Malaysian Studies

Notes Hints Malaysian Studies Sufinah Dahari (7536)

Chapter 1: The Early History 1. Original people (native) of Malay Archipelago - concentrate on Perak – Tampan Fort, Ulu Perak (35, 000 years ago) - early stone age (Palaeolithic):

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Characteristics lived in caves main main act activ ivit ity: y: col colle lect ctin ing g fore forest st  products & hunting start tarted ed usin sing sto stone ne tool toolss tool toolss wer weree sim simp ple & cru crud de

Area 1. Tamp Tampan an Estu Estuary ary,, Pera Perak  k  2. Niah Niah Cave Cave,, Sar Saraw awak  ak  3. Ting Tingka kayu yu,, Saba Sabah h

- kingdom (famous for what, located?)  name the early kingdom: Funan, Langkasuka (Patani), Old Kedah, Srivijaya (before Malacca at Sumatera famous for Buddhism and use Sanskrit), Majapahit (Java Hinduism from fr om Indian Hinduism) Kingdom Funan, Kampuchea

Langkasuka, Patani

Old Kedah

Srivijaya, Sumatera

Majapahit, Jawa

Note st

- 1 century - influenced by Old Kedah Hindu Religion - Kg. Sg. Emas (5 th – 10th century) - Pengkalan Bujang (10th -14th century) - 2nd century - important trade centre - influenced by Hinduism & Buddism - Merong Maha Wangsa History - 5th century - monarchy system - strategic location & important entrepot - influenced by Hinduism & Buddism - 7th century - well-known trade centre - strong relationship with India & China - centre of Buddism & Sanskrit - owned several vassal states - 13th century - owned several vassal states - trade centre - strong relationship with China, India & Middle East

- Hinduism: Funan & Majapahit - Buddism: Srivijaya - Hinduism & Buddism: Old Kedah & Langkasuka

2. Modern era of peninsula Malaya from old sultanate Malacca (development has to  be seen) - who’s the founder – Parameswara 1403 - what type of government:  Ruler: head of state, Islamic religion & army  Important officials: Finance Minister, Admiral, Chief of Defence, Chief of  Bursar, Harbour Master  - Law of Malacca: Malacca code of law & Malacca law of the sea - why people came to Malacca (the role of Malacca)  centre for maritime trade & spread of Islam  strategic location midway along trade routes between India & China - Chinese came to Malacca by Cheng Ho, founded by Parameswara, famous with Tun Perak (great names)  what these people famous for? 3. Fall of Malacca Empire: how the role decline - internal factors (politically): Tun Perak died  lack an efficient leader   replaced by Tun Mutahir (weak leader)  struggles for power   Sultan Mahmud (weak ruler)  defamation & bribing were rife  high taxes  merchants divert attention to other ports; Weak administration of Tun Mutahir   Malays hostile towards Indian Muslims  Tun Mutahir & Tun Ali to be put to death  by betrayal of Kitul (Malay) & Raja Mandaliar (Indian native)  Tepok (Tun Perak’s son) appointed as Chief Minister   Tepok too old  ministers formed dissenting groups  misunderstanding & disputes caused segregation  Alfonso d’Albuquerque attacked 1511

- external factors (Cape of Good Hope): Cape of Good Hope in South Africa: easier to sail from West to East 4. Colonial Era - remember date of colonist duration Colonist

Portuguese Dutch British Siamese

Duration 1511-1641 (130 years) 1641-1824 (183 years) 1824-1942; 1945-1957 (130 years) 1831-1909 (88 years)

Japanese - chronology of British colonisation Date 1976 1819 1824 1826 1841 1874 1874 1878 1888 1896 1909 1914 1945 1946 1948 1957

1942-1945 (3.5 years)

Event Penang Island founded by Francis Light Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles Anglo-Dutch treaty Straits Settlement James Brooke took over Sarawak  British intervention in Perak: Pangkor Agreement British intervention in Sungei Ujung Brunei Sultan handed over Sabah to British British intervention in Pahang Federated Malay States Bangkok Agreement Johor accepted British advisor  British Military Administration (BMA) was established Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence of Malaya

