BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Penglihatan merupakan indera yang sangat penting dalam menentukan kualitas hidup manusia. Indera penglihatan yang dimaksud adalah mata. Tanpa mata, manusia mungkin tidak dapat melihat sama sekali apa yang ada disekitarnya. Dalam penglihatan, mata mempunyai berbagai macam kelainan refraksi. Kelainan refraksi tersebut antara lain seperti emetropia, miopia, ametropia,
presbiopia,
hipermetropia,
dan
afakia.
Kelainan
refraksi
merupakan gangguan yang banyak terjadi di dunia tanpa memandang jenis kelamin, usia, maupun kelompok etnis. 1 Dalam hal ini dari semua kelainan refraksi yang ada, angka kejadian miopia didunia terus meningkat, data WHO pada tahun 2004 menunjukkan angka kejadian 10% dari 66 juta anak usia sekolah menderita kelainan refraksi yaitu miopia. Puncak terjadinya miopia adalah pada usia remaja yaitu pada tingkat SMA dan miopia paling sering banyak terjadi pada anak perempuan daripada anak laki-laki, dengan perbandingan perempuan terhadap laki-laki 1,4 : 1. Perbandingan serupa pada miopia tinggi adalah 3,5 : 1. Sebanyak 30% penderita miopia berasal dari keluarga dengan golongan ekonomi menengah ke atas. 1
1
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Miopia merupakan salah satu gangguan penglihatan yang memiliki prevalensi tinggi di dunia. Di Amerika Serikat, berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari 7.401 orang berumur 12-54 tahun oleh National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey pada tahun 1971-1972 diperkirakan prevalensi miopia di Amerika Serikat sebanyak 25%. Bila dibandingkan dengan Amerika Serikat, Asia merupakan daerah yang memiliki prevalensi miopia yang lebih tinggi, terutama pada masyarakat Cina dan Jepang. Pada awal 1930, Rasmusssen memperkirakan prevalensi miopia kira-kira 70% di Cina, tetapi prosedur pengambilan datanya tidak dijelaskan secara rinci. Di Taiwan sekitar 4000 anak sekolah didiagnosa mengalami kelainan refraksi dengan sikloplegia
pada
sebuah
survey
tahun
1983.
Ada
peningkatan
prevalensimiopia seiring dengan peningkatan umur, dari 4% umur 6 tahun sampai sampai 40% pada umur 12 tahun. Lebih dari 70% dari umr 17 tahun dan lebih dari 75% dari umur 18 tahun(Saw 1996). Di Indonesia, dari seluruh kelompok umur (berdasarkan sensus penduduk tahun 1990), kelainan refraksi (12,9%) merupakan penyebab low visison/penglihatan terbatas terbanyak kedua setelah katarak (61,3%). 2 Miopia adalah bentuk kelainan refraksi di mana sinar-sinar sejajar, pada mata yang istirahat, akan dibiaskan pada suatu titik di depan retina. Faktor Resikonya antara lain adalah genetika dan lingkungan. Bahwa membaca
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progresitivitas gangguan refraksi miopia. Individu dengan profesi yang banyak membaca seperti pengacara, dokter, pekerja dengan mikroskop, dan editor mengalami miopia derajat lebih tinggi. Miopia dapat berkembang tidak hanya pada usia remaja, namun melewati usia 20-30 tahun. Gejala utama miopia adalah gangguan penglihatan jarak jauh. 1,3 Di Indonesia terutama anak-anak remaja yang golongan ekonomi keluarganya menengah keatas mempunyai angka kejadian miopia yang semakin meningkat. Banyak berpengaruh dalam
perkembangan miopia
adalah aktivitas melihat dekat atau nearwork. Adanya kemajuan teknologi dan telekomunikasi, seperti televisi, komputer, video game, dan lain-lain, secara langsung maupun tidak langsung akan meningkatkan aktivitas melihat dekat. 1 Faktor gaya hidup mendukung tingginya akses anak terhadap media visual yang ada. Hampir seluruh murid di sekolah manapun di Indonesia ratarata mempunyai faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan miopia, salah satu faktor yang Universitas Sumatera Utara televisi (94,5%), video game (39,4%), dan komputer (15,7%). Tingginya akses terhadap media visual ini apabila tidak diimbangi dengan pengawasan terhadap perilaku buruk, seperti jarak lihat yang terlalu dekat serta istirahat yang kurang, tentunya dapat meningkatkan terjadinya terjadiny a miopia. 1
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Oleh karena latar belakang inilah maka diperlukan penelitian-penelitian lebih lanjut tentang tentang Karakteristik Penderita Miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 2009-2010.
