1ra. Edición-2018
1
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
TABLA DE CONTENIDOS
Semana 01.- Introducción a los algoritmos, análisis de problemas y diseño de algoritmos ........... 3 Sem Semana ana 02.- Estructu Estructuras ras Secu Secuen enciales ciales y Operacio peracione nes s Básicas Básicas....... .......... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ..... .. 9 Semana 03.- Estructuras Condicionales simples y dobles. Operadores de relación y operadores lógico lógicos s Cond Condicion icionale ales s simple simples s y dobles dobles.. ................... ......................... ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ......... 14 Sem Semana ana 04.- Estructura Estructura de de selecció selección n múltiple múltiple y de control: control: desde desde...... ......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ... 22 Semana 05.- Estructuras de control: mientras, hacer mientras. .................................................. 32 Sem Semana ana 06.- Func Funcione iones, s, procedim procedimiento ientos s y algoritmo algoritmos s recursivos recursivos...... ......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... 38 Semana 07.- Aplicaciones que combinan las diversas estructuras de la unidad ......................... 45 Semana ana 08.08.- Exam xamen de 1era 1era Unidad nidad............. .................... ............. ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. .............. .......... ... 48 Semana 09.- Arreglos, Arreglos unidimensionales ...................................................................... 49 Semana 10.- Arreglos multidimensionales: Matrices ................................................................... 60 Semana 11.- Algoritmos de ordenamiento y búsqueda ............................................................... 71 Sem Semana ana 12.- Java Java:: Estructu Estructuras ras de control: control: mientras, ientras, hace hacerr mientras. ientras........ .......... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... 79 Sem Semana ana 13.- Java: Java: Implem Implementar entar Arreglos: Unidimens Unidimensionales ionales y mult multidime idimensiona nsionales. les. ..... ....... .... .... .... ..... ..... .. 83 Sem Semana ana 14.- Java: Java: Implem Implementar entar funciones, funciones, procedim procedimientos ientos y algoritmo algoritmos s recursivos. recursivos. ..... ....... .... .... ..... ..... .... 88 Semana ana 15.- Exam Examen de 2da 2da Unid Unidad ad............. ................... ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ........... ..... 94 Semana ana 16.16.- Tarea Tarea de de Produ Producc cción ión.............. .................... ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ......... 95 Referencias Bibliográficas ........................................................................................................... 96
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Introducción ión a los algoritmos, análisis de problema Semana 01Semana 01.- Introducc Semana 01.- Introducción a los algoritmos, análisis de problemas y diseño de algoritmos
ALGORTIMOS AL GORTIMOS ¿Qué ¿Qué es un algoritm o? Es la secuencia de pasos (método) que nos permite resolver un problema determinado Además, debe cumplir estas condiciones: condiciones: •
Finito: El algoritmo
debe acabar tras un número finito de pasos. Es más, es casi fundamental que sea en un número razonable de pasos. Definible : el algoritmo debe definirse de forma precisa para cada paso, es decir, hay que evitar toda ambigüedad al definir cada paso. Puesto que el lenguaje humano es impreciso, los algoritmos se expresan mediante un lenguaje formal, ya sea matemático o de programación para un computador. Esto significa que ejecutando 2 veces el mismo algoritmo con los mismos datos de entrada debe darnos el mismo resultado. Efectivo: se entiende por esto que una persona sea capaz de realizar el algoritmo de modo exacto por que se indica el orden de realización de cada paso También debe contar de las 3 partes siguientes: Entrada: el algoritmo tendrá cero o más entradas, es decir, cantidades dadas antes de empezar el algoritmo. Estas cantidades pertenecen además a conjuntos especificados de objetos. Por ejemplo, pueden ser cadenas de caracteres, enteros, naturales, fraccionarios, etc. Se trata siempre de cantidades representativas del mundo real expresadas de tal forma que sean aptas para su interpretación por el computador. Proceso: Donde se describe la transformación de los datos de entrada en un resultado válido. Salida : el algoritmo tiene una o más salidas, en relación con las entradas. •
•
•
•
•
Algo de historia Uno de los algoritmos más antiguos conocidos es el algoritmo del matemático griego Euclides. El término algoritmo proviene del matemático Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khowarizmi, matemático persa (actual Irán), que vivió aproximadamente entre los años 780 y 850 d.C. (Siglo IX) El describió la realización de operaciones elementales en el sistema de numeración decimal. De al-Khwarizmi se obtuvo la derivación algoritmo. Los recursos que utiliza un algoritmo en relación a un computador son principalmente: El tiempo: período transcurrido entre el inicio y la finalización del algoritmo. La memoria: la cantidad (la medida varía según la máquina) que necesita el • •
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
ANÁLISIS ANÁ LISIS DE PROBLEMA PROB LEMAS S En nuestra vida cotidiana, cada que realizamos una actividad o tarea tomamos decisiones, que en definitiva es la manera de resolver micro problemas, que en su suma resuelven nuestros quehaceres diarios de manera inadvertida, es más, al comienzo, por ejemplo de muy niños aprendemos a lavarnos los dientes y esta actividad responde a una serie de tareas o actividades, que a medida que lo hemos resuelto una primera vez, el hecho se vuelve repetitivo y cada vez vamos mejorando la manera en como realizamos tal actividad y de igual manera ocurre para cualquier otra actividad que realicemos por primera vez.