- Anglo-Dutch treaty 1824: what for?  Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu), agreed to eradicate pirate activities  result in division of Malay Archipelago into 2 different geo-political areas - states of straits settlement: Penang island, Malacca, Singapore - states of federated Malay: Perak, Selangor, N.Sembilan, Pahang - from Bangkok agreement 1909  unfederated Malays states: Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu, Kelantan Terms: - old kingdom: sultan  sons of the soil - sovereignty  daulat - rescent  derhaka - nusantara  whole of region (Javanese): encompasses Malay Kingdom

Chapter 2: Struggle of independence 1. Failure of Malayan Union - what government is introduced by British: Malayan Union - why the government is opposed:  the granting of citizenship to non-Malays  erosion of Malay rulers’ power & sovereignty  Mac Michael’s treat in getting the rulers to sign agreement - how the government failed:  strong opposition from Malays  no strong support from non-Malays  wrong timing

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opposition from former British administrators in Malaya - what replace the opposed government: Federation of Malaya - why Malayan is opposed:  AMCJA (All-Malaya Council of Joint Action): working committee did not include any non-Malay  PUTERA (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat) – radical Malay party: want Malaya as republic  AMCJA-PUTERA front: form People’s Constitution & launched hartal (close shop strike) 2. Negotiation for Independence - city council election (Georgetown 1951, KL 1952)  demand to British  general election 1955  negotiation of independence  constitution - names of association (MCA, UMNO  Alliance; PAS – Islamic Party of Malaya; Parti Negara – National Party; Parti Buruh – Labour Party; Parti Progresif Rakyat –  People’s Progressive Party): function? - name the community where Tun Abd Rahman and Gangs go to London (Feb 1956): o 4 Malay Rulers representative  Datuk Panglima Gantang, Dato’ Ahmad Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid & Dato’ Mohd Seth o The Alliance representatives  Tunku Abd Rahman, Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, Dato’ Abdul Razak Hussein & Colonel H.S Lee o British representative in Malaya - Lord Lennox Boyd who?: Secretary of British Colonial Territories chaired the negotiation from 18 Jan – 8 Feb, the day the Landon Agreement was signed - British promised to grant independence on condition that a commission be formed to outline and draw up Malaya’s new Constitution 4. Constitution of the Federation of Malaya - when constitution is drew 1956 - Reid Commision: Lord Reid (Britain), Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain), Sir William Mckell (Australia), B. Malik (India) & Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan) - what fundamental principles of Malayan Constitution?: o Yg Dipertuan Agong as the head of Malaya while the rulers are heads of  respective states o The Malays are recognised as the ‘sons of the soil’ & special rights are quaranteed in Constitution (Article 153) Malay language is national language: English however can still be used in o Legislative Council for 10 years period after independence (Article 152) o Person born in Malaya on or after Independence is automatically a Malayan citizen (Article 14-31) o Islam is official religion of Federation of Malaya, but freedom of worship is guaranteed for non-Muslim

Chapter 3: Formation of Malaysia - formed on 1963 by Malaysia Agreement - Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore) left Malaysia 1965 - MAPHILINDO  what?: Malaysia-Philippines-Indonesia - who opposed Malaysia idea?: o PAS  claimed Malays would lose out if Malaysia was established, prefer  MAPHILINDO idea o Philippines  President Macapagal claimed Sabah as Filipino territory, formation of Malaysia will complicate his effort to claim Sabah, Macapagal  broke off diplomatic ties between Philippines & Malaysia Indonesia  President Sukarno launched confrontation policy against Malaya o on 1963 because KL ignored Indonesia in Malaya’s plans to set up a new country. Sukarno claimed Malaysia to be political structure that ignore Indonesia’s interest & weaken the spirit of Malay Archipelago. Historian view: Malaysia aborted Sukarno’s scheme to form greater Indonesian empire, confrontation is a tactic to divert people’s attention away from various internal  problems afflicting Indonesia - Cobbold commission 1962: survey opinions of people of Sabah & Sarawak   survey confirmed more than 70% of people in two countries were in favour 

