INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DEL ISTMO
MECANICA DE LOS MATERIALES. DOCENTE: ING. ORIHUELA GONZALES JULIO ANTONIO ANTONIO ALUMNO: OROZCO MARTÍNEZ MARTÍNEZ GHERARDY REPORTE DEL TEMARIO
SEMESTRE: 4 GRUPO: J
1
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Índice: Introducc!n"""""""""""""""""""""" Introducc!n""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""# """""""# UNIDAD $: INTRODUCCI%N A LOS PROCESOS DE MANU&ACTURA. MANU&ACTURA. $.$ conc'(to d' (roc')o d' *+,rc+c!n""""""""" *+,rc+c!n"""""""""""""""""4 """"""""4 $.- E'/'nto) d' un (roc')o d' d' *+,rc+c!n"""""""""""""""4 *+,rc+c!n"""""""""""""""4 $.# C+)*c+c!n d' o) (roc')o) d' *+,rc+c!n""""""""""" *+,rc+c!n"""""""""""""..0 ""..0 $.4 D+1r+/+) d' *u2o d' o) (roc')o)""""""""""""""""" (roc')o)""""""""""""""""".0 .0 UNIDAD -: PROCESOS CON ARRAN3UE DE IRUTA5 EN MATERIALES MET6LICOS Y NO MET6LICOS. -.$ TORNEADO""""""""""""""""""""""""""".7 -.- &RESADO"""""""" &RESADO"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""$ """"""""""$# # -.# TALADRADO""""""""""""""""""""""""""..$0 UNIDAD #: PROCESO SIN ARRAN3UE DE IRUTA5 EN MATERIALES METALICOS Y NO METALICOS. #.$ &UNDICIO""""""""""""""" &UNDICIO"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""$8 ""$8 #.- MOLDEO""""""" MOLDEO"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""..$9 ..$9 #.# INYECCION""""""""""""""" INYECCION"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""".-".-#.4 TRATAMIENTOS TERMICOS Y 3UIMICOS""""""""""""".-# UNIDAD 4: ENSAMLE. 4.$ NO PERMANENTE"""""""" PERMANENTE"""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""".-4 """""".-4 4.- SEMIPERMANENTES"""" SEMIPERMANENTES"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""-; """""""""-; 4.# PERMANENTES"""""" PERMANENTES""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""".-0 """""""".-0 UNIDAD ;: POLIMEROS Y MATERIALES MATERIALES COMPUESTOS ;.$ MOLDEO DE POLÍMEROS"""""" POLÍMEROS""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""...-7 """...-7 ;.- MA3UINAS"""""" MA3UINAS""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""..-8 ..-8 ;.# MANU&ACTURA CON MATERIALES COMPUESTO""""""""".#< CONCLUCION""""""""""""""""" CONCLUCION"""""" """"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""..#..#-
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Introducción: L+ MECANICA DE MATERIALES ') + r+/+ d' + /'c=nc+ >u' ')tud+ o) '*'cto '*'cto)) nt'rno nt'rno)) >u' '?('r/ '?('r/'nt 'nt+ + un cu'r(o cu'r(o ,+2o ,+2o c+r1+5 c+r1+5 con)d con)d'r+ 'r+ndo ndo + o) ''/'nto) ')tructur+') co/o /od'o) d'+@+do) )o/'tdo) + r')trccon') c+r1+) )/(*c+d+). L+ /'c=nc+ d' /+t'r+') +un>u' /'no) r1uro)+ >u' + t'orB+ d' '+)tcd+d5 d')+rro+ *!r/u+) d' un+ /+n'r+ !1c+ r+@on+d+ >u' (ro(orc (ro(orcon on+n +n )ouc )oucon') on') )+t)* )+t)*+ct +ctor+ or+)) + /uco) /uco) (ro,' (ro,'/+) /+) tcnc tcnco) o) ,=)co ,=)co). ). Co/o 'n tod+ r+/+ d' )+,'r5 + conc'(to) >u' )on *und+/'nt+') (+r+ un+ co/(r'n)!n )+t)*+ctor+ d' + /+t'r+. En + /'c=nc+ d' /+t'r+') ' conc'(to d' /(ort+nc+ (r/ord+ ') ' d' ')*u'r@o. En ' cur)o )' con)d'r+n o) ')*u'r@o) +) d'*or/+con') (roducd+) 'n un+ +r'd+d +r'd+d d' /'/,ro) /'/,ro) ')tructur+') ')tructur+') (or c+r1+) +?