De acuerdo con Cairo, para solucionar un problema debemos seguir las 3 siguientes etapas: a) Análisis profundo del problema b) Diseño y Construcción Construc ción del algoritmo c) Verificación Verificac ión del Algoritmo. Recordando reunir las siguientes características para los algoritmos: algoritmos: Preciso: Los pasos a seguir en el algoritmo deben ser indicados claramente. Definido : El algoritmo, si se sigue dos veces con un conjunto de datos idénticos de entrada, siempre debe arrojar los mismos resultados. Finito: El algoritmo, independientemente de la complejidad del mismo, siempre debe ser de longitud definida es decir debe tener un fin. a) Análisis del del probl ema Para poder identificar y definir bien un problema es conveniente responder a las siguientes preguntas: 1) ¿Qué entradas se requieren? (tipo de datos con los cuales se trabaja y cantidad). 2) ¿Cuál es la salida deseada? (tipo de datos de los resultados y cantidad). 3) ¿Qué método produce la salida deseada? 4) Requisitos o requerimientos adicionales y restricciones a la solución. qu e hace el programa En esta etapa se determina que b) Diseño y const rucci ón del algoritmo En esta siguiente etapa se determina como hace el programa la tarea solicitada.
Y por lo general optamos por dividir el problema y resolverlo por partes, luego juntamos esas partes en un todo integrado, bajo la técnica de diseño descendente de arriba hacia abajo (diseño top-down) Para el diseño y construcción del algoritmo se utilizan herramientas tales como
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1) Diagramas de Flujo En ingles se le conoce como flowchart, y es una representación gráfica del algoritmo. Los símbolos que emplean han sido normalizados por el ANSI (American National Standards Institute) y son los siguientes:
2) Diagramas de Nassi-Shneiderman Nassi-Shneider man Es un diagrama de flujo en base a cajas o bloques contiguos, donde se omiten las flechas, de igual amanera estos diagramas se leen de arriba hacia abajo. Los siguientes son los símbolos principales:
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Ejemplo de Diagrama N-S:
3) Pseudocódigo O falso lenguaje, es una descripción de alto nivel compacta e informal del principio operativo de un algoritmo que luego se traducirá en un programa computacional. Normalmente, el pseudocódigo omite detalles que no son esenciales para la comprensión humana del algoritmo. No existe una sintaxis estándar para el pseudocódigo, pero nosotros utilizaremos las siguientes convenciones: convenciones: Asignación x
Estructura secuencial
y
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Selección Simple Si condición entonces Sentencia(s) Fin_si
Selección doble Si condición entonces Sentencia(s)1 Caso contrario Sentencia(s)2 Fin_si
Selección múltiple Si condición1 entonces Sentencia(s)1 Caso contrario Si condición2 entonces Sentencia(s)2 (.........)
Caso contrario Si condiciónn entonces Sentencia(s)n1 Caso contrario Sentencia(s)n2 Fin_si
Selección Múltiple de CASOS Según expresión hacer Caso valor1
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Estructura repetitiva (FOR) desde i 0 hasta hasta n n hacer Sentencia(s) Fin_desde
o Para i 0 hasta hasta n n hacer Sentencia(s) Fin_para
Estructura repetitiva (WHILE-DO) Mientras condición hacer Mientras condición Sentencia(s) Fin_mientras
Estructura repetitiva (DO-WHILE) Hacer Sentencia(s) Mientras condición Mientras condición
c) Verifi Verifi cación del algoritmo Una vez que se ha terminado de escribir un algoritmo es necesario comprobar que realiza las tareas para las que se ha diseñado y produce el resultado correcto y esperado. El modo inicial de comprobar un algoritmo es mediante su ejecución manual, usando datos significativos que abarquen todo el posible rango de valores y anotando en una hoja de papel las modificaciones que se den estos datos y en los del resto del algoritmo, en las diferentes fases hasta la obtención de los resultado r esultados. s. Este proceso se conoce como prueba de escritorio , que nos va a permitir depurar los errores del algoritmo y corregir y/o eliminar dichos errores. Siendo los errores lógicos los que suelen estar en el diseño del algoritmo. Estos errores son los más difíciles de detectar, ya que más adelante el programa puede funcionar y no producir errores de compilación ni de ejecución, y sólo puede advertirse el error por la obtención de resultados incorrectos. En este caso se debe volver a la fase de diseño del algoritmo, modificar el algoritmo,
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Semana 02 Semana 02.- Estructuras Secuenciales y Operaciones Básicas
Estruct ura general general de un prog rama
Luego de analizar el problema y de plantear una solución algorítmica lógica vía cualquiera de las herramientas antes mencionadas (diagramas de flujo, diagramas Nassi-Shneiderman y/o pseudocódigo), debemos trasladar esa solución a código del lenguaje de programación con el cual vamos a trabajar (en nuestro caso el lenguaje de programación seleccionado será JAVA), el diseño de la estructura general de un programa tiene los siguientes componentes que se muestran en la figura siguiente: PROCESO
Entrada
Salida
Programa (algoritmo de solución)
La entrada de datos se puede proporcionar desde teclado y/o disco principalmente, existen otras formas de proporcionar entradas como los scanner y otros periféricos que no son de interés para el curso. Con estas entradas alimentaremos al algoritmo que los procesara, para enseguida obtener datos de salida que se presentaran en dispositivos periféricos de salida como pantalla, disco, impresoras, etc. La salida se puede contextualizar como el acto de escribir de manera genérica. Antes de abordar la estructura secuencial, es necesario que nos familiaricemos con ciertos conceptos que participaran en la implementación de un algoritmo en un lenguaje de programación. Conceptos f undamentales undamentales a) Tipos de datos Empezaremos reconociendo los datos a procesar por un computador que se
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
A continuación, trataremos los datos simples: enteros, reales, caracteres y booleanos; y el dato estructurado: cadena de caracteres. Posteriormente estudiaremos los datos estructurados arreglos.
