LABORATORIUM MESIN FAKULTAS FAKULTAS TEKNI TE KNIK K UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN INDONESIA Jl. Mayjen Sutoyo No. 2 Cawan ! Ja"a#ta $%&%' INDONESIA
LAPORAN PRATIKUM PRATIKUM METALURGI FISIK
D()u)un Ole* + URFAN URFAN RAMADHAN : 14171015001
TEKNIK MESIN FAKULT FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI TEKNOLO GI INDUSTRI INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BUDI UTOMO 2016
1
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN LABORATORIUM MATERIAL TEKNIK FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN INDONESIA JAKARTA 2016
D()etuju( untu" La,o#ato#(u- Metalu#( FT. Me)(n UKI Jaka!a" 2# A$%&!%& 2016
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KATA KATA PENGANTAR PENG ANTAR
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u6a"an te#(-a "a)(* ata) 1u"unan yan 1(,e#("an 1ala- enyu)unan -a"ala* (n(4 -a"a enul() -enu6a"an ,anya" te#(-a "a)(* "ea1a + $. Kea1a Kea1a "elua#a "elua#a 1an 1an o#an tua te#6(nt te#6(ntaa yan )elalu )elalu )a,a# )a,a# -en1oa"an -en1oa"an 1e-( "elan6a#an )e-ua u#u)an e#"ul(a*an4 )e*(na -a"ala* (n( un 1aat te#)ele)a("an. 2. Kea1a Kea1a I,u Me1(ya Me1(ya 5ant(a 5ant(ane ne 1an Baa" Baa" Ben*ea#t Ben*ea#t Ta#(an Ta#(an44 )ela"u e-,(-,(n 0#a"te" 0#a"te" Manu7a"tu# yan yan -e-,e#("an elaja#an elaja#an 1an -ate#( )ela-a #a"te" ,e#lan)un. Te#(-a "a)(* ata) ,(-,(nan 1an a#a*an 1ala- 0enul()an -a"ala* (n(. %. Kea1a Kea1a te-an8tete-an8te-an an )ee#juan )ee#juanan an Te" Te"n(" n(" Me)(n Me)(n ITBU ,a(" ,a(" "ela) #eule# -auun 02T "*u)u)nya Kelo-o" F. 9. O#an O#an te#)ayan te#)ayan yan yan )elalu )elalu -enja1( -enja1( -ot(:a)( -ot(:a)( enul() enul() 1an 1an -en1oa"a -en1oa"ann 1( )et(a jeja" lan"a* enul() 1ala- *al aaun. Te#(-a Te#(-a "a)(* ;. Dan )e-ua )e-ua (*a" (*a" yan yan )elalu )elalu -e-,e#("a -e-,e#("ann 1u"un 1u"unan an yan )anat )anat -e-,antu enul() ,a(" -o#(l -auun -ate#(l. 0enul() ,e#*a#a4 1enan -e-,a6a -a"ala* (n( e-,a6a 1aat -e-a*a-( 1an -enenal aa (tu P',$%.-a, D'&!%k!- (a/a a!'-a) 1ala- )(7at8)(7at )uatu -ate#(al )e6(-en te#tentu .