+5 tor)on+ tor)on+ *'?on+. *'?on+. L+ /'c=nc+ d' /+t'r+') nt'r'n' d' /+n'r+ d')t+c+d+ 'n tod+) +) r+/+) d' + n1'n'rB+. Su) /todo) )on n'c')+ro) (+r+ o) d)'F+dor') d' todo t(o d' ')t ')truct ructur ur+) +) /=>u =>un+ n+) ) 'n con) con)'c 'cu' u'nc nc+ +55 ') un+ d' +) +) +)1 +)1n+ n+ttur+) ur+) *und+/'nt+') d' un (+n d' ')tudo) d' n1'n'rB+. E conoc/'nto o,t'ndo 'n o) t/o) tr') )1o) 2unto con +) t'orB+) tcnc+) d' +n=) +n=)) ) d')+rro d')+rro+ +d+)5 d+)5 ('r/t ('r/t'n 'n + /od'rno /od'rno n1'n n1'n'ro 'ro d)'F+ d)'F+rr ')truct ')tructur+) ur+) )'1ur+) *uncon+') d' t+/+Fo co/('2d+d )n (r'c'd'nt')5 t'n'ndo 'n cu'nt+ cu'nt+ tr') tr') r'>u) r'>u)to) to) nd)( nd)('n)+ 'n)+,') ,'):: r'))t' r'))t'nc nc+5 +5 r1d' r1d'@@ ')t+, ')t+,d d+d +d d' o) d'r)o) ''/'nto) )o(ort+dor') d' c+r1+.
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Unidad 1: Esfuerzo defor!ación a"ia# de corte $uro 1% 1%11
Esfu Esfuer erzo zo nor! nor!a# a# defo defor! r!ac ació ión n a"ia a"ia##
E ')*u'r@o nor/+ ')*u'r@o +? o +?+ ') ' ')*u'r@o nt'rno o nt'rno o r')ut+nt' d' +) t'n) t'n)o on' n')) ('r( ('r('nd 'ndc cu u+r +r') ') nor/ nor/+ +') ') + + )'cc )'cc! !n n tr+n tr+n)' )'r) r)+ + d' un (r)/+ /'c=nco. /'c=nco. E)t' E)t' t(o t(o d' )o )oc ct+ t+c c!n !n *or/ *or/+d +do o (or (or t'n) t'n)o on' n')) (+r+ (+r+' '+ +)) ')t= ')t= dr'ct+/'nt' +)oc+do + + t'n)!n nor/+. nor/+. D+d+ un+ )'cc!n tr+n)'r)+ + '2' on1tudn+ d' un+ 1+ o 1+ o (+r ' ' ')*u'r@o nor/+ ') + *u'r@+ r')ut+nt' d' +) t'n)on') nor/+') >u' +ct+n )o,r' dc+ )u('r*c'. S con)d'r+/o) un ))t'/+ d' coord'n+d+) c+rt')+n+) 'n c+rt')+n+) 'n >u' ' '2' K ')t +n'+do con ' '2' r'cto d' + 1+5 o) '2') Y Z ')tn +n'+do) con +) dr'ccon') (rnc(+') d' n'rc+ d' + )'cc!n ' t'n)or d' t'n)on') T t'n)on') T?@ ' ')*u'r@o nor/+ N ? 'n'n d+do) (or:
1%& Dia'ra!a de esfuerzo ( defor!acion E d)'Fo d' ''/'nto) ')tructur+') /(c+ d't'r/n+r + r'))t'nc+ r1d'@ d' /+t'r+ ')tructur+5 ')t+) (ro('d+d') )' (u'd'n r'+con+r ) )' '++ un+ ,+rr+ )o/'td+ + un+ *u'r@+ +?+ (+r+ + cu+ )' r'1)tr+ )/ut=n'+/'nt' + *u'r@+ +(c+d+ ' ++r1+/'nto (roducdo. E)to) +or') ('r/t'n d't'r/n+r ' ')*u'r@o + d'*or/+c!n >u' + 1r+*c+r or1n+n ' d'no/n+do d+1r+/+ d' ')*u'r@o d'*or/+c!n. Lo) d+1r+/+) )on )/+r') ) )' tr+t+ d' /)/o /+t'r+ d' /+n'r+ 1'n'r+ ('r/t' +1ru(+r o) /+t'r+') d'ntro d' do) c+t'1orB+) con (ro('d+d') +*n') >u' )' d'no/n d'no/n+n +n /+t'r+') /+t'r+') dct') dct') /+t'r+ /+t'r+') ') *r=1'). *r=1'). Lo) Lo) d+1r+/+) d+1r+/+) d' /+t' /+t'r r+ +') ') dct dct') ') )' c+r+ c+r+ct ct'r 'r@ @+n +n (or (or )'r )'r c+(+ c+(+c' c')) d' r') r'))t )tr r 1r+n 1r+nd' d')) d'*o d'*or/ r/+c +co on' n')) +nt' +nt')) d' + rotu rotur+ r+55 /'n /'ntr tr+) +) >u' >u' o) o) *r=1 *r=1') ') (r') (r')'n 'nt+ t+ un ++r1+/'nto ,+2o cu+ndo '1+n + (unto d' rotur+.
