C C
F o r e r s T e a c h o n l y
Solutions to
Me ‘n’ Mine Social Science PULLOUT WORKSHEETS
X FIRST TERM
By
E
Vinita Gupta
C.K. Naidu
M.A. B.Ed B.Ed.. Delhi Public School R.K. Puram, New Delhi
M.A. B.E d.
Since 1950
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CONTENTS First Term UNIT I : HISTORY [INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II] 4. MAKI MAKING NG OF A GLOBA GLOBAL L WORLD WORLD Ñ
Worksheets Workshe ets 1 to 7 ........ ............... .............. ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .........
4–8
5. THE AGE AGE OF INDUS INDUSTRIAL TRIALISATI ISATION ON Ñ
Worksheets 8 to 14 ................................................................................................................................. 9–13
6. WORK WORK,, LIFE LIFE AND LEIS LEISURE URE Ñ
Worksheets 15 to 21 ............................................................................................................................. 14–18
7. PRINT CULTUR CULTURE E AND THE MODERN MODERN WORLD WORLD Ñ
Worksheets 22 to 29 .............................................................................................................................. 19–22
8. NOVELS NOVELS,, SOCIETY SOCIETY AND HISTOR HISTORY Y Ñ
Worksheets 30 to 39 ............................................................................................................................ 23–29
UNIT II : GEOGRAPHY [CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II] 1. RESOUR RESOURCES CES AND DEVEL DEVELOPMEN OPMENT T Ñ
Worksheets 40 to 48 ............................................................................................................................. 31–37
2. FOREST AND WILDLIF WILDLIFE E RESOURCES RESOURCES Ñ
Worksheets 49 to 55 ............................................................................................................................ 38–41
3. WAT WATER ER RES RESOUR OURCES CES Ñ
Worksheets 56 to 62 ............................................................................................................................. 42–46
4. AG AGRI RICU CULT LTUR URE E Ñ
Worksheets 63 to 69 ............................................................................................................................. 47–51
UNIT III : POLITICAL POLITICAL SCIENCE [DEMOCRATIC POLITICS POLITICS – II] 1. PO POWE WER R SHARI SHARING NG Ñ
Worksheets 70 to 74 ..................................................................................................... .........................
53–56
2. FE FEDE DERAL RALIS ISM M Ñ
Worksheets 75 to 79
......................................................... .................................................................. 57–60
3. DEM DEMOCRA OCRACY CY AND DIVER DIVERSIT SITY Y Ñ
Worksheets 80 to 83 ............................................................................................................................ 61–63
4. GENDE GENDER, R, RELIGI RELIGION ON AND AND CASTE CASTE Ñ
Worksheets 84 to 89 ............................................................................................................................ 64–67
UNIT IV : ECONOMICS [UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT] 1. DE DEVE VELO LOPM PMEN ENT T Ñ
Worksheets 90 to 98 ............................................................................................................................. 69–73
2. SECTO SECTORS RS OF THE INDIAN INDIAN ECONOM ECONOMY Y Ñ
Worksheets 99 to 106 ........................................................................................................................... 74–79
UNIT V : DISASTER MANAGEMENT [TOGETHER TOWARDS A SAFER INDIA – III] • FOR FORMAT MATIVE IVE ASSESS ASSESSMEN MENT T Ñ
Ñ
Worksheets 107 to 111 .................................................. ...................................................... ........................ 81
PRACTICE PAPERS 1 to 5
STORY [INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORA
83–114
CONTENTS First Term UNIT I : HISTORY [INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II] 4. MAKI MAKING NG OF A GLOBA GLOBAL L WORLD WORLD Ñ
Worksheets Workshe ets 1 to 7 ........ ............... .............. ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ................ ............... .............. .........
4–8
5. THE AGE AGE OF INDUS INDUSTRIAL TRIALISATI ISATION ON Ñ
Worksheets 8 to 14 ................................................................................................................................. 9–13
6. WORK WORK,, LIFE LIFE AND LEIS LEISURE URE Ñ
Worksheets 15 to 21 ............................................................................................................................. 14–18
7. PRINT CULTUR CULTURE E AND THE MODERN MODERN WORLD WORLD Ñ
Worksheets 22 to 29 .............................................................................................................................. 19–22
8. NOVELS NOVELS,, SOCIETY SOCIETY AND HISTOR HISTORY Y Ñ
Worksheets 30 to 39 ............................................................................................................................ 23–29
UNIT II : GEOGRAPHY [CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II] 1. RESOUR RESOURCES CES AND DEVEL DEVELOPMEN OPMENT T Ñ
Worksheets 40 to 48 ............................................................................................................................. 31–37
2. FOREST AND WILDLIF WILDLIFE E RESOURCES RESOURCES Ñ
Worksheets 49 to 55 ............................................................................................................................ 38–41
3. WAT WATER ER RES RESOUR OURCES CES Ñ
Worksheets 56 to 62 ............................................................................................................................. 42–46
4. AG AGRI RICU CULT LTUR URE E Ñ
Worksheets 63 to 69 ............................................................................................................................. 47–51
UNIT III : POLITICAL POLITICAL SCIENCE [DEMOCRATIC POLITICS POLITICS – II] 1. PO POWE WER R SHARI SHARING NG Ñ
Worksheets 70 to 74 ..................................................................................................... .........................
53–56
2. FE FEDE DERAL RALIS ISM M Ñ
Worksheets 75 to 79
......................................................... .................................................................. 57–60
3. DEM DEMOCRA OCRACY CY AND DIVER DIVERSIT SITY Y Ñ
Worksheets 80 to 83 ............................................................................................................................ 61–63
4. GENDE GENDER, R, RELIGI RELIGION ON AND AND CASTE CASTE Ñ
Worksheets 84 to 89 ............................................................................................................................ 64–67
UNIT IV : ECONOMICS [UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT] 1. DE DEVE VELO LOPM PMEN ENT T Ñ
Worksheets 90 to 98 ............................................................................................................................. 69–73
2. SECTO SECTORS RS OF THE INDIAN INDIAN ECONOM ECONOMY Y Ñ
Worksheets 99 to 106 ........................................................................................................................... 74–79
UNIT V : DISASTER MANAGEMENT [TOGETHER TOWARDS A SAFER INDIA – III] • FOR FORMAT MATIVE IVE ASSESS ASSESSMEN MENT T Ñ
Ñ
Worksheets 107 to 111 .................................................. ...................................................... ........................ 81
PRACTICE PAPERS 1 to 5
STORY [INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORA
83–114
HISTORY (First Term)
HIST.
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THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD WORKSHEET–1
I. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (d)
6. (c)
7. (b)
II. 1. The travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. The Indus valley civilisation had an active coastal trade li nked with present-day West Asia around 3000 BCE. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The noodles travelled from China to west to become spaghetti. The Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily in Italy.
WORKSHEET–2 1. Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily in Italy. Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to India until about five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered America. 2. The Portuguese and Spanish conquests colonised America by the mid-sixteenth century. European conquest was not a result of superior firepower. They carried a lot of germs such as those of smallpox on their person. America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against this disease that came from Europe. Smallpox proved deadly killer. Once introduced, it killed and decimate d whole communities, paving the way for conquest. 3. The world changed a lot in the nineteenth century. Many economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted in complex ways to transform societies and reshape relations between countries. One can identify three types of movements or ‘flows’ in the transactions. The first is the flow of trade which in the nineteenth century referred largely to trade in goods ( e.g., cloth or wheat). The second is the flow of labour — the migration of people in search of employment. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances. All three flows were closely interwoven and affected peoples’ lives more deeply now than ever before. 4. Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under pressure from farmers, the government restricted the import of corn. These laws were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’. The industrialists and people living in cities forced the government to abolish Corn Laws.
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5. After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas. 6. One can identify three types of movements or flows in the transactions. The first is the flow of trade which in the nineteenth century referred largely to trade in goods ( e.g., cloth or wheat). The second is the flow of labour – the migration of people in search of employment. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
WORKSHEET–3 1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. When Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions, WB and IMF, began to turn their attention towards developing countries. The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers. 2. The developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s under the guidance of WB and IMF. They organised themselves as a group — the Group of 77 (or G-77) — to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). NIEO means a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets. 3. Despite years of stable and rapid growth, not all was well in this post-war world. From the 1960s the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the US’s finances and competitive strength. The US dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the world’s principal currency. It could not maintain its value in relation to gold. This eventually led to the collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates. 4. The IMF gave money to developed countries to help them reconstruct and reshape their economy. They aimed at global stability of economies and better employment opportunities. To make this possible, they gave credit loans. They also maintained a balance in world trade. Japan and other western countries were helped by these institutions in post war reconstruction and to help them have stable economies. 5. Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries. They were important in Asian trade. However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. Importance of the Americas increased gradually and it moved the centre of world trade westwards and Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade. On the other hand, until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted. Thousands therefore fled Europe for America. T H E
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6. Traditionally, countries liked to be self-sufficient in food. But in nineteenth-century Britain, self-sufficiency in food meant lower living standards and social conflict. Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grain in Britain pushing up food grain prices. The government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’. Industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas. As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around the world — in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia — lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.
WORKSHEET–4 1. After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. As foods prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports. Around the world — in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia — lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand. Railways were needed to link the agricultural regions to the ports. Harbours were built and more land was brought under cultivation. More homes and settlements were required. Capital flowed from financial centres such as London. The demand for labour in America and Australia led to migration. Around 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century in search of a better future. Thus by 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, accompanied by complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology. Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away. It was transported by railway and by ships. 2. The railways, steamships, the telegraphs were important inventions without which we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth-century world. Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. The trade in meat can be cited as a good example of this connected process. Till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe. They were slaughtered when they arrived there. This process had numerous problems. Live animals took up a lot of ship space. Many of them either died or fell ill and became unfit to eat. As a result meat had become an expensive luxury and the European poor never afforded to buy it. With the development of a new technology, namely refrigerated ships, it became possible to transport the perishable foods over long distances. Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point–in America, Australia or New Zealand — and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe.
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Now, the poor in Europe could consume a more varied di et. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad. 3. In India, in the nineteenth century, indentured labourers were hired by agents engaged by European employers under contracts which promised return travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation. Recruitment agents were paid a small commission by employers. Many migrants agreed to take up work hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages. Agents tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions. Many a times, migrants were not even told that they were to go on a long sea voyage. Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants. But, once on the job, workers discovered their own ways of surviving. Many of them escaped into the wilds, but if they were caught, they faced severe punishment. 4. In the pre-industrial period, the fine cottons made in India were exported to Europe. With industrialisation, British cotton manufacturers and industrialists demanded that the government impose restrictions on cotton imports from India and protect their local industries. As a result, tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain and the entry of fine Indian cottons into Britain began to decline. British manufacturers started searching for overseas markets for their factory made cloth. Indian textiles now faced stiff competition from such cheap machine made products in the international markets. There was a gradual decline of Indian cotton exports, from some 30 per cent around 1800 to below 3 per cent in the 1870s. While exports of manufactures from India declined, export of raw materials increased. The share of raw cotton exports rose from 5 per cent to 35 per cent between 1812 and 1871.
Chapter Test I. 1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (b)
II. 1. Africa was a country with rich resources and minerals. Europeans went there in search of these and made colonies in Africa. They forced Africans who had become very self sufficient by changing inheritance laws, banning the movement of mine-workers and taking advantage of rinderpest, the cattle plague which devastated 90% of the African cattle. This shows how Africans were forced to become slaves in their own cou ntry and reflects the darker side of colonialism. 2. Factors that caused the great depression in the US : (a) There was mass agricultural over production. However, the rate of consumption level was less in comparison. To maintain the net profit farmers supplied in mass numbers to the market which added to the surplus. This backfired leaving people jobless. (b) The US had given loans and lenders panicked at the first sign of trouble. They took back loans and people who were unable to pay these loans were displaced from their homes. The Europeans countries too suffered a set back as they were unable to return loans. 3. ‘ The 19th century indentured labour was a new system of slavery’. Workers from colonized countries like India were recruited and given five year contracts to work under employer at times in other countries. T H E
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Generally, indentured labourers from India went to the Carribean island, Fiji, Mauritius. Tamil workers went closer home to Malaya and Ceylon. Agents appointed by employers told the labourers about good working facilities they could get and a promise to return to India in five years. To escape poverty, high rents and pressure the labourers agreed. At times less willing laboureres were abducted. However, on reaching plantation sites workers found working conditions differen t to what they had imagined and were punished severely if they tried to run away. Thus, 19th century, indentured labour was a new system of slavery. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–5 1. germs of small pox 2. International Monetary Fund; World Bank; global economic stability; employment 3. China; southeast Asia; gold; silver 4. World war; household 5. Indian imports; 50 percent 6. USA 7. Carribean islands; Fiji 8. EI Dorado; El Dorado 9. Punjab; canal colonies 10. assembly line
WORKSHEET–6 1. T 6. T
2. F 7. F
3. T 8. F
4. T 9. T
5. F 10. T
WORKSHEET–7 1. The above picture tells us about the indentured labourers and they were given numbers instead of names. An indentured labourer was a bonded labourer who had signed a contract to work for an employer for a sp ecific period of time and to pay for his passage to a new country. A labourer most often wa s a daily wage worker. 2. The labourers were given identification numbers because it was easy to remember numbers and not names. The owners by giving numbers could also keep a count on the number of indentured labourers he had. 3. Their main destination was Caribbean Islands (Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Mauritius and Fiji) 4. They developed new cultural forms in which people of all races and religion joined.
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HIST.
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THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION WORKSHEET–8
I. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (c)
II. 1. Steam Engine increased productivity and efficiency of industries. There were 80 steam engines in cotton industries, 9 in wool and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works.
WORKSHEET–9 1. A number of products could be produced only with hand labour. Many goods with intricate designs and specific shapes could be only hand made. Aristocrats and bourgeosie preferred refined and classy products which were hand made. 2. People moved from villages to cities in large numbers but they could not find jobs easily. Seasonal jobs could be easily found but the average daily income of workers got reduced and finally the wages and living conditions remained poor. 3. After 1840, several kinds of constructions and building activities started in cities. They included road building, tunnel making, construction of drainage, sewage drains and railways. They provided job opportunities. 4. A number of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in export trade which included financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. 5. When the cotton textile industries began expanding in England the company was keen on expanding control over Indian trade. When they established political control over Bengal and Carnatic they could assert their monopoly tight and eliminate competition. 6. In the 18th century, Indian merchants and bankers controlled the network of export trade. They financed and carried goods and supplied to exporters in the ports. By 1750s this control was breaking down and the European Companies gradually gained power by securing a number of concessions from local courts and over a period of time new ports controlled by European Companies emerged.
WORKSHEET–10 1. 1. The European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird H eiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. 2. These agencies mobilised capital, set up jointstock companies and managed them. 3. In most instances Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. 4. The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join. T H E
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2. The European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India. They were interested in the producte like tea, coffee, jutem indigo etc. They establish ed tea and coffee plantations and invested in mining, jute and indigo. The reason is that most of these products were required for export trade. 3. The Indian Businessmen set up industries in the ninteenth century for producing catton yarn. At that time, yarn was not imported from British to India. The yarn produced by Indian mills was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China. 4. Under the Company rule the weavers suffered a lot. The Company appoined paid workers called gomashtas to supervise the weavers and collect supplies. Unlike earlier times when the merchants lived in the villages, these gomashtas had no personal links with the weavers. They acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delay in supplies. Because of this, often there were clashes between the weavers and gomashtas. The Company often gave advance or loan to the weaver at the time of placing order. This bound the weaver to the Company. The weavers had to sell the goods to the Company at a dictated price. The weavers were prohibited from contacting other traders or selling their goods to others. The prices they received from the Company were exceedingly low-it drove the weavers to poverty. 5. Industrial production in India were increased during the first world ar due to following : (i) The First World War gave a boost to Indian industries. (ii) The British mills were busy with production of war materials to meet the needs of army. (iii) Manchester imports into India declined Sunddenly Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. (iv) As the war prolonged Indian factories were called upon to su;;y war needs also such as Jute bags, cloth for uniform of soldiers, tents, leather boots, etc., and lots of other items. (v) New factories were set up and old ones orgainsed multiple shifts, during the war years Indian industries boomed. 6. After World War I the British manufacturers could not capture their old position in the India market because they were unable to modernise end compete with U.S. Germany the Japan. The British economy crumble after the w ar. Cotton production declined and export of cotton cloth fell down. Local industrialists re-established their position by substituting foreign manufactures and selling goods in home market.
WORKSHEET–11 1. Two problems were: (a) Their export market collapsed and the local market shrank being glutted with the Manchester imports. — Produced goods by machines at the lower price, the imported goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. (b) By 1860s, weavers faced a new problem, they could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. — When the American Civil War broke out and the cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India and as the exports increased the prices shot up. — Weavers in India were forced to buy the it at very high prices. (c) Factories in India began flooding the market with machine-made goods.
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2. — The first cotton mill that came up in India was set-up in 1854. — In 1855, in Bengal, first jute mill emerged. In the north India the Elgin mill was set-up in Kanpur in 1860. The first cotton mill came up in Ahmedabad in 1861. — In 1874, first spinning and weaving mill was set-up in Madras. 3. Factories needed workers and their demand was increasing. — In the most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and workers who found no work in the village went to industrial centres. (over 50% workers in Bombay cotton industry in 1911 came from the neighouring district of Ratangiri) — Workers travelled great distances in the hope to get work in the mills. 4. Getting jobs was always difficult because (a) as number of job seekers was more than the jobs. (b) entry into mills was restricted. (c) Jobber started demanding money and gifts for getting them jobs. 5. Industrialist usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He was often an old and trusted worker who got people from his villages, ensured them jobs, helped them settle and provided them money in times of crisis. 6. (a) This phase of industrialization took shape in the 17th and the 18th century. (b) Merchants in towns moved to villages to persuade artisans to produce for an international market. (c) Poor peasants and artisans in villages began working for the merchants from their houses to make a little extra income. (d) This system is generally called the domestic system or family based production using primitive tools and backward methods of production. 7. After the 1840s building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. Roads were widened, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, rivers embanked, each activity required hundreds of labourers. The number of workers employed in transport industry doubled in the 1840’s.