Chapter 4: System of Government & National Administrative Structure 1. Powers in Malaysia o Executive – power to govern: Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 39) o Legislative – power to draw up, amend & pass law: Yg. Dipertuan Agong, Parliament  House of Representative & House of Senate o Judiciary – power defend justice: Court, defend supremacy of Constitution &  balance other 2 powers 2. Power of Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 20, [2]) o appoint Prime Minister (PM) not to consent dissolution of Parliament o o request for a meeting of Ruler’s Council - king  PM  cabinet member  - if want to hold an election  ask the king, king decide - why king must dissolve parliament?  for election 3. Function of Yg Dipertuan Agong - appoint members of House of Representatives (by acting on advice of PM: Article 40, [1]) - supreme head of Federation’s Armed Forces (Article 40) 4. Council of Rulers (Majlis Raja-raja): Article 38, [1] - members: 9 rulers/states + Yg Dipertua Negeri of Malacca, Penang, Sabah & Sarawak (Governor)

- general functions are about interest of Malay Rulers & religion, and administrative affairs of country - Function (Article 38, [2]): o election of Yg. Dipertuan Agong & Deputy Yg. Dipertuan Agong o approves/disapproves any act, practice or religious ceremony that involves Federation as a whole o approves/disapproves any law & gives advice on whatever appointment, that under Constitution, requires the approval of, or consultations with the Council of Rulers o appoint members of Special Court (Article 182, [1]) grants pardon, postpones or commutes sentences (Article 42, [12]) o o deliberate matters pertaining to national policy (such as amendments to the immigration policy) and all other matters - appointment of Yg. Dipertuan Agong: governor has no voting right & cannot be a candidate 5. Cabinet - cabinet (Article 43): minister with/without portfolio - primary role: determine government’s policies & issue directives for the implementation by the government administrative machinery at federal & state levels - acting as an advisory to Yg. Dipertuan Agong 6. Legislative Body (Parliament) - power to make law (call Act in federal level, Enakmen or Ordinan in state level) - exercise of legislative powers by Parliament (Article 66) o to inect law; the power of inect law shall follows procedure (Article 66, [1]): i) Minister & officers of ministry frame bill with advice from Attorney General’s Office ii) Minister will get Cabinet to pass bill policy explaining in detail the importance of presenting in Parliament iii) After being agreed by Cabinet, with/without amendment the bill is printed & presented to Parliament iv) Bill is presented to House of Representatives/Senate involve 3 readings: 1st reading – Minister read bill 2nd reading – principle of bill are debate 3rd reading – if agreed by 2/3 majority of House, bill are discussed at level of House Committee v) Bill approved by both Houses is presented to Yg. Dipertuan Agong for  approval vi) Before it is accepted & applied, the bill, approved by Yg. Dipertuan Agong, will have to be stamped with Royal Seal o Exceptions whereby bill can still be turn into law even though not pass by either Houses (Article 68)  where a MONEYBILL pass by Parliament  passed to House of Senate, after 1 month, Senate did not agree/do nothing, the  bill can be handover by Parliament without agreement of Senate to Yg. Dipertuan Agong Exeptions whereby any bill still is turn into law even though not get consent o from Yg. Dipertuan Agong (Article 66, [4])  If bill not assented by 30 days,

o o

o

 by Yg. Dipertuan Agong, the bill will automatically become law as if it has  passed by both Houses (must passed by both Houses) Article 66, [2]: Subject to Article 67, a bill can be originated by either House Article 67: A bill or amendment of provision increase, decrease any tax, abolishing tax, etc (MONEYBILL) which can only by originated by House of  Representative Article 66, [3]: When a bill has been passed by a House in which it originated, it shall be passed to the other House & get the consent of Yg. Dipertuan Agong after being passed by the other House subject to Article 67

7. Judiciary - function of court o  power to interpret Constitution o  power to interpret Law o  power to proclaim/declare a written Federal or State law invalid o  power to declare a government action as invalid in the eyes of the law - two-tier system (IMPORTANT): superior  hear appeal cases & deal death penalty case subordinate  limited power & cannot hear appeal case Superior Court Subordinate Court Special Court  Federal Court: Session Court (District   Juvenile Court (Court for  - consist Chief Justice of  Court at Sabah/Sarawak) Children) Federal Court, Chief  - headed by sessions court - headed by Session Court Justice of High Court, 4  judge  judge  judges & no. of additional - highest subordinate court - hear offences commited by  judges - hear all criminal offences  juvenile < 18 years of age - decides on validity of  other than except with death - offenders cannot be laws made in Parliament or   punishment sentence but sent to State level - can impose jail sentence, rehabilitation centers such - decides on disputes fine & whipping befitting Henry Gurney School until  between Federal & State the offence committed as 21 government  permitted by the law - decides on disputes - hear civil cases where  between 2 states amount disputed < - advises Yg. Dipertuan RM250,000 Agong on Constitution - hear civil cases on landlord & tenant  High Court: Magistrate Court  Syariah Court  - headed by Chief Judge of  - headed by magistrate - headed by religious head High Court - hear light criminal & civil appointed by Ruler/Sultan - has jurisdiction to hear  cases where the maximum - examine cases of offences cases which carry death imprisonment < 10 years or  against Islamic religious law  penalty are punishable by fine < RM involving Muslims only - has jurisdiction to hear  25,000 - administer & handle civil cases; matrimonial - hear claims for repayment Islamic laws cases, bankruptcy & of debts in the monetary company cases, form guardianship of disabled - can impose caning for 