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ES&UERZO. L+) *u'r@+) nt'rn+) d' un ''/'nto ')t=n u,c+d+) d'ntro d' /+t'r+ (or o >u' )' d)tr,u'n 'n tod+ ' =r'+ 2u)t+/'nt' 2u)t+/'nt' )' d'no/n+ ')*u'r@o ')*u'r@o + + *u'r@+ (or und+d d' =r'+5 + cu+ )' d'not+ con + 'tr+ 1r'1+ )1/+ ') un (+r=/'tro >u' ('r/t' co/(+r+r + r'))t'nc+ d' do) /+t'r+')5 + >u' ')t+,'c' un+ ,+)' co/n d' r'*'r'nc+.
PA D!nd': PQ &u'r@+ +?+ AQ Ar'+ Ar'+ d' + )'cc!n tr+n)'r)+
DE&ORMACI%N.
L+ r'))t'nc+ d' /+t'r+ no ') ' nco (+r=/'tro >u' d',' ut@+r)' + d)'F+r o +n+@+r un+ ')tructur+ contro+r +) d'*or/+con') (+r+ >u' + ')tructur+ cu/(+ con ' (ro(!)to (+r+ ' cu+ cu+ )' d)' d)'F! F! t'n' 'n' + /) /)/+ o /+ /+or /(ort (ort+n +nc c+. +. E +n= n=)) )) d' +) +) d'*or/+con') )' r'+con+ con o) c+/,o) 'n + *or/+ d' + ')tructur+ >u' 1'n'r+n +) c+r1+) +(c+d+). Un+ ,+rr+ )o/'td+ + un+ *u'r@+ +?+ d' tr+cc!n +u/'nt+r+ )u on1tud nc+ )' (u'd' o,)'r+r >u' ,+2o + /)/+ c+r1+ ('ro con un+ on1tud /+or ')t' +u/'nto +u/'nto o ++r1+/'nt ++r1+/'nto o )' ncr'/'nt+r= ncr'/'nt+r= t+/,n. t+/,n. Por 'o d'*nr d'*nr + d'*or/+c!n d'*or/+c!n co/o ' ' coc'nt' coc'nt' 'ntr' 'ntr' ' ++r1+/ ++r1+/'nto 'nto + on1t on1tud ud nc+ nc+ L5 ndc+ ndc+ >u' )o,r' )o,r' + ,+rr+ ,+rr+ + d'*or d'*or/+c /+c! !n n ') + /)/ /)/+ + (or>u (or>u' ' ) +u/'n +u/'nt+ t+ L t+/, t+/, n n +u/'nt+rB+ . M+t'/=tc+/'nt' + d'*or/+c!n )'rB+: L
DIAGRAMA. E d+1r+/+ ') + cur+ r')ut+nt' 1r+*c+d+ con o) +or') d' ')*u'r@o + corr')(ond'nt' d'*or/+c!n unt+r+ 'n ' ')(c/'n c+cu+do + (+rtr d' o) d+to) d' un 'n)+o d' t'n)!n o d' co/(r')!n.