Datos numéricos Dentro de los tipos de datos numéricos encontramos los números enteros y los números reales. Los enteros son números que pueden estar precedidos del signo + o y que no tienen parte decimal. Por ejemplo: 128 256 -2114 18580 Los reales son números que pueden estar precedidos del signo + o y que tienen una parte decimal. Por ejemplo: 9.3 256.0 -71.568 16000.50 Datos alfanuméricos alfanuméricos Dentro de este tipo de datos encontramos los de tipo carácter (simple) y cadena de caracteres (estructurado). Son datos cuyo contenido pueden ser letras del abecedario (a,b,c,...,z; A. B, C, ….. , Z), dígitos (0, 1, 2 ..... 9) o símbolos especiales (#, $, * ,* , %, /,..., etc.). Es necesario indicar que, si bien este tipo de datos pueden contener números, no pueden ser utilizados para realizar operaciones operaciones aritméticas. Un dato tipo carácter contiene un solo carácter, y se escribe entre apostrofes. Por ejemplo: ‘b’ ‘A' ‘$’ ‘8' Un dato tipo cadena de caracteres contiene un conjunto de caracteres, y se escribe entre comillas. La longitud de una cadena depende de los lenguajes de programación, aunque normalmente se acepta una longitud máxima de 255. Por ejemplo: “ABCD” “$5_6” “Charly García”
Datos lógicos Dentro de este tipo de datos encontramos los booleanos. Son datos que sólo pueden tomar dos valores: verdadero (true) o falso (false).
Identificadores Los datos que se procesan en un lenguaje de programación, sean simples o
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Existen tantos tipos de constantes como tipos de datos, por lo tanto, puede haber constantes de tipo entero, real, carácter, cadena de caracteres, etc. Es muy importante que los nombres de las constantes sean representativos de la tarea que desempeñan dentro del programa de tal manera que no tenemos que adivinar que significan. Por ejemplo: PI = 3.141516 radio = 20
Variables Las variables son objetos que pueden cambiar su valor durante la ejecución de un programa. Para nombrar las variables utilizaremos los identificadores que hemos explicado con anterioridad. Al igual que las constantes, pueden existir tantos tipos de variables como tipos de datos. De igual manera el nombre de las variables que incorporamos e un programa deben ser representativas de la tarea que desempeñan dentro del programa de tal manera que no tenemos que adivinar que significan. Por ejemplo: Suma radio nota_01
Operaciones aritméticas aritmética s Para poder realizar operaciones aritméticas empleamos los operadores aritméticos entre operandos (números, constantes o variables). El resultado de una operación aritmética será un número. Los operadores aritméticos básicos son: potencia (^) 1, multiplicación (*), división (/), suma (+), resta (-). Las expresiones aritméticas se evalúan de izquierda a derecha teniendo en cuenta la jerarquía de los operadores aritméticos, los operadores de igual nivel también su evaluación es de izquierda a derecha, si deseamos alterar el orden de cálculo utilizamos los paréntesis ejecutándose primero los paréntesis más interiores. Jerarquía de los operadores operadores aritm éticos Jerarqu ía Operador Operación Mayor Altera orden de () cálculo ^ Potencia Multiplicación – * /
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Estruct ura Secuencial Secuencial La estructura de control secuencial conocida también como estructura lineal. Se compone de instrucciones que deben ejecutarse en forma consecutiva, una tras otra, siguiendo una línea de flujo. Aplica para problemas muy sencillos. Esta estructura forma parte de soluciones de problemas complejos en las que se la utiliza mezclada con estructuras iterativas y condicionales. condicionales.
Esta estructura puede contener cualquiera de las siguientes instrucciones o sentencias: Declaración de variables Asignación de valores Entrada de datos Procesamiento de datos (operaciones) Reporte de resultados.
Ejemplo 2.1
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática Diagrama Nassi-Shneiderman
Inicio Nombre = “Juan” NotaEE = 9 NotaPR = 14 Promedio = (NotaEE*2+NotaPR)/3 (NotaEE*2+NotaPR)/3 Escribir Nombre, Promedio Fin Pseudocódigo
Inicio Nombre
“J uan” Not aEE 9 Not aPR 14 14 Promedio ( Not aEE*2+ aEE*2+Not aPR) aPR) / 3 Escribir Nombre Escribir Nombre, Promedio
Fin
Ejercicios 2.1 Determine el producto de tres enteros cualquiera.
2.2 Determinar la suma de las N primeros números enteros de acuerdo a la siguiente formula:
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Semana 03 Semana 03.- Estructuras Condicionales simples y dobles. Operadores de relación y operadores lógicos Condicionales simples y dobles.
A medida que avanzamos, encontramos que la mayoría de los problemas no se logran resolver con estructuras secuenciales, pues siempre hemos de tomar una decisión, hay diversas alternativas por las cuales elegir sobre la base de evaluar una condición determinada. Para poder conseguir solucionar estos problemas utilizaremos las estructuras selectivas o condicionales o de selección y en este primer momento la estructura de selección simple, la cual gráficamente se representa con un rombo. Diagrama de flujo Cuando la condición es verdadera, se ejecutan las instrucciones (acciones) que están incluidas en el rectángulo del proceso, caso contrario, no se ejecuta nada y se continúa con el resto del programa.