WORKSHEET–12 1. (a) Before the age of industrialization silk and cotton goods made in India dominated the international market in textiles. (b) Other countries produced only coarser cotton and finer varieties came from India. (c) The American merchants took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia and the Bales of fine cotton were carried on camel back via the NWFP, through mountain passes across deserts. (d) Sea trade operated through the pre-colonial ports—Surat on Gujrat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea ports; Masalipatnam on the Coromandel coast and Hooghly in Bengal had trade links with the South-east Asian ports. T H E
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( e) A variety of Indian and merchants bankers were involved in the export trade-Financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. ( f ) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions-they gave advances to weavers, procured woven cloth and carried supply to the ports. ( g) At the ports the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland. (h) By 1750, this network was breaking down. 2. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concessions from local courts then the monopoly rights to trade. (a) This resulted in the decline of old ports of Surat andHooghly. — exports from these ports fell dramatically, credit that had financed earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. (b) While Surat and Hooghly decayed Bombay and Calcutta grew. (c) Trade through new ports came to be controlled by the European companies in their ships. (d) Those who wanted to survive had to now operate within the network shaped by European trading companies. 3. (a) Initially the indian industries did not decline as the Britishers cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand.So the company was keen on expanding the textile exports from India. (b) Befor establishing political power in India, Bengal and Canatic in 1760s and 1770s, the Company found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. (c) The Dutch, the Portuguese as well as local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. (d) So the weavers could bargain and the try selling the produce to the best buyer. ( e) Once the Company established its power it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would elimina te the competition, control cost and ensure regular supplies. 4. Early entrepreneurs of India: In the 18th c during the opium trade there were many Indian junior players in this trade . — having earned through this trade, some of these had a visions of developing industrial enterprises in India. — capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa. — there were others who were not directly involved in external trade but operated within India carrying goods, transferring funds between cities, banking money and financing traders. When the opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set-up their industries. Examples: 1. In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore had set-up six joint stock companies in 1830s and 40s. 2. In Bombay Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India.
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3. Seth Hukumchand , a Marwari businessman had set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, So did the father and grandfather of the famous industri alist G.D.Birla. — When colonial control tightened, the space for Indian merchants became limited and they were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and were to export only raw materials and food grains—raw cotton , opium, wheat and indigo were required by the Britishers. They were also grad ually edged out of the shipping business.
Chapter Test I. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (c)
II. 1. (a) Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. (b) Roads were widened. (c) New railway stations came up and railway lines were extended, tunnels dug up. (d) Drainage and sewers were laid and rivers embanked. 2. As the cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries.They pressurised the govt. to impose import duties on cotton textile so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing competition from outside. — Industrialists persuaded the Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian market as well. The export of cotton goods increased in the 19th century. 3. Proto-industrialisation - first or form of something. It was a part of network of commercial exchanges, controlled by the merchants and the goods were produced by vast number of producers within their family farms. — In the 18 c merchants from towns and cities began moving to the countryside supplying money to the peasants and artisans to produce for the international markets. — As demands were increasing, merchants could not expand in the urban areas because of the existing TRADE GUILDS.-(these were the associations of producers that trained the craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated prices and production and also restricted the entry of new merchants.) Therefore these merchants turned to the countryside. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–13 1. Spinning Jenny
2. gomasthas
3. carding; twisting
4. Richard Arkwright
5. proto-industrialistation
6. 1854
7. the aristocratic; bourgeoise
8. Surat and Hooghly
9. Krishna; Saraswati
10. 1800 and 1810
WORKSHEET–14 A. 1. T 6. T
2. T 7. T
3. F 8. F
4. T 9. T
5. F 10. T
B. Do yourself.
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WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE WORKSHEET–15
I. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (b)
7. (c)
8. (b)
II. 1. Chawls are multistoreyed structures which are divided into smaller one-room tenements without any private toilets. These are the dwelling houses of the urban poor in Bombay mostly owned by private landlords. Chawls were used to make quick money. Many families could reside in every chawl. Chawls could be compared to tenements of London. Those were also small apartments built for the poor workers of London.
WORKSHEET–16 1. (a) They were paid low wages. (b) They were made to work for long hours. (c) There were no laws to prevent exploitation of young children in factories. 2. There were a number of jobs available such as shop keeping, artisan work, soldier, casual labour, sheet selling, begging etc. There were dockyards, industries for making metal and engineering goods, footwear, printing, stationery, watches, surgical instruments, electrical goods, cars etc. 3. The London survey found out that one million Londoners were very poor and lived upto the age of 29 years of age. They died in workhouse, hospi tal or lunatic asylum. The survey indicated that one lakh rooms were needed to house the poorest people. 4. Because the houses in which the poor lived were a threat to public health. They were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation. There was a feeling among the rich that this situation would create social disorder and rebellion. 5. Workers’ mass housing schemes were created to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious. They decided to take the responsibility for housing the working classes between the two world wars. One million single-family cottages were built. 6. The London underground over a period of time connected London to the suburbs carrying large masses of people to and from the city. It made it easy for the people to travel to work. By 1880 it carried 40 million people.
WORKSHEET–17 1. The city of Bombay became the principal port of the English East India Company. It was an important centre of cotton textiles. It became an important administrative centre of western India. It emerged as a major industrial centre in the 19th century. 2. Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of traders and bankers as wel l as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay. When the first textile mills were started in 1854, a large number of people from nearby district of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills.
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3. There were several reasons for more and more people migrating to Bombay. (a) It was an important railway junction. (b) Famine in Kutch made a large number of people migrate. (c) There was a lot of employment opportunities in industries, film world etc. 4. They were called ‘chawls ’. The chawls were built by private landlords, merchants, bankers and building contractors looking for ways to earn money from migrants. These had small one room accomodation with a public toilet. 5. As London grew, crime flourished uncontrolled. There were about 20,000 criminals living in London in the 1870s and i t became a matter of widespread concern throughout Lon don. Henry Mayhew wrote several volumes on the conditions of the London labour and compiled long lists of those who made a living from crime. Many of whom he listed as ‘criminals’ were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were several cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves living in London. Several attempts to discipline the population were made. The authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor. 6. Steps to clean up London : (i) Attempts were made to decongest localities. (ii) To have more green spaces or green belts. (iii) To adopt measures to prevent or reduce pollution. (iv) Landscaping the city by planting more trees and plants. Planning poor people’s houses, etc. 7. City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water and excessive noise became a feature of urban life. Pollution increased in nineteenth century England due to extensive use of coal in homes and industries. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies. People began to complain about the black fog that descended on their towns, causing bad tempers, smoke-related illness, and dirty clothes.
WORKSHEET–18 1. (a) The City of Bombay Improvement Trust focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre. (b) In order to expand the city and to cope with the problem of land scarcity, reclamation projects were taken up from 1784. (c) The great sea wall project was undertaken with the approval of the Bombay governor, William Hornby to prevent flooding in the low lying areas. (d) Reclamation of land from the sea undertaken by private companies e.g. Back Bay Reclamation took up a project to reclaim land from the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba. The hills around Bombay were levelled. The city, thus, expanded by 22 square miles. Bombay Port Trust built a dry dock between 1914– 1918 and the earth excavated was used to build the Ballard Estate and thereafter the famous Marine Drive was developed. W O R K
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2. Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay in 1896 to make the first movie. It was followed by Raja Harishchandra in 1913 made by Dadasaheb Phalke. Around 1925, Bombay was seen as a film capital and films were produced for the entire country. In 1947, the investment amounted to 756 million and by 1987, it provided employment over 5 lakh people. The film industry was made up of migrants from Lahore, Calcutta, Madras. People from Punjab greatly contributed e.g. Ismat Chugtai, Saadat Hasan Manto and others. 3. City development has taken place everywhere at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were flattened to make space for factories, housing etc. The refuse and waste pollute the air and water and the noise of cities also add to poll ution. These features are common to the cities of England, India or any other part of the world. 4. Calcutta was built on marshy land and thus there is fog and when combined with smoke from the burning of coal, it generates black smog resulting in high levels of pollution. The common people used dung and wood as fuel. The industries used steam engines run on coal. The railways also proved polluting. The rice mills of Tollygunge burnt rice husk and that created an air filled with black soot. Smoke nuisance legislation was passed in 1863 and finally the inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission managed to control industrial pollution.
Chapter Test I.
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (b)
II. 1. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have large factories. London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a graving number of semi skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars. Apart from the London clockyard, 5 major types of industries employed large numbers: clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals. During the First World War (1914 – 1918) London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the numbers of large factories increased until they accounted for 1/3 of all jobs in the city. 2. The better off city dwellers continued to demand that slums be cleared away. But gradually larger and larger number of people began to recognize the need for housing for the poor. The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health, they were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation. There was a widespread feat of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Workers mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious.
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3. The London Underground Railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the cities. The very first section of the underground in the world opened on 10th January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London. On that day 10000 passengers were carried, with trains running every 10 minutes. By 1880, the expanded train service was carrying 40 million passengers a year. Frequent service connected suburbs to city (Central London). It was a mass transportation system carrying as many as 40 million passengers per year. It helped in decongestion of city. The population of city became more dispersed. It resulted in better planned suburbs. It reduced social distinction in long run. It became most important feature of modern metropolis. Peo ple were afraid to travel in London. Underground because it was seen as polluting, full of cigarette smoke, coal, dust, foul fuel from gas lamp. London undergroun d was seen as health hazard and iron monster. People did not like the mass that was created by the construction of London underground. It resulted in displacement of poor people as their houses were destroyed. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–19 I. 1. The London underground railway partially solved the housing problem by carrying people to and from the country. 2. It was opened on 10th January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London. 3. The compartment was full of passengers who were smoking pipes. The gas lamps gave foul smell of sulphur. The atmosphere was full of sulphur and coal dust and suffocating. 4. Charles Dickens wrote that houses were demolished, streets were broken with deep pits and trenches and heaps of construction material could be seen everywhere. II. 1. This famous resort provided facilities for sports, entertainment and refreshment for the well-to-do. There were cultural events such as operas, theatres and classical music performances. 2. The working class met in pubs to have a drink, exchange views and sometimes to organise for political actions. 3. Libraries, museums and art gallaries were established in 19th century to inculcate a spirit of pride among the people. 4. After the coming of the railways and transport, taverns went into decline. Pubs were established near railway stations and bus depots.
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WORKSHEET–20 Ebenezer Howard
An architect and planner
1852
Plan to create better quality of citizens
Baron Haussmann
French Civic Planner
Paris
the forcible reconstruction of cities to enhance their beauty and impose order.
Raymond and Barry Parker
WORKSHEET–21 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
dockyards; industries public health; fire hazards; social order 10 January 1863; Paddington; Paddington; Farrington Bloody Sunday of November 1887 motor cars; electrical goods the opera; the theatre; classical music events the industrial sector Bombay; Gujarat Arthur Crawford The Bengal smoke Nuisance commission
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PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD WORKSHEET–22
I. 1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (d)
II. 1. The system of hand printing is known in China from 594 AD. It was printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of wood blocks. As both sides could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. 2. 1. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. 2. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. 3. From the 16th century the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
WORKSHEET–23 1. After the printing revolution the ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientifi c texts were compiled and published. Maps and diagrams were widely printed. Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries which influenced a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers. The writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were widely printed and read by people. Their ideas about science, reason and rationality became an essential part of popular literature. 2. As the new urban culture bloomed in China, the print was used by merchants on an everyday basis. Reading became a leisure activity for especially women. They began writing poetry and plays. 3. Illustrated collection of paintings depicted elegant urban culture involving artists, courtesans and teahouse gatherings. Books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking, famous places etc. were printed. 4. Gutenberg adapted the existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press was his model for the printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. He published the Bible as the first printed book. 5. No, manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print till the late 19th century. Manuscripts could not be used on a daily basis as they were difficult to use, expensive and fragile. 6. The printing revolution changed the attitudes and hence the lives of people. People came to know about the happenings in the colonial society. Many books were critical of existing social and religious practices. A large number of people were now able to partake in the debates and discussions. People from different parts of India were able to connect with each other. P R
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7. Emergence of print culture had a great impact on all fields of European society specially in the religious field of early modern Europe. (i) Careated the possibility of wide circulation of religious ideas. (ii) Introduced a new world of debate and discussion, even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate the ideas. (iii) In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ninety five these criticisting many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. It Challenged the church to debate his ideas. This led to the division of church and to the beginning of Protestant Refermation.
WORKSHEET–24 I. 1. Women became important readers as well as writers. Penny magazines were meant for women. There were manuals for teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping. Novels of Jane Austen, Brontte sisters, George Eliot became popular among women. These novels defined women as a person with wi ll, strength of personality, determination and power to think. 2. The print culture created the conditions in which French Revolution took place. The print popularised the ideas of Enlightenment and was critical of tradition, superstition and despotism. They attacked the sanctity of the church and the despotic rule of the King. It created a culture of dialogue and debate in which all norms, values and institutions were debated. The literature of the time criticised the lifestyle of royalty and challenged the social order. II. 1. (a) He wanted to encourage printing and wanted people to come forward and do it in Calcutta. (b) It can help in the following ways: advertisements of products, exchange of information and knowledge, circulars to employees etc. 2. (a) He wanted to publish a newspaper which would provide information on topics of local interest, general utility, scientific investigation, speculations connected with antiquity etc. (b) In Marathi language. 3. (a) Bengal Women’s Education Conference in 1926. She advocated education for women. (b) According to her, Islam gave women equal rights to be educated and it is wrong to say that educated women will go astray.
WORKSHEET–25 1. Booksellers employed pedlars who carried books to sell in the villages. Almanacs, ballads, folk tales and other entertaining books, historical tales and romantic novels became popular. Penny chapbooks became popular in England. In France, Biliotheque Bleue were very popular. 2. The ideas of science and reason became more accessible to people after the printing revolution. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled, published and maps, diagrams were printed. Newton published his discoveries. The writings of Thomas Paine, Rousseau, Voltaire were printed and widely read. Their ideas about science, reason and rationality became a part of popular literature.
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3. Many people believed that books could change the world, liberate society from tyranny and bring a system based on reason and intellect. Mercier, a novelist of the 18th century said, ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’ 4. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China from there it reached to Japan and then to Korea. That was the system of hand printing. From 594 AD onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks. 5. The print culture played a vital role in the development of Indian press and literature for the growth of nationalism. In the nineteenth century a large number of literature were produced that brought about a great revolution in the minds of the people an d encouraged them to fight against the British exploitation. The Indian press contributed in spreading national feeling among the people of India. Newspapers like the Indian Mirror, Bombay Samachar, the Amrita Bazar Patrika, the Kesari and the Hindu enjoyed a great influence on the national politics of the country. A number of articles on the concept of nationalism were published by nationalist leaders such as Bankim Chandra Chatterji, Din Bandhu Mitra, Rabindra Nath Tagore and Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Chapter Test I. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (b)
II. 1. India had a very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian as well as in various vernacular languages. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper or on bark of the trees even parchments were used as writing material. Pages were beautifully illustrated and covered with wooden covers or sewn. 2. Buddhist missionaries from China brought in hand printing skill into Japan. The earliest Japanese book Diamond Sutra was printed in 868 AD. This book had six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper currency. 3. There are some arguments put forward by historians to argue that print played a vital role in the French Revolution. Arguments are as follows : (i) Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau. After reading their criticism on the Church and other religious evils people started thinking and questioning. (ii) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason. (iii) By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticized their morality. But some scholars think differently also. They argue that there can be no doubt that print helps the spread of ideas. But we must remember that people did not read just one kind of literature. If they read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau, they were also exposed to monarchical and Church propaganda. They were not P R
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influenced directly by everyth ing they read or saw. They accepted some ideas and rejected others. They interpreted things in their own way. Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. T 6. F
2. F 7. T
WORKSHEET–26 3. F 8. F
4. T 9. T
5. T 10. T
WORKSHEET–27 A. 1. ( e) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) B. 1. Ballad is a historical account or folk legend in verse, usually sung or recited. 2. Eresmus was critical of the print medium. He believed that though some books do provide worthwhile knowledge, others are simply a ban for scholarship. 3. The first book that Gutenberg printed was the Bible, marking 180 copies in three years. 4. The Vernacular Press Act gave the government tyrannical rights to cencor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. 5. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote the ‘Ninety Five Theses’. Criticising the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
WORKSHEET–28 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Calligraph ‘Vellum’ Woodblock print ‘ukiyo’; Kitagawa Utamaro; Edo Johann Gutenbery; olive; wine presses Richard M.Hoe; cylindrical press; 8000 sheets; newspapers Jesuit priests; Konkani; Kannada Irish Press Laws; 1878 ‘Amar Jiban’; 1878
10. Naval Kishore Press; Sri Venkateshwar Press
WORKSHEET–29 Do yourself.