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a) L*!ite de $ro$orciona#idad: S' o, o,)' )'r r+ + >u >u' ' + d') ')d' d' ' or or1 1'n 'n O +) +)tt+ ' (u (unt nto o +/ +/+d +do o B B/ /tt' d' (ro(orcon+d+d5 ') un )'1/'nto d' r'ct+ r'ctBn'o5 d' dond' )' d'duc' + t+n conocd+ r'+c!n d' (ro(orcon+d+d 'ntr' + t'n)!n + d'*or/+c!n 'nunc+d+
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+) Li!ite de e#asticidad o #i!ite e#,stico: E) + t'n)!n /=) += d' cu+ ' /+t'r+ no r'cu('r+ tot+/'nt' )u *or/+ or1n+ + )'r d' d')c )c+r1 +r1+d +do5 o5 ) )no no >u >u' ' >u >u'd+ 'd+ co con n un un+ + d'* d'*or or/+c /+c! !n n r' r') )du du+ + +/ +/+d +d+ + d'*or/+c!n ('r/+n'nt'.
c) -unto de f#uencia: E) +>u' dond' 'n ' +(+r'c' un con)d'r+,' ++r1+/'nto o *u'nc+ d' /+t'r+ )n ' corr')(ond'nt' +u/'nto d' c+r1+ >u'5 ncu)o5 (u'd' d)/nur /'ntr+) dur+ + *u'nc+. Sn '/,+r1o5 ' *'n!/'no d' + *u'nc+ ') c+r+ct'rB)tco d' +c'ro + c+r,ono5 /'ntr+) >u' + otro) t(o) d' +c'ro)5 +'+con') otro) /'t+') /+t'r+') d'r)o)5 'n o) >u' no /+n*')t+.
d) Esfuerzo !,"i!o: E) + /=?/+ ord'n+d+ 'n + cur+ ')*u'r@od'*or/+c!n.
e) Esfuerzo de .otura: 'rd+d'ro ')*u'r@o 1'n'r+do 'n un /+t'r+ dur+nt' + rotur+.
1%/ LE0 DE OO2% L+ ' d' Hoo' ')t+,'c' >u' ' ++r1+/'nto d' un /u'' ') dr'ct+/'nt' (ro(orcon+ + /!duod' /!duod' + *u'r@+ >u' )' ' +(>u'5 )'/(r' cu+ndo no )' d'*or/' ('r/+n'nt'/'nt' dco /u''.
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•
?< ') + on1tud d' /u'' )n +(c+r + *u'r@+.
•
? ') + on1tud d' /u'' con + *u'r@+ +(c+d+.
1% 1%33
Esfue Esfuerz rzo o corta cortante nte defor defor!a !aci cion on an'u an'u#a #ar r .
ES&UERZOS CORTANTES CORTANTES Son +) *u'r@+) +(c+d+) + un ''/'nto ')tructur+ (u'd'n nducr un '*'cto d' d')@+/'nto d' un+ (+rt' d' /)/o con r')('cto + otr+. En ')t' c+)o5 )o,r' ' =r'+ d' d')@+/'nto )' (roduc' un ')*u'r@o cort+nt'5 o t+n1'nc+5 o d' c@++dur+. An=o1+/'nt' + o >u' )uc'd' con ' ')*u'r@o nor/+5 ' ')*u'r@o cort+nt' )' d'*n' co/o + r'+c!n 'ntr' + *u'r@+ ' =r'+ + tr+) d' + cu+ )' (roduc' ' d')@+/'nto. E'/'nto) d' /=>un+) ')tructur+') )o/'tdo) + d'r)o) t(o) d' c+r1+5 con o,2'to d' (od'r d/'n)on+ro)5 o ,'n5 d't'r/n+r )u c+(+cd+d d' )o(ort+r c+r1+). T+/,n T+/,n ('r/t'5 con ' conoc/'nto c onoc/'nto (r'o d' + r'+c!n '?)t'nt' 'ntr' + c+r1+ + deformación d' un /+t'r+5 d't'r/n+r +) *u'r@+) o r'+ccon') 'n +>u'o) c+)o) d' '>u,ro ')t=tc+/'nt' nd't'r/n+do. M'd+nt' + +(c+c!n d' conoc/'nto) d' r'))t'nc+ d' /+t'r+') )' (u'd' )oucon+r tr') t(o) d' (ro,'/+) (r')'nt+do) 'n n1'n'rB+.
