zangróniz, Jacobo: 18, 30. Zorrilla, José de: 108, 109.
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LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Índices
2 Í NDICE NDICE Abdera: 34. África: 60. África del Norte: 60, 71. Aguilar de Campoo: 50. Al-Andalus : 60, 63, 64, 68-70, 73. Albacete: 66. Alcalá de Henares: 24. Algeciras: 73. Alicante, provincia de: 66. Almería: 67, 70, 73. Alpes, norte de: 94. Alpuente: 72. América del Sur: 91. América: 81, 86, 88, 90, 91, 105, 107, 112, 114. Andalucía: 24, 34, 35. Aquitania Secunda : 43. Aquitania: 43. Aragón: 76, 78, 81, 83, 88, 100. Arekorata : 35. Arse : 35. Asia: 41, 91. Astorga: 49, 50. Astorica : 49, 50. Asturica Augusta : 49, 51. Asturie : 49, 50. Atalaya (Cuenca): 67. Augusta Emerita : 36. Augustobriga : 25. Aurense : 50. Ausburgo: 62. Ausona: 76. Badajoz: 53. Baetica : 46, 49. Baleares: 67. Báltico: 41. Barcelona: 30, 42, 52, 54, 66, 76, 78, 88, 101, 105108, 110. Belalcázar: 67.
DE
LUGARES Bolonia: 114. Bolskan : 35, 37. Borgoña: 83. Brabante: 83. Braga: 49-51. Burdeos: 43. Burgos: 76, 77. Buyia : 60. Cádiz: 25, 107, 112. Caesaraugusta : 26, 36, 56. Campos Cataláunicos: 43. Cantabria: 50. Carbona: 50. Cardona: 76. Carmo : 34. Cartagena: 37. Carthaginensis , Provincia: 49, 50. Carthago Nova : 36, 37. Caspio: 42. Castilla: 76-81, 83, 88. Castillejo: 66. Castillo del Morro (La Habana): 103. Castulo : 34. Cataluña: 78, 81. Celenque, plaza de (Madrid): 88. Celsa : Véase Victrix Iulia Celsa : 36. Centroeuropa: 60. Cerdeña: 81 Ceuta, Madina: 70. Ceuta: 60, 70. Chiloé: 91. Citerior , provincia: 34, 35. Clunia : 24, 38. Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta : 37, 38. Constantinopla: 47. Consuegra: 67. Córdoba: 46, 54, 67, 69, 70. Corral Rubio (Albacete): 66.
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Denia: 67, 71. Dniester: 42. Don (río): 42. Dos Sicilias, Reino de: 103. Ebro: 36, 38. Ebusus : 34. Emerita : véase Augusta Emerita : 36, 46. Emporion : 33. Eresma: 84. Escandinavia: 41. España: 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 26, 27, 33, 48, 56, 60, 61, 63-65, 69, 81, 86, 96, 97, 100-102, 105-107, 110, 111. Europa: 41, 43, 44, 59, 75, 100, 109, 114. Filipinas: 89. Flandes: 83. Francia: 81, 102, 104. Franco Condado: 81 Fraucello: 50, 51. Galia: 38, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49. Gallaecia : 49, 50. Génova: 102. Gerona: 75, 76. Granada: 66, 69, 73, 81, 83, 88, 112, 114. Grecia: 11. Guatemala: 90. Habana, La: 106. Hall (Tirol): 84. Hispalis: Véase Ispali . Hispania : 12, 23, 33, 34-36, 38, 41-43, 46, 60, 95. Huelva: 67. Huesca: 37. Ilici : Véase Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta. Ilipa : 34. Ilírico: 42. Iltirkesken : 35. Indias: Véase América. Inglaterra: 100, 101. Ispali : 45, 56, 57. Italia: 38, 42, 102.
Jaén: 87. Júcar: 37. Kelse : 35.
La Grasa (Reus): 12, 17. Lauruclo: 49.