persons

criminal cases  Penghulu Court  - headed by Penghulu/ Head of Mukim in Penghulu hall - examine light criminal where fine < RM 25 - examine civil cases where fine < RM 50  District Court (Native Court) - headed by District Officer  - exists in Sabah/Sarawak  - has authority to decide a re-trial

 Industrial Court  - judges & settle employeremployee & trade union disputes

- if appeal case: hear at Magistrate Court to bring to High Court - Article 74, [9]: Powers in country divided into Federal (federal list) & State (state list) & Joint list - Federal: Defence, citizenship & foreign policies - State: Religion, lent matters, forest tree & protected animals

Chapter 5: Parliamentary Democracy in Malaysia 1. Types of election - general election for whole country - by-election to constitutes the choosing of representative by public citizen: representative seat is vacant by post stripped off or death 2. Voter & Conditions - Article 119, [1]: Malaysian on reaching the age of 21 on the qualifying date & resides in an election division on the qualifying date or if not residing is considered as absentee voter. - 3 categories of absentee voters: o A Malaysian citizen who is working in Federation Armed Forces or  Commonwealth countries, who, with his wife lives in a residence provided by Armed Forces authority on the date of application to register as a voter in the electoral district (the district he registered) o A Malaysian citizen living overseas with his wife but working with Federal or  State government or local or semi-government authority, who has applied to register himself as a voter in the electoral constituency o A Malaysian citizen (& wife) who is studying abroad, who applies to register  himself as a voter in electoral constituency - Lost the right to vote: On the qualifying date he is held as a person who does not have a fully sound mind or  is carrying out a jail sentence A person is found guilty & is imposed the death sentence or jail exceeding 12 months in any Commonwealth country 3. Duration as People’s Representative & Member of State Legislative Assembly

- until that date Parliament is dissolved by Yg. Dipertuan Agong or State Legislative Assembly is dissolved by Sultan/Ruler or Yg. Dipertua Negeri - voluntarily withdraw by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of House of  Representative - absent from meetings for six month without prior approval from the House concerned (Article 52) 4. Duration in Office of Senator  - limited to 3 years - resign from post by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of Senate

Chapter 6: Supremacy of Constitution - contains 15 sections, 183 clauses/articles & 15 schedules - main features o Malaysia is a federation o Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy Malaysia is a country that practises parliamentary democracy o o Religious freedom with Islam as the official religion of Malaysia o Supremacy of Constitution & rule of law o Doctrine of separation of power  o Validity & transparency of Judiciary o  National language, special rights of Malays & the native tribes of Sabah & Sarawak 

Chapter 7: Important Provisions in Malaysia Constitution 1. Language (Article 152) - Malay language as national language 2. Religion (Part I, Chapter 3) - Islam is official religion of Federation; but other religions are allowed to be  practised in peace & harmony in any part of the Federation (Article 1) - In states that have a ruler/sultan as head of state, the sultan/ruler is the head of Islam in the state concerned (Article 2) - For states without a sultan/ruler (Sabah, Sarawak, Malacca & Penang Island) & the Federal Territories (KL, Labuan, Putrajaya), the head of Islam is Yg. Dipertuan Agong (Article 3) 3. Citizenship (Part II) - special rights of citizen o right to vote in election o right to take active part in politics right to fill a post that is exclusively for citizens only o free to own landed property & to be considered for special terms relating to o  property development o right to receive no. of benefits & facilities in the country freedom of movement throughout the country (Article 9) o

right not to be exiled - way of acquiring citizenship (IMPORTANT!!): o

 Jus Soli (laws of birth place)