1%4 E56UE.5O DE 7-L7ST7MIENTO E)t' t(o d' ')*u'r@o ocurr' cu+ndo un cu'r(o ') )o(ort+do (or otro5 ') ' ')*u'r ')*u'r@o @o d' co/(r') co/(r')!n !n d')+rro d')+rro+ +do do 'ntr' 'ntr' do) cu'r(o) cu'r(o) 'n )u )u('r* )u('r*c c' ' d'
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r'ct=n1uo >u' t'n' (or ,+)' ' d=/'tro d' ('rno (or +tur+ '')(')or d' + (+c (+c+5 +5 co/o co/o )' /u') /u')tr tr+ + /'d /'d+n +nt' t' ' =r'+ =r'+ )o/,r' )o/,r'+d +d+ + 'n + *1ur *1ur+ + +nt'r +nt'ror or.. P A P ∅t
1% 1%44
Esfue Esfuerz rzos os ad!i ad!isi si+# +#es es car car'a 'ass ad! ad!is isi+ i+#e #ess
E ')*u'r@o +d/),' ') ' /=?/o + >u' (u'd' )'r )o/'tdo un /+t'r+5 +)'1ur=ndo)' d' un d')'/('Fo )'1uro. L+ r'+c!n 'ntr' + c+r1+ *n+ + c+r1+ +d/),' )' d'no/n+ *+ctor d' )'1urd+d. E *+ctor d' )'1urd+d )' )/,o@+ (or &.S. &.S. &.S. ES&UERZO &INAL ES&UERZO ADMISILE &.S. CARGA &INAL CARGA ADMISILE En 1'n'r+ o) *+ctor') d' )'1urd+d ')t=n ')('c*c+do) co/o nor/+) d' d)'Fo. P+r+ ')co1'r corr'ct+/'nt' ' *+ctor d' )'1urd+d )' d',' t'n'r 'n cu'nt+ +) )1u'nt') con)d'r+con'):
+ ARIACIONES 3UE OCURREN EN LAS PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES: MATERIALES: L+ co/(o)c!n5 r'))t'nc+ d/'n)on') d' o) /+t'r+') ')t=n )u2't+) + ('>u'F+) +r+con') dur+nt' + /+nu*+ctur+. T+/, T+/,n n +) (ro('d+d')
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OCURRIR EN EL &UTURO: Mu (oc+) c+r1+) )' conoc'n con co/('t+ c'rt'@+. C+/,o) *uturo) (u'd'n ntroducr c+/,o) 'n ' /odo d' c+r1+. d TIPOS DE &ALLAS 3UE PUEDEN OCURRIR: Lo) /+t'r+') *r=1') *++n ),t+/'nt'5 u)u+/'nt' )n +)o (r'o d' >u' ' co+()o ') n/n'nt'. Lo) /+t'r+') dct') co/o ' +c'ro ')tructur+5 )u*r'n d'*or/+con') )u)t+nc+') +nt') d' *++r conocd+) co/o *u'nc+ +drt'ndo d' c+r1+ '?c')+. L+ /+or (+rt' d' +) *++) )on r'('ntn+).
' INCERTIDUMRE DEIDO ALOS METODOS DE ANALISIS: Todo) Todo) o) /todo) ')t=n ,+)+do) 'n (!t'))5 'n +(ro?/+con') d' o) ')*u'r@o) r'+'). * DETERIORO 3UE PUEDE OCURRIR EN EL &UTURO POR MANTENIMIENTO DE&ICIENTE O POR CAUSAS NO PREDECILES: D',do + o?d+c!n d'c+d'nc+ d' /+t'r+') d*Bc') d' contro+r o +un d' d')cu,rr.
1 IMPORTANCIA DE UN ELEMEMTO CON RESPECTO A LA SEGURIDAD DE LA ESTRUCTURA TOTAL: TOTAL: Lo) ''/'nto) r1d@+dor') o )'cund+ro) (u'd'n 'n /uco) c+)o) d)'F+r)' con un *+ctor d' )'1urd+d /+) ,+2o >u' ' u)+do (+r+ ''/'nto) (rnc(+'). P+r+ +1uno) /+t'r+') co/o: +c'ro concr'to5 /+d'r+5 (u'nt') (+r+ c+rr't'r+ '?)t'n ')('c*c+con') 'c+) (or co/t) d' n1'n'ro) '?('r/'nt+do).