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DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN++++++++++ PENGESAHAN+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-++++++++++++++++++-KATA KATA PENGANTAR++++ PENGANTAR+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ISI++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ BAB I : PENDAHULUAN+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ PENDAHULUAN+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++1
$.$ Lata# Lata# Bela"an. Bela"an...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............... .................$ .......$ $.2 Bata)an Bata)an Ma)ala*. Ma)ala*...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .................. ................... ...........% .% $.% Ma")u1 Ma")u1 1an Tujuan Tujuan 0e#6o,aa 0e#6o,aan.... n......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................ .................% ........% $.9 S()te-at(" S()te-at("aa 0enul()a 0enul()an.... n......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ................... ...................% .........% BAB II : PEMBAHASAN+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ PEMBAHASAN++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5
2.$ 0enuj(an 0enuj(an De)t#u"t(7..... De)t#u"t(7.......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ............ ................ ................... ..............; ....; 2.2 Ke"uatan Ke"uatan Ta#("... a#("........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............... ...............; .....; 2.% Ke"uatan Ke"uatan Lulu* 3(el1 3(el1 St#ent*/... St#ent*/........ .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .............. .............> ....> 2.9 Mo1ulu) Mo1ulu) Ela)t()(ta Ela)t()(ta)... )........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ............ ................ .................? ........? 2.; Uj( Ta#("... a#("........ .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. ................. ................... ............$$ ..$$ 2.& Uj( I-a6t.... I-a6t......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. .................. ................... ...........$> ..$> 2.&.$ 2.&.$ 0enuj(an 0enuj(an I-a6t I-a6t Meto1e Meto1e C*a#y... C*a#y....... ......... .......... .......... .............. .................. .............2' ....2' 2.&.2 2.&.2 0enuj(an 0enuj(an I-a6t I-a6t Meto1e Meto1e (@o1...... (@o1........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ..................22 .........22 2.&.% 2.&.% Jen()8jen Jen()8jen() () 0ata*an 0ata*an I-a6t.... I-a6t......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ .......22 22 2.&.9 2.&.9 Te-e#a Te-e#atu# tu# TeTe-at at 0enuj( 0enuj(an an I-a6t I-a6t..... .......... .......... .......... ........... ................ ............2% ..2% BAB III : METODE PENGUJIAN+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++24 PENGUJIAN+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++24
%.$ Uj( Ta#("... a#("........ .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................. .................29 .......29 %.2 D(a#aD(a#a- Al(# Al(# 0e#6o,aan 0e#6o,aan..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............29 .......29 %.% Alat 1an Ba*an.... Ba*an......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............2; .......2; %.%.$ %.%.$ Alat 0en1u"un 0en1u"un... ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. .................. ................... ...........2; ..2;
5
%.%.2 %.%.2 Ba*an Ba*an 1an -e)(n -e)(n 3a 3an D(una" D(una"an... an........ .......... .......... .......... ............ ................. .............2; ...2; %.%.% %.%.% 0#o)e1u# 0#o)e1u# 0e#6o,aa 0e#6o,aan.... n......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .............. .................. ...................2; ..........2; %.%.9 %.%.9 Data .......%> %.&.$ %.&.$ Alat 0en1u"un 0en1u"un... ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............. .................. ................... ...........%> ..%> %.&.2 %.&.2 Ba*an Ba*an 1an -e)(n -e)(n 3a 3an D(una" D(una"an... an........ .......... .......... .......... ............ ................. .............%> ...%> %.&.% %.&.