Lusitania Bracarense: 49. Lusitania : 49. Madina al-Zahra : 70. Madrid: 25, 30, 37, 34, 48, 57, 64, 67, 70, 87-90, 106, 107, 114. Málaga: 12, 15, 67. Mallorca: 49, 71, 81. Manila: 89, 110. Mar Negro, Norte del: 41. Marbella : 67. Marca Hispánica: 75. Mave: 50. Mediodía galo: 43. Mediterráneo: 60. Méjico: 90, 105. Mérida: 43, 46, 53. Milán:100. Milanesado: 81. Mirandela (Portugal): 50. Monecipio : 56. Monte de las Cruces (Méjico): 107. Murcia: 72, 73.
Nápoles: 81, 94, 100, 102, 103. Narbona: 48. Narbonensis , Provincia : 49. Narva : 62. Navarra: 76, 81, 88. Niebla : 67. Novempopulonia : 43. Noven : 78. Obulco : 34. Océano: 90. Oder, río: 41. Orense: 50. Oriente: 12, 17. Osca : 37. Ostende: 101.
Países Bajos: 81 Paredes : 67. París: 82. Península Ibérica: 30, 33-35, 48, 59, 63, 75, 76, 80, 88. Petra: 50, 51. Piedrafita: 50, 51. Pinos Puente: 66. Pirineos: 90. Pisuerga: 50. Plaza del Pan (Sevilla): 57. Plaza Mayor (Madrid): 15.
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LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Índices
Reccopolis : 45. Reus: 12, 17, 52. Rhode : 33. Ródano: 43. Roma: 35, 36, 36, 37, 42, 43, 45, 47, 75, 95. Rosellón: 76.
Saboya: 108. Sacro Imperio: 100. Saetera: 50. Saguntum : 35, 36, 38. Salamanca, escuela de: 78. Saldania: 50. Saldaña: 50. Santander: 86. Santiago de Chile: 90. Santiago de Compostela: 77. Segobriga : 24. Segovia, Casa Vieja de: Véase Casa Vieja de Segovia . Segovia: 4, 80-82, 83, 86, 87, 89. Sevilla: 17, 30, 43, 46, 57, 72, 73, 83, 101, 112. Sicilia: 81, 83. Sicilia, Virrey de: 102. Sierra Morena: 104, 106. Siracusa: 95. Sublime Puerta : 60. Tarraco: 49.
Tarraconensis , provincia: 37, 43, 48, 49. Tarragona: 12, 17, 36, 46, 52. Tartaria: 42. Tirasona : 57. Tirol: 83, 84. Toledo: 24, 46-48, 53, 67, 78, 80, 81, 102. Toletum : 24. Tortosa: 52, 62, 71, 80. Toulouse: 43. Turiasu : 35. Ulterior , provincia: 34, 35. Urbs victrix (Osca): 37. Urso : 34. Uxama : 25.
Valdeorras: 49. Valdeorras: Valencia: V alencia: 20, 24, 46, 72, 81. Velilla V elilla de Ebro: 36. Veracruz: V eracruz: 112. Victrix Iulia Celsa : 36. Villarejo: 24. Vístula: 41. Yucatán: 112. Zacatecas: 82. Zaragoza: 36, 67, 70, 72, 83.
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LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Índices
3 Í NDICE NDICE
DE
Academia de Artillería: 104. Agricultura, La: 104. Águila de Napoleón: 88. Águila de San Juan: 81 Alanos: 43. Almohades: 69, 70, 73. Almorávides: 69, 70, 73, 77. América, Descubrimiento de: 109. Amiríes: 72. Anticuario (Académico): 11-13, 15, 17, 25, 26, 28, 53, 54, 62-64, 93, 97, 98. Antigüedad: 27, 33, 34, 94, 95. Aragón, Casa de: 80. Arqueología española: 64. Art Nouveau : 106, 108, 109. Arzobispo de Toledo: 102. Astures augustanos: 49. Austria, Aust ria, Cas Casaa de: 81, 83, 87, 97, 100 100,, 101 101-10 -103, 3, 114. Austrias Menores: 99, 101. Austrias: Véase Austria, Casa de. Bagaudas: 43. Baltos, Casa de los: 43. Bárbaros: 42, 47. Bárquidas: 95. Barroco: 95, 99, 102. Biblioteca Real: 63, 66, 96, 97. Bibliothèque nationale de France: 31, 83.