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conc'ntr+c!n d' t'n)on') '?c'd' ' B/t' d' /+t'r+ + (')+r d' >u' + t'n)!n /'d+ ')t (or d',+2o d' B/t' r'))t'nt'. L+ r'))t'nc+ r'+ 'n *r+ctur+ d' un /+t'r+ )'/(r' ') /=) ,+2+ >u' ' +or t'!rco (r'c)+/'nt' (or>u' + /+or (+rt' d' ''/'nto) r'))t'nt') cont'n'n ('>u'F+) *)ur+) o /(ur'@+) >u' cr'+n un conc'ntr+dor d' t'n)on'). L+) *)ur+) d' *+t1+ *+t1+ )'/(r' )'/(r' '/('@+ co/o conc'ntr+dor') d' t'n)on')5 +)B (u') '/n+r dco) d'*'cto) ncr'/'nt+ + r'))t'nc+ *r'nt' + *+t1+.
CAUSAS. L+) d)contnud+d') 1'o/trc+) o + *+t+ d' )u+d+d d' un+ 1'o/'trB+ +ct+n co/o conc'ntr+ conc'ntr+dor' dor')) d' t'n)! t'n)!n. n. Lo) '?tr'/ '?tr'/o) o) d' +) *)ur+) *)ur+)55 +) ')>un+ ')>un+)) +1ud+)5 o) +1u2'ro) o) c+/,o) d' )'cc!n tr+n)'r)+ )on '2'/(o) d' conc'ntr+dor') d' t'n)on'). L+) t'n)on') oc+') +t+) (u'd'n (roducr un *+o /=) t'/(r+no d' un ''/'nto r'))t'nt'5 (or ')+ r+@!n o) n1'n'ro) d)'F+n +) 1'o/'trB+) (+r+ /n/@+r + conc'ntr+c!n d' t'n)on'). PREENCION. Un+ /'dd+ (+r+ (r''nr o) ('or') t(o) d' conc'ntr+dor')5 +) *)ur+)5 ') t++dr+r un 1r+n +1u2'ro + *n+ d' + 1r't+. E)t+ /'dd+ (u'd' (+r'c'r contr+ntut+5 ('ro d' 'co + ')tructur+ nt'rn+ d' + (+rt' co/(+ct+ d' o) u')o) cu'nt+ con +)o)t'on+) +)o)t'on+) >u' (u'd'n )'rr (+r+ ')+ *unc!n. L+ /'dd+ *uncon+ (or>u' 'n r'+d+d ' r+do d' cur+tur+ d' conc'ntr+dor d' t'n)on') )' +c' /=) 1r+nd'5 + >u' + (unt+ d' un+ 1r't+ ') un d'*'cto /=) +1udo >u' un t++dro. A)B ' +1u2'ro t++dr+do5 con )u /+or d=/'tro t'n' +)oc+d+ un+
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Unidad &: Siste!as 9i$erest,ticos esfuerzos tr!icos
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Aor+ ,'n5 +)t+ + n'nc!n d' +) co/(ut+dor+) o) (ro1r+/+) d' c=cuo ')tructur+5 + r')ouc!n d' ')t' ))t'/+ /(c+,+ un n' d' d*cut+d d' tr+,+2o /+t'r+ d')d' ' (unto d' )t+ /+t'/=tco >u'5 'n + (r=ctc+5 +cB+n /(o),' )u r')ouc!n. Sn '/,+r1o5 +n o5 cu+ndo )' d)(on' d' ')t+) (od'ro)+) 'rr+/'nt+) d' c=cuo5 )1u' )'ndo d*cuto)+ + r')ouc!n ')t=tc+
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estructura, de+niendo caracter!sticas % conenciones de signos a utili)ar. utili)ar. on referencia a estos ltimos no eiste unanimidad en e curso trataremos de utili)ar conenciones generales #ue luego ada"taremos a los distintos casos.