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Para la condición que es una expresión booleana, iniciaremos utilizando los operadores relacionales relacionales que se detallan a continuación: Operador
Nombre
Ejemplo
Significado
<
menor que
a
a es menor que b
>
mayor que
a>b
a es mayor que b
==
igual a
a==b
a es igual a b
!=
no igual a
a!=b
a no es igual a b
<=
menor que o igual a
a<=5
a es
menor que o igual a b
>=
mayor que o igual a
a>=b
a es
menor que o igual a b
En JAVA el operador de igualdad es ==, no confundir con el simple = que es asignación. Operadores Operadores lógico s Los operadores lógicos son: && AND (el resultado es verdadero si ambas expresiones son verdaderas) || OR (el resultado es verdadero si alguna expresión es verdadera) ! NOT (el resultado invierte la condición de la expresión)
AND y OR trabajan con dos operandos y retornan un valor lógico basadas en las denominadas tablas de verdad. El operador NOT actúa sobre un operando. Estas tablas de verdad son conocidas y usadas en el contexto de la vida diaria, por ejemplo: "si llueve Y tengo clases, utilizaré chompa", "si NO llueve, saldré a pasear", "si hay una buena película O tengo compañía, iré al cine". Las tablas de verdad de los operadores
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Ejemplos:
Los operadores AND y OR combinan expresiones relacionales cuyo resultado viene dado por la última columna de sus tablas de verdad. Por ejemplo: (a=b) La expresión "NO a es igual a b"
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Diagrama de Flujo
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Ejercicios 1. Elabore el algoritmo que solicite ingresar la edad de una persona y si es mayor o igual a 18 años se debe imprimir el mensaje “Es tu obligación obtener DNI azul”.
2. Diseñar el algoritmo que luego de ingresar ingresar el nombre y el sueldo de un trabajador, se evalué si el sueldo es menor al sueldo mínimo en cuyo caso se le aplica una bonificación del 15%. Debe imprimir el nombre, el sueldo y su sueldo incrementado. 3. Construya un algoritmo que solicite ingresar dos números enteros distintos cualquiera, si el primer número ingresado es mayor que el segundo, entonces se debe imprimir la diferencia, la multiplicación y la división entre ellos. 4. Desarrolle la solución que nos muestre como resultado si una persona es adulta, para ello se debe ingresar el nombre y la edad de la persona. Considerar persona adulta a aquellos comprendidos entre los 20 y 40 años. Referencias Referencias Bibl iográficas
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Reconociendo que la estructura selectiva simple tiene sus limitaciones pues solamente maneja una sola posibilidad, cuando la mayor parte de las veces necesitamos manejar dos alternativas de solución. solución. La estructura selectiva doble permite al programa elegir entre dos opciones, si la condición es verdadera se ejecutará el grupo de instrucciones 1, caso contrario de ser falso se ejecutará el grupo de instrucciones 2. Es necesario precisar que solamente se ejecuta una de las 2 opciones o bien el conjunto de sentencias cuando la condición es Verdadera o bien el conjunto de sentencias cuando la condición es Falsa, pues ambas son mutuamente excluyentes. Diagrama de flujo
Pseudocódigo
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Condición Promedio>=11
Salida Nombre, Promedio y condición
Diagrama de Flujo
Solución (Diagrama de Flujo)
Solución Pseudocódigo I ni c i o Nombr e = “ J uan” Not aEE = 9 Not aPR aPR = 14 Cond ondi ci ón = “” Pr omedi o =( Not aEE* aEE* 2+Not aPR) aPR) / 3
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Ejercicios 1. Elabore el algoritmo que solicite ingresar la edad de una persona y si es mayor o igual a 18 años se debe imprimir el mensaje “Es tu obligación obtener DNI azul” caso contrario le debe decir cuántos años le falta para ser mayor de Edad
2. Diseñar el algoritmo que luego de ingresar el nombre y el sueldo de un trabajador, trabajador , se evalué si el sueldo es menor o igual al sueldo mínimo en cuyo caso se le aplica una bonificación del 15% caso contrario solo le debe aplicar una bonificación de 5% Debe imprimir el nombre, el sueldo y el sueldo incrementado. 3. Para verificar que 3 valores dados (lados) forman un triángulo, se debe probar si se cumple la siguiente condición: “La suma de cualquiera de dos lados deberá ser mayor que el tercer lado”. Enviar mensaje sino forman un triángulo. 4. La empresa de turismo “El Holandés Errante”, nos solicita que le facilitemos facilit emos un pequeño programa para poder orientar mejor a sus clientes con respecto a la oferta que están promocionando, con respecto al precio de los viajes de ida y vuelta de los tours que deben ser calculados según la distancia (2.35 Soles/km)
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Semana 04 Semana 04.- Estructura de selección múltiple y de control: desde
Muchas veces es necesario atender más de una condición para obtener un resultado
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Pseudocódigo I ni c i o a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 mayor ay or = 0 si ( a>b y a> a>c) ent ent onces onces mayor = a caso cont cont r ar i o si ( b>a y b>c) ent ent onces mayor = b