1.2 Rumusan Masalah Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, maka diperlukan penelitian untuk menjawab pertanyaan yaitu, “Bagaimanakah Karakteristik Penderita Miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 2009-2010? ”
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian Pene litian 1.3.1 Tujuan Umum Mengetahui
karakteristik penderita miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata
Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 2009-2010. 1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus 1. Mengetahui karakteristik umur penderita miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 2009-2010. 2. Mengetahui karakteristik jenis kelamin penderita miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 20092010.
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3. Mengetahui karakteristik pendidikan penderita miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 20092010. 4. Mengetahui karakteristik pekerjaan penderita miopia kerjaan di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 2009-2010. 5. Mengetahui karakteristik riwayat orangtua penderita miopia di Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar pada periode tahun 2009-2010.
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 1.4.1 Bagi Pihak Institusi Pendidikan Sebagai bahan tambahan informasi ilmiah mengenai karakteristi penderita miopia. 1.4.2 Bagi Masyarakat Untuk memberikan informasi tentang miopia sehingga masyarakat dapat memahami dan mengetahui karakteristik penderita miopia. 1.4.3 Bagi Peneliti 1. Untuk menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan dalam penerapan ilmu yang diperoleh semasa perkuliahan.
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3. Dapat juga meningkatkan daya nalar, minat, dan kemampuan dalam meneliti bidang penelitian. 1.4.4 Bagi Peneliti Lainnya Dapat digunakan sebagai bahan informasi dan masukan bagi peneliti lainnnya untuk melakukan penelitian selanjutnya yang berhubungan dengan penelitian yang telah dilakukan penulis. 1.4.5 Bagi Klinik Spesialis Mata Orbita Celebes Eye Center Makassar Sebagai bahan masukan dalam hal perncanaan dan penanggulangan factorfaktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian miopia.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Definisi Miopia Istilah miopia sendiri sebenarnya baru dikenal pada sekitar abad ke 2, yang mana terbentuk dari dua kata, meyn yang berarti menutup, dan ops yang berarti mata. Ini memang menyiratkan salah satu ciri - ciri penderita miopia yang suka menyipitkan matanya ketika melihat sesuatu yang baginya nampak kurang jelas, karena dengan cara ini akan terbentuk debth of focus di dalam bola mata sehingga titik fokus yang tadinya berada di depan retina, akan bergeser ke belakang mendekati retina. 4 Miopia adalah kondisi di mana sinar - sinar sejajar yang masuk ke bolamata titik fokusnya jatuh di depan retina. Miopia adalah bentuk kelainan refraksi di mana sinar-sinar sejajar, pada mata yang istirahat, akan dibiaskan pada suatu titik di depan retina. 3,5
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Faktor genetik dapat menurunkan sifat miopia ke keturunannya, baik secara autosomal dominan maupun autosomal resesif. Selain faktor genetik, menurut Curtin (2002) ada 2 mekanisme dasar yang menjadi penyebab miopia yaitu : a. Hilangnya bentuk mata (hilangnya pola mata), terjadi ketika kualitas gambar dalam retina berkurang. b. Berkurangnya titik fokus mata maka akan terjadi ketika titik fokus cahaya berada di depan atau di belakang retina. Miopia akan terjadi karena bola mata tumbuh terlalu panjang pada saat masih bayi. Dikatakan bahwa semakin dini mata seseorang terkena sinar terang secara langsung, maka semakin besar kemungkinan mengalami miopia. Ini karena organ mata sedang berkembang dengan cepat pada tahun-tahun awal kehidupan. Akibatnya, para penderita miopia umumnya merasa bayangan benda yang dilihatnya jatuh tidak tepat pada retina matanya, melainkan didepannya. 1