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1o,'rn+ ' co/(ort+/'nto nt'rno d' + ')tructur+ d'+@+d+. Lo) d+to) >u' )' d')conoc'n d' + ')tructur+ )on +) *u'r@+) o) d')(+@+/'nto) >u' (u'd'n )'r d't'r/n+do) r')o'ndo ')t+ 'cu+c!n. E /todo dr'cto d' + r1d'@ ') ' /=) co/n 'n o) (ro1r+/+) d' c=cuo d' ')tructur+) t+nto co/'rc+') co/o d' *u'nt' ,r'. E /todo dr'cto d' + r1d'@ )' or1n! 'n ' c+/(o d' + +'ron=utc+ +'ron=utc+.. Lo) n')t1+dor') con)1u'ron +(ro?/+r ' co/(ort+/'nto ')tructur+ d' +) (+rt') d' un +!n /'d+nt' 'cu+con') )/(') ('ro >u' r'>u'rB+n 1r+nd') t'/(o) d' c=cuo. Con + '1+d+ d' o) ord'n+dor') ')t+) 'cu+con') )' '/('@+ron + r')o'r d' *or/+ r=(d+ )'nc+.
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Cu+ndo no '?)t'n r')trccon') ' c+/,o d' on1tud (or +r+c!n 'n + t'/('r+tur+ S no + r')trccon') (+r+ + d'*or/+c!n ')t+ ') ,r'5 ') d'cr5 no + +co/(+F+d+ d' ')*u'r@o). P'ro cu+ndo + d'*or/+c!n ')t= /('dd+ o r')trn1d+5 +(+r'c'n ')*u'r@o) d' co/(r')!n cu+ndo + +u/'nto d' t'/('r+tur+ ')*u'r@o) d' tr+cc!n cu+ndo + t'/('r+tur+ d)/nu'
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D'*or/+c!n d' un /'/,ro crcu+r )o/'tdo + tor)!n. Con)d'r+r + rot+c!n r'+t+ d' do) )'ccon') crcu+r') /+c@+ +d+c'nt') d' r+do c d' un ''/'nto d' on1tud L5 t+ co/o o /u')tr+ + &1. $.
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/'c=nco5 co/o (u'd'n )'r '2') o5 'n 1'n'r+5 ''/'nto) dond' un+ d/'n)!n /'c=nco5 (r'do/n+ )o,r' +) otr+) do)5 +un>u' ') (o),' 'ncontr+r+ 'n )tu+con') d'r)+). L+ tor)!n )' c+r+ct'r@+ 1'o/trc+/'nt' (or>u' cu+>u'r cur+ (+r+'+ + '2' d' + ('@+ d'2+ d' ')t+r cont'nd+ 'n ' (+no *or/+do nc+/'nt' (or +) do) cur+). En u1+r d' ')o un+ cur+ (+r+'+ + '2' )' r'tu'rc' +r'd'dor d' 'r tor)!n tor)!n 1'o/trc+. 1'o/trc+. E ')tudo 1'n'r+ d' + tor)!n ') co/(c+do (or>u' ,+2o ')' t(o d' )oct+c!n + )'cc!n tr+n)'r)+ d' un+ ('@+ 'n 1'n'r+ )' c+r+ct'r@+ (or do) *'n!/'no):
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S' d'no/n+ tr+n)/)!n /'c=nc+ + un /'c+n)/o /'c+n)/o 'nc+r1+do 'nc+r1+do d' tr+n)/tr (ot'nc+ 'ntr' do) o /=) ''/'nto) d'ntro d' un+ /=>un+ /=>un+.. Son (+rt' *und+/'nt+ d' o) ''/'nto) u !r1+no) d' un+ /=>un+5 /uc+) 'c') c+)*c+do co/o uno d' o) do) )u,1ru(o) *und+/'nt+') d' ')to) ''/'nto) d' tr+n)/)!n ''/'nto) d' )u2'c!n. En + 1r+n /+orB+ d' o) c+)o)5 ')t+) tr+n)/)on') )' r'+@+n + tr+) d' ''/'nto) rot+nt')5 + >u' + tr+n)/)!n d' 'n'r1B+ (or rot+c!n ocu(+ /uco /'no) ')(+co >u' +>u'+ (or tr+)+c!n tr+)+c!n..
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/%3 Siste!as 9i$erest,ticos
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