% 0#o)e1u# 0#o)e1u# 0e#6o,aa 0e#6o,aan.... n......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .............. .................. ...................%> ..........%> %.&.9 %.&.9 Se)(7("a Se)(7("a)( )( alat uj( 1e)t#u"t(7. 1e)t#u"t(7...... .......... .......... .......... ............ ................ ................... ...............9' .....9' %.&.; %.&.; Data %.&.> Sa#an.... Sa#an......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ................... ............99 ..99 %.&.? %.&.? 0e#*(tuna 0e#*(tunann 1an 1an Jawa,a Jawa,ann 0e#tany 0e#tanyaan.. aan....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ .......9; 9; BAB IV : PENUTUP+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ PENUTUP++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++51 51
9.$ S(-ulan. S(-ulan...... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ................... ................;$ ......;$ 9.2 Sa#an.... Sa#an......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........;2 ...;2 DAFTAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA+++++ PUSTAKA++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5 LAMPIRAN++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++54
BAB III
6
III PENDAHULUAN
1+1
La!a B')aka,$
Suatu loa- -e-unya( )(7at8)(7at te#tentu yan 1(,e1a"an ata) )(7at 7()("4 -e"an("4 t*e#-al4 1an "o#o)(7. Sala* )atu yan ent(n 1a#( )(7at te#)e,ut a1ala* )(7at -e"an(". S(7at -e"an(" te#1(#( 1a#( "euletan4 "e"e#a)an4 "e"uatan4 1an "etanu*an. "etanu*an. S(7at -e"an(" -e#ua"an )ala* )atu a6uan untu" -ela"u"an #o)e) )elanjutnya te#*a1a )uatu -ate#(al4 6onto*nya untu" 1(,entu" 1an 1(la"u"an #o)e) e#-e)(nan. e#-e)(nan. Untu" -eneta*u( -eneta*u( )(7at -e"an(" a1a )uatu loaloa- *a#u) 1(la"u"an enuj(an te#*a1a loa- te#)e,ut. Sala* )atu enuj(an yan 1(la"u"an a1ala* enuj(an ta#(". Dala- e-,uatan )uatu "on)t#u")( 1(e#lu"an -ate#(al 1enan )e)(7("a)( 1an )(7at8)(7at yan "*u)u) a1a )et(a ,a(annya. Se,aa( 6onto* 1ala e-,uatan "on)t#u")( "on)t#u")( )e,ua* je-,atan. je-,atan. D(e#lu"an -ate#(al -ate#(al yan "uat untu" -ene#(-a ,e,an 1(ata)nya. Mate#(al jua *a#u) ela)t() aa# a1a )aat te#ja1( e-,e,anan )tan1a# atau ,e#le,(* ,e#le,(* t(1a" ata*. Sala* Sala* )atu 6onto* -ate#(al yan )e"a#an ,anya" 1(una"an a1a "on)t#u")( ,anunan atau u-u- a1ala* loa-. Me)"(un 1ala- #o)e) e-,uatannya tela* 1(#e1(")("an )(7at -e"an(" 1a#( loa- te#)e,ut4 "(ta e#lu ,ena#8,ena# -eneta*u( -eneta*u( n(la( -utla" 1an a"u#at 1a#( )(7at -e"an(" loa- te#)e,ut. Ole* "a#ena (tu4 )e"a#an (n( ,anya" 1(la"u"an enuj(an8enuj(an enuj(an8enuj(an te#*a1a )a-el )a-el 1a#( -ate#(al. 0enuj(an (n( 1(-a")u1"an aa# "(ta 1aat -eneta*u( ,e)a# )(7at -e"an(" 1a#( -ate#(al4 )e*(na 1aat 1l(*at "ele,(*an 1an "e"u#anannya. Mate#(al yan -e-unya( )(7at -e"an(" le,(* ,a(" 1aat -e-e#,a("( )(7at -e"an(" 1a#( -ate#(al 1enan )(7at yan "u#an ,a(" 1enan 6a#a alloy(n.
1e)a(n #o1u" "a#ena -ena*)(l"an 1ata "e"uatan -ate#(al. 0enuj(an uj( ta#(" 1(una"an untu" -enu"u# "eta*anan )uatu -ate#(al te#*a1a aya )tat() yan 1(,e#("an )e6a#a la-,at.Sala* )atu 6a#a untu" -eneta*u( ,e)a#an )(7at -e"an(" 1a#( loa- a1ala* 1enan uj( ta#(". S(7at -e"an(" yan 1aat 1("eta*u( a1ala* "e"uatan 1an ela)t()(ta) 1a#( loa- te#)e,ut. Uj( ta#(" ,anya" 1(la"u"an untu" -elen"a( (n7o#-a)( #an6anan 1a)a# "e"uatan )uatu ,a*an 1an )e,aa( 1ata en1u"un ,a( ,a( )e)(7("a)( ,a*an. ,a*an. N(la( "e"uatan "e"uatan 1an ela)t()(ta) 1a#( 1a#( -ate#(al uj( 1aat 1(l(*at 1a#( "u#:a uj( ta#(". Dala- ,(1an (n1u)t#( 1(e#lu"an enuj(an ta#(" (n( untu" -e-e#t(-,an"an -e-e#t(-,an"an 7a"to# -etalu#( 1an 7a"to# -e"an() yan te#6a"u 1ala #o)e) e#la"uan e#la"uan te#*a1a loa- ja1(4 untu" -e-enu*( -e-enu*( #o)e) )elanjutnya. )elanjutnya. Ole* "a#ena ent(nnya enuj(an ta#(" 1an (-a6t (n(4 "(ta )e,aa( -a*a)()wa -etalu#( *en1a"nya -eneta*u( -enena( enuj(an (n(. Denan a1anya "u#:a teanan #eanan "(ta 1aat -eneta*u( "e"uatan ta#("4 "e"uatan lulu*4 "euletan4 -o1ulu) ela)t()(ta)4 "etanu*an4 1an la(n8la(n. 0a1a euj(an ta#(" (n( "(ta jua *a#u) -eneta*u( 1a-a" 1a-a" enuj(an te#*a1a )(7at )(7at -e"an() 1an 7()(" )uatu loa-. Denan -eneta*u( a#a-ete#8a#a-ete# a#a-ete#8a#a-ete# te#)e,ut -a"a "(ta 1aat 1ata 1a)a# -enena( "e"uatan )uatu ,a*an atau loa-.