 Jus Sanguinis (laws of blood descent)

- automatic citizenship for people born in Malaysia between 31st August 1957 –  October 1962 - if born after 1962 (either or):  mother/father is citizen at time of   birth  at time of birth, mother/father  residing in country  at time of birth, not a citizen of any country Marriage

- relies on citizenship status of father  - is citizen if father is a citizen - if child is born outside (either or):  father born in Malaysia  father holds post in Public Service at Federal/State level  birth was registered at Malaysian Consulate/Malaysian government within 1 year after birth

- right to a foreign woman married to Malaysian citizen - conditions (must):  if husband citizen in October 1962 with marriage still binding  lived in Federation for 2 years before application, has intention to continue living in federation & is of good conduct

- to residents not born in Malaysia to be Malaysian citizen - conditions (must):  aged 21 & above  live in Federation at least 10 out of  12 years from & up to date of  application  have intention to live permanently  of good conduct  sufficient knowledge of Malay language

 Naturalization (Article 19)

- applicant required to take oath of allegiance to the Federation & able to speak Malay language

Chapter 8: Ethnic composition of Malaysian population - remember main inhabitants of Malaysia: Malay Chinese

* Banjar  * Boyan * Bugis * Jawa * Kampar  * Kerinci * Mendaling * Minangkabau * Rawa

Peninsular Malaysia Indian Indigenous

 Hokkien * ChuanChew * Chin-Chew * Eng-Hua * Eng-Choon * Hok-Chew  Kwantung 

* Malayali * Punjabi * Ceylonese * Tamil * Telegu

(aborigines) * Negrito * Senoi * Melayu Asli

Sabah

* Bajau * Dusun * Murut * Bisaya * Kadayun * Org. Sg. * Org. Laut * Brunei

Sarawak  

* Bidayuh * Bisaya * Iban * Kayan * Kedayan * Kelabit * Kenyah * Melanau * Malays

* Johor-Riau

* Kanton * Teochew * Hakka * Hailam

* Murut * Penan * Punan

- Malayan of Indonesian origin Community Javanese

Banjar

Bugis

Boyanese

Minangkabau

Background

- from Jawa Island - concentrate in Johor (Muar, Pontian, Batu Pahat), Selangor (Klang, K. Selangor, K. Langat), Perak (Hilir  Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar) - from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan - concentrate in Perak (Kerian, Parit Buntar), Selangor  (Sabak Bernam) & Johor (Batu Pahat) - from Sulawesi Island - business group - concentrate in Johor (Benut, Kukup, Rengit), Selangor  (Langat Valley) - from Boyan Island - migrated to Singapore, Ipoh, KL, JB, Penang Island - experts in horse-rearing - from Sumatera - concentrate in N. Sembilan & Malacca - known for Adat Perpatih - involves in business & agriculture

- based on 1995 population distribution: Bumiputera = 11.95 mil, Chinese = 5.29 mil, Indian = 1.5 mil. - 1995, most populated states: Selangor, Johor & Sabah + Labuan - domination to sectors & ethnic groups 1995 Malay * agriculture * mining * electricity, gas, water  * transportation, communication * finance, insurance, property

Chinese * trading, hotel & restaurant * construction

Indian * other services

- domination to occupation & ethnic group 1995 Malay * professional & technical * teacher & nurse * clerical worker 

Chinese * administration & management

- domination in professions 1995, more Chinese & Indians than Bumiputeras

Malay

Chinese * accountant * architect * dentist * engineer  * lawyer 

* doctor  * veterinarian * surveyor 

- average household income in 1995 Malay RM 1,600

Chinese RM 2,895

Indian RM 2,153

Chapter 9: Unity & National Integration 1. Process to get integration (IMPORTANT!!): - unity: process of uniting groups with different backgrounds into one entity - integration: unity bound by common norms, values & interest Low integration Segregation - no integration - split of ethnics - occurs by law (de jure): apartheid at South Africa - occurs not base on law (de facto)

Accomodation - ethnic aware of  each other’s norms & value - safeguard own living culture - live harmony & respect - example: Switzerland (consist Germans, French & Italians)

Acculturation - known as cultural assimilation - minority accept majority’s norms, values & culture - borrow/accept cultural elements without changing the original cultural elements

High integration Assimilation Amalgation - known as - culture/race structural mixes form assimilation types of new - entry to culture & race dominant - intersociety through marriage friendship & close connection

2. Obstacles to National Integration - Prejudice: attitude towards other groups based on common generalization (stereotype) - Racism (communalism): attitude of favouring one’s own ethnich community - Ethnocentrism: belief that one’s own culture is superior to that of other  3. Efforts - political - economic - social & cultural 4. Basis of racial unity in Malaysia - sharing political power  - democratic government - sound economic growth

- cultural compromise Chapter 10: Rukun Negara: The national ideology 1. 13 May 1969: - what the cause:  misunderstanding in Kg. Baru, KL when DAP won elect ion  supporters of opposition political party too enthusiastic in celebration of   party’s victory  actions beyond confines of law & social ethics  behaviour annoyed the supporters of governing coalition  opposition predominantly Chinese, governing purely Malay party  confrontation & local quarrel flared into a - what the effect:  racial clash between Chinese & Malay  National Operation Council/NOC (MAGERAN) took over country  Special Peace & Development bodies formed  Rukun Negara was formed - what kind of government introduced to deal with chaotic country: MAGERAN - function of the government:  formulate normative guidance & set of values for unity 2. Principle of Rukun Negara (remember the order) - belief in God - loyalty to King & Country - upholding Constitution - rule of law - decorum & morality

Chapter 11: Development Plan & Vision 1. Outline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1) = New Economic Policy (NEP) - introduced after 13 May 1969 - period of 20 years (1971 – 1990) - 4 years Malaysia plans (MP2 – MP5) - to bring back once more racial integration through national economic development 2. Outline Perspective Plan 2 (OPP2) = National Development Policy (NDP) - to create a fairer & more united Malaysian society - period 10 years (1991 – 2000) - 1st phase to achieve Vision 2020 - to bring balanced development (generates rapid socio-economic growth by income distribution) 3. Outline Perspective Plan 3 (OPP3) = National Vision Policy (NVP) - period of 10 years (2001 – 2010) - 2nd phase to achieve Vision 2020

- to bring balanced development (agricultural sector, small to medium industries to industries based on high technology & information te chnology)

4. Vision 2020 - not a concrete policy - slogan/motto to empower citizens to transform Malaysia into a developed nation - consist 9 challenges of Vision 2020 Terms: - esprit de corps: pride & loyalty to unite members of group - K-economy: economic growth based on knowledge

Chapter 12: Malaysia’s Main Policies 1. Purpose - to fulfil socio-economic needs (economic growth, income distribution & welfare) 2. Economy Based- Policy - National Agriculture Policy (NAP)  why? relative rapid overall economic growth effect  to transform agricultural sector to be more modern, commercialised & sustainable  to increase country’s export commodities - National Incorporation Policy  joint venture between private & public sectors  to create close, meaningful, effective cooperation between public & private sector   to improve national earnings - National Privasation Policy  support National Incorporation Policy  transform government sector functions & activities to private sector   to raise productivity quality & administrative efficiency - National Development Policy (from Chapter 11)  NEP  NDP  NVP - National Industrialization Policy  to intensify industrial growth through manufacturing  to optimise the use of country’s natural resources  to upgrade local research & development of local technology  involve Malaysian Industrial Policy Study (MIPS): to asses/amend existing industrial policies & to review investment incentives & export promotion  policies  involve Industrial Master Plan (IMP): to formulate general industrial development objectives & strategies for small sectors with potential 3. Socially-Based Policies

- National Integration Policy - National Cultural Policy - Policy of Applying Islamic Values in Administration - National Women’s Policy 4. National Education Policy - replaced colonial education system: to elevate the spirit of Malaysians after  Independence - born from Tun Razak Report 1956 - Education Ordinance 1957 - reviewed in 1960  Rahman Talib Report 1960  1961 Education Act - emphasis to help NDP to eliminate poverty & restructure society - programme: KBSR, KBSM 5. Educational Reforms - improve educational system’s conditions & quality - create an updated system of education that is universal standard - programme: modernisation, manpower development Science & technology  programme 6. Smart School - to produce young dynamic Malaysians in line with world education development but adapted to norms & values of Malaysian way of life - programme: smart - learning, curriculum, assessment, teaching, management