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Pseudocódigo I ni c i o a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 mayor = 0 si ( a>b) ent ent onces onces si ( a>c) ent onces ces mayor ay or = a i
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Como se habrá dado cuenta a medida que hay más valores entre las cuales elegir, el uso de las sentencias si (if) anidadas, le da mayor complejidad a nuestras soluciones, es por ello tenemos en los lenguajes de programación una alternativa para que nuestro código sea más legible a través de la selección múltiple de casos, en la cual se evaluará una expresión que puede tomar valores distintos, de tal manera que si la expresión es 1 se ejecutará el juego de sentencias 1 para ese caso, si toma valor 2 el juego de sentencias 2 para este caso, así sucesivamente luego de lo cual se
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
obrero 1
3
2
1
4
5
3
3
obrero 2
4
5
2
3
2
4
1
obrero 3
2
3
2
4
1
4
5
obrero 4
1
4
5
3
3
3
2
obrero 5
3
2
1
3
2
4
1
obrero 6
4
5
2
4
5
3
3
Categoría de cada obrero:
Precio horas extras:
Categoría obrero 1
C
obrero 2
A
obrero 3
B
obrero 4
B
obrero 5
C
obrero 6
A
Categoría Precio A
100
B
80
C
50
10.3 Una empresa de sondeo de opinión, ha elaborado una encuesta para saber la intención de voto de los 5 candidatos para la alcaldía provincial, para ellos ha seccionado en cuatro sectores marcados: norte sur, este y oeste, de los 115 encuestados los resultados ha sido para el candidato 1: 11, 5, 4, 3 por sector respectivamente, candidato 2: 1, 4, 3, 12, candidato 3: 2, 6, 12, 3, candidato 4: 10, 3, 5, 6, candidato 5: 2, 9, 5, 9. Determine quien quien tiene el más alto porcentaje porcentaje de aceptación y es el probable próximo alcalde de la ciudad. Utilice matrices y vectores.
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Tipos Primitivos en Java Los resumimos en la siguiente tabla: TIPO DE DATO
PRIMITIVOS
NOMBRE
TIPO
OCUPA
Rango Notación Cientifica
RANGO en DECIMAL
byte
Entero
1 byte
-27 a 27-1
-128 a 127
short
Entero
2 bytes
-215 a 215-1
-32768 a 32767
int
Entero
4 bytes
-231 a 231-1
-2147483648 a 2147483647
long
Entero
8 bytes
-231 a 231-1
9223372036854775808 a 9223372036854775807
float
Decimal simple
4 bytes
2-149 a (2-2-23)*2127
Muy grande
double
Decimal doble
8 bytes
2-107 a (2-252 )*21023
Muy grande
char
Carácter simple
2 bytes
\u0000' a '\uFFFF'
---
boolean
Valor true o false
1 byte
---
Elementos Léxicos Son las palabras reservadas, identificadores, literales, operadores, delimitadores, comentarios. Palabras r eservadas Palabras Palabras que tiene un significado concreto en el lenguaje de programación, por lo que el programador debe evitar el utilizarlos para evitar confusiones y/o errores.
abstract boolean break byte strinctfp case catch char class const continue
default do double Else enum extends false final finally for goto
if implements import instanceof int interface long native new null package
private protected public return short static super swtich synchronized this threadsafe
throw throws trasient true try void while
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Identificadores Se utilizan para nombrar variables, funciones, clases y objetos. Variables : para almacenamiento almacenamient o de datos Métodos : para especificación especificac ión de funciones Clases Clases : para especificación especificación de objetos Interfaces : para especificación especificación de protocolos Paquetes : para agrupación de clases • • • • •
Características símbolo del identificador identificador será un carácter carácter alfabético (a, …, z, A, …, Z, El primer símbolo ‘_’, ‘$’) pero no un dígito. Después del primer carácter, pueden seguir caracteres alfanuméricos (a, …, z) y (0, 1, …, 9), signos de dólar ‘$’ o guiones de subrayado ‘_’. identific adores no pueden coincidir con las palabras reservadas. Los identificadores Se hace diferencia entre mayúsculas y las minúsculas (case sensitive). interpret an como una letra más. El signo de dólar y el guion de subrayado se interpretan identifica dor No hay una longitud máxima establecida para el identificador Ejemplos válidos
a, z124, tu_pila, CoLa, cola, usd$, _miNota Ejemplos Ejemplos no válido s
134abz, mi nota, Nombre.com Variables
En Java las variables deben tener un tipo declarado. Para declarar una variable se coloca en primer lugar el tipo primitivo de dato, seguido del nombre que la identificará. Ejemplos: int valorMaximo; valorMaximo;
float valorMinimo; valorMinimo;
char letra1, aula2;
Literales Existen literales para: Números enteros: Secuencia de dígitos en decimal, octal o hexadecimal Ejemplos: 124 345667 Números reales: Secuencia de dígitos con punto decimal o en notación científica Ejemplos: 3.1415 3e15 Valores booleanos: booleanos: true true o false Caracteres: un carácter carácter entre comillas simples ‘.‘. Ejemplo: ‘c’ Cadenas de caracteres: Secuencia de caracteres entre comillas dobles “. •
•
• • •
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Operadores en Java
Aritméticos y de conversión
De comparación
Lógicos
De asignación
i,f
+
i
&
i,f
==
b
&
=
i,f
-
i
|
i,f
!=
b
|
+=
i,f
*
i
^
i,f
<
b
^
-=
i,f
/
i
<<
i,f
<=
b
&&
*=
i,f
%
i
>>
i,f
>
b
|
/=
i,f
++
i
>>>
i,f
>=
b
!