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NOVELS, SOCIETY AND HISTORY WORKSHEET–30
I. 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (c)
II. 1. (a) Novels created created a world that that was absorbing absorbing and believable believable that readers readers could identify identify with. (b) While reading reading novels, novels, the reader was transport transported ed to another person’ person’ss world and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel. (c) People enjoyed enjoyed reading reading in private private as well as publicly. publicly. They could discuss discuss stories stories with family and friends. (d) People became became deeply deeply involved involved in the lives lives of the characters characters.. 2. (a) Initially Initially novels novels were expensive. expensive. Ordinary Ordinary people who wanted wanted to read them gained gained access to them through circulating libraries. Books could be hired by the hour. (b) Later technological technological improvements improvements made books cheaper as they were mass produced. produced. Now more people could buy and read books.
WORKSHEET–31 1. (a) Charles Dickens wrote about the way in which cities grew grew unregulated leading to overcrowding. He wrote about the misery of workers, unemployed poor and the homeless who roamed the streets in despair. (b) He wrote about horrible horrible effects of industrialization on lives of people such as smoky towns, smoking chimneys, polluted rivers, slums etc. He wrote how workers began to be known as hands, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. e.g. Hard Times Times. (c) He focused focused on lives of petty criminals, criminals, beggars beggars and orphans. orphans. e.g. Oliver Twist. 2. (a) Thomas Hardy wrote about fast vanishing rural communities of England that had been close knit. This was actually a time when large farmers fenced off land, bought machines and employed labourers to produce for the market. (b) Old rural culture culture with its independent independent farmers farmers was dying dying out. (c) Hardy lamented the loss of the more personalised world and the problems that that new order created. e.g. Mayor of Casterbridge Casterbridge. 3. Vernacular language was used in novels that was spoken by ordinary people. It created a sense of shared world between diverse people in a nation. Novels often combined a classical language with that of the street languages, thus bringing the elite and the commoners together. 4. As middle class prospered, women had time to read and write. Novels explored women’s lives — their emotions and identities, their experiences and problems. Women authors wrote about family life and issues with authority. Jane Austen’s Austen’s Pride and Prejudice gives insight into the life of women in genteel rural society of early 19th century England, where they are preoccupied with money and marriage. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre published in late 19th century depicts women as becoming assertive, independent and rebellious. Love stories were written for young girls. N O V E L S
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5. Women authors wrote about domestic life with authority, authority, focusing on women’s women’s emotions and identities, their experiences and problems. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Prejudice depicts the life of women in genteel rural society of early 19th century England. Here women were expected to make good marriages and capture a wealthy husband. It was assured that every single man of good fortune would be in want of a wife. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre written in late 19th century showed women emerging as assertive, independent and rebellious. 6. The novel gives an insight to the world of women in the genteel rural society in early 19th century England. It portrays a society where women’s aim in life was to catch a wealthy husband and make a good marriage. The characters of the novel are pre-occupied with money and marriage.
WORKSHEET–32 1. Charlotte Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre in late 19th century. It was published in 1874. The heroine of this novel ‘Jane’ is assertive and independent. She speaks out boldly against the hipocrisy of elders. She calls her aunt who was unkind to her, deceitful and refuses to address her as ‘aunt’ ever again. She was a rebel in times when women were expected to be quiet and well mannered. 2. Novels were written for for young readers too. These novels for for young boys idealised a new type of man: someone who was powerful, assertive, independent and daring. Stories for boys were full of adventure set in places far away from Europe. Stories about white-men colonising the natives and adapting to the strange surroundings appealed to the young boys, for example, R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island, R. Kipling’s Jungle Book Book. Stories for boys involved great historical events, battles etc. Love stories were written for young girls e.g. Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson. 3. G.A Henty’s Henty’s historical adventure novels for boys were wildly popular during the heights of the British empire. They created excitement and adventure of conquering strange lands. His stories were set in Mexico, Alexandria and Siberia. He wrote about young boys who witness grand historical events, get involved i n military action and show ‘English’ courage in face of danger danger.. 4. Early novels promoted colonialism by making the reader feel that they were superior. superior. Hero of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is an adventurer and slave trader. He gets ship wrecked on an island. He treats natives not as equals but as inferior creatures. He takes a native as slave, does not even ask for his name but gives him a new name ‘Friday’. Readers do not find Crusoe’s behaviour as unacceptable or odd as white people saw colonialism as natural and necessary to civilise barbaric natives. 5. Early Indian writers tried tried to translate English novels into Indian languages. For example Chandu Menon tried to translate Henrietta Temple written by Benjamin Disraeli into Malayalam but he realised that readers in Kerala were not familiar with the way in which characters of English novels lived. Their clothes, ways of speaking, manners etc. would appear strange to them, so he gave up the idea and wrote an original novel ‘Indulekha’ in 1889. K. Viresalingam gave up effort to translate Oliver Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield into Telugu. He wrote an original Telugu novel called Rajasekhara Caritamu in 1878.
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6. Chandrakanta — a romantic novel became a best seller seller.. It was written w ritten by Devaki Nandan Khatri. The novel became very popular because of the following reasons: (a) It was written written purely for for the pleasure pleasure of reading. reading. (b) It gave insights insights into the fears fears and desires of the readers. readers.
WORKSHEET–33 1. Premchand emerged as a powerful writer in Urdu and Hindi. His writings were special because (a) They do not simply give moral lessons or purely entertain entertain the reader but show that he seriously thought about the lives of the ordinary people. (b) He dealt with social issues specially the condition of women in Indian society, society, for example, Sewasadan . Issues like child marriage and dow ry system are woven into the story of the novel. 2. (a) Many Bengali novels were located in the past, their characters, events and love stories were all based on historical events. (b) Another group of novels novels depicted the domestic life in contemporary settings. settings. Plots revolved around social problems and romantic relations between men and women. 3. Godan is the best known work by Premchand. The story revolves around a peasant couple Hori and his wife Dhania. They are oppressed by the landlords, the mahajans , brahmin priests and colonial bureaucrats. These people exercised lot of control over the lives of ordinary men and poor peasants, Hori and Dhania are deprived of their land yet they retain their dignity. It is an epic of Indian peasantry as it describes the lives of the poor peasants with great accuracy. accuracy. 4. Premchand’s novels depict all kinds of characters drawn from all strata of society. society. He has written about landed aristocracy, middle level peasants, landless peasants, professionals and marginalised groups. His women characters like Nirmala are strong individuals. In Rangbhoomi, his central character is a visually challenged beggar called Surdas. Thus, Premchand found that ordinary, poor were worthy of literary reflection. Surdas tries to prevent the take over of his land for building tobacco factory. As we read the story we wonder about industrialisation and its impact on society and people. 5. Very significant changes changes came about in the content and and style of writing novels. The colonial writers showed Indians as fickle minded, divided and dependent on the British. These writings were meant to establish superiority of the white men and British culture. These did not satisfy the educated intellectuals of India. The Puranic stories of the past were preoccupied with supernatural and divine themes. The newly educated professional class wanted to read about real India, issues in daily lives of ordinary people. Realistic depi ction helped to create a sense of Pan- Indian belonging. 6. The novel was written by Potheri Kunjambu, a low caste writer from Kerala. The novel novel revolves around a young man who is an ‘untouchable’. He is compelled to l eave his village to escape the harassment at the hands of upper caste (Brahmi n) landlord. The hero converts to Christianity, acquires modern education and returns to his village as a judge in local court. While dealing with a case he reveals his true identity. The Nambuthiri repents for his wrong doings and reforms his ways. The movie attacks the caste system that was oppressive and shows education as a means of upliftment of the lower castes. N O V E L S
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WORKSHEET–34 1. (a) Novel reading offered an escape for women from their harsh realities to an imaginary world. (b) In south India, older women listened to popular novels read out to them by their grand children as it offered some amusement. (c) Novels created a new image of women, who had choices in marriage and relationships. It showed them as having some control over their lives. (d) Rokeya Hossein’s novel Padmarag showed that women could change their conditions by their own actions. 2. The old merchant elite of Calcutta patronized entertainments such as Kabirlarai (poetry contests), musical soirees and dance performances. But new Bhadralok group widely read novels. They gathered as a group and read a number of novels. For example, the great Bangla novelist Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya hosted jatra in his house. In his room his family members gathered while he read out his novel Durgeshanandini written in 1865. 3. (a) Novels were popular among educated middle class as a medium of entertainment. (b) Love stories, detective novels, adventures and mysteries became hugely popular for they amused people. (c) Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private. They offered a special world of imagination into which the reader could slip and be all alone. Thus, reading a novel was like daydreaming. (d) Many times people gathered to listen to a novel being read aloud by someone else. There after they could discuss the story and became involved in the characters. For example B.C. Chattopadhyay read out Durgesh Nandini to one such gathering of people who were stunned to realise that the Bengali novel had achieved excellence quickly. Devki Nandan Khatri’s ‘Chandrakanta’ was a romance written just for the pleasure of reading. 4. (a) As outsiders, British knew very little about the life of people inside the Indian households, but they needed this information to gain an insight into Indian society which was so diverse. (b) Novels described Indian domestic life, showed how people dressed, their forms of worship, their beliefs and practices and so on. (c) Novels were translated into English by the English administrators or Christian missionaries. 5. Very often novels presented a picture of how things should be. The authors created characters who had great qualities that readers could admire and imitate. These ideal characters could successfully handle the dilemmas faced by colonial subjects i.e. becoming progressive and modern without rejecting traditions and losing one’s real identity. Many English educated Indians found western ways of living and ideas very attractive but they scared that their own culture would be destroyed. For example in Chandu Menon’s novel Indulekha the hero Madhavan is also English educated from Madras University but was also well read in Sanskrit. He wore western clothes but kept a long tuft of hair, according to the Nayar tradition.
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WORKSHEET–35 1. (a) Novels took readers away from reality to an imaginary world where anything could happen. Many people thought that novels would corrupt specially women and children. (b) Parents kept novels out of children’s reach but young people often read them in secret. (c) Older uneducated women enjoyed novels when their grand children read out them. (d) Women soon became authors writing poems, essays and auto-biographies. They created a new concept of womanhood, where women had choices — they could choose or refuse their partners and relationships. Novels depicted women as having some control over their lives. E.g. Rokeya Hossein wrote a satire Sultana’s Dream where women take place of men. She wrote Padmarag that showed how women could improve their condition through their own actions. Young women who were assertive, could think for herself. These developments made Indian men uneasy and suspicious of women writing novels or reading them. Their domination was threatened by women. 2. Indulekha (1889) was the first modern novel in Malayalam. It was written by Chandu Menon. (a) India was facing the onslaught of the western culture. Western ideas, life style appealed to the English educated class in India but they faced the dilemma of losing their own traditional values. Characters like Indulekha and Madhavan showed the reader how the two life styles could be brought together. (b) An important issue is the marriage practices of upper-caste Hindus in Kerala, especially Nambuthiri Brahmins and Nayars. Caste seems to be an important factor while forming marriage alliances. (c) Suri Nambuthiri, a foolish landlord comes to marry Indulekha who is intelligent. She exercises her choice, rejects him and marries Madhavan, an educated civil servant. It shows that education began to be valued as an asset. (d) The novel is critical of alliances based on caste, ignorance and immorality among high caste. 3. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer (1908-96) was one of the early Muslim writers to gain wide fame as a novelist in Malayalam. Basheer’s works were based on his own rich experience rather than scholarly pursuits. He did not have much education. He left home at a very early age to take part in the Salt Satyagraha. He travelled widely in di fferent parts of India and also in Arabia. He spent his days working in a ship. He had close association with Sufis and Hindu sanyasis. Basheer’s short novels and stories were written in the ordinary language of conversation. With wonderful humour, Basheer’s novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households. He also brought into Malayalam writing themes which were considered very unusual at that time– poverty, insanity and life in prison. 4. The history written by colonial historians tended to depict Indians as weak, divided and dependent on the British. These histories could not satisfy the tastes of the new Indian administrators and intellectuals. The traditional Puranic stories of the past also could not convince those educated and working under the English system. Such minds wanted new view of the past that would show that Ind ians could be independent minded and h ad been so in history. The novel provided a solution. In it, the nation could be imagined in a past that also featured historical characters, places, events and dates. N O V E L S
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Chapter Test I. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (c)
II. 1. The Bengali novels give us an idea about two trends: (i) The first one was a group of novels which focused on the past, their characters, events and love stories were based on historical events. (ii) Another group of novels narrated the inner world of domestic life in contemporary settings. Domestic novels frequently dealt with social problems, a romantic relationship between men and women. 2. The novel Hard Times was written by Charles Dickens in 1854. The novel is about the terrible effects of industrialisation on people’s lives and characters. It describes Coketown a fictitious industrial town. According to the novel, workers are known as ‘hands’ as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticized not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments. 3. Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu literature. Premchand’s characters created community based on democratic values. Premchand’s novels, for instance, were filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society like aristocrats and landlords, middle level peasants and landless labourers, middle-class professionals and people from the margins of society. Before Munshi Premchand, Hindi literature was confined to the tales, the stories of magical powers and other such escapist fantasies. His novel Sevasadan (1916) discusses the lives of ordinary people and social iss ues. It deals with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells us about the ways in which the Indian upper classes used whatever little opportunities they get from colonial authorities to govern themselves. The central character of his novel Rangbhoomi (The Arena), Surdas, is a visually impaired beggar from a so-called ‘untouchable’ caste. The very act of choosing such a person as the hero of a novel is significant. It makes the lives of the most oppressed section of society as worthy literary reflection. The story of Surdas was inspired by Gandhi’s personality and ideas. Godan (The Gift of Cow), published in 1936, remains Premchand’s best-known work. Premch and wrote on the realistic is sues of the day, i.e communalism, corruption, zamindari, debt, poverty, colonialism etc. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–36 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
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Godan (The Gift of Cow); Premchand England; France Oliver Twist Robinson Cruseo; Colonisation Henrietta Temple; Malyalam Ramashankar Raj; Saudamini Indulekha Treasure land Marathi; the plight of widows Muktamala, Marathi S O C
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WORKSHEET–37 1. T 6. T
2. F 7. T
3. T 8. F
4. T 9. T
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WORKSHEET–38 1. Satire is a form of representation through writing, drawing, pointing etc. that provides a criticism of society in a manner that is witty and clever. 2. In Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s Anguriya Binimoy’, Shivaji engages in many battles against the treacherous Aurangzeb. 3. Bharatendu Harishchandra was a pioneer of modern Hindi language. 4. Premchand took Hindi novels to another level of excellence. He began writing in Hindi and later shifted to Hindi and was popular in both language. He used the traditional art of Kissa-goi (story telling). 5. In espistolary novel, personal and private forms of letters were used to tell a story. For example, Samuel Richardson’s Pamela. 6. The British administrators were not familiar with the culture and social life of the Indians. 7. The first attempt to translate English novels into vernacular languages was taken by O. Chandu Menon. 8. The great Bengali novelist Bandim Chandra Chattopadhyay hosted jatra in his house. In his room, his family members gathered while he read out his novel ‘Durgesh Nandini’ written in 1865. 9. Srinivas Das of Delhi wrote the first proper modern novel ‘Pariksha Guru’ in Hindi. 10. Emila Zala’s novel Germinal (1885) is on the life of a young miner is france.
WORKSHEET–39 Do yourself.
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GEOGRAPHY (First Term)
GEOG.
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RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT WORKSHEET–40
1. (d) 7. (c)
2. (c) 8. (a)
3. (b) 9. (b)
4. (d) 10. (c)
5. (c)
6. (a)
5. (d) 11. (d)
6. (a) 12. (c)
WORKSHEET–41 1. (a) 7. (b)
2. (c) 8. (d)
13. (a)
14. (d)
3. (b) 9. (b)
4. (d) 10. (a)
WORKSHEET–42 1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (b)
7. (c) 13. (b)
8. (b) 14. (a)
9. (d)
10. (c)
11. (a)
12. (c)
WORKSHEET–43 I. 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (b)
II. 1. Resources are classified on the basis of ownership as: Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Urban people own plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources owned by individuals. Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the people living there. International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. 2. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. In this process they often consume resources more in quantity which cause depletion of resources. As more technological development occurs there is increased need for input and utilisation of resources. For example, more factories providing employment to more people is a necessity. For the factory, land and metal (for machines) are used. For this mining of minerals/metals increases causing land degradation and depletion of mineral resources of a certain area. As technical or technological development is closely linked to economic development we can say that both of these have led to more consumption of resources. R
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3. Resource planning is a complex process which involves: (a) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (b) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. (c) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 4. Measures of controlling land degradation: (i) Afforestation. (ii) Preparation of overgrazing. (iii) Control of overgrazing. (iv) Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. (v) Moisture conservation and weed control in agricultural lands. (vi) Regularization of grazing. (vii) Proper management of wastelands. (viii) Control of mining.
WORKSHEET–44 1. The problem of land degradation can be solved in hilly and desert areas by the following methods: (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing. (c) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western and central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming. 2. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Main features of this type of soil are: (a) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. (b) Towards the river valleys, soil particles are bigger in size. In the upper reaches the soils are coarse. They are common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. (c) Alluvial soils are of two types on the basis of their age — Khadar and Bangar. (d) These are very fertile soils and contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. ( e) Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. ( f ) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.
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3. Soil Erosion: The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion. 4. Major problems occurred due to indiscriminate use of resources are: (a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and havenots or rich and poor. (c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resource has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 5. Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilisation of resources. It is a complex process. It is important in country like India because (a) There is an enormous diversity in the availability of resources. (b) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resource but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. 6. Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing and mining have contributed significantly in land degradation. 1. Mining sites are abandoned after mining work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. 2. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation has occurred due to mining. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. 3. In Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. 4. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere which retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. 5. Industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution. R
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WORKSHEET–45 1.