M A ATER TERIAS IAS Casa de Borbón: Véase Borbón, Casa de. Casa de la Moneda de Barcelona: 17. Casa (y Fábrica) de la Moneda de Madrid: 12, 17, 72, 84, 86, 88, 89, 98, 99, 104, 107, 111. Casa de la Moneda de Sevilla: 57. Casa de la Moneda Vieja de Segovia: 83. Casa de la Panadería: 15. Casa de Velázquez: 110. Casa J. Vico, S.A.: 21. C astellano: 79, 81. Cátedra de Numismática: 12 Cayón Subastas: 21. Ceca incierta: 33. Ceca lusitana: 37. Centén (100 escudos): 85, 86. Céntimos de peso: 89. Cincuentín (50 reales): 4, 85, 86. Círculo Numismático de Sevilla: 30. Cliché para 8 maravedís: 88. Codex Revisus : 43, 45. Código de Eurico: 43. Colección Celestino Pujol y Camps: 61. — de retratos de los Reyes de España : 12, 97. — Francisco Caballero Infante: 61. — Francisco Codera: 72. — Francisco de Laiglesia: 98, 99. — García de la Torre: 63. — Gonzalo Anes y Álvarez de Castillón: 98, 99. Gustavo Daniel de Lorichs: 63.
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Concilio de Constantinopla: 47. Concilio de Toledo (IV): 47, 48. Concilio de Toledo (XII): 47. Condado de Cataluña: 78. Congreso de los Diputados: 111. Conquista árabe: 69. Constitución de Cádiz: 107. Constitución, Jura de: 107. Contorniati : 95. Cornado: 76, 78. Cortes de Cádiz: 107. Croat: 78. Cruzado: 78. Cuatorviros: 36. De Monetae mutatione : 78. Denarios (de la Citerior ): ): 35. Departamento de Grabado y Máquinas, Real: 88, 107. Departamento de Medallas: 111. Derecho de regalía: 76. Descubrimiento de América, IV Centenario del: 109. Dinar (fracción de): 71. Dinar (medio): 67. Dinar: 60, 66-68, 70-73, 76, 77. Dinero: 75, 77, 78. Dirham, fracción de: 71. Dirham: 60, 66-72. Dobla: 12, 17, 77-81. Dracma (de Roma): 12. Drahma: 60. Ducado (múltiplo de 100): 82, 83. Duro (medio): 83. Duro «de corazón»: 90. Duro columnario: 90, 91. Duro: 82-85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91. Duunviros: 36, 38. Duunviros quinquenales: 37. Edad Media: 75, 79, 80. Edad Moderna: 84. Ediles: 36. Emirato de Córdoba: 67, 69. Emisiones extra-peninsulares: 28. Emisiones hispano cristianas : 75.
Escuela Nacional de Grabadores en Hueco : 104. Escuela Superior de Diplomática: 12. España, Figura de: 90, 104, 108. Euro: 88. Excelente (doble): 81. E xcelente de la Granada: 81
Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre: Véase Casa de la Moneda. fals: Véase Felús. Falsificaciones: 54, 56. Familia Imperial (de Napoleón): 88. Fatimíes: 71. Fé, La: 101. Fecundidad, La: 112. Felús: 60. Florín: 80. Follis: 60. Francesada: 86, 88, 97, 103, 106 (véase también Invasión Napoleónica). Fuente de las Ciencias: 101. Fuero Juzgo : 56. Gabinete Numismático de Cataluña: 48, 54. Germanos: 44. Gobierno de Francisco Franco: 99. Gobierno Provisional de 1868: 17, 96, 98, 106, 108. Godos: 42. Grabado en hueco: 104. Grabador General de las Casas de Moneda: 88. Guerra Civil: 48, 98, 110. Guerra de Independencia: 12. Guerra de Sucesión: 102. Guerra Gótica: 45. Guerra Mundial, Segunda: 95. Guerra Púnica, Segunda: 33. Hammudíes: 71. Heráclidas: 48. Hércules Hispano : 101. Hércules, Columnas de: 91. Hispania, Figura de: 108. Histoire Métallique : 102.