1+2
Ba!a&a, Ma&a)a
Untu" -en*(1a#( a1anya "e)(-an)(u#an 1ala- enyu)unan -a"ala* (n(4 -a"a 0enul() -e-,ata)( -a)ala*8-a)ala* yan a"an 1( ,a*a) 1(anta#anya+ $. Teo#( Teo#( 1a)a# 1a)a# uj( ta#(" ta#(" 1an uj( (-a6t (-a6t .. 2. 0e#6o,aan uj( ta#(" 1an 1an (-a6t ,e#("ut 1ata 1an "e)(-ulannya "e)(-ulannya %. Men6a#( n(la( teanan lulu* (yield (yield stren strength gth))4 tea tean nan an ta#( ta#(" " -a") -a")((-uu- (ultimate (ultimate tensile strength) strength)4 #ea #eannan an (strain)4 -o1ulu -o1ulu)) ela)t()(ta) 1an #a)(o 1a#( e#6o,aan )e)(-en ,en1a uj(/
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1+4 1+4
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BAB IV PEMBAHASAN
2+1 2+1
P',$ P',$%. %.-a -a, , D'&! D'&!% %k! k!- -
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Ke"u Ke"uat ataan ta#( ta#(" " Kuat Kuat lul lulu* u* 1a# 1a#(( -ate -ate#(a #(all Mo1ulu Mo1ulu)) ela)t ela)t()( ()(ta) ta) 1a#( 1a#( -ate#( -ate#(al al Reanan 0enuj(an ta#(" 1an (-a6t ,anya" 1(la"u"an untu" -elen"a( (n7o#-a)(
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2+2
K'k%a!a, Ta Ta-k
Ke"uatan yan ,(a)anya 1(tentu"an 1a#( )uatu *a)(l enuj(an ta#(" a1ala* "uat lulu* 3(el1 St#ent*/ 1an "uat ta#(" Ult(-ate Ten)(le Ten)(le St#ent*/. Ke"uatan ta#(" atau "e"uatan ta#(" -a")(-u- Ult(-ate Ten)(le Ten)(le St#ent* = UTS/4 a1ala* ,e,an -a")(-u-a")(-u- 1(,a( lua) ena-an ena-an l(ntan awal awal ,en1a uj(.