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WORKSHEET–46 1. On the basis of status of development resources are classified as below: Potential Resources. Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India (Rajasthan and Gujarat) have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but have not been used yet. •
•
•
•
Developed Resources. Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their possibility. Stock. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but buman beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these are termed as stock. For example, water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But due to lack of appropriate technology to access them they are still unused. Reserves. They are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology but their use has not been started yet. Probably they can be used for meeting future requirements. For example, river water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. are a reserve which can be used in the future.
2. The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. As per the land use data only 93% of the total geographical area is available. Of this 43.4% is the net sown area, forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4% is culturable waste, 7.03% is current fallow, 4% is covered by pastures and 1% is covered by tree crops. The land under forests have increased over the years. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance. The land under forest did not increase much since 1960-61 due to several reasons like— The improper use of land which has caused degradation of the available land area and made conservation of forests difficult. •
•
•
The ever increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an increasing population. Large scale development projects, industrialisation and urbanisation have reduced the forest cover to a great extent.
3. Factors resulting in land degradation (a) Human activities such as deforestation due to mining have contributed in land degradation in the states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of overburdening. (b) Overgrazing in the states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is the main reason for land degradation. (c) In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. (d) Mining and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
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( e) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. ( f ) Industrial effluents as wastes have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
Chapter Test I. 1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (d)
II. 1. The percentage of NSA in India comes to about 54 per cent of the total reporting area is the most satisfactory feature of lan d use pattern of our country. Land under forests has changed very marginally. Forest area is 22% which is far lower than the desired 33% as outlined in the national forest policy (1952). 2. Importance of resource planning in India: (a) For judicious use of resources. (b) There is an enormous diversity in the availability of resources. (c) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. 3. (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing. (c) Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts, erosion, western and central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming. (d) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. ( e) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation. ( f ) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–47 A. 1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
Individual Resources Soil Erosion Gullies Contour ploughing Shelter belts
4. 6. 8. 10.
2.Resource Planning Gross sown area Sheet erosion Strip cropping Resource
WORKSHEET–48 1. (i)
2. ( j)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. ( e)
9. ( f )
10. ( g)
Diagram-based question- Do yourself. R
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GEOG.
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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES WORKSHEET–49
1. (c) 7. (b)
2. (d) 8. (b)
3. (d) 9. (a)
4. (a) 10. (a)
5. (c) 11. (c)
6. (b) 12. (a)
5. (b) 11. (d)
6. (c) 12. (b)
WORKSHEET–50 1. (c) 7. (d) 13. (b)
2. (c) 8. (a) 14. (a)
3. (b) 9. (c) 15. (c)
4. (b) 10. (b)
WORKSHEET–51 I. 1. (a) 7. (a)
2. (b) 8. (d)
3. (c) 9. (a)
4. (c) 10. (b)
5. (d) 11. (c)
6. (a)
II. 1. During colonial period few favoured species were promoted which were termed as ‘enrichment plantation’. In this, a single commercially valuable species was extensively planted and other species eliminated. Plantation of teak had damaged the natural forest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantations in the Himalayas have replaced the Himalayan oak (Quercius spp.) and Rhododendron forests. As a result of this biodiversity was destroyed. 2. From the Himalayan Yew tree a chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted from its bark, needles, twigs and roots, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers – the drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world. The species is under great threat due to over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
WORKSHEET–52 1. India’s environment is at great risk because over half of India’s natural forests are gone, one-third of its wetlands drained out, 70 per cent of its surface water bodies polluted, 40 per cent of its mangroves wiped out, and with continued hunting and trade of wild animals and commercially valuable plants, thousands of plant and animal species are heading towards extinction. 2. The destruction of forest and wildlife has affected greatly the forest dependent communities. These communities directly depend on various components of the forest and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality, etc. Within the poor, women are affected more than men. In many societies, women bear the major responsibility of collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence need and sometimes they have to walk for more than 10 km to collect these resources. This causes serious health problems for women and negligence of home and children because of the increased hours of work, which often has serious social implications.
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The indirect impact of degradation such as severe drought or deforestation-induced floods, etc. also hits the poor the hardest. 3. We need to conserve our forests and wildlife because: (a) Environmental destruction results in poverty in the communities that are directly dependent upon forests and wildlife. Therefore, forests and wildlife are vital to the quality of life and environment in the subcontinent. It is i mperative to adapt to sound forest and wildlife conservation strategies. (b) Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil. (c) It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on traditional crop varieties. Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity. 4. Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated 55,000 at the turn of the century. The major threats to tiger population are numerous, such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge of extinction. Since India and Nepal provide habitat to about two-thirds of the surviving tiger population in the world, these two nations became prime targets for poaching and illegal trading. Therefore, it became imperative to formulate Project Tiger to protect tigers. 5. “Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There are 27 tiger reserves in India covering an area of 37,761 sq km. Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species, but with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves in India. 6. The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components. There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures. Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning. In the notification under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, months, beetles, and dragonfly have been added to the l ist of protected species. In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.
WORKSHEET–53 1. Forests are classified under the following categories: (a) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forests and wildlife resources are concerned. F
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(b) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land is protected from any further depletion. (c) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wasteland belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. 2. (a) Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area. (b) Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under protected forests. (c) All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as un-classed forests managed by local communities. 3. Conservation of forests and wildlife was prevalent among the tribal communities and in villages in the name of nature worship. The cultural beliefs of the communities helped to preserve the plant and animal species without creating any harm to these ecosystems. For example, the tulsi plants and the banana trees are worshipped by many people even today. Certain beliefs of traditional communities in the name of God, has helped in the preservation of plants and animals. Certain plants and animals were considered sacred and kept in temples like the elephants and peacocks. The cow is considered as Kamdhenu which has prevented the slaughtering of cows in India. There are large scale people’s movements like ‘Chipko Movement’ in the Himalayas. Narmada Bachao Andolan clearly indicates the involvement of local communities in all conservation of forests and wildlife. Therefore all conservation practices and programmes should be people friendly, economically acceptable and eco-friendly. The life of the local communities and tribal people is intimately related to forests and any developmental projects undertaken by the government should not be at the cost of the destruction of forests and livelihood of these people. Hence the voice of these people should be taken into consideration in the decision-making process. 4. The existing plants and animal species, on the basis of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Resources, can be classified in the following way: 1. Normal Species. Species whose population is normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc. 2. Endangered Species. These are species which are in danger of extinction. For example black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brown antler deer in Manipur), etc. 3. Vulnerable Species. These are species whose population has decreased over a period of time and in danger of extinction. For example blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc. 4. Rare Species. Species which are small in number and in danger of extinction if not been taken care of. For example brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill, etc. 5. Endemic Species. These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh. 6. Extinct Species. These species have vanished from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.
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Chapter Test I. 1. (a)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (a)
II. 1. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. We can say that India is rich in biodiversity because over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in this country so far. Of the estimate 47,000 plant species, about 15,000 flowering species are endemic (indigenous) to India. 2. Certain species become endangered because the survival of certain species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow anter deer in Manipur), etc. 3. (a) To protect flora and fauna. The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats. (b) An all-India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife. (c) Central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. (d) The central government announced several projects for protecting specific animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles – freshwater crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others. Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck chinkara), the great Indian bus tard (godawan) and the snow leopard, etc. have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–54 A. 1. ( f )
2. ( e)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. ( g)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. ( j)
9. (h)
10. (i)
WORKSHEET–55 Do yourself.
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WATER RESOURCES
WORKSHEET–56 1. (c)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (a)
10. (b)
5. (b)
6. (c)
WORKSHEET–57 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (c)
9. (a)
10. (d)
11. (a)
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13. (a)
14. (b)
5. (a)
6. (a)
WORKSHEET–58 I. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (a)
II. 1. Multi-purpose projects are called as the temples of modern India because they not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. That is why Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy. 2. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. The tankas were parts of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. 3. Over-utilisation and mismanagement of water resources may cause: (i) Serious health hazards (ii) Shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food security in the country. (iii) Our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected. (iv) Degradation of our natural ecosystems. (v) Depletion of water resources.
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WORKSHEET–59 1. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives. So, there is a need for conservation of water resources. 2. Dams are classified according to the structure, intended purpose and height. (a) Classification of dams based on structure and the materials used: timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams. (b) Classification of dams based on the height: Large dams and major dams, medium height dams and high dams. 3. Traditional dams were built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields only but now multipurpose projects are bu ilt not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Hence, dams are now referred to as multipurpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. 4. Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Hence, dams are now referred to as multipurpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. 5. Qualitative aspect of water scarcity refers to bad quality of water. Even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, still the area suffers from water scarcity, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture thus, making it hazardous for human use. 6. Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that activated tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists to fight against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat. This was initiated to save trees from getting destroyed due to building of dam and to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government for the displaced people.
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WORKSHEET–60 I. 1.
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II. 1. Hydraulic structures have been in existence since time immemorial. Below is given some hydraulic structures that existed in ancient India. (a) In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga. (b) During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built. (c) Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Orissa), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashra), etc. (d) In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built. ( e) In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by lltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area. 2. Quantitative aspect of water scarcity (a) Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water. (b) A large population means more water to produce more food. Hence, to facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture. (c) Most farmers have their own wells and tube-wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their produce. But it may lead to falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people. (d) Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation: Large industrial houses are as commonplace as the industrial units of many MNCs (Multinational Corporations). The ever increasing number of industries are exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. ( e) Industries require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power. Today, in India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 per cent of the total electricity produced. ( f ) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban life-styles have added to water and energy requirements. Most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Water resources are being overexploited and have caused their depletion in several of these cities.
Chapter Test I. 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) II. 1. In order to avoid ecological crises causing due to overexploitation and mismanagement of water we need (any four). 1. To conserve and manage our water resources. 2. to safeguard ourselves from health hazards. 3. to ensure food security. 4. continuation of our livelihoods. 5. productive activities. 6. to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. W A
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2. A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. Earlier dams were built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields. But today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Therefore, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose proj ects. A multipurpose project is a large scale hydro project often including dams for water retention, canals for irrigation, water processing and pipe lines to supply water to cities and power generation. 3. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the perennial Rajasthan canal. This canal provides plenty of water. Despite this, some houses still maintain the tankas since they do not like the taste of tap water. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–61 River
State in which it is built
1. Damodar
West Bengal
2. Satluj
Himachal Pradesh
3. Mahanadi
Orissa
4. Kosi
Bihar
5. Chambal
Madhya Pradesh
6. Tungabhadra
Karnataka
7. Krishna
Andhra Pradesh
8. Narmada
Gujarat
9. Beas
Rajasthan
10. Ganga
Uttarakhand
WORKSHEET–62 Do yourself
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GEOG.
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AGRICULTURE
WORKSHEET–63 1. (b) 7. (d)
2. (b) 8. (d)
3. (b) 9. (b)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (c)
5. (a) 11. (b)
6. (b) 12. (c)
5. (a) 11. (b)
6. (b) 12. (a)
WORKSHEET–64 1. (c) 7. (c) 13. (d)
2. (a) 8. (a)
3. (d) 9. (d)
4. (b) 10. (a)
WORKSHEET–65 I. 1. (a) 7. (a)
2. (c) 8. (c)
3. (b) 9. (a)
4. (c) 10. (d)
13. (d) II. 1. Agriculture is important for Indian economy because: (a) Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. (b) Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. (c) It also produces raw material for various industries e.g. paper industry, textile industry etc. 2. Jhumming is a type of Primitive Subsistence Farming. It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. In North eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Dipa in Bastar District of Chhattisgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar Island, Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya Pradesah, Podu or Penda in Andhra Pradesh, Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in Orissa etc.
WORKSHEET–66 1. If the land under cultivation gets reduced day by day, soon we will be facing the following consequences: • Less land under cultivation would mean less production of food crops causing lack of food for people. • Less land will be forced to yield more by use of chemical fertilisers and biotechnology which may degrade the land bringing down crop production. A G
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2. Kerala leads in the production of rubber because it is an equatorial crop. It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C and Kerala provides the ideal conditions for the growth of rubber. 3. Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture. Improving the rural infrastructure was also considered essential for the same. 4. Horticulture: It is an art of cultivating fruits and vegetables. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India is producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. India is known for — Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, — Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), — Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, — Lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, — Pineapples of Meghalaya, — Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, — Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand all over the world. India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato. 5.
Commercial agriculture
Subsistence agriculture
(a) Subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.
(b) Farmers and his family produce cereals for themselves and for the local market. (c) It is practised in thickly populated areas. (d) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised.
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(a) The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. (b) Crops are grown on a large scale with a view to export them to other countries. (c) It is practised in sparsely populated areas. (d) Wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc. are mainly raised.
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II. 1. The institutional reforms introduced by the government for the benefit of the farmers are: (a) Collective farming was introduced. In this method fields of several farmers are joined together and members-owners engage jointly in farming activities. (b) Land holdings were consolidated. Fragmented lands due to inheritance were again consolidated into single unit to increase its economic viability. (c) Zamindari system was abolished. The abolition of Zamindari system was a boon for the farmers who were relieved from the exploitation of the landlords. Now the farmars themselves were the owners of their land. They were no more bonded labourers. (d) In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated which included both institutional and technical reforms. — Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease. — Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at low rates of interest. — Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy purchase of inputs. — Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced for the benefit of the farmers. — Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television. — The minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
Chapter Test I. 1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (a)
II. 1. The ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive generations has rendered land-holding size uneconomical. The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land. 2. Rice: Geographical conditions required for its growth: Temperature-25°C and above and rainfall-100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. Wheat: Geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat is that it requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
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Commercial agriculture
Subsistence agriculture
(a) Subsistence agriculture is practised on (a) small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.
The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. (b) Crops are grown on a large scale with a (b) Farmers and his family produce cereals view to export them to other countries. for themselves and for the local market. (c) It is practised in sparsely populated
areas. (c) It is practised in thickly populated areas. (d) Wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc. are (d) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised. mainly raised. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–68 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Banana Cultivation Rice Cultivation Maize Cultivation Sugarcane Cultivation Tea Cultivation
WORKSHEET–69 1. (i)
2. ( g)
3. (d)
4. ( f )
5. (h)
6. (c)
7. ( j)
8. (a)
9. ( e)
10. (b)
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POLITICAL SCIENCE (First Term)
POL. SC.
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POWER SHARING WORKSHEET–70
I. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (d)
II. 1. The population is less than a crore. The Dutch form 59%, and then the French form 40% and the Germans about 1%. The French community is in majority in the capital, Brussels. They are rich and powerful and this is not liked by the Dutch. Therefore, tensions exist between the two communities.
WORKSHEET–71 1. The central government or the federal government governs the entire country. The provincial governments or state governments control their respective regions. Constitutions generally lay down the powers at each level. At the local level, the Panchayat and municipality exercise power. 2. (a) The French speaking people who were in a minority were rich and powerful. (b) The Dutch speaking people got the benefit of economic development and education much later. This resulted in tensions during the 1950s and 1960s. (c) In Brussels, the Dutch speakers were in a majority in the country and minority in the capital. 3. Sri Lanka has two crore people. 74% are Sinhala-speakers and 18% are Tamil-speakers. Among Tamils there are two sub-groups. Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils.’ They constitute 13% of the Tamil people and live in Northern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils.’ Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7% Christians who are both Tamil and Sinhala. 4. The Tamils consist of two groups — Sri Lankan Tamils who form 13% of the population while the Indian Tamils who form 1% of the Tamil population. Their forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period. Sri Lankan Tamils live in the northeast parts of the country. 5. Under the phenomena of power sharing, powers are shared among different social groups, the religious and linguistic groups or among other weaker section and women. The type of power sharing signifies giving accommodation in the government and
administration to diverse social groups in order to uplift their status. Minorities are well accommodated through the reserved constituencies in assemblies
and the parliament of our country. Women are also ensured political participation through reservation of seats. Power sharing among social groups is an example of prodential set of reason.
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6. (a) People rule through institutions of self governance. (b) Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society. (c) Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies and as many people as possible should share power.
WORKSHEET–72 1. Both the countries are democracies. The leaders of Belgium have followed the path of accommodating cultural and regional differences in order to preserve the unity of the nation. In Sri Lanka, the ‘majority’ community namely the Sinhalese want to keep all power and prestige to themselves and refuse to share power. Unity of the country is threatened. 2. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure the dominance of their community after Independence. They adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language. Sinhalese were given special preference in government jobs and university positions. State protection was given to Buddhism which was the religion practised by the Sinhalese. All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that their language and culture were not given due importance. They also felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights. As a result, their relations with the Sinhala community worsened. 3. (a) Power is shared among different organs of government like the legislature, executive and judiciary. (b) Each organ is equally important in a democracy and they exercise different powers. (c) Separation of powers ensures that all organs exercise their power within limits. (d) Each organ checks the others. This results in the maintenance of balance of power among various institutions. 4. There are many forms of power sharing in modern democracies. (a) Power is shared by different organs of the government e.g. the legislature, executive and the judiciary and they check and balance power of between each other. (b) Power is shared at different levels e.g. the central and state levels. (c) Power can be shared by social groups e.g. community government in Belgium. (d) Power can be shared by political parties in a coalition government, etc. 5. (a) (b) ( c) (d)
Power sharing can reduce conflict between social groups. Power sharing ensures political stability. The dominance by the majority community can undermine the unity of the country. Power sharing is a legitimate way in which democracies function through mass participation.
6. Different linguistic and social groups can share power. Community government in Belgium is an example. In many countries, the Constitution provides for the representation of women and weaker sections in the legislatures and administration. In India, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are given reserved constituencies in Parliament and State Legislatures. This arrangement prevents alienation of people from administration and government.