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LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Índices
Industria, La: 104. Ingenio de Segovia, Real: 84-87. Instituto de Valencia de Don Juan: 48. Invasión Francesa: Véase Invasión Napoleónica. Invasión Napoleónica: 12, 15, 19, 97, 106. Véase además Francesada. Islam: 60. Itinerario de Antonino: 49. Jetones de los Austrias: 96. Jinete lancero a caballo: 37. Justicia, La: 101, 102.
Latín: 104. Láurea: 106. Lengua Castellana: 104. León (heráldica): 77, 79. Lex Romana Visigothorum Leyenda árabe: 76. Leyenda bilingüe (latín y árabe): 60. Leyenda en canto: 89. Leyenda en latín: 60. Liber Iudiciorum : 56. Mahdi : 67. Mancuso: 76. Maravedí (medio): 81 Maravedí : 76-78, 80, 83. Maravedís (pieza de 2): 83. Maravedís (pieza de 8): 87, 88. María (moneda): 87. Marieta : Véase María . Medalla : 18, 25, 93-114. — barroca: 101, 102, 105. — conmemorativa: 94, 106, 112, 114. — de la Familia Real: 112, 114. — de personajes: 101, 103, 106, 112, 114. — de premio: 25, 103-105, 108-110, 112, 114. — de Proclamación y Jura: 97, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111-114. — en estampa: 95, 96, 104. — extranjera: 18, 19, 99, 101, 107. Medallas Autónomas de España : 28.
— hispánica: 12, 18-20, 23-39, 48. — hispano-árabe: Véase Moneda Andalusí. — hispano-cristiana: 18, 19, 21, 59, 75-91. jaquesa : 76. — jaquesa — visigoda: 18, 19, 20, 41-57. Monetario de Alcalá de Henares: 24. Monetario de los Estudios Reales: 26. Monetario del Museo Arqueológico Nacional: 31. Monetario del Palacio Real: 29. Museo Arqueológico Nacional: 48, 64, 65, 68, 70, 86. Museo de Antigüedades: 12, 17. Museo de la Casa de la Moneda de Madrid: 86. Musulmanes: 75. Napoleón: 88, 95, 106. Nazarí: 69, 73. Neoclasicismo: 106-108. Nóbel, Premio: 109. Nuevo Mundo: Véase América. Óbolo: 75. Omeyas: 60. Onza: 86, 88. Ostrogodos: 42. Otomanos: 60.
Patrimonio Histórico-Cultural de España: 11, 20, 21, 66, 73, 94, 106, 114. Paz, La (alegoría): 101. Peseta: 89, 108. Pesetas (pieza de 100): 86. Pesetas (pieza de 5): 88. Peso: 89. Plus Ultra : 91. Pontífice máximo: 37. Pragmática de la Nueva Estampa: 83. Pragmática de Medina del Campo : 81. Premio Nóbel: 109. Ptolomeos: 95. Quirate: 70. Real (medio): 88.
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Renacimiento: 36, 94, 95, 99-101, 109, 114. República Española (Segunda): 96, 98, 99, 109, 110. Resellos chinos: 91. Restauración Borbónica: 98, 99, 106, 109, 114. Reyes de Aragón: 24. Reyes Godos: 56. Reyes Suevos: 56. Romanos: 42. Romanticismo: 108. Rómulo: 36. Sagrado Corazón de Jesús: 90. Segunda República: 98. Seleúcidas: 95. Sexenio Revolucionario: 98, 106. Sextercio: 12, 18. Sistema bimetálico de oro y vellón: 76. Sistema monometálico en oro: 75. Sistema monometálico en plata: 75. Sistema trimetálico: 78-81. Sólido: 43, 45, 60. Suevos: 43, 56. Tácito: 38. Taifas, Reinos: 69, 70, 76, 73. Tesoro de Atalaya: 67. — de Badajoz: 70. — de Barcelona: 66. — de Belalcázar: 61, 67, 69, 70, 73. — de Beniarrés: 66. — de Capilla: 48. — de Consuegra: 63, 67, 70. — de Corral Rubio: 66. — de Garrovillas: 51.