1( -ana ana + Su
Kuat uat ta#( ta#(" "
0-a") 0-a") Be,an Be,an -a")(-u-a")(-uA'
Lua) ena-an awal
Untu" loa-8loa- yan l(at "e"uatan ta#("nya *a#u) 1("a(t"an 1enan ,e,an -a")(-u- 1(-ana loa- 1aat -ena*an )e)u-,u untu" "ea1aan yan )anat te#,ata). Teanan Teanan ta#(" a1ala* n(la( yan al(n )e#(n 1(tul()"an )e,aa( *a)(l )uatu uj( ta#("4 teta( a1a "enyataannya "enyataannya n(la( te#)e,ut "u#an ,e#)(7at -en1a)a# 1ala"a(tannya 1enan "e"uatan ,a*an. Untu" loa-8loa- yan l(at "e"uatan ta#("nya *a#u) 1("a(t"an 1enan ,e,an -a")(-u-4 1( -ana loa- 1aat -ena*an ,e,an )e)u-,u )e)u-,u untu" "ea1aan "ea1aan yan )anat )anat te#,ata). A"an 1(tunju""an 1(tunju""an ,a*wa n(la( te#)e,ut "a(tannya 1enan "e"uatan loa- "e6(l )e"al( "eunaannya untu" teanan yan le,(* "o-le")4 ya"n( yan ,(a)anya 1(te-u(. Untu" ,e#aa la-a4 tela* -enja1( "e,(a)aan -en1a)a#"an "e"uatan )t#u"tu# a1a "e"uatan ta#("4 1("u#an( 1enan 7a"to# "ea-anan yan )e)ua(. Ke6en1e#unan Ke6en1e#unan yan ,anya" 1(te-u( a1ala* -enuna"an en1e"atan en1e"atan yan le,(* #a)(onal ya"n( -en1a)a#"an #an6anan )tat() loa- yan l(at a1a "e"uatan lulu*nya. A"an A"an teta(4 "a#ena jau* le,(* #a"t() -enuna"an -enuna"an "e"uatan ta#(" untu" -enentu"an "e"uatan ,a*an4 -a"a -eto1e (n( le,(* ,anya" 1("enal4 1an -e#ua"an -eto1e (1ent(7("a)( ,a*an yan )anat ,e#una4 -(#( 1enan "eunaan "o-o)()( "(-(a untu" -enenal( loa- atau ,a*an. Selanjutnya4 "a#ena "e"uatan ta#(" -u1a* 1(tentu"an 1an -e#ua"an )(7at yan -u1a* 1(*a)(l"an "e-,al( #e#o1u6(,le/. Ke"uatan te#)e,ut ,e#una untu" "ee#luan )e)(7("a)( 1an "ont#ol "ual(ta) ,a*an. Ko#ela)( e-(#() yan 1(e#lua) anta#a "e"uatan ta#(" 1an )(7at8)(7at ,a*an -()alnya "e"e#a)an 1an "e"uatan lela*4 )e#(n 1(e#una"an. 1(e#una"an. Untu" ,a*an8,a*an yan eta)4 "e"uatan ta#(" -e#ua"an "#(te#(a yan teat untu" "ee#luan e#an6anan. e#an6anan. Teanan Teanan 1( -ana 1e7o#-a)( la)t(" atau ,ata) lulu* -ula( te#a-at( te#antun a1a "ee"aan enu"u#an #eanan. Se,a(an ,e)a# ,a*an
-enala-( e#u,a*an )(7at 1a#( ela)t(" -enja1( la)t(" yan ,e#lan)un )e1("(t 1e-( )e1("(t4 1an t(t(" 1( -ana 1e7o#-a)( la)t(" -ula( te#ja1( 1an )u"a# 1(tentu"an )e6a#a tel(t(. Tela* 1(una"an ,e#,aa( "#(te#(a e#-ulaan ,ata) lulu* yan te#antun a1a "etel(t(an enu"u#an #eanan 1an 1ata81ata yan a"an 1(una"an. $. Bata) Bata) ela)t(" ela)t(" )ejat( )ejat( ,e#1a) ,e#1a)a#" a#"an an a1a enu"u enu"u#an #an #eana #eanann -("#o -("#o a1a a1a )"ala #eanan 2 $'8& (n6(=(n6(. Bata) ela)t(" n(la(nya )anat #en1a* 1an 1("a(t"an 1enan e#a"an ,e,e#aa #atu) 1()lo"a)(. 2. Bata Bata)) #o #oo# o#)( )(on onal al a1al a1ala* a* tea tean nan an te#t( te#t(n n( ( untu untu"" 1ae#a 1ae#a** *u,u *u,un nan an #oo#)(onal anta#a teanan8#eanan. teanan8#eanan.