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WORKSHEET–73 1. In the years 1970-1993, the Constitution of Belgium was amended four times to accommodate linguistic, cultural and regional differences. (a) The Dutch and French speaking ministers were in equal numbers in the central government. (b) Special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. (c) Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. (d) Brussels had a separate government where both communities were given equal representation. ( e) Community government was introduced. 2. The Sinhalese were the majority community in Sri Lanka. They formed 74% of the population. The democratically elected government of 1948 represented the Sinhala majority and adopted majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In the 1956 Act, (a) Sinhala language was recognised as the only official language. (b) Preferential treatment was given to Sinhalese in university jobs and government jobs. (c) Buddhism which the Sinhalese followed was protected by the state. 3. In modern democracies power sharing arrangements are in many forms like (i) Horizontal Distribution of Powers–In this form of power sharing, power is assigned by the constitution among different organs of government such as the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. Distribution ensures separation of powers among the organs at the same level so none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ puts check on others in order to maintain balance of power under the sytem of check and balance. For example legislature puts check on executive through no confidence motion, adjournment motion etc. (ii) Vertical Distribution of Powers In this type of power sharing, power is shared at the different levels of government like National level and State level. The general government for the country is known as ‘Union Government’ or ‘Federal Government’ and the government at the constituent units is known as regional or state level government. In India and Belgium there are three levels of government which is unifo rmly known as the Federal Division of powers. As this form of power sharing involves sharing of power from higher to lower levels, so, it is known as the vertical division of power sharing. (iii) Power sharing among different social groups In another way power may also he shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Among the minorities, the power is shared through the provision of reserved constituencies and women are given empowerment through reserved seats.
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(iv) Power sharing among Political Parties Sometimes power sharing arrangements can also be seen int he way political parties, pressure groups control the power. The best example of power sharing among political parties is the form of coalition government. Regarding power sharing among pressures becoming the member of the governmental committee.
Chapter Test I. 1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (b)
II. 1. The Tamils consist of two groups — Sri Lankan Tamils who form 13% of the population while the Indian Tamils who form 1% of the Tamil population. Their forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period. Sri Lankan Tamils live in the north and east of the country. 2. Legislative, executive and judiciary. Federal government for the administration of the entire country and provincial governments at the regional levels., 3. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure the dominance of their community after Independence. They adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language. Sinhalese were given special preference in government jobs and university positions. State protection was given to Buddhism which was the religion practised by the Sinhalese. All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that their language and culture were not given due importance. They also felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights. As a result, their relations with the Sinhala community worsened. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–74 A. 1. Community government
2. Power sharing
3. Sinhala
4. political power
5. horizontal
6. federal
7. central
8. Ethnic
9. majoritarianism
10. Civil War
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1. (c) 7. (a)
2. (b) 8. (d)
3. (c) 9. (c)
4. (a) 10. (c)
5. (d)
6. (d)
WORKSHEET–76 I. 1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (d)
II. 1. Changes were introduced in the Constitution to reduce the power of the central government and to give these powers to the regional governments and they were no longer dependent on the centre. Thus, Belgium became a federation. Sri Lanka, on the other hand, is a unitary state while the Sri Lankan Tamils want the country to be a federation. 2. (a) Union list includes those subjects on which a uniform policy is needed in the whole country. The Union Government makes laws on these subjects e.g. defence, foreign affairs, etc. (b) State list includes those subjects of state and local importance like police, trade, agriculture, etc. Concurrent list includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government and the State Governments, like education, forest, marriage, adoption etc. 3. The Gram Panchayat consists of ward members called Panchas and the President is called the Sarpanch. It makes the decision for the village. It is an elected body. The Gram Sabha meets and decides the budget and reviews the performance of the Panchayat. 4. (a) There are 36 lakh elected representatives in the local bodies. (b) These bodies have a Constitutional status. (c) There is reservation for women and SC and ST in these bodies. (d) They have strengthened the democratic system in the country.
WORKSHEET–77 1. The centre can legislate on defence, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The states can make laws on police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. On the subjects listed in the concurrent list like marriage, education, forest etc. both can make laws and if they are conflicting, then Central Government prevails. 2. (a) The Constitution originally provided for a two tier system of Government the union Government or what we call the Central Government representing the union of India. (b) The State Government. (c) A third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. F E D E R A L
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3. Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Government: 1. Union List – Defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking. 2. State List – Police, trade, commerce, agriculture. 3. Concurrent List – Education, forest, trade union, marriage. 4. Residuary Subject – Computer Software, etc. 4. (a) When power is taken away from Central and State Government and given to Local Government, it is called decentralisation. (b) The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. (c) Local government get constitutional importance in democracy. (d) And representation of women may also increased with this role played by women in democracy became more stronger. 5. (a) (b) ( c) (d)
There are two or more levels of government. Each tier has its own jurisdiction. These boundaries are specified by the Constitution. Fundamental changes in the Constitution can’t be done by one level of government. It has to be done with the consent of both levels.
6. In Brazil, an experiment on decentralisation and participative democracy was done. Thirteen lakh people of the city of Porto Alegre participate in making budgets. The city is divided into sectors. People of the sectors meet and discuss issues. These proposals are put to the municipality. This has resulted in excellent decision-making and efficiency. 7. Hindi is identified as the national language but is spoken by only 40% of the people of India. Many non-Hindi states opposed it and hence English is also used for official purpose s. The government of India does not follow a policy of imposing Hindi on non-Hindi speaking states.
WORKSHEET–78 1. A three-tier democracy was introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural local self government or Panchayati Raj. – Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – Seats reserved for SCs, STs and OBCs. – One-third seats, reserved for women. – State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State Government to share power and revenue with local bodies. 2. India is a federal state. The Constitution recognises the diversity that exists in the country and thereby the need for decentralisation and power sharing between centre and states is provided in the Constitution. However, the Central Government tends to be more powerful in comparison to the states. Some states are given special status, e .g. Jammu and Kashmir. This state has its own Constitution. Then Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas came into existence in all the states. They are the third tier of democracy and they make it effective and powerful. 3. The Indian Constitution did not make any one language as the national language. Hindi was identified as an official language. But people are allowed to write the civil services exams in any of the 21 recognised languages of India. English is also to be used as an official language. The government does not follow a policy of imposing Hindi on non-Hindi speaking states.
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4. Constitutional provisions and democratic politics are the real pillars of federalism which help to make it a success. 1. Linguistic states. Since 1947 many changes have been done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new states have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been changed. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These included states like Nagaland, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand. 2. Centre-state relations in India. Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and states. This meant that state government did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when ruling party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of states. In those days central government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism. But after 1990 significant changes occurred. There was rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of the coalition governments at the Centre. Since no single party got clear majority in the Lok Sabha the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form government at the Centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments. This trend was supported by the Supreme Court’s judgment which made it difficult for the Central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force. 3. Language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as an official language but Hindi is the mother tongue of only 40% of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central government positions may opt any of these languages. The states too have their own official languages and much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state. English is also to be used as an official language. The government does not follow a policy of imposing Hindi on non-Hindi speaking states.
Chapter Test I. 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)
II. 1. In 1992, a three-tier democracy was introduced. A step was taken towards creating rural local self-government or Panchayati Raj. – Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – One-third seats reserved for women. F E D E R A L
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– Seats reserved for SCs, STs and OBCs. – State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State Government to share power and revenue with local bodies. 2. Local government bodies in towns are called municipalities and municipal corporations in cities. They are elected bodies. Municipality i s headed by the Chairman and the head of the municipal corporation is called the Mayor. 3. Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati Raj. Each village or group of villages in some states has a Gram Panchayat. This is a council consisting of members called Panchs and a president called Sarpanch. They are directly elected by the adult population living in that ward or village. It is the decision making body for the entire village. The panchayat works under the supervision of the gram sabha. All the voters in the village are its members. It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat. The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of its members are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha, and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other districts level bodies are also its members. Zila Parishad chairman is the political head of the Zila Parishad. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–79 1. T 6. F Do yourself.
2. F 7. F
3. T 8. T
4. F 9. F
5. T 10. T
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DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY WORKSHEET–80
1. (d) 7. (a)
2. (d) 8. (c)
3. (c) 9. (b)
4. (c) 10. (a)
5. (c)
6. (c)
WORKSHEET–81 I. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
II. 1. Social division takes place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless. They often face discriminatio n and injustice. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. 2. Overlapping differences: 1. When some social difference overlaps with other difference. 2. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. 3. For example: (a) Difference between Black and White in the US becomes a social division because they tend to be poor and landless, and often face injustice and discrimination. (b) In our country, Dalits tend to be poor and landless and often face injustice and discrimination. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. 3. In Northern Ireland, 53% of people are Protestants and 44% of people are Catholics. The Catholics were generally poor and the Protestants were by large rich. The Catholics were discriminated. As a result, Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland. 4. The social differences can be overlapping and cross-cutting in nature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult for groups to get pitted against one another e.g. in the Netherlands, class and religion cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are equally rich or poor in that country.
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WORKSHEET–82 1. Social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. At the same time, some of the differences are based on our choices too. 1. Social differences are based on accident of birth. Normally we do not choose to belong to our community, we belong to it simply because we are born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our day to day life. People around us are male or female, they are tall or short, have different complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities. 2. Social differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists— they do not believe in God or any religion, Some choose to follow religion other than in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which games to play or which cultural activities to take part in. All these lead to formation of groups that are based on our choices. 2. In Northern Ireland, Catholics and Protestants live in large numbers. Catholics were generally poor and Protestants were rich. The Catholics were discriminated. This resulted in many conflicts. Thus, overlapping social differences can cause conflicts and tensions. 3. There are three factors which are crucial in deciding the outcomes of politics of social divisions. 1. People’s perception of their identities. It is very important to see how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes difficult to accomodate. It is much easier i f people see that their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity. This helps them stay together. 2. Representation of a community by political leaders. The outcome of politics of social divisions depends on how the political leaders raise the demands of different social groups. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for only Sinhala was at the cost of the interest and identity of Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country. 3. Government’s reaction to such demands. The outcome of politics of social divisions also depends upon how the government responds to demands of various social groups. In Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.
Chapter Test I. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (b)
II. 1. North Ireland is divided into Protestants (53%) and Catholics (44%). This ethnic divide became a political divide when Catholics were represented by Nationali st parties and Protestants by the unionists and violent clashes started between the two.
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2. Cross-cutting differences: (a) If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult to pit group of people against the other. (b) It means those groups that share a common interest on the issue are likely to be on different sides on a different issue. (c) Example–Northern Ireland and Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap each other, Catholics tend to be poor and have suffered discrimination whereas in Netherlands, class and religion tend to cross-cut each other and both are equally likely to be rich or poor. It means they have conflict in Northern Ireland and it is not so in Netherlands. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate. 3. The combination of politics and social divisions is very explosive and dangerous. (a) Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competitions tend to divide society. (b) If they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, they can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict, violence or even distintegration of a country. (c) Social divisions affect voting in most countries, people from one community tend to prefer one party more than others. (d) In many countries, there are parties which focus only on one community. Yet all this does not always lead to disintegration. 1. As in the case of Northern Ireland, this region of UK has been for many years a sight of violence and bitter ethno-political conflict. 2. In a democracy it is only natural that political parties talk of these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after their representation and policies to redress the grievances of disadvantaged communities e.g., Dalits and OBCs have been empowered by democratic practices in India. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–83 A. 1. ( d)
2. ( e)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)
B. 1. ( d)
2. (c)
3. ( e)
4. (b)
5. (a)
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GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE WORKSHEET–84
I. 1. (d) 7. (c)
2. (d) 8. (b)
3. (b) 9. (a)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (a)
II. 1. (a) When candidates are chosen for a constituency, the caste composition of the area is kept in mind and then candidates are nominated who can win the elections. (b) Political parties make appeals to the caste sentiments of the electorate. (c) Caste has become an important factor of political parties. 2. (a) Politics based on caste identity alone is not a healthy feature in a democracy. (b) It can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty, illiteracy, corruption etc. (c) Caste politics lead to tensions and violence.
WORKSHEET–85 1. Position of women has improved a lot after Independence. They play an important role in public life as engineers, doctors, managers etc. But the participation remains much lower than countries of Scandavia. Our country continues to be ‘patriarchal’ or male dominated. 2. Social indicators which show that Indian women remain disadvantaged and discriminated in India: (a) Literacy rate among women is 54% as against men with 76%. (b) Dropout rate of girls from schools is very high. (c) Parents prefer sons and abort a girl child leading to decline in child sex ratio. 3. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that women should be good at household work and men should do all the work outside home. Most of the jobs done by women at home remain unpaid and unrecognised. Many women do work outside to supplement domestic income. They work in fields and earn money for the family. 4. (a) It is believed by fundamentalists that people of a religious community have common interests and hence they form a nation. (b) It is also believed that people belonging to different religions can’t live together as equal citizens within one nation. (c) Everyone has many identities. Religious identity is only one of them and hence religion alone can’t be the basis of a nation. 5. (a) People can vote on the basis of religion in elections and bring their representatives to power. (b) It can ultimately result in the demand of a separate state on the basis of religion. (c) If one religious group is a dominant community then it can lead to majoritarian domin-ance. (d) It can result in communal tensions and riots.
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6. (a) Caste-based politics damages democratic ideals. (b) There is overemphasis on caste interest loyalty rather than national interest. Hence, mechanisation of the polity gets weakened. (c) It creates an atmosphere of fear in which the voters do not exercise their franchise freely. (d) It leads to chaos and bargaining in party politics and ministry formation. It also leads to violence polarisation on caste lines.
WORKSHEET–86 1. The sexual division of labour prevalent in most societies is reflected in many ways. Women in different parts of the world organised and agitated for equal rights and demanded voting rights to women. They demanded raising the political and legal status of women and improving the educational and career opportunities for women. The feminist movement demand equality in personal and family life as well. 2. (a) The practice of untouchability has been declared illegal by the Constitution. (b) Caste based discrimination has been prohibited in any form by the Constitution. (c) People belonging to any caste are allowed equal access to education. Reservations for SC and ST are provided in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, in education and government services. 3. (a) (b) (c) (d) ( e)
Caste identities are made important in the political field by political parties. Alliances between castes emerge and make an impact on elections. New caste groups like dalits, OBCs and forward castes have emerged in politics. Many disadvantaged castes have got benefits from these new developments. Caste violence and tensions have also increased.
4. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that women should be good at household work and men should do all the work outside home. Most of the jobs done by women at home remain unpaid and unrecognised. Many women do work outside to supplement domestic income. They work in fields and earn money for the family. 5. When religion is politicised in partisan terms and members of a religious group are presented as superior to those of other religions and the state uses its power to do so it results in tensions. Religion is seen as the basis of a separate nation. This belief resulted in the partition of India and communal riots.
WORKSHEET–87 1. (a) The literacy rate among women is low. It is only 54% compared to 76% among men. (b) The proportion of women among highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet, her work is not counted fairly. (c) Parents usually prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. (d) Various kinds of harassment, exploitation and violence occur frequently against women. Urban areas have become unsafe for women. G E N D E R,
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2. In our societies, sexual division of labour is universally widespread. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. The work is generally divided on the basis of gender of a person. The women of the family are supposed to do all the household work and the men are supposed to go out for work. The work done by women is generally not valued because it is not associated with earning money. Even those women who work outside like men are not pai d fairly. On the other hand, male members earn money by their work. Due to this, the work done by the males is valued more than the work done by the females. 3. In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. It is because Indian society is a male dominated, patriarchal society. It values men over women and gives them more power and women face discrimination and oppression in many ways: (i) Education. The literacy rate of women is still lower than men. Only 54% of the women are literate against 76% literacy among men. This is because a boy’s education is still preferred over sending a girl child to school. (ii) Proportion of women in paid jobs. Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even though on an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid jobs for women. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However, in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work. (iii) Preference for a male child. In India, parents prefer sons over daughters and find ways of aborting girl child before she is born. This type of sex-selective abortion has led to decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys). (iv) Crime against Women. There are various instances of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the work place and at the home. There are cases of domestic violence against women which make her unsafe even within her family.
Chapter Test I. 1. (a)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (b)
II. 1. (i) Votes are generally given on the basis of previous performance of political parties. (ii) Voters have strong attachment to political parties which is often stronger than their attachment to their caste or community. ( iii) People within the same caste or community have varied interests depending on their economic condition. (iv) Economic status also influences the voter’s interests. Rich and poor men and women often vote very differently.
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2. Secular means being neutral and giving no special status to any religion. In India, communalism has always been major threat and challenge to the spirit of democracy. The model of secular state was chosen by the makers of Constitution as they were aware of this challenge. So they took following provisions to make India a secular country. (i) There is no official religion for the Indian state. (ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion. 3. Different forms of communal politics: (i) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. Stereo types of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions are so common that we often fail to notice them even when we believe in them. Militant religious groups are a good example of this. (ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of religious community. For those belonging to majority community this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to minority community it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit. Separatist leaders and political parties in Jammu and Kashmir and Central India are examples of this. (iii) The most frequent form of communalism is political mobilisation on the religious guidelines. It generally involves the usage of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and creating fear in order to accumulate followers of one religious community in the political arena. It attempts to bring the people of one religion together. The political leaders pay special attention to the demands of their own religion at the cost of the other religions. This technique is applied by many politicians to influence voters from the two largest religious communities in the country. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–88 A. 1. (a) B. Christian
2. (a) —
2.3%
Sikh
—
1.9%
Buddhist
—
0.8%
Jain
—
0.4%
No Religion
—
0.1%
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (a)
WORKSHEET–89 Do yourself.