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dan lain-lain. Mata butuh istirahat yang teratur dan sering agar tidak terus berkontraksi yang monoton. 3. Tinggal di tempat yang sempit penuh sesak karena mata kurang berkontraksi melihat yang jauh-jauh sehingga otot mata jadi tidak normal. Atur sedemikian rupa ruang rumah kita agar kita selalu bisa melihat jarak pandang yang jauh. 4. Kebiasaan buruk yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan mata kita seperti membaca sambil tidur-tiduran, membaca di tempat yang gelap, membaca di bawah sinar matahari langsung yang silau, menatap sumber cahaya terang langsung, dan lain sebagainya. 5. Terlalu lama mata berada di balik media transparan yang tidak cocok untuk mata dapat mengganggu kesehatan mata seperti sering kelamaan memakai helm, lama memakai kacamata yang tidak sesuai dengan mata normal kita, dan sebagainya. 6. Kekurangan gizi yang dibutuhkan mata juga bisa memperlemah mata
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2.3 Klasifikasi Dikenal beberapa bentuk miopia seperti: 7 a. Miopia aksial, miopia akibat panjangnya sumbu bola mata, dengan kelengkungan kornea dan lensa yang normal. b. Miopia refraktif, bertambahnya indeks bias media penglihatan seperti terjadi pada katarak intumesen dimana lensa menjadi lebih lebih cembung sehingga pembiasan lebih kuat. Sama dengan miopia bias atau miopia indeks, miopia yang terjadi akibat pembiasan media penglihatan kornea dan lensayang terlalu kuat.
Menurut derajat beratnya miopia dibagi dalam: 3,7 a. Miopia ringan, dimana miopia kecil daripada 1-3 dioptri b. Miopia sedang, dimana miopia lebih antara 3-6 dioptri c. Miopia berat atau tinggi, dimana miopia lebih besar dari 6 dioptri.
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2.4 Faktor Resiko 2.4.1 Faktor Genetik Orang tua yang mempunyai sumbu bolamata yang lebih panjang dari normal akan melahirkan keturunan yang memiliki sumbu bolamata yang lebih panjang dari normal pula. Anak dengan kedua orang tua menderita miopia akan lebih beresiko menderita miopia dibanding anak dengan salah satu orang tua menderita miopia atau kedua orang tua tanpa miopia. Pada penelitian anak usia 6-12 th didapatkan angka kejadian miopia pada anak dengan kedua orang tua miopia sebesar 12,2%. Sedangkan angka kejadian miopia pada anak dengan salah satu orang tua miopia sebesar 8,2%, dan pada anak dengan kedua orang tua normal sebesar 2,7%. 4,8
2.4.2 Lingkungan Bahwa
membaca
atau
kerja
dekat
dalam
waktu
yang
lama
menyebabkan miopia. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara tingkat pencapaian
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akomodasi
mata,
kontraksi
otot
siliar
secara
terus-menerus
akan
menimbulkan gangguan refraksi mata yaitu miopia. 1,4
2.5 Gambaran Klinis 2.5.1 Gejala subyektif : 1,7,9 1. Akibat sinar dari suatu objek jauh difokuskan di depan retina, maka penderita miopia hanya dapat melihat jelas pada waktu melihat dekat, sedangkan penglihatan kabur bila melihat objek jauh. 2. Keluhan astenopia, seperti sakit kepala yang dengan sedikit koreksi dari miopianya dapat disembuhkan.