2+ 2+
K'k% K' k%a! a!a, a, L%) L%)% % 99-') ')/ / S!' S!',$ ,$! !;;
Sala* )atu "e"uatan yan ,(a)anya 1("eta*u( 1a#( )uatu *a)(l enuj(an ta#(" a1ala* "uat lulu* 3(el1 St#ent*/. Ke"uatan lulu* y(el1 )t#ent*/ -e#ua"an t(t(" yan -enunju"an e#u,a*an 1a#( 1e7o#-a)( ela)t() "e 1e7o#-a)( la)t() D(ete#4 $??%. Be)a# teanan lulu* 1(tul()"an )ee#t( a1a e#)a-aan 2.94 )e,aa( ,e#("ut.
Kete#anan
3) + Be)a#nya teanan lulu* "=--2/ 0y + Be)a#nya ,e,an 1( t(t(" y(el1 "/ Ao + Lua) ena-an awal ,en1a uj( --2/
Teanan Teanan 1( -ana 1e7o#-a)( la)t() atau ,ata) lulu* -ula( te#a-at( te#antun a1a "ee"aan enu"u#an #eanan. Se,a(an ,e)a# ,a*an -enala-( e#u,a*an )(7at 1a#( ela)t(" -enja1( la)t() yan ,e#lan)un )e1("(t 1e-( )e1("(t4 1an t(t(" 1( -ana 1e7o#-a)( la)t() -ula( te#ja1( 1an )u"a# 1(tentu"an )e6a#a tel(t(. Ke"uatan lulu* a1ala* teanan yan 1(,utu*"an untu" -en*a)(l"an )eju-la* "e6(l 1e7o#-a)( la)t() yan 1(teta"an. De7(n()( yan )e#(n 1(una"an untu" )(7at (n( a1ala* "e"uatan lulu* 1(tentu"an ole* teanan yan ,e#"a(tan 1enan e#otonan anta#a "u#:a teanan8#eanan 1enan a#() yan )ejaja# 1enan ela)t() o7)et "u#:a ole* #eanan te#tentu. D( A-e#("a Se#("at o77)et ,(a)anya 1(tentu"an 1(tentu"an )e,aa( #eanan '42 atau atau '4$ e#)en e '4''2 atau '4''$/ '4''$/
Ca#a yan ,a(" untu" -ena-at( "e"uatan lulu* offset a1ala* a1ala* )etela* ,en1a uj( 1(,e#( e-,e,anan *(na '42G "e"uatan lulu* offset 1an 1an "e-u1(an a1a )aat ,e,an 1(t(a1a"an 1(t(a1a"an -a"a ,en1a ,en1a uj(nya a"an ,e#ta-,a* ,e#ta-,a* anjan anjan '4$ )a-a( 1enan 1enan '42G4 le,(* anjan 1a#(a1a )aat 1ala- "ea1aan 1(a-. Teanan offset 1( 1( B#(tan(a Raya )e#(n 1(nyata"an )e,aa( teanan uj( proff stress stress/4 1( -ana *a#a o7)etnya '4$G atau '4;G. Ke"uatan lulu* yan 1(e#ole* 1enan -eto1e ofset ,(a)anya 1(e#una"an 1(e#una"an untu" untu" e#an6anan e#an6anan 1an "ee#luan "ee#luan )e)(7("a)(4 "a#ena "a#ena -eto1e te#)e,ut te#*(n1a# 1a#( "e)u"a#an 1ala- enu"u#an ,ata) ela)t(" atau ,ata) #oo#)(onal. #oo#)(onal.