Chapter 13: Malaysia’s Policy on Regional & World Affairs 1. Malaysia & Regional Relations - ASA 1961(South Asia Organisation): Philippines & Malaysia failed - MAPHILINDO 1963 failed: Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia - ASEAN 1967:  set up because failure of ASA & MAPHILINDO  to build up strength of regional unity  programme (IMPORTANT!!): * APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) * EAEC (ASEAN Economic Ministers’ Conference) * Kuala Lumpur Declaration 1971  proclaim ZOPFAN (Zone of  Peace, Freedom & Neutrality) - Bangkok Declaration 1967  ASEAN (Association of Asian Nations): remember  the full name - remember 10 members of ASEAN: Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma) & Laos - contributes towards economic, social & political development - example of case solved by ASEAN solidarity policy:  Malaysia-Thai (1977): maritime zone between south Thailand & state of  Kelantan Malaysia-Indonesia: area in South China Sea & eastern Sabah

Malaysia-Indonesia Memorandum of Understanding 1973: Malaysia give Natuna & Anambas islands to Indonesia  Singapore claim on Batu Putih Island (Singapore win)  Vietnam claim on Spratley Island •

2. Malaysia & World Affairs - Commonwealth Organisation: organisation of former, independent British colonies  49 members with former British protectorates: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India & Sri Lanka - South-South cooperation:  strengthening ties among members of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement/Movement of Non-aligned Countries) st  1 time in Asia Africa Conference in Bandoeng 1955: proclaimed the importance of economic development & cooperation among member  countries  comprehensive framework of common agreement: Group 77 Conference Caracas, Venuzela 1981  South Commision (question can come out to choose which one is not South Commision member): Tanzania, India, Egypt, Brazil, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, West Samoa, Argentina, Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, Philippines, Mexico, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Yugoslavia, Venuzuela, China, Guyana, Cuba, Pakistan, Senegal, Indonesia, Algeria, Malaysia - OIC (Organisation of Islamic Countries) 1971  known as Islamic Commonwealth/Islamic Secretariat  43 countries  made at Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers in Jeddah (1970) - United Nations Organisation (UN): base for forging international linkages with member countries in economic, social & political development - UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation): remember the full name  set up in Paris, 1946 with 61 members today from 28 members initially  focused on continent of Africa & Latin America (because of backwardness & poverty) - important objectives OIC * forge closer unity & cooperation among member economically, socially & culturally & in field of science * firm up cooperative efforts to protect honour, independence & national rights * solve problems dispute involving Islamic nations * eliminate any oppression & colonialism to bring universal peace

UNESCO * develop knowledge particularly science * have close cooperation to eliminate illiteracy * improve level of cooperation in education & culture to create world unity & welfare

- important programme for all policy (IMPORTANT!!)

Policy Commonwealth Organisation

Programme * Colombo Plan (question can come out to choose which strategy is under  Colombo Plan)

South-South Cooperation

* Group 15 (G-15) & Malaysia as pioneer in  programmes for investment data exchange, & SouthSouth Trade & Technology * International Islamic University of Malaya

OIC

Fighting Drug Abuse Internationally

Strategy Colombo plan implementation: * supply training & research experts * prepare places of training in universities for those that need them * prepare equipment for  research & help * finance physical development  projects * aid in health, agriculture & marketing * opposition against apartheid * make Antarctica an agenda for United Nations Organisation

* support Islamic Development Bank activities (IDB) & set up IDB in Malaysia in 1995

* International Conference on Drug Abuse & Illegal Trafficking in Vienna, Austria - 1987

UNESCO

* focus on development in Africa

Chapter 14: Development & Environment 1. Management of Natural Resources Protection & Conservation (IMPORTANT!!) Resource programme Water  * management & control of water  catchment areas & river water  * guidelines on water utilization  Forest  * increase in forest reserve * reforestation projects & establishing forest estate * National Forestry Act 1984 * Malaysian Peer System & Selection * replanting forest trees * management system

Strategy * control of development of highland areas, water catchment areas & water supply

* improve effectiveness of enforcing reforestation * protect forest & biological diversity especially involving logging * method of logging that reduces negative effects to environment * provision of log supply * improve forest product industry

* forest cultivation to improve economy of local people * forest control using Geographical Information System (GIS)

* 3rd national forest inventory in West Malaysia * improve research & development  programmes especially the management of  forest uses, census & control of resources, silviculture, reforestation & rehabilitation