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b. Gambaran yang ditemukan pada segmen posterior berupa kelainankelainan pada:
Badan kaca : dapat ditemukan kekeruhan berupa perdarahan atau degenerasi yang terlihat sebagai floaters, atau benda-benda yang mengapung dalam badan kaca. Kadang-kadang ditemukan ablasi badan kaca yang dianggap belum jelas hubungannya dengan keadaan miopia.
Papil saraf optik : terlihat pigmentasi peripapil, presen miopia, papil terlihat lebih pucat yang meluas terutama ke bagian temporal. Kresen miopia dapat ke seluruh lingkaran papil, sehingga seluruh
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2.6 Diagnosis Diagnosis dilakukan dengan melakukan Pengukuran Uji Miopia: 14 1. Tujuan Pemeriksaan dilakukan guna mengetahui derajat lensa negatif yang diperlukan untuk memperbaiki tajam penglihatan sehingga penglihatan menjadi normal atau tercapai tajam penglihatan terbaik. 2. Dasar
Mata miopia mempunyai daya lensa positif yang lebih sehingga sinar yang sejajar atau datang dari tidak terhingga difokuskan di depan retina.
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Sampai terbaca baris 6/6.
Mata yang lain dikerjakan dengan cara yang sama.
4. Nilai
Bila dengan S -1.50 tajam penglihatan 6/6, kemudian dengan S -1.75 penglihatan 6/6 – 2 sedang dengan S – 2.00 penglihatan 6/7.5 maka pada keadaan ini derajat miopi mata yang diperiksa adalah S – 1.50 dan kaca mata dengan ukuran ini diberikan pada pasien.
Pada pasien miopia selamanya diberikan lensa sferis minus terkecil yang memberikan tajam penglihatan terbaik.
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paling mudah dan banyak dilakukan, yaitu dengan menggunakan kacamata maupun lensa kontak. 2,4,9 b. Operasi Refraksi (LASIK) Metode operatif yang mulai populer di Indonesia saat ini adalah LASIK (Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis ) keratomileusis ) yang mana laser digunakan mengurangi lapisan kornea sehingga kornea menjadi lebih datar yang menyebabkan bayangan benda lebih fokus ke retina. 4,10,11,12
2.8 Pencegahan Menurut Curtin (2002) ada cara untuk mencegah terjadinya miopia, yaitu 1,13
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2. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa usaha untuk melatih jauh atau melihat jauh dan dekat secara bergantian dapat mencegah terjadinya miopia. 3. Jika ada kelainan pada mata, kenali dan perbaiki sejak awal. Jangan menunggu sampai ada gangguan mata. Jika tidak diperbaiki sejak awal, maka kelainan yang ada bisa menjadi permanen. Contohnya bila ada bayi
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a. Melakukan pemeriksaan mata secara berkala setiap 1 tahun sekali atau sebelum 1 tahun bila ada keluhan (terutama yang telah memakai kacamata). b. Istirahat yang cukup supaya mata tidak cepat lelah. c. Kurangi kebiasaan yang kurang baik untuk mata, misalnya membaca sambil tiduran dengan cahaya yang redup. Jarak aman untuk membaca
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2.9 Prognosis Miopia sangat dipengaruhi oleh usia. Setiap derajat miopia pada usia kurang dari 4 tahun harus dianggap serius. Pada usia lebih dari 4 tahun dan terutama 8-10 tahun, miopia sampai dengan -6 D harus diawasi dengan hatihati. Jika telah melewati usia 21 tahun tanpa progresivitas serius maka kondisi miopia dapat diharapkan telah menetap dan prognosis dianggap
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BAB III KERANGKA PENELITIAN
3.1 Kerangka Teori Berdasarkan tinjauan pustaka yang telah diuraikan, dapat disusun kerangka teori sebagai berikut:
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3.2 Kerangka Konsep
Jenis Miopia Umur Jenis Kelamin
MIOPIA
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3.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel dan Kriteria Objektif
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4. Pendidikan
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Riwayat orang tua artinya penderita mempunyai salah satu atau kedua orang
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BAB IV
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4.3.2 Sampel