%=
i,f
--
b
==
&=
b
!=
|=
Tipos válidos de los operandos i = Entero (byte, small, int, long)
i
-
f = Punto Flotante (float, double) b = Lógico (boolean)
i
b ?: ~ Delimitadores ( ) PARÉNTESIS: Listas de parámetros en la definición y llamada a métodos, precedencia en expresiones, expresiones para control de flujo y conversiones de tipo. { } LLAVES: Inicialización de arrays, bloques de código, clases, métodos y ámbitos locales. [ ] CORCHETES: Arrays. ; PUNTO Y COMA: Separador de sentencias. , COMA: Identificadores consecutivos en una declaración de variables y sentencias encadenadas dentro de una sentencia for. . PUNTO: Separador de nombres de paquetes, subpaquetes y clases; separador entre variables y métodos/miembros. métodos/miembros. Comentarios En Java hay tres tipos de comentarios: Comentarios Comentar ios de una sola línea ( // ) Ejemplo: // La fórmula es correcta Comentarios Comentar ios de una o más líneas ( /* */ ) Ejemplo: /* El área de un cuadrado es lado por lado •
•
^=
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
sus unidades se nombran al cuadrado */ La herramienta javadoc genera automáticamente en HTML la documentación del código a partir de los comentarios /** … */
Declaración/Inicialización de variables Para usar una variable en un programa hay que declararla. El ordenador conoce así cómo codificar la información que se va a almacenar en la posición de memoria correspondiente. Al declarar una variable, se reserva el espacio de memoria necesario para almacenar un valor del tipo de la variable. El identificador asociado a la variable se puede utilizar para acceder al dato almacenado en memoria y para modificarlo. Las variables se han de declarar antes de poder usarlas. Los identificadores identificadore s de las variables son los nombres que utilizaremos para referirnos a ellas. Al declarar una variable, hay que definir su tipo: la variable sólo admitirá valores del tipo especificado. especificado. En una misma declaración se pueden declarar varias variables, siempre que sean del mismo tipo. En este caso, los identificadores de las variables se separan por comas. Sintaxis: identificador; identificador; lista_de_identificadores lista_de_identificadores ; final identificador = ; //para constantes • •
•
•
• •
•
Ejemplo: Declaración e inicialización inicialización en líneas separadas: Declaración int x; x = 101; inicializaci ón en la misma línea: Declaración e inicialización int x = 101; Múltiple Declaración e inicialización en la misma línea: int i, j = 1, x; Codificando en JAVA
Implementación en Java del ejemplo 2.1 promedio de notas de la semana 02.
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Implementación del programa en JAVA que multiplica 3 números, ejercicio 2.1 de la semana 02.
Impresión por consola En JAVA a través del System.out. disponemos de un método llamado println que nos permite imprimir algo por pantalla en una ventana de consola. Sintaxis JAVA System.out.println ("Texto a mostrar");
La primera S de System.out es mayúscula. Si la escribes minúscula obtendrás un error de compilación. compilación. Si queremos incluir variables concatenamos usando el símbolo + de esta manera: System.out.println ("El promedio es " + promedio + " puntos"); ESTRUCTURA CONDICIONAL SIMPLE EN JAVA
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Codificación de Ejemplo 3-1 de la semana 03 de este Manual
ESTRUCTU ESTRUCTURA RA CONDICIONAL MULTIPLE EN JAVA JAV A Sentencia Sentencia if doble Ampliamos la sintaxis, luego de evaluar la condición (expresión booleana), que de ser verdadera ejecuta la(s) Instrucción(s) 1, caso contrario (else) se ejecuta la(s) Instrucción(es) 2. Luego de la evaluación de cualquiera de los casos se sigue con las instrucciones que siguen en el programa. Sintaxis JAVA
if (condición condición){ ){ Instrucc ión(es) 1; } else else { { Instrucc ión(es) 2; }
Esta sentencia utiliza las llaves para agrupar la(s) instrucción(es).
Codificación de Ejemplo 3-2 de la semana 03 de este Manual
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Sentencia Sentencia if múl tiple Para el sí condicional múltiple debemos ampliar la sintaxis del condicional doble, consiguiendo anidar tantas sentencias if como sean necesarias al interior del entonces o del caso contrario, se sugiere indentar correctamente para mantener la legibilidad del programa y pueda ser depurado o corregido con mayor facilidad. Ejemplo de Sintaxis JAVA
if (condición condición){ ){ if (condición condición){ ){ Instruc ción(es) 1; } else else { { Instrucc ión(es) 2; } } else else { { if (condición condición){ ){ Instrucc ión(es) 1; } else else { { Instrucc ión(es) 2; } }
Codificación de Ejemplo 4-1 solución (b) de la semana 04 de este Manual
Si desea indentar su código y este sea ordenado por Netbeans (herramienta de edición de código JAVA), click derecho en el editor de código y utilice la opción format o su ruta corta.
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Entrada y Lectura de Datos Datos con J AVA Scanner Scanner La clase Scanner está disponible a partir de Java 5 y facilita la lectura de datos en los programas Java.
Para utilizar Scanner en el programa tendremos que hacer lo siguiente: 1. Indicar el import La clase Scanner se encuentra en el paquete java.util por lo tanto se debe incluir al inicio del programa la instrucción: import java.util.Scanner; java.util.Scanner; 2. Crear un objeto Scanner Tenemos que crear un objeto de la clase Scanner asociado al dispositivo de entrada. Si el dispositivo de entrada es el teclado escribiremos: Scanner teclado = new Scanner(System.in); Se ha creado el objeto teclado asociado al teclado representado por System.in Una vez hecho esto podemos leer datos por teclado. Ejemplos de lectura:
Para leer podemos usar el método nextXxx() donde Xxx indica en tipo, por ejemplo nextInt() para leer un entero, nextDouble() para leer un double, etc.