2+4
M8/% /%)% )%&& E)a E)a&!-& &!-&-! -!a a&
Mo1ulu) Ela)t()(ta) a1ala* u"u#an "e"uatan )uatu ,a*an a"an "eela)t()(ta)annya. "eela)t()(ta)annya. Ma"(n ,e)a# -o1ulu)4 -a"(n "e6(l #eanan ela)t(" yan 1(*a)(l"an a"(,at e-,e#(an teanan.Mo1ulu) ela)t()(ta) 1(tentu"an ole* aya ("at anta# ato-4 "a#ena aya8aya (n( t(1a" t (1a" 1aat 1(#u,a* tana te#ja1( e#u,a*an -en1a)a# a1a )(7at ,a*annya. Ma"a -o1ulu) ela)t()(ta) )ala* )atu )(7at8)(7at -e"an(" yan t(1a" 1aat 1(u,a*. S(7at (n( *anya )e1("(t ,e#u,a* ole* a1anya ena-,a*an a1uan4 a1uan4 e#la"uan e#la"uan ana)4 atau atau ene#jaan 1(n(n. 1(n(n. Se6a#a -ate-at() -ate-at() e#)a-aan -o1ulu) -o1ulu) ela)t(6 1aat 1aat 1(tul() )e,aa( ,e#("ut. ,e#("ut.
D(D(-ana + ) tea teannan an H #eanan Be#("ut Taa,el Taa,el Mo1ulu) ela)t()(ta) -ate#(al )tan1a#1
Gambar 1. Table Modulus Elastisitas
2+5
U.- Ta-k
Uj( Ta#(" -e#ua"an )ala* )atu enuj(an untu" -eneta*u( )(7at8)(7at )uatu ,a*an. Denan Denan -ena#(" )uatu ,a*an "(ta a"an )ee#a -eneta*u( -eneta*u( ,aa(-ana ,a*an te#)e,ut te#)e,ut ,e#ea")( te#*a1a te#*a1a tenaa ta#("an 1an 1an -eneta*u( )ejau* )ejau* -ana -ate#(al (tu ,e#ta-,a* anjan. Alat e")e#(-en untu" uj( ta#(" (n( *a#u) -e-(l("( 6en"e#a-an #(/ yan "uat 1an "e"a"uan yan t(n( *(*ly )t(77/. Banya" *al yan 1aat "(ta elaja#( 1a#( *a)(l uj( ta#(". B(la "(ta te#u) -ena#(" )uatu ,a*an 1ala- *al (n( )uatu loa-/ )a-a( utu)4 "(ta a"an -en1aat"an #o7(l ta#("an yan len"a yan ,e#ua "u#:a )ee#t( 1(a-,a#"an a1a a-,a# $. $. Ku#:a (n( -enunju""an -enunju""an *u,unan *u,unan anta#a aya ta#("an ta#("an 1enan e#u,a*an anjan. anjan. 0#o7(l (n( )anat )anat 1(e#lu"an 1ala- 1e)a(n 1e)a(n yan -e-a"a( -e-a"a( ,a*an te#)e,ut te#)e,ut
Ga*a 2+ Ga*aa, &-,$ka! %.- !a-k /a, /a!a,
B(a)anya yan -enja1( 7o"u) e#*at(an a1ala* "e-a-uan -a")(-u ,a*an te#)e,ut te#)e,ut 1ala- -ena*an -ena*an ,e,an. Ke-a-uan Ke-a-uan (n( u-u-nya 1()e,ut 1()e,ut Ult(-ate Ten)(le Ten)(le St#ent* 1()(n"at 1enan UTS4 1ala- ,a*a)a In1one)(a 1()e,ut teanan ta#(" -a")(-u-. H%k% H88k' 9H88k'=& La>;
a) *aa, D-%%&ka, :
St#e)) Teanan Me"an()/+ Me"an()/ + F=A 4 F aya ta#("an4 ta#("an 4 A lua) ena-an St#a(n Reanan/+ Rean an/+ H L=L 4 L 0e#ta-,a*an anjan4 anjan 4 L 0anjan awal Ma"a4 *u,unan *u,unan anta#a anta#a )t#e)) 1an )t#a(n 1(#u-u)"an+ E =H •
•
E a1ala* #a1(en "u#:a 1ala- 1ae#a* l(n(e#4 1( -ana e#,an1(nan teanan teanan / 1an #eanan H/ )elalu teta. E 1(,e#( na-a Mo1ulu) Ela)t()(ta) atau 3oun 3oun Mo1ulu). Ku#:a yan -enyata"an *u,unan anta#a )t#a(n 1an )t#e)) )ee#t( (n( "e#a 1()(n"at "u#:a SS SS 6u#:e/.