— de Jerez de los Caballeros: 53. — de la Calle Cruz Conde, Córdoba: 70. — de La Grassa: 49, 52. — de la Judería de Almería: 67. — de Marbella: 67. — de Niebla: 67. — de Paredes: 67. — de Pinos Puente 1: 66. — de Pinos Puente 2: 66. — de Zaragoza: Véase Tesoro del Hospital Militar de Zaragoza. — del Hospital Militar de Zaragoza: 67, 68, 72. — del Teatro Molina, Murcia: 67. Tiempo, El: 109. Toledo, Arzobispo de: 102. Trastámara, Casa de: 80. Tremis: 43-48, 54. Triente : Véase tremis. Troquel : 96, 105, 109. Troquel, Prueba de: 88. Tuyibíes: 72. Ultramar, Ministro de: 110. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: 21. — de Alcalá de Henares: 24. — de Alicante: 20, 23. — de Alicante: 23. — de Cataluña: 110. — de Valencia: 23. Vándalos silingos: 43. Vellón: 76, 78, 80, 81, 87. Visigodos: 42, 45, 47, 48, 75. Xilografía (de monedas antiguas de Hispania): 30.
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LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Índices
4 Í NDICE NDICE
DE L ÁMINAS ÁMINAS
As de Seks (Almuñécar, Granada), del siglo II a.C., con cabeza de Heracles-Melqart L ÁMINA 1.— As y atunes. Donación de D. Enrique Blanco Arroyo, 2006/15/17 .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. Tremis de Chindasvinto de Mave (Aguilar de Campoo, Palencia), procedente del L ÁMINA 2.— Tremis Tesoro de La Grassa (Reus, Tarragona). Donación de D. Jaime Barcalli, 1818/11/28 ........... Dinar de Hisam II de Al-Andalus, del año 390 H/999 de JC, con el nombre de L ÁMINA 3.— Dinar Almanzor .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .... Maravedí de oro de Fernando II de León (1157-1188) .. L ÁMINA 4.— Maravedí .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... Medalla del Premio José Echegaray de la Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y L ÁMINA 5a.— Medalla Naturales. Donada por dicha institución el 1907/6/20 .. ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... Boceto de la Medalla de Premio José Echegaray firmado por Bartolomé Maura y L ÁMINA 5b.— Boceto Fontaner. Donado por Doña M. a Cruz Pérez Alcorta, 2003/6/6 .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..
5
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Reparto administrativo de las emisiones emisiones provinciales romanas en el Numario .......... ..................... .................. ....... o Dracma de Emporion. Primera mitad del siglo III a.C. (Catálogo, n. 2) ........... ...................... ....................... ............... ... Dishekel hispano-cartaginés. Hacia los años 237-227 a.C. (Catálogo, n.o 8) ........... ...................... ...................... ............. .. o Unidad de bronce de Malaca. Siglo II a.C. (Catálogo, n. 267) 267).......... ...................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ......... o As de bronce de Ilipa. Siglo II a.C. (Catálogo, n. 422) ............ ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................... ........ o Unidad de bronce de Castulo. Primera mitad del siglo II a.C. (Catálogo, n. 672) ........... ....................... ............... ... Unidad de bronce de Iltirkesken. Mediados del siglo II a.C. (Catálogo, n.o 1.098) ............ ......................... ............... Denario de Turiasu. Siglos II-I a.C. (Catálogo, n.o 1.444) ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ....................... ................ ..... o As de Saguntum. Hacia la década de los años 40-30 a.C. (Catálogo, n. 1.033) ........... ....................... .................. ...... o As de Caesaraugusta de época de Calígula. 37-41 d.C. ( Catálogo, n. 3.334) ........... ...................... .................. ....... o As de Celsa de época de Augusto. 5-3 a.C. (Catálogo, n. 3.159) 3.159)........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ............... ... As de Carthago Nova de Augusto. Hacia el año 12 a.C. (?). (Catálogo, n.o 2.705)..................... As de Osca. Quizá anterior al 27 a.C. (?). (Catálogo, n.o 3.197) 3.197)........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ................. ...... o As de Ilici, de época de Tiberio (14-37 d.C.). (Catálogo, n. 2.938) 2.938)........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ............. .. o As de Ilici, de época de Tiberio (14-37 d.C.). (Catálogo, n. 2.958) 2.958)........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ............. .. As de Saguntum de época de Tiberio Tiberio (14-37 d.C.), d.C.), con contramarca DD en reverso. (Catálogo, n.o 2.989) .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ............. .. As de Clunia, de época de Tiberio (14-37 d.C.), con contramarcas en anverso y reverso. ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................ ..... (Catálogo, n.o 3.711) ........... Catálogo de las Monedas Visigodas Visigodas de la Real Academia Academia de la Historia, publicado en 2002 .... Mapa de las migraciones de los pueblos bárbaros ............ ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... .................. ...... Sólido áureo de Valentiniano III (425-455) y dos imitaciones a su nombre .......... ..................... ...................... ........... Tremissis de Justino I (518-527) e imitaciones visigodas a nombre de Anastasio (491-518), Justino I y Justiniano I (527-565) ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .................. ....... Reinos de los pueblos p ueblos germanos en el Occidente de Europa E uropa ............... .......................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ........... Tremisses del periodo transicional .......... ..................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ............ .. Tremisses del reino visigodo de Toledo con busto del rey o una cruz, habitualmente sobre gradas, imitando las monedas del bizantino Tiberio II Constantino (578-582) ........... ...................... ........... Tremis .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ............. .. Tremis del reinado asociado de Egica y Witiza, cuyos bustos aparecen enfrentados con una cruz entre ellos en el anverso .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... .............. .... o Tremis de Recaredo II (621), Catálogo R.A.H., n. 22 .......... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .............
33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48
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Índices
LAS MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS
Prueba de una lámina de la obra de D. D. Antonio Delgado sobre moneda arábiga ........... ....................... .............. .. o Al-Andalus, Anónima, Felús s.f. (Catálogo n. 95) ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... - n I al- jil, Dirham, 154H./770 d.C. (Catálogo n.o 563) ..................... Al-Andalus ‘Abd al-Rahma al-Da Da Al-Andalus, Hisam II al-Mu’ayyad, Dinar, 391H/1000 d.C. (Catálogo n.o 1296) ........................... Al-Andalus, Al-Qasim I ibn Hammud, al-Ma’mun, Dirham, 410H/1019 d.C. (Catálogo n.o 145 1453) 3) .... ...... .. Medina Cuenca, Yahya II ibn Isma il ibn Yahya al-Ma’mun, al-Qadir, Dirham, XXXH (Catálogo n.o 2164) .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .... Medina Zaragoza, Mundir II ibn Yahya ibn Mundir al-Tuyibi, Mu’izz al-Dawla, al-Mansur, Dinar, (42)3H./1031 d.C. (Catálogo n.o 2169) .. ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... o Tortosa, Muqatil al-Fata al-Saqlabi, Mu’izz al Dawla, Sayf al-Milla, Dirham (Catálogo n. 2231) ..... Denia, ‘Ali ibn Muyahid, Iqbal al-Dawla, Fracción de Dinar s.f. (Catálogo n.o 2240) ................ Medina Mallorca, Abd Allah al-Murtada, Dirham, 483H /1090 (Catálogo n.o 2253) .................... Sevilla, ‘Ali ibn Yusuf, Dinar, 520H. 520H./1126 /1126 d. C. (Catálogo n.o 2386) .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. o Murcia , Muhammad ibn Sa’ad, Dinar, 561H./1165 d.C. (Catálogo n. 2422) .............................. Sin ceca, Yaqub Yusuf, Dinar, s.f. (Catálogo n.o 2432) ... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ... Granada, Al-Mutawakkil ibn Hud, Dirham, s.f. (Catálogo n.o 3432) .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... Mancuso de oro de Ramón Berenguer IV (954-1076) ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............. Maravedí de oro o ro de Alfonso VIII (1158-1214) ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... .............. ... Dinero de Fer nando II de León Le ón (1157-1188) ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................ ..... Croat de plata de la ceca de Barcelona, acuñado por Fer nando el Católico ........... ...................... ...................... ............. .. “Dobla de la silla alta”, de Enrique IV ........... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ..................... .............. .... Colección de “doblas de la banda” de Juan II, donada a la Real Academia de la Historia por D. Lamberto Janet, en 1866 .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................ ..... Real de Enrique E nrique II, de la ceca de Toledo ........... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ..................... ......... Florín aragonés de Juan I de Tortosa (1387-1396) ( 1387-1396) .......... ..................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .................. ....... Castellano de los Reyes Católicos .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ...................... .............. .... Moneda de 4 reales a nombre nombr e de Juana y Carlos acuñada en Méjico ............ ....................... ...................... .................. ....... Dibujo de la moneda aragonesa de 100 ducados de oro de 1528, conservada en el Cabinet de Médailles, de Paris .......... ..................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................ ..... Duros y medios duros de la ceca de Zaragoza: a, de Carlos y Juana de 1547; b, semejante pero con la fecha 1556 arreglada; c, de Felipe III (II de Aragón) de 1611; d, de Felipe V de 1707 ....... “Cincuentín” laminado en el Ingenio de Segovia en 1623 .................. .............................. ....................... ...................... .................... .........