Lectura por teclado de un número entero: int n; System.out.print("Introduzca System.out.print("Introduzca un número entero: "); n = teclado.nextInt(); teclado.nextInt();
Lectura de un número de de tipo double: double x; System.out.print("Introduzca System.out.print("Introduzca número de tipo double: "); x = teclado.nextDouble(); teclado.nextDouble(); Lectura de una cadena de caracteres: caracter es: String s; System.out.print("Introduzca System.out.print("Introduzca texto: "); s = teclado.nextLine(); teclado.nextLine();
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
Semana 11 Semana 11.- Algoritmos de ordenamiento y búsqueda
ORDENAMIENTO
Es la operación de organizar datos en algún orden secuencial de acuerdo a un criterio que puede ser creciente o decreciente para los números o ascendente o descendente (alfabéticamente) para datos de caracteres. El propósito principal de un ordenamiento es el de facilitar las búsquedas de los miembros del conjunto ordenado. Ejemplos de ordenamientos: Directorios telefónicos, índices de contenidos, contenidos, bibliotecas y diccionarios, etc. ¿Cuándo conviene usar un método de ordenamiento? Cuando se requiere hacer una cantidad considerable de búsquedas y es importante el factor tiempo. 1. Método de Inserci ón Directa Este método toma cada elemento del arreglo para ser ordenado y lo compara con los que se encuentran en posiciones anteriores a la de él dentro del arreglo. Si resulta que el elemento con el que se está comparando es mayor que el elemento a ordenar, se recorre hacia la siguiente posición superior. Si por el contrario, resulta que el elemento con el que se está comparando es menor que el elemento a ordenar, se detiene el proceso de comparación pues se encontró que el elemento ya está ordenado y se coloca en su posición (que es la siguiente a la del último número con el que se comparó). Pseudocódigo Este procedimiento recibe el arreglo de datos a ordenar A[] y altera las posiciones de sus elementos hasta dejarlos ordenados de menor a mayor. N representa el número de elementos que contiene A[ ].
I ni c i o
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática Ejemplo: sea el siguiente arreglo A [8] = {7, 3, 4, 1,
8, 2, 6, 5}, N=8
Prueba de Escritorio
A[ 0] -999
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-999 7 3 4 1 8 2 6 5
N 8
K 2
TEMP 3
3
4
4
1
5 6
8 2
-999 3 7 4 1 8 2 6 5
-999 3 4 7 1 8 2 6 5
2. Método De Selección
PTR 1 0 2 1 3 2 1 0 4 5 4
-999 1 3 4 7 8 2 6 5
A[PTR] A[ PTR] 7 -999 7 3 7 4 3 -999 7 8 7
-999
-999
A[PTR+1] A[ PTR+1] 7 3 7 4 7 4 3 1 8 8 7
-999
-999
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática Prueba de escritorio
K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
MIN 7 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2
1 7 1 1
2 3 3 2
POS 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 6
3 4 4 4
J A[J] A[J ] TEMP TEMP 2 3 3 4 4 1 5 8 6 2 7 6 8 5 7 3 4 4 7 5 8 6 2 7 6 8 5 3 4 1 7 7
5 8 8 8
6 2 2 3
7 6 6 6
A[K]
A[POS]
1
7
2
3 8 5 5 5
3. Método Método Burbuj a El bubble sort, también conocido como ordenamiento burbuja, funciona de la
siguiente manera: Se recorre el arreglo intercambiando intercambiando los elementos adyacentes que estén desordenados. Se recorre el arreglo tantas veces hasta que ya no haya cambios. Prácticamente lo que hace es tomar el elemento mayor y lo va
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
vector hasta encontrar el dato buscado, siendo por tanto las condiciones de parada: A(i)=X se halló el elemento buscado ó i=N se llegó al final del vector. Se debe comprobar después si la operación tuvo éxito, o simplemente se llegó al final del vector. Pseudocódigo
I ni c i o POS 0 Desde i = 1 has hastt a N con paso 1 Si A[ i ] = t ent onces ces POS i Fi n_ si si Fi n_de _desde sde_i Fi n 2. Búsqueda Bús queda bin aria
La operación de búsqueda puede ser mucho más eficiente si se sabe que los datos están previamente ordenados. Basta considerar como ejemplo un diccionario, en el que hacemos una búsqueda gracias a la ordenación alfabética de las palabras. En otro caso, sería algo completamente inutilizable. inutilizable. La idea clave consiste en inspeccionar un elemento cualquiera, de índice m (normalmente en la mitad), y compararlo con el argumento X. Los posibles casos
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática Pseudocódigo
I NI CI O Leer Leer X i 1; j n- 1; m ( i +j ) \ 2 / * \ di vi s i ón ent er a * / Mi ent ent r as ( a[ m] <> X y i = j ent onces ces Escr i bi r “D “Da at o bu buscado scado no no se en encue cuent r a” Caso con cont r ar i o Escr i bi r “D “Da at o f ue encon cont r ado en posi ci ón “, m; Fi n_ si si FI N
SELECCIÓN MULTIPLE Sentencia Switch … case La estructura de selección múltiple para casos, que se mostraron tanto en diagrama de flujo, pseudocódigo y/o diagrama de Nassi-Shneiderman, se implementan en código Java de acuerdo con la siguiente sintaxis:
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Codificación de Ejemplo 4-2 solución de la semana 04 de este Manual
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Cuando se utiliza esta versión de la instrucción for, tener en cuenta que: La expresión de “inicialización ” da inicio al bucle y se ejecuta una vez, luego continúa con “incremento” , cuando la expresión de “termino” se evalúa como falsa, el bucle termina. La expresión de “incremento” se invoca después de cada iteración a través del lazo; es perfectamente aceptable para esta expresión para incrementar o reducir un valor. Codificación de Ejemplo 4-3 solución de la semana 04 de este Manual
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Entrada y lectura de Datos con BufferedReader Con las clases BufferedReader e InputStreamReader, se puede conseguir entrada de datos en nuestros programas, ambas pertenecen a la librería java.io. BufferedReader solamente utiliza el método readLine() para la entrada de datos cuyo retorno es String. Entonces cuando ingresamos un número entero, primero se entiende como cadena, por lo que debemos convertirlo a entero a través del método parseInt() de la clase Integer (Integer.parseInt()). Si acaso un usuario ingresa letras en vez de números se disparará una excepción la cual debe ser controlada para evitar quiebres en la ejecución de un programa.
Para utilizar BufferedReader debemos hacer lo siguiente: 1. Crear un objeto BufferedReader BufferedReade r BufferedReader BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in) InputStreamReader(System.in)); ); En java tenemos accesible el teclado desde System.in, que es un InputStream del que podemos leer bytes.
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Semana 12 Semana 12.- Java: Estructuras de control: mientras, hacer mientras.
Sentencia While
Esta sentencia ejecuta repetidamente un bloque de sentencias mientras una condición es verdadera, responde a la siguiente sintaxis JAVA: Sintaxis JAVA while (condición condición)) { instrucción(es); }
La sentencia while evalúa la condición, que debe devolver un valor booleano. Si la condición se evalúa como verdadera, la sentencia while ejecuta la(s) instrución(es) en su bloque cuerpo. cuerpo. La sentencia while continúa probando la condición y la ejecución de su bloque cuerpo hasta que la condición se evalúa como falsa y se
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Sentencia Do ... Whil e
La sentencia do … while ejecuta continuamente un bloque de instrucción(es) mientras una condición particular, es verdadera, caso contrario termina. Su sintaxis se puede expresar como: Sintaxis JAVA do { instrucción(es); } while (condición condición); );
La sentencia do ... while evalúa primero las instrucciones contenidas en su cuerpo entre llaves, luego evalúa la condición, que debe devolver un valor booleano. Si la condición se evalúa como verdadera, se continúa ejecutando la(s) instrucción(es) en su cuerpo entre llaves hasta que la condición se evalúa como falsa y se continua con el resto del programa
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Funciones Matemáticas Matemáticas en JAVA
Como en cualquier otro lenguaje de programación JAVA también facilita una lista de funciones matemáticas predefinidas, predefinidas, cuya sintaxis genérica es la siguiente: Sintaxis Nombre_función((argumento(s) Nombre_función argumento(s)))
Dónde: Nombre_función.Nombre_func ión.Argumento(s).Argumento (s).-
es el nombre de la función matemática, matemática , y es la lista de valores necesario(s) necesario(s ) que puede ser un número, una variable u otro función
Todas las funciones matemáticas pertenecen a la clase Math, la cual debe estar en la java.lang. .lang.math math ; cabecera del programa como: import java Se invocan siempre de la siguiente manera: Math.Nombre_funcion(argumentos). En la tabla siguiente se muestran algunas de las funciones matemáticas comprendidas en la clase Math. Las cuales describiremos brevemente:
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La función logaritmo neperiano, matemáticamente significa Ln x , que en Java correspondería a la expresión Math.log(x). La función potencia, matemáticamente significa baseexponente, que en Java se convertiría en Math.pow(base,exponente),donde base y exponente son números reales, por lo tanto, si queremos obtener la raíz cubica de 2, la instrucción sería Math.pow(2,0.333) Math.pow(2,0.333) o Math.pow(2, (1.0/3.0)) No hay una función directa para obtener la parte entera de un número real, pero para estos casos, se puede obtener de la siguiente manera: int x = (int)(8.7); x = 8;
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Semana 13 Semana 13.- Java: Implementar Arreglos: Unidimensionales y multidimensionales.
ARREGLOS ARREGL OS UNIDIMENSIONALES
Sintaxis en JAVA Un arreglo es un medio de guardar un conjunto de objetos de la misma clase. Se accede a cada elemento individual del arreglo mediante un número entero
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Error Común:
Intentar manipular un elemento con un índice no válido, por ejemplo: Si índice es negativo o si índice >= length, se lanzará la excepción ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExcep ArrayIndexOut OfBoundsException tion
Ejemplo 13-1 13-1 Codificación del Ejemplo 9-3 de este manual.
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ARREGLOS ARREGL OS BIDIMENSIONAL ES
De manera similar a los arreglos unidimensionales, hay que declararlos y crearlos, como sigue: Declaración : Creación :
Tipo_dato[ ] [ ] Nombre_matriz Nombre_Matriz Nombre_Matri z new Tipo_dato[ m m ] [ n]
en l a mi sma l í nea: ea: Declaración y creación en
tamaño
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
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Univers idad Nacional del Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
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Universidad Nacional Nacional del Santa Santa Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Profesion Profesion al de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
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