2. Education & training programmes - emphasizes values of protecting environment - remember SIRIM (Industrial Standard & Research Institute) 3. Non-Governmental Organisation programmes - remember campaigns:  Love Our Rivers  Tree Planting Campaign  Clean & Beautiful Campaign  Haze Awareness Campaign 4. International & Regional Agreement - in fostering commitment on the environment, Malaysia involved in;  Framework of Climatic Change Convention (FCCC)  Biological Diversity Convention  Basel Convention On the Movement & Disposal of Dangerous & Toxic Wastes Across Boundaries  RAMSAR Convention  Desertification Convention - sustain protection of environment through;  General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)  Group for Environmental Measures & International Trade 1994 World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Chapter 15: Human Development 1. Special governmental human development programmes - through various ministries  Ministry of Youth  Ministry of National Unity & Social Development  Ministry of Human Resource - to create a defence to fight against negative social ills - Ministry of Human Resource  protecting interest of workers through concept of harmonious relations  between organisation & coordinating the planning development  programmes for skilled, productive & disciplined workers - human development through prime agenda, core programmes & Ministry of Youth & Sports’ National Social Services Programme Strategy Prime agenda to enforce youth * to mobilize efforts to create a younger  development generation that is: dynamic, creative, with vision, entrepreneurship & culture

* founded upon knowledge, skills, technology & up-to-date information system * highlight youth activities through informal training that emphasizes awareness of lifelong education in line with Malaysian & eastern religious & moral norms * to sustain efforts in creating a frontline of  dynamic & capable leaders * to reinforce integrated cooperation between government, private & non-government organisations * promote culture of peace through thoughts & activities that have as roots, the esteem local culture Core Programmes

* Prime Leadership Programmes * programmes for development of  entrepreneurs * programme for developing personality * implement Young Comrades (Rakan Muda) Programme

- social development through national integration & development of human resources Programme Strategy Ministry of Unity & Social Development * foster unity among races * National Integration * reduce economic development imbalance * Social & Community Development  between states & urban & rural areas * Natural Disaster Aid * inculcate values & spirit of cooperation & * Moral Reform Centers (for adolescents) responsibility to overcome problems through * Tunas Bakti (Young Potentials) schools community projects; rehabilitation centers, * Reform homes welfare homes & Prime Welfare Brigade * Development * inculcate spirit of mutual help for unfortunate & poor families * give help & moral support to adolescents faced with social problems so that they will change for the better & can contribute to national development * strengthen institution of family to produce responsible citizens * promote & determine methods/techniques to create strong families

- Ministry of Education (MOE) programme for human development Programme Philosophy of National Education

Strategy * integrated & overall development of potential of an individual * create human beings who are balances & harmonious intellectually, spiritually,

emotionally & physically, guided by their   belief in & obedience to God * produce Malaysian citizens who are,  knowledgeable  resourceful  noble in character   responsible  capable of achieving personal well-being  contribute towards social & national harmony & prosperity Islamic Education (Muslim students)

* build up potential of self for forming good morals, behaviour & attitudes following God’s teachings * inculcate behaviour as underlined in Koran & Sunnah * develop human beings who can lead society to a peaceful & happy life * encourage & form quality knowledge to strive for excellence in life

- development of world standard knowledge (MSC – Universal Standard IT) Aim

* to know & identify all advantages & disadvantages of universal explosion of  information technology * to develop the endurance to prepare oneself for constructing the best mechanism to choose & to adapt information obtained from within & outside country to the way of  life o people * make use of smart city, that is Putrajaya, as launching pad for world standard IT development Programme Strategy Electronic government * government administration center that uses the concept of sophisticated multimedia * computerised information network that links with various organisations through the electronic method;  video conferencing meetings  sharing of database  line for sharing information with  businessman & public Smart School Telemedicine Research & development complex (R&D)  National card for diverse uses (I-Card) Borderless marketing center 

Web

- government’s concern in family development programmes Programme * Child protection Act 1991 * counselling services * National Action Plan for life, protection & development of children 1994

Strategy * provide protection for the safety & health of children through legal system * formation of children’s teams at state & district level * plan for welfare, education & health development * concern & love for parents & senior  citizens * protection & welfare for senior citizens * non-governmental bodies have built 132 senior citizen homes