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ECONOMICS (First Term)
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DEVELOPMENT WORKSHEET–90
1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (d)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (a)
WORKSHEET–91 I. 1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (a)
II. 1. People desire regular work, better wages, and decent price for their crops or other products that they produce. In other words, they want more income. At the same time, people also want equal treatment, freedom, security and respect for others. They resent discrimination. 2. No, the goals of different categories of people are different. For example, to some sections shopping malls are an important aspect of development and for others it is the fulfilment of basic needs. 3. Sustainable Development: Development without damaging surroundings. The regular process without harming the productivity of future generation and satisfy the need of present generation. 4. Average Income: It is total income of the country divided by its total population. Also known as per capita income. National Income: It is sum of value of final goods produced within the country and income from foreign factors. 5. (a) World Development Report 2006, “In 2004 countries with per capita income of Rs. 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries.” (b) Those with per capita income of Rs. 37000 or less are called low income countries. (c) Human Development Report 2006 published by UNDP, “Development is based on per capita income, educational levels of the people and their health status.”
WORKSHEET–92 1. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that it uses a combination of factors such as health, education and income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank. According to the HDR, health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter. Thus, HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
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2. The income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. This gives us the total income of the country. The average income called per capita income is calculated as the total income of the country divided by its total population. 3. If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. A job may pay you less but may offer regular employment that will make you feel secure. A job may offer high pay but no job security and leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom. So the choice is made by the individual on the basis of his/her goals in life. 4. The dignity of women in household and society increases if women do paid work. When there is respect for women the members of the household are willing to share housework and accept women working outside their homes to earn a livelihood. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. 5. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earch which cannot be replenished. We can discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, overtime, even this will get exhausted. In that si tuation life would be difficult for us. The re would be total chaos all over the world. 6. (a) Punjab has a high infant mortality rate in comparison to Kerala. (b) Bihar has a very low rate of literacy in comparison to Kerala. (c) Bihar has a very low net attendance ratio in comparison to Punjab.
WORKSHEET–93 I.
1. (a) Country A – 10000 Country B – 10000 (b) No. Both the countries are not equally developed because in country A, income distribution is equitably done while in country B, most citizens are poor except one who is extremely rich. (c) Most will prefer to live in country A because in country A, income distribution is equitably done.
II.
1. The reason is that money cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live a healthy and happy life. Therefore, income by in itself is not the only adequate indicator of the material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For, example normally our money cannot buy us a pollution free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicines, unless we can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. 2. The average income called per capita income criterion is used in classifying countries. In the World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries as developed countries and low income countries.
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3. Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes of developed countries. The countries with higher income are considered as more developed than ones with less income. 4. Resources that are replenished by nature are known as renewable resources. For example, ground water. Resources that are not replenished that is those which will get exhausted after some time are known as non-renewable resources. For example, crude oil. 5. The sum total of all goods and services produced within a country during a period of one year plus net income from abroad is called national income. It is the ratio of income of the country for a particular year to the population of that country of that year whereas the average income of the two countries is compared which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. This average income is called the per capita income.
WORKSHEET–94 1.
Developed Countries 1 . Countries with more average income
and higher per capita income.
Developing Countries 1. Countries with low average income and less per capita income.
2. The rates of saving, investment, capital information are also very high, and the commodities are produced on a large scale with the help of modern technology.
2. These are on the path of development, and the level of income is on rise along with the advancement of technology.
3. The standard for living of the people is very high.
3. The standard for living of the people is not very high.
4. Life is better due to good health facilities.
4. Life is not better due to less health facilities.
5. Literacy rates would be more due to better education.
5. Literacy rates would be less due to less educational facilities.
6. Life expectancy would be more.
6. Life expectancy would be less.
7. Example, U.S.A.
7. Example, India.
2. Sustainable Development can be achieved in these ways: — Scientific and proper use of natural resources. — Judicious use of resources for better future. — No increase in pollution or environmental degradation. — Protection of flora and fauna from human exploitation. — Resources like water, wind, solar energy, etc., are inexhaustible but we must see that they are not put to wrong use. D
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— There is no harm in using the land for cultivation but we should see that its fertility is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland. Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and non-renewable resources and without harming the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations. 3. National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’ development. These ideologies could be at times conflicting. It is measured by (a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, therefore, their developmental goals differ. An urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions, etc. and on the other hand, a rural unemployed would want better job opportunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour. People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the other. Their goals may clash. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an example of conflicting developmental goals for the people who are being affected by it. While the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and drinking in the areas which are deficient in water but the people of Madhya Pradesh are disappointed as their villages and large part of land will submerge in water there by leaving them landless, uprooted from their place of work with insufficient compensation and no source of job at the place of their living.
Chapter Test I. 1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (c)
II. 1. (a) 5% (b) Males – 1.8%, Females – 3.5% (c) Age group 10-14 years 2. The average income is compared which is calculated as the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. In World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low income countries. India comes in the category of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just Rs. 28,000 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries. 3. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to
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the get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shal l be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–95 1. per capita income 2. World Bank; per capita income 3. the educational levels of the people, their health status 4. Kerala; Punjab 5. environmental degradation 6. the nutritional status; food available to the poor people 7. Net Attendance Ratio; age group of 6-10 8. Sustainable development 9. developed 10. developing
WORKSHEET–96 A. 1. (F)
2. (F)
3. (F)
4. (T)
5. (T)
B. 1. (e)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)
WORKSHEET–97 Do yourself.
WORKSHEET–98 Do yourself.
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SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY WORKSHEET–99
I. 1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (c)
7. (d )
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (b)
WORKSHEET–100 1. More than half of the workers in the country are working in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP. In other words, workers in agricultural sector are underemployed. Each one is doing some work but no one is fully employed. This kind of unemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is called underemployment. 2. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using sugar cane as a raw material we make sugar or gur. 3. The tertiary activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce goods but they are an aid or a support for the production process. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. 4. The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced w ithin a country during a particular year. In India, the task of measuring GDP is undertaken by the central government ministry. This Ministry, with the help of various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP. 5. There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibilities of the government. They include providing health, education facilities i.e. providing quality education, particularly elementary education. Government also needs to pay attention to the various aspects of human development such as safe drinking w ater, housing facilities, food and nutrition for the poor. 6. Underemployment is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential. If few people move out, it will not affect the production. It is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly without job. It is also called disguised unemployment.
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Underemployment conditions are more prevalent in primary sector especially in agriculture because there are more people than necessary and even if we move a few people out, production will not be affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are under-employed because either they don’t have any other work to do or they don’t have money to invest to expand their practising work. This underemployment also happens in the other sectors. For example, there are thousands of casual workers in service sector in the urban areas such as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don’t find work everyday. 7. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is produced by a process of manufacturing in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. This sector is also called an industrial sector.
WORKSHEET–101 1. Working in an unorganised sector is not considered secured because unorganised units are not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government. Many are small and scattered units. There are rules and regulations but these are n ot followed. Jobs here are low paid often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. 2. Public sector is a government owned sector. In private sector the ownership of assets and delivery of services is in private hands. For example, railways is a public sector and Reliance Industries is a private sector. The aim of public sector is not to earn profits but to provide goods and services at reasonable cost. In contrary, the aim of the private sector is to make profits. 3. Selling electricity at the cost of generation may push up the costs of production of industries and many small-scale units may not be able to afford it. The government steps in and subsidise the electricity cost and bears a part of the cost. 4. All those who are able to and are in need of work are granted to 100 days of employment in a year by the government. If this is not done by the government, they can claim unemployment allowances. This will improve production on land. 5. Primary sector includes agriculture and related activities like farming, sericulture, poultry farming etc. Secondary sector includes manufacturing sector i.e. factories producing goods e.g.: sugar industry, TISCO etc. Tertiary sector includes service industry such as teachers, hospitals, schools, etc. 6. In the last 30 years, tertiary sector has achieved importance. It has emerged as the single largest producing sector in India. This is because in growing economies, certain ‘basic services’ like good hospitals, schools, banks, insurance companies are required. With the growth of agricultural sector, infrastructural facilities like transport, storage etc. are needed. The richer people want restaurants, shopping malls, tourism etc. in big cities. It has become an essential service. On one hand w e have highly educated and skilled workers and on the other illiterate and semi-skilled workers who are poor. S
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7. Underemployment can happen in secondary and tertiary sectors as well. For example, thousand of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas search for daily employment and many don’t find work everyday. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. We see other people of the service sector on the street pus hing a cart or selling something where they may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing this work because they do not have better opportunities.
WORKSHEET–102 I. 1. (a) The share of employment has decreased by 11%. (b) The primary sector continues to be the largest employer in India. There are not enough jobs created in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The secondary and tertia ry sectors share in the production is 75% but they employ lesser number of p eople. 2. (a) 7.02%. (b) (i) A large number of people are there in the unorganised sector of agriculture because it requires a lot of unskilled labour which is easily available. Thus, this fact is taken as an advantage by the landowners who make labourers work under drastic conditions. (ii) The unorganised sector is mushrooming because there are no rules and regulations and there is no one to supervise its functioning and hence easy to exploit workers. II. 1. Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful as in helps in estimating the relative importance in the growth GDP of the economy. Classifying in such a way helps in calculating how much goods and services are produced and how many people work in each sector. In India tertiary is growing at a very fast speed which implies that the country is moving towards developed country. This type of classification zhelps in comparing the level of growth in different countries. 2. Unemployment refers to a situation when a person is able and willing to work but does not get an opportunity to work. Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more persons are employed on a job than are optimally required. If a part of the labour force is withdrawn and the total production remains unchanged, this withdrawn labour will be known as disguised unemployed labour. 3. Health and Education are two key areas in which the government has a primary responsibility to improve. Illiteracy, infant mortality rates, deaths during child birth, mal nutrition among children are to seriously rectified. Other aspects like safe drinking water, housing for the poor and food and nutrition are also necessary. 4. No, underemployment can happen in all the three sectors of the economy. It is widespread in the agriculture sector. However, there are thousands of workers in the sector in urban areas like plumbers, carpenters, painters etc. who do not find jobs everyday or the rickshaw puller who may work the whole day and earn very little.
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WORKSHEET–103 1. The tertiary sector activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. They include transport, storage, communication, banking, trade etc. These activities do not produce goods but they are an aid or a support for the production process. 2. As income levels rise, certain sections of people in cities start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc., especially in big cities. 3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year, provides the total production of the sector for that year. 4. The tertiary sector activities help or support for the production process and in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains or stored in godowns. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. It also includes essential service providers such as teachers, doctors, washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, and people who do administrative and accounting works, internet cafe, ATM booths, call centres, software companies etc. 5. The role of the government is crucial. The problem of under employment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment. If the government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops, or makes better rural roads so that mini-trucks reach everywhere, farmers who have access to water, can continue to grow and sell crops, can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport or trade. If the local bank gives credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able to buy seeds, fertilisers, agricultural equipments and pump sets to draw water in time and cultivate their land. The government can identify, promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. For instance, opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good. It is also possible to set-up industries that process vegetables and agricultural produce like potato, sweet potato, rice, wheat, tomato, fruits, which can be sold in outside markets. This will provide employment in industries located in semi-rural areas and not necessarily in large urban centres.
WORKSHEET–104 1. There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. The cultivation of cotton takes place within a crop season. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate. The product of this activity, cotton is a natural product. Similarly, in the case of an activity like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the animals and availability of S
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fodder etc. The product here, milk also is a natural product. Similarly, minerals and ores are also natural products. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. This is because it forms the base for all other products p roducts that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy,, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector. dairy 2. The Tertia Tertiary ry Sector is becoming becoming important: important: (a) In any country several several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, defence, transport, banks etc. are required. (b) The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services services like transport, banks etc. (c) The development development of agricultu agriculture re and industry lends lends to the development development of services services such as transport, trade, storage. (d) As income levels levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like tourism, shopping, private hospitals and private schools etc. ( e) decade or so certain certain new services services such as those based based on information information and e) Over the past decade communication technology. 3.
Unorganised sector
Organised sector (a) It covers covers those enterpr enterprises ises or places places of work where the terms of employment are regular and some formal processes and procedures are followed. (b) People have have assured assured work and enjoy enjoy security of employment. (c) They are register registered ed by the governme government. nt. (d) They have have to follow follow its rules rules and regulations such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc. ( e) severall other benefits benefits from from e) They get severa the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity,, medical benefits, pensions etc. gratuity and facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.
(a) Many are are small and and scattered scattered units. units.
(b) Peopl People e have no security security of employment employment.. (c) It is largely largely outside outside the control control of of the government. (d) There are are rules and regulations regulations but these are not followed.
( e) here are low paid and often often not e) Jobs here regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
Chapter Test I. 1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)
II. 1. All those those who are able able to and in need need of work work will get guarant guaranteed eed 100 days days work and if the government fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to them. The types of work that would in future help to increase the production from land will be given preference under this Act.
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2.
Organised Sector
Unorganised Sector
(a) Term ermss of empl employm oyment ent are regu regular lar (a) Small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. (b) Re Regi gist ster ered ed by go gove vern rnme ment nt fo follo llows ws various ru rules and and regula lattions.
(b) Not registered registered by government. There are rules and an d re regu gula lattio ions ns but but th the ese ar are e not not fo foll llow owed ed..
3. Various ways ways to create create more more employment employment are: (a) Construct Construction ion of dams and and canals can lead lead to a lot of employmen employmentt generation generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of unemployment. (b) If government government invests invests some money money on transportation transportation and storage storage of crops crops or makes better rural roads so that mini-trucks reach everywhere several farmers can continue to grow and sell their crops. This activity can provide productive employment not just to farmers but also to others who are in services like transport or trade. (c) If local banks banks give credits credits at reasonable reasonable rates to the the small and marginal marginal farmers, farmers, they will be able to buy necessary inputs for their crops in time. (d) Another way to to solve this problem problem is to identify identify,, promote and locate locate industries industries and services in the semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. Example: many farmers grow arhar and chickpea. Setting up a dallmill to procure and process these and sell in the cities will generate employment. Opening a cold storage will give an opportunity to the farmers to store their produce like potato and onion and sell them when the price is good. In villages near forests area we can start honey collection centre where farmers can come and sell wild honey. ( e) Similarly rly to provide provide education education to all children children we would need a lot of schools schools which which e) Simila can also generate employment. ( f ) can also be very helpful. helpful. Every state state or region has the potential potential for f ) Tourism can increasing the income and employment for people in that area. This can be done by promoting tourism or regional craft industry. ( g) services es like IT are are also creat creating ing jobs. jobs. g) News servic FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–105 A. 1. disguished unemployment 2. National Rural Employment Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA 2005) 3. or orga ganis nised ed 4. unor unorgan ganised ised 5. pr priv ivat ate e B. 1. (T)
2. (T)
3. (F)
4. (F)
5. (T)
WORKSHEET–106 Do yourself. S
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT (First Term)
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
WORKSHEET–107
A. 1. Do yourself. B. 1. ( c)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (c)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (a)
9. (c)
C. Do yourself
D. Do yourself
5. (b)
E. Do yourself
WORKSHEET–108
A. Do yourself. WORKSHEET–109
A. 1. Search and rescue
2. Infra-red cameras
3. Acoustic devices
4. Bio radars
5. First aid
6. Ingested poison
7. Inhaled poisons
8. Absorbed poisons
9. DRABC
B. Do yourself
C. Do yourself
D. Do yourself
E. Do yourself
F. Do yourself
10. Dog bite
WORKSHEET–110
A. 1. Public Switched Telephone Network
2. National Information Centre
3. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
4. International Telecommunication Union
5. Communication Satellites
6. Satellite Communication
7. Satellite Phone Terminal
8. Amateur Station Operators Licence
9. Indian National Satellite B.
10. Indian Remote Sensing
1. Public wired telephone
2. Radio waves
3. Walky talky
4. Amateur radio
5. Amateurs or Hams
6. Satellite based communication systems
7. COMSATs
8. SATCOMs
9. SATPHONE
10. Transponder
C. Do yourself
D. Do yourself WORKSHEET–111
Do yourself. F
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Answers to Practice Papers (First Term)
PRACTICE PAPER-1
1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (a)
11. The Portuguese and Spanish conquests colonised America by the mid-sixteenth century. European conquest was not a result of superior firepower. They carried a lot of germs such as those of smallpox on their person. America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against this disease that came from Europe. Smallpox proved deadly killer. Once introduced, it killed and decimate d whole communities, paving the way for conquest.
Or A number of products could be produced only with hand labour. Many goods with intricate designs and specific shapes could be only hand made. Aristocrats and bourgeosie preferred refined and classy products which were hand made. 12. The migrants into the city of Bombay encountered problems and real pressures in daily life. These have been shown in many films including CID and Guest House.
Or Booksellers employed pedlars who carried books to sell in the villages. Almanacs, ballads, folk tales and other entertaining books, historical tales and romantic novels became popular. Penny chapbooks became popular in England. In France, Biliotheque Bleue were very popular. 13. Forests are classified under the following categories: (i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned. (ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is under protected forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land is protected from any further depletion. (iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. 14. (a) Plains (b) It provides facilities for agriculture and industry. (c) Mountains.
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15. In order to avoid ecological crises causing due to overexploitation and mismanagement of water we need 1. to conserve and manage our water resources 2. to safeguard ourselves from health hazards 3. to ensure food security 4. to ensure continuation of our livelihoods 5. to ensure productive activities 6. to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. 16. The ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive generations has rendered land-holding size uneconomical, the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land. 17. It was thought that all powers should be in the hands of one person or a group of persons. If power is shared or dispersed, then quick decisions can’t be taken or enforced. 18. Hindi is the mother tongue of only 40% of the people of India. There are 21 languages recognised by the Constitution. In state like Tamil Nadu there has been violent op position to Hindi. 19. Many caste groups did not have equal access to education prior to independence and hence the upper castes form the bulk of urban middle class population in India. Thus, caste is closely linked to economic status. 20. Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes of developed countries. The countries with higher income are considered as more developed than ones with less income. 21. The problem of underemployment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a l oan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment. 22. The role of the government is crucial. The problem of under employment is very high in the agricultural sector. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a l oan to construct a well to irrigate the land so that the productivity increases and more people in the household will be usefully employed and will be able to earn reasonably well. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment. If the government invests some money in transportation and storage of crops, or makes better rural roads so that mini-trucks reach everywhere, farmers who have access to water, can continue to grow and sell crops, can provide productive employment to not just farmers but also others such as those in services like transport or trade. If the local bank gives credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able to buy seeds, fertilisers, agricultural equipments and pump sets to draw water in time and cultivate their land.
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The government can identify, promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. For instance, opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good. It is also possible to set-up industries that process vegetables and agricultural produce like potato, sweet potato, rice, wheat, tomato, fruits, which can be sold in outside markets. This will provide employment in industries located in semi-rural areas and not necessarily in large urban centres. 23. After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent nations. When they became free they faced many other problems such as poverty, lack of resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long periods. The IMF and the World Bank, often referred to as the Bretton Woods twins, were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. As most developing countries were not much benefited from the fast economic growth of western countries, therefore they formed a group called— the Group of 77 (or G-77) in order to catch up the development in advanced industrial countries. They demanded 1. A new international economic order (NIEO) with actual control over their natural resources. 2. More development assistance. 3. Fairer prices for raw materials. 4. Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets. 24. 1. By the second decade of the twentieth century weavers began to use looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 2. By 1941, over 35% of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles and in regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80%. 3. Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. But the demand for the finer varieties bought by the rich was more stable. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. 4. Mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production. 25. (a) Novels were popular among educated middle class as a medium of entertainment. (b) Love stories, detective novels, adventures and mysteries became hugely popular for they amused people. (c) Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private. They offered a special world of imagination into which the reader could slip and be all alone. Thus, reading a novel was like daydreaming. P
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(d) Many times people gathered to listen to a novel being read aloud by someone else. There after they could discuss the story and became involved in the characters. e.g. B.C. Chattopadhyay read out Durgesh Nandini to one such gathering of people who were stunned to realise that the Bengali novel had achieved excellence quickly.. Devaki Nandan Khatri’s ‘Chandrakanta’ was a romance written just for the pleasure of reading.
Or (a) Novels took readers away from reality to an imaginary world where anything could happen. Many people thought that novels would corrupt specially women and children. (b) Parents kept novels out of children’s reach but young people often read them in secret. (c) Older uneducated women enjoyed novels when their grand children read out them. (d) Women soon became authors writing poems, essays and auto-biographies. They created a new concept of womanhood, where women had choices — they could choose or refuse their partners and relationships. Novels depicted women as having some control over their lives. E.g. Rokeya Hossein wrote a satire Sultana’s Dream where women take place of men. She wrote Padmarag that showed how women could improve their condition through their own actions. Young women who were assertive, could think for herself. These developments made Indian men uneasy and suspicious of women writing novels or reading them. Their domination was threatened by women. 26. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’. In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the perennial Rajasthan canal. This canal provides plenty of water. Despite this, some houses still maintain the tankas since they do not like the taste of tap water. 27. A three-tier democracy was introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural local self government or Panchayati Raj. – Regular elections to be held for Panchayat. – Seats reserved for SCs STs and OBCs. – One-third seats, reserved for women. – State Election Commission to conduct elections to local bodies. – State government to share power and revenue with local bodies.
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28. The social differences can be overlapping and cross-cutting in nature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult for groups to get pitted against one another e.g. in the Netherlands, class and religion cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are equally rich or poor in that country. 29. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources. The issue of sustainability is i mportant for development because — Development must be in relation with the future. — If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. — Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country has achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress. 30. Organised sector
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1. It is the one where the terms of employment are regular and people have assured work.
1. These are small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government.
2. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, etc.
2. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
3. It is called organised because it has some formal processes and procedures.
3. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular.
4. Workers in the organised sector enjoy security of employment. They are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.
4. Employment is not secure as people can be asked to leave without any reason.
5. They also get several other benefits from the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, pensions, gratuity, medical benefits etc.
5. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
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PRACTICE PAPER-2
1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (d)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (b)
11. (d)
11. They were scared because of pollution in the compartments. There was difficulty in smoking. It was seen as creating a mess and an unhealthy atmosphere in the city.
Or In the nineteenth century thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers migrated to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world. In India they were hired under contracts for five years for plantation work and they would return back home once the contract and work was over. Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. The circumstances that took shape in the mid-19th century compelled them to migrate. Cottage industries declined, land rent rose, lands were cleared for mine and plantations. All this affected the lives of the poor people. Many believed indenture was nothing but a ‘new system of slavery’ as the living and working conditions of labourers were harsh and they had few legal rights. 12. The system of hand printing is known in China from 594 AD. It was printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of wood blocks. As both sides could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side.
Or The novel uses the vernacular, the language that is spoken by common people. Even those who are not highly educated can read it, identify with characters and feel part of the community that the novel creates. A novel may take a classical language and combine it with the language of the streets and make them all the part of the vernacular that it uses. Like the nation, the novel brings together many cultures. 13. Human factors are activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining, defective methods of farming (ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion etc.) Physical factors like wind, glacier and water lead to land degradation. (a) The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over l arge areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion. (b) Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion. P
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14. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. We can say that India is rich in biodiversity because over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in this country so far. Of the estimate 47,000 plant species, about 15,000 flowering species are endemic (indigenous) to India. 15. There are areas where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people but they face the problem of water shortage. Thus shortage or scarcity may be due to bad quality of water. There has been a growing concern that even if there is adequate water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it injurious for human use. 16. Agriculture is important for Indian economy because: 1. Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. 2. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. 3. It also produces raw material for various industries e.g. paper industry, textile industry etc. 4. Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported. 17. The population is less than a crore. The Dutch form 59%, and then the French form 40% and the Germans about 1%. The French community is in majority in the capital, Brussels. They are rich and powerful and this is not liked by the Dutch. Therefore, tensions exist between the two communities. 18. A feminist is a person (a man or a woman) who believes in equal rights and opportunities for all human beings (men and women). The main aim of feminist movement was to develop a positive approach for empowerment and upliftment of women. It is strongly believed that the gender of the person should not decide the availability of jobs and opportunities for a person and equal social, political and economic rights should be given to both men and women in the society. 19. The difficulties faced by local government bodies are: (a) Although elections are held regularly, gram sabhas are not held regularly. (b) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local governments. (c) They have not given adequate resources to the local bodies. 20. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. The product is produced by a process of manufacturing in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. This sector is also called an industrial sector.
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21. In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, banks, defence, transport, insurance companies etc are required. These services are called the’ basic services.’ In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services. 22. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earch which cannot be replenished. We can discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, overtime, even this will get exhausted. In that si tuation life would be difficult for us. There w ould be total chaos all over the world. 23. The First World War boosted the US economy. The US became an international creditor. After a short period of economic trouble in the years after the war, the US economy resumed its strong growth in the early 1920s. One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production. The move towards mass production had begun in the late 19th century, but in the 1920s it became a characteristic feature of industrial production in the US . A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer Henry Ford. He adopted the ‘assembly line’ method of production which would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods. As wages of workers increased, they could now afford to purchase durable comsumer goods such as cars. There was also a spurt in the purchase of the refrigerators, washing machines, radios etc. all through a system of ‘hire purchase’. There was also a boom in house construction and home ownership, financed by loans. The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the bases of prosperity in the US. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employments and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment and yet more employment and incomes. 24. The phase of proto-industrialisation took shape in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its important features are given below: 1. Merchants from the towns in Europe moved to the countryside. There they supplied money to peasants and artisans and persuaded them to produce for an international market. 2. Poor peasants and artisans began working for the merchants. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. 3. Within this system a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. 4. This system was a domestic one in which peasants and artisans usually used primitive methods of production. P
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25. 1. There was a general conviction among the people in the 18th century that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from depotism and tyranny and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule. 2. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. 3. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being. 4. By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. Questions began to be raised about the existing social order.
Or Peasants and artisans who found no work in the villages went to the industrial cities in search of work. Over 50% workers got work in the Bombay cotton industries. As the news of employment spread, workers in huge number came to cities to find work in the mills. As a result, getting job became difficult. The numbers seeking work became more than the jobs available. The industrialists usuall y employed a jobber to get the new recruits. The jobber got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in their need. The jobber thus became powerful. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of the workers. These workers were bound to work in hazardous conditions. They usually worked on a 10-hours shift. They were very prone to diseases like asthma. 26. Forests of the following types are found in India: 1. Reserved Forests. Reserved forests are the forests that are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned. More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. 2. Protected Forests. This forest land is protected from any further depletion. Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the Forest Department. 3. Unclassed Forests. These are other forests and wastelands that belong to both government and private individuals and communities. Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests constituting 75% of its total forest area. Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large
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percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area. Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under protected forests. All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests. Local communities manage these forests. 27. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure the dominance of their community after Independence. They adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala sup remacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language. Sinhalese were given special preference in government jobs and university positions. State protection was given to Buddhism which was the religion practised by the Sinhalese. All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri L ankan Tamils. They felt that their language and culture were not given due importance. They also felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights. As a result, their relations wi th the Sinhala community worsened. 28. Constitutional provisions and democratic politics are the real pillars of federalism which help to make it a success. 1. Linguistic states. Since 1947 many changes have been done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new states have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been changed. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These included states like Nagaland, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand. 2. Centre-state relations in India. Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and states. This meant that state government did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when ruling party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of states. In those days central government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism. But after 1990 significant changes occurred. There was rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of the coalition governments at the Centre. Since no single party got clear majority in the Lok Sabha the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form government at the Centre. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of the state governments. This trend was supported by the Supreme Court’s judgment which made it difficult
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for the Central government to dismiss state governments in an arbitrary manner. Thus, power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force. 3. Language policy. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as an official language but Hindi is the mother tongue of only 40% of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central government positions may opt any of these languages. The states too have their own official languages and much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state. English is also to be used as an official language. The government does not follow a policy of imposing Hindi on non-Hindi speaking states. 29.
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
1. Countries with more average income
1. Countries with low average income
and higher per capita income.
and less per capita income.
2. The rates of saving, investment,
2. These are on the path of development,
capital information are also very high,
and the level of income is on rise
and the commodities are produced on
along with the advancement of
a large scale with the help of modern
technology.
technology. 3. The standard for living of the people
3. The standard for living of the people
is very high.
is not very high.
4. Life is better due to good health
4. Life is not better due to less health
facilities.
facilities.
5. Literacy rates would be more due to
5. Literacy rates would be less due to
better education.
less educational facilities.
6. Life expectancy would be more.
6. Life expectancy would be less.
7. Example, U.S.A.
7. Example, India.
30. (a) 7.02%. (b) (i) A large number of people are there in the unorganised sector of agriculture because it requires a lot of unskilled labour which is easily available. Thus , this fact is taken as an advantage by the landowners who make labourers work under drastic conditions. (ii) The unorganised sector is mushrooming because there are no rules and regulations and there is no one to supervise its functioning and hence easy to exploit workers.
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1. (a) 5. (c) 9. (c)
2. (d) 6. (d) 10. (a)
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11. Several steps were taken to clean up London: 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce population and landscape the city. 2. Large blocks of apartments were built. 3. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing problem. Or Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay. When the first textile mills were started in 1854, a large number of people from nearby district of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills. 12. The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970. Incomes of people in western countries grew at 5 per cent. The growth was stable, without fluctuations. The unemployment rate averaged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries. There was worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore, they invested vast amounts of capital, importing industrial plant and equipment featuring modern technology.
Or Post First World War economic recovery proved difficult for Britain. It faced a prolonged crisis. Industrial development had stored in India and Japan and Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market, and compete with Japan internationally. Britain had borrowed heavily from the US to finance war expenditures and was burdened with huge external debts. The war had led to an economic boom. When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. In 1921 one in every five British workers was unemployed. 13. Measures taken to control land degradation in different regions of India are: (a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. (b) Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods of check land degradation. (c) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. 14. From the Himalayan Yew tree a chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted from its bark, needles, twigs and roots, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers – the drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world. The species is under great threat due to over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
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15. Multi-purpose projects are called as the temples of modern India because they not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra–Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. That is why Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy. 16. Rice: Geographical conditions required for its growth: Temperature-25°C and above and rainfall-100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. Wheat: Geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat is that it requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season. 17. (a) People rule through institutions of self governance. (b) Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society. (c) Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies and as many people as possible should share power. 18. North Ireland is divided into Protestants (53%) and Catholics (44%). This ethnic divide became a political divide when Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties and Protestants by the unionists and violent clashes started between the two. 19. Parents prefer sons and the girl child is aborted before she is born. This has led to a decline in the sex ratio in the country. Dropout rate of girls from schools is high because parents prefer to educate boys more than girls. 20. If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. A job may pay you less but may offer regular employment that will make you feel secure. A job may offer high pay but no job security and leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom. So the choice is made by the individual on the basis of his/her goals in life. 21. The life expectancy at birth (average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth) is much higher in Sri Lanka than India. Even the Gross Enrolment Ratio of Sri Lanka for three levels (enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school) is also comparatively much better. Last but not least the Per Capita Income of Sri Lanka is also the highest among all the neighbouring countries. Eventually it can be said that a small country like Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect. 22. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: (a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government. (b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances. (c) Types of work given to improve production of land. 23. A series of changes affected the patterns of industrialisation in India by the first decade of the 20th century: 1. As the swadeshi movement gained momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. P
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2. From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. 3. With the start of the First World War, British mills got engaged in supplying goods to the army. Thus, Manchester imports into India declined. This gave a golden opportunity to the Indian industries to boom. During the war, the Indian factories supplied jute bags, cloth for army uniforms etc. Several new factories were also set up. Over the war years industrial production boomed. 4. After the war was over, British industries got a setback. They could not modernise and compete with Germany, Japan and the US. The economy of Britain crumbled after the war. In India, however, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position and gained success in capturing the home market. 24. The technological inventions increased the efficacy of each step of the production process, i.e. carding, twisting and spinning and rolling. They enhanced the output per worker enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn. Richard Arkwright devised the cotton mill. It increased efficiency of the production. Now the cloth production shifted from village households to factories where production was done under one roof. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour. As a result of all this production increased to a great extent. 25. The writings of Premchand are described as the achievement of excellence in the Hindi literature.He began writing in Urdu and later shifted to Hindi and was popular in both languages. He used kissa-goi or story-telling.It is argued that his novel Sewasadan. (The Abode of Service) published in 1916 lifted the Hindi novel from the realm of fantasy and moralising. Sewasadan deals with the poor condition of women in society. Issues like child marriage and dowry were important themes of the novel. His most read and admired work Godan is an ultimate work of a perfect humanitarian writer. Or Indulekha (1889) was the first modern novel in Malayalam. It was written by Chandu Menon. (a) India was facing the onslaught of the western culture. Western ideas, life style appealed to the English educated class in India but they faced the dilemma of losing their own traditional values. Characters like Indulekha and Madhavan showed the reader how the two life styles could be brought together. (b) An important issue is the marriage practices of upper-caste Hindus in Kerala, especially Nambuthiri Brahmins and Nayars. Caste seems to be an important factor while forming marriage alliances. (c) Suri Nambuthiri, a foolish landlord comes to marry Indulekha who is intelligent. She exercises her choice, rejects him and marries Madhavan, an educated civil servant. It shows that education began to be valued as an asset. (d) The novel is critical of alliances based on caste, ignorance and immorality among high caste. 26. There are three types of cropping seasons: 1. Rabi crops — These crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. — Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
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— North and northwestern states such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are important producers of rabi crops. — The success of the Green Revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has helped in the growth rabi crops. 2. Kharif crops — These crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in SeptemberOctober. — Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy), maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. — Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, the Konkan coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. — In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro. 3. Zaid season — This season is in between the rabi and the kharif seasons, — This is a short season during the summer months. — Some of the crops produced during zaid are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. 27. (a) It is believed by fundamentalists that people of a religious community have common interests and hence they form a nation. (b) It is also believed that people belonging to different religions can’t live together as equal citizens within one nation. (c) Everyone has many identities. Religious identity is only one of them and hence religion alone can’t be the basis of a nation. 28. Caste inequalities have not completely disappeared from India. Even today, most people marry within their own caste or tribe. Despite constitutional prohibition, untouchability has not ended completely. Education is not easily available to the so called ‘low castes’. Economic status is closely linked to the caste system. In modern India, like in preindependence India, the poor are mostly the ‘low castes’ while the rich are the ’high castes’, thereby showing that caste inequalities are still continuing in India. 29. No, it’s not true. In fact tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of the Indian economy. — The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. — In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003. — It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. — Though it does not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production processes. 30. National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’ development. These ideologies could be at times conflicting. It is measured by (a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, therefore, their developmental goals differ. An urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job, promotions, etc. and on the other hand, a rural unemployed would want better job opportunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour. P
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1. (d) 5. (b) 9. (d)
2. (b) 6. (c) 10. (b)
3. (b) 7. (d)
4. (d) 8. (b)
11. The travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. The Indus valley civilisation had an active coastal trade linked with present-day West Asia around 3000 BCE. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. The Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily in Italy. Or Steam Engine increased productivity and efficiency of industries. There were 80 steam engines in cotton industries, 9 in wool and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. 12. Gomasthas were appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. These people were outsiders who had no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly. They usually came into villages with sepoys and peons and often beat and flogged the weavers for delays in supply. The weavers could not bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The Company did not pay them fair prices. The loans they had taken tied them to the Company. In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers left villages and settled to new places. Over time several weavers refused to take loans. They closed down their workshops and began working in agricultural field. Or Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819. Large trading communities of traders and bankers as wel l as artisans and shopkeepers had settled in Bombay. When the first textile mills were started in 1854, a large number of people from nearby district of Ratnagiri came to work in Bombay mills. 13. We need to conserve our forests and wildlife because: (a) Environmental destruction results in poverty in the communities that are directly dependent upon forests and wildlife. Therefore, forests and wildlife are vital to the quality of life and environment in the subcontinent. It is imperative to adapt to sound forest and wildlife conservation strategies. (b) Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems – water, air and soil. (c) It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on traditional crop varieties. Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.
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14. Major problems occurred due to indiscriminate use of resources are: (a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and havenots or rich and poor. (c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resource has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 15. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives. So, there is a need for conservation of water resources. 16. Kerala leads in the production of rubber because it is an equatorial crop. It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C and Kerala provides the ideal conditions for the growth of rubber. 17. Sri Lanka has two crore people. 74% are Sinhala-speakers and 18% are Tamil-speakers. Among Tamils there are two sub-groups. Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils.’ They constitute 13% of the Tamil people and live in Northern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils.’ Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7% Christians w ho are both Tamil and Sinhala. 18. Black power movement started in 1966 and lasted till 1975. It was a militant anti-racist movement. Leaders included Malcolm X. 19. Federal system has dual objectives to safeguard and promote unity of the country and accommodate regional diversity. The ideal federal system is based on mutual trust and agreement to live together. 20. (a) World Development Report 2006, “In 2004 countries with per capita income of Rs. 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries.” (b) Those with per capita income of Rs. 37000 or less are called low income countries. (c) Human Development Report 2006 published by UNDP, “Development is based on per capita income, educational levels of the people and their health status.” 21. Working in an unorganised sector is not considered secured because unorganised units are not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government. Many are small and scattered units. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low paid often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. 22. The income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. This gives us the total income of the country. The average income called per capita income is calculated as the total income of the country divided by its total population. 23. (a) Novels created a world that was absorbing and believable that readers could identify with. (b) While reading novels, the reader was transported to another person’s world and began looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel. (c) People enjoyed reading in private as well as publicly. They could discuss stories with family and friends.
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(d) People became deeply involved in the lives of the characters. Vernacular language was used in novels that was spoken by ordinary people. It created a sense of shared world between diverse people in a nation. Novels often combined a classical language with that of the street languages, thus bringing the elite and the commoners together. 24. (a) In the initial years of development the poor were excluded from reading novels as they were too expensive for them to afford. But soon, peopl e had easier access to books with the introduction of circulating libraries in 1740. Technological improvements in printing brought down the price of books and innovations in marketing led to expanded sales. (b) The history written by colonial historians has always projected Indians as weak, divided and dependent on the British. This was not acceptable to the new Indian administrators and intellectuals. They wanted to see Indians as independent minded and the novel provided them with opportunity to give shape to their desires. Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s (1827-94) Anguriya Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengal whose hero Shivaji engages in many battles against a clever and treacherous Aurangzeb. Man Singh persuades Shivaji to make peace with Aurangzeb. Realising that Aurangzeb intended to confine him as a house prisoner, Shivaji escapes and returns to battle. What gives him courage is his belief that he is a nationalist fighting for the freedom of Hindus. The imagined nation of the novel was so powerful that it could inspire actual political movements. Bankim’s Anandmath is a novel about a secret Hindu armed force that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It was a novel that inspired freedom fighters. The novel helped in popularising the sense of belonging to a common nation. 25. (a ) Production, employment, incomes and trade declined disastrously in most parts of the world. (b ) Agricultural regions and communities got affected badly because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that of the prices of industrial goods. (c ) Agricultural overproduction led to the fall in agricultural prices which further led to the decline of agricultural incomes. When the farmers tried to expand production to maintain their income, it worsened the surplus in the market and led to more downfalls in the prices. (d ) The farm produce decayed due to lack of buyers. Households were ruined and businesses got collapsed. (e ) When the crisis started US withdrew the loans which affected the rest of the world. Many major banks and currencies collapsed such as the British pound sterling. ( f ) In Latin America the agricultural and raw material prices declined. (g ) The US was also the industrial country most severely affected by the depression. (h ) US banks cut the domestic lending and called back loans. ( i ) Those who failed to repay what they had borrowed were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables. ( j ) Unemployment soared and the US banking system collapsed. Thus the Great Depression affected the society, politics and international relations. Or Many cities were carefully planned and organised unlike Bombay. For instance—modern Singapore. Though today Singapore is a successful rich, and well planned city, a model for P
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city planning worldwide but until 1965, it was overcrowded, lacked sanitation facility, had poor housing and poverty. The changes occurred when the city became an independent nation in 1965 under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, President of the People’s Action Party. A huge housing and development programme was undertaken. The tall housing blocks which were well ventilated and serviced, were examples of good physical planning. The buildings also redesigned social life: — Crime was reduced through external corridors. — The elderly people were inhabited alongside their families. — ‘Void decks’ or empty floors were provided in all buildings for community activities. — Migration into the city was strictly controlled. — Social relations between the three major groups of people (the Chinese, the Malays and the Indians) were also watched to avoid racial conflict. — Newspapers and journals and all forms of communication and association were also strictly controlled. 26. Forests in India are home to a number of communities. These communities have a complex relationship with the flora and fauna around them. In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials. (a) In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. (b) In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and openly rejecting government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments. (c) Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned. Even trees are preserved in name of worship. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship mahua ( Bassia latifoli a ) and kadamba ( Anthocaphalus cadamba ) trees, and the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica ) and mango ( Mangifera indica ) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred. (d) Troops of macaques and langurs are found around several temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them. ( e) The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas and Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. (Any four) 27. Overlapping difference happens when some social differences overlap other differences. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. For example—(a) the difference between Blacks and Whites in the US becomes a
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social division because the Blacks tend to be poor and landless, and often face injustice and discrimination. (b) In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless and often face injustice and discrimination. If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other. It means those groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. Cross-cut social differences are easier to accommodate. For example—Northern Ireland and Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland class and religion overlap each other. Catholics tend to be poor and have suffered discrimination whereas in Netherland, class and religion tend to cross-cut each other and both are equally likely to be rich or poor. It means they have conflict in Northern Ireland but it is not so in Netherlands. 28. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements have taken different forms: (i) Horizontal division of power. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power among various institutions is maintained. Ministers and government officials are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, judges though appointed by the executive, keep a check on the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances. (ii) Vertical division of power. Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country which is usually called a Central or Union government in India, governments at the provincial or state level is known by different names in different countries and in India we call them State government and the same principle is extended to the levels lower than state government such as municipalities and panchayats. This type of government was also adopted by Belgium but rejected by Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power. (iii) Division of power among social groups. The countries having community government share the power among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. We can best cite the example of Belgium in this regard. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power. (iv) Division of power among political parties, pressure groups and movements. Political parties, pressure groups and movements help in controlling or influencing those who are in power. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand, but is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance group is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. Various interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision making process. 29. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to the get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future P
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generations will be deprived of such resources. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation. The issue of sustainability is important for development because — Development must be in relation with the future. — If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. — Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country has achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress. Sustainable Development can be achieved in these ways: — Scientific and proper use of natural resources. — Judicious use of resources for better future. — No increase in pollution or environmental degradation. — Protection of flora and fauna from human exploitation. — Resources like water, wind, solar energy, etc., are inexhaustible but we must see that they are not put to wrong use. — There is no harm in using the land for cultivation but we should see that its fertility is maintained otherwise sooner or later it will turn into a wasteland. Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious mix use of both renewable and non-renewable resources and without harming the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations. 30.
Unorganised sector
Organised sector (a) It covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and some formal processes and procedures are followed. (b) People have assured work and enjoy security of employment. (c) They are registered by the government. (d) They have to follow its rules and regulations such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc. ( e) They get several other benefits from the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits, pensions etc. and facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.
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(a) Many are small and scattered units.
(b) People have no security of employment. (c) It is largely outside the control of the government. (d) There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
( e) Jobs here are low paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
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PRACTICE PAPER-5
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11. The developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s under the guidance of WB and IMF. They organised themselves as a group — the Group of 77 (or G-77) — to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). NIEO means a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
Or Charles Dickens was very critical of the growth of industry. According to him, the growth of industry was accompanied by an economic philosophy which celebrated the pursuit of profit and undervalued the lives of workers. His novel Hard Times describes Coketown, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. H ere workers are known as ‘hands’, as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticised not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments of production. 12. The European companies gradually established control over the Indian trade. First of all they secured a variety of concessions from local courts. Afterwards they got success in achieving monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a d ecline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying u p, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. While Surat and Hoogly decayed, Bombay and Calcutta grew. This shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power. Trade through these new ports began to be controlled by European companies and was carried in European ships.
Or Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the concept of the Garden City. According to Howard the Garden City would be a pleasant space full of plants and trees where people would both live and work. He believed this would also produce betterquality citizens. Following Howard’s ideas Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the Garden City of New Earswick. There were common garden spaces, beautiful views and great attention to detail.
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13. Over-utilisation and mismanagement of water resources may cause: (i) Serious health hazards (ii) Shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food security in the country. (iii) Our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected. (iv) Degradation of our natural ecosystems. (v) Depletion of water resources. 14. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Main features of this type of soil are: (a) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. (b) Towards the river valleys, soil particles are bigger in size. In the upper reaches the soils are coarse. They are common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai. (c) Alluvial soils are of two types on the basis of their age — Khadar and Bangar. (d) These are very fertile soils and contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. ( e) Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. ( f ) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation. 15. “Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There are 27 tiger reserves in India covering an area of 37,761 sq km. Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species, but with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves in India. 16. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. In this process they often consume resources more in quantity which cause depletion of resources. As more technological development occurs there is increased need for input and utilisation of resources. For example, more factories providing employment to more people is a necessity. For the factory, land and metal (for machines) are used. For this mining of minerals/metals increases causing land degradation and depletion of mineral resources of a certain area. As technical or technological d evelopment is closely linked to economic development we can say that both of these have led to more consumption of resources. 17. The population of Belgium is a little over one crore. The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking. P
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18. Differences (a) Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations. (b) Municpal Chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In municipal corporation such an authority is called the Mayor. Similarities (a) Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting people’s representatives. 19. In Northern Ireland the population is divided into two major sects of Cristianity— 53% are Protestants and 44% are Roman Catholics. The Catholi cs are more likely to be poor. They have suffered a history of discrimination. On the other hand, the Protestants are very rich. This results in conflicts between the Catholics and the Protestants. Thus, we see that class and religion overlap with each other in Northern Ireland. 20. The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy. 21. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation. 22. No, it’s not true. In fact tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of the Indian economy. — The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. — In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003. — It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. — Though it does not produce goods but they are an aid or support for the production processes. 23. Bombay was a crowded city unlike London. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city the crisis of housing and water supply became severe. Many families could reside in a tenement of one room. For some it became difficult to find houses. The arrival of the textile mills increased the pressure on Bombay’s housing. But not all had the same problems. The rich people lived in spacious bungalows. In contrast about 70% of the working people lived in the crowded chawls of Bombay.
Chawls were multi-storeyed structures in the ‘native’ parts of the town which were owned by private landlords, merchants, bankers, and building contractors. Each chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets. The conditions of chawls were awful. Many families could reside at a time in a tenement. Rents were high. People had to keep the room windows closed due to the nearness of filthy gutters, buffalo stables etc. There was shortage of water. Bombay’s first Municipal Commissioner, Arthur Crawford, was appointed in 1865. He tried to keep several ‘dangerous trades’ out of south Bombay. He described how builders
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and entrepreneurs bribed inspectors to continue with their unsystematic use of space. Finally planning of Bombay started as a result of fears about the plague epidemic. The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. The trust focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre. By 1918, trust’s schemes had deprived 64,000 people of their homes, but only 14,000 were re-housed. In 1918, a Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had an adverse effect on the poor as the landlords stopped renting their houses. 24. In the 19th century, with the spread of printed books, the interest in reading books also increased among the poor people. To fulfil their desire of readi ng, cheap small books were published and public libraries were set up for them by the rich. The problems of the poor people began to be written and published. — Gulamgiri of Jyotiba Phule exposed the ill-treatment to the low castes. — Dr Ambedkar and E V Ramaswamy Naicker wrote powerfully against untouchability. — Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal of Kashibaba exposed the link between caste and class exploitation. — Sudarshan Chakr published a collection called Sachchi Kavitayan. These books highlighted how poor people were exploited by the upper caste people. These books were read all over India. Efforts were made by the social reformers to improve the condition of poor workers through print. 25. The novel Indulekha deals with an important issue, i.e. the marriage practices of uppercaste Hindus in Kerala, especially the Nambuthiri Brahmins and the Nayars. Caste seems to be an important factor in establishing marriage alliances. Nambuthiris were major landlords in Kerala at that time and a large section of the Nayars were their tenants. In the late-19th century Kerala, a younger generation of English-educated Nayar men after acquiring property and wealth on their own, began arguing against Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar women. They wanted new laws regarding marriage and property. The story of Indulekha is worth-mentioning here. Suri Nambuthiri, the foolish landlord comes to marry Indulekha, who is very intelligent. She rejects him and marries Madhavan who is an educated civil servant. The novelist Chandu Menon wanted his readers to appreciate the new values of his hero and heroine and criticise the ignorance and immorality of Suri Nambuthiri. Another novel Saraswativijayam was written by Potheri Kunjambu, a lower-caste writer from north Kerala. This novel attacks on caste oppression. The novel revolves around a young man who happens to be an ‘untouchable’. He has to leave his village to save himself from the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord. He converts to Christianity, obtains modern education and returns to his village as a judge in the local court. Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that the landlord’s men had killed him, file a case. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge reveals his identity. The Nambuthiri repents and reforms his ways. Thus, the novel highlights the importance of education for the upliftment of the lower castes. P
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Or Henry Ford adopted the ‘assembly line’ method in order to produce vechicles in a faster and cheaper way. The assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously at a pace dictated by the conveyor belt. This was a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work. Standing in front of a conveyor belt no worker could afford to delay the motions, take a break or talk with his workmate. As a result Henry Ford’s car came off the assembly line at three-minute intervals. At first workers at the Ford factory found it difficult to cope with the stress of working on assembly lines in which they could not control the pace of work. So they quit in big numbers. Ford then doubled the daily wage. At the same time he banned trade unions from operating in his plants. Henry Ford recovered the high wage by repeatedly speeding up the production line and forcing workers to work ever harder. Soon he found that his decision to double the daily wage as the ‘best cost-cutting decision’ he had ever made. 26. Different methods of controlling soil erosion are: •
In hilly areas:
1. Ploughing along the contour lines can slow down the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing. 2. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming. •
•
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In agricultural regions. Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping . In dry areas. Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India. In industrial and suburban areas. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation.
27. The social differences can be overlapping and cross-cutting in nature. The difference between Blacks and Whites becomes a social division when Blacks are found to be poor, racially discriminated and homeless people. If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult for groups to get pitted against one another e.g. in the Netherlands, class and religion cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are equally rich or poor in that country. 28. In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvement since Independence. It is because Indian society is a male dominated, patriarchal society. It values men over women and gives them more power and women face discrimination and oppression in many ways: (i) Education. The literacy rate of women is still lower than men. Only 54% of the women are literate against 76% literacy among men. This is because a boy’s education is still preferred over sending a girl child to school.
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(ii) Proportion of women in paid jobs. Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even though on an average an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid jobs for women. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However, in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work. (iii) Preference for a male child. In India, parents prefer sons over daughters and find ways of aborting girl child before she is born. This type of sex-selective abortion has led to decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys). (iv) Crime against Women. There are various instances of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the work place and at the home. There are cases of domestic violence against women which make her unsafe even within her family. 29. (i) The nutritional levels of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh are different. While 22% and 19% men and women respectively are undernourished in Kerala, the respective percentages of male and female undernourishment in Madhya Pradesh are 43% and 42%. This implies that Kerala has better nourished people than Madhya Pradesh. Also, the under-nourishment average for Madhya Pradesh is greater than that for the entire country, while that for Kerala is lower than the national average. (ii) Despite the presence of adequate food in the country, around 40% of Indians are undernourished. This is because of the erratic and unsystematic distribution of food. Some states in the country ensure smooth running of ration shops and other forms of Public Distribution System (PDS). The supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies is known as Public Distribution System. It benefits the weaker section of the society. The ration shops under the PDS system help the population maintain the nutritional status of the people by making food available. However, on account of excess exports and inconsistent food supply to the masses, nearly 40% of the Indian people are undernourished. 30.
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1. It covers activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources.
1. It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we assoc iate with industrial activities.
2. It uses natural resources.
2. It uses man-made products.
3. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry so this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.
3. Since this sector gradually became associated with different kinds of industries t hat c ame u p, i t is also called as industrial sector.
4. Example: dairy, cultivation, mining of mineral ores, fishing, forestry, etc.
4. Example: Sugar or gur is manufactured from sugarcane, and bread from wheat flour etc.
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