63 67 68 68 69 70 70 71 71 71 72 72 73 73 76 77 77 78 79 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 85
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MONEDAS Y MEDALLAS ESPAÑOLAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA
Medalla conmemorativa de la llegada de Felipe V a Nápoles en 1702, con su escultura ecuestre y alegoría de la ciudad, obra de María Antonio de Gennaro (Catálogo, n.o 104) .... ........ ........ ........ .... Bocetos de las medallas de premio instituidas por Fernando VI para la Academia de Artillería y la Real Academia de San Fernando, obra de Francisco Prieto (Catálogo n.o 197 y 205) 205) ..... ....... .. o Boceto en lacre para una medalla de Carlos III, por Francisco Prieto (Catálogo, n. B-1) .... ........ ...... Medalla de Francisco Prieto conmemorativa de las Colonias de Sierra Morena (Catálogo, n.o 306) .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ..................... ............... .... Medalla conmemorativ conmemorativa a de la Promulgac Promulgación ión de la Constituc Constitución ión de Cádiz en 1812, por de o Félix Sagau (Catálogo, n. 470) ........... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .................... ......... Medalla de Premio de la Real Academia de la Historia de 1853, ganada por D. Cayetano Rosell, donada a la Academia por su hija, Dña. Germana Rosell, obra de Félix Sagau y José María Sánchez Sánchez Pescad Pescador or (Catálogo, n.o 615) .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ........... Medalla de José de Zorrilla utilizada para propaganda de pastillas para la tos (Catálogo, n.o 724) .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ..................... ............... .... Medalla de Don Álvaro de Bazán por Mariano Benlliure, conmemorativa de la erección de su monumento en Madrid en 1891 (Catálogo, n.o 728) .......... ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................... ......... Medalla de oro del Homenaje a Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo en 1910, obra de Lorenzo Coullaut donada por el Conde de la Viñaza (Catálogo, n.o 763) ........... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .............. ... o Medallón con el retrato de Hugo Obermaier (Catálogo, n. 789) .......... ...................... ....................... ....................... ................. ..... Medalla del Juramento de Felipe de Borbón y Grecia como Príncipe Heredero (Catálogo, n.o 911). Donación del Congreso Congre so de los Diputados ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............. Tipos de medallas de la Colección de la Real Academia de la Historia........................................ “Fecundidad”, de Ramón Ferrán (1959). (Catálogo, n.o C-69). Donación Adolfo y Juan R. Cayón ... Medallas de Proclamación y Jura de los Reyes de España (Catálogo n. o 67, 74, 96, 141, 234, 337 y 464, 573 y 674) .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....
103 104 105 106 107 108 108 109 110 111 111 112 112 113
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ESTE LIBRO SE TERMINÓ DE IMPRIMIR EL DÍA 2 DE FEBRERO DE 2007 FESTIVIDAD DE NTRA. SRA. DE LA CANDELARIA, EN LOS TALLERES DE IMPRENTA
TARAVILLA,
MESÓN DE PAÑOS, 6, 28013 MADRID
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