Ga*a + K%a !'$a,$a,?'$a,$a,
Ga*a 4+ U.- Ta-k S'/'a,a
See#t( a1a a-,a# 2.$ ,en1a yan 1(uj( ta#(" 1(,e#( e-,e,anan a1a 1ua a#a* )u-,unya. 0e-,e#(an ,e,an a1a "e1ua a#a* )u-,unya 1(,e#( ,e,an yan )a-a ,e)a#nya. 0enuj(an ta#(" a1ala* 1a)a# 1a#( enuj(an -e"an(" yan 1(e#una"an 1(e#una"an a1a -ate#(al . 1(-ana )e6(-en uj( yan tela* 1()tan1a#()a)( 1(la"u"an e-,e,anan un(a(al )e*(na )e6(-en uj( -enala-( e#eanan 1an ,e#ta-,a* anjan *(na a"*(#nya ata*. 0enuj(an ta#(" #elat(7 )e1e#*ana4 -u#a* 1an )anat te#)tan1a#()a)( 1(,an1(n enuj(an la(n.
,a(an aue. aue. a-,a# 1(,awa* 1(,awa* (n( -e#ua"an )tan1a#()a( )tan1a#()a( uj( ta#(" yan -ena6u a1a JIS 22'$. 22'$.
Ga*a 5+ &('&-', %.- !a-k ',$a3% (a/a &!a,/a JIS @ 2201
0e-,e#(an ,e,an a1a "e1ua uj(n )e6(-en a"an -ena"(,at"an #eanan 1an teanan. Untu" Untu" -enanal()a ,e#aa ,e)a# teanan teanan 1an #eanan yan yan 1aat 1(te#(-a ole* )e6(-en uj( -a"a "(ta e#lu -e-,uat "u#:a teanan 1an #eanan. Ku#:a teanan 1an #eanan 1(e#ole* 1enan 6a#a -e-,a( ,e,an 1an e#anjan 1enan 7a6to# yan "on)tan. "on)tan. 0a1a e#-ulaan e#-ulaan ena#("an *u,unan *u,unan teanan 1an #eanan ,e#,an1(n lu#u) -en("ut( a#() OA. 0a1a a#() OA ,e#la"u *o"u-
Ga*a 6+ K%a T'$a,$a, /a, R'$a,$a,
A)u-)("an ,a*wa "(ta -ela"u"an uj( ta#(" -ula( 1a#( t(t(" O )a-a( D )e)ua( 1enan a#a* ana* 1ala- a-,a# $.%. a.
Ba!a& Ba!a& ')a&!-3 ')a&!-3
σ E
elastic limit / Dala- ,#.$.% 1(nyata"an 1enan
t(t(" A. B(la )e,ua* ,a*an 1(,e#( ,e,an )a-a( a1a t(t(" A4 "e-u1(an ,e,annya 1(*(lan"an4 -a"a ,a*an te#)e,ut a"an "e-,al( "e "on1()( )e-ula )e-ula teatny teatnyaa hampir hampir kembali kembali ke kondis kondisii semula semula/ ya(tu #eanan nol a1a t(t(" O l(*at (n)et 1ala- ,#.$.%/. Teta( ,(la ,e,an 1(ta#(" )a-a( -elewat( t(t(" A4 *u"u-
ya(tu "u#an 1a#( '.'%G4 teta( )e,a(an #e7e#en)( -enye,ut"an '.'';G . T(1a" a1a )tan1a#()a)( yan un(:e#)al -enena( n(la( (n(. ,.
Ba!a& Ba!a& (8(8& (8(8&-8,a) -8,a) proportional proportional limit /
T(t(" t(" )a-a a-a(( 1( -ana ana
ene#aan *u"u-
plastic deformation/ D'8a&- ()a&!-& plastic
3a(tu e#u,a*an ,entu" yan
t(1a" "e-,al( "e "ea1aan "ea1aan )e-ula. )e-ula. 0a1a ,#.$.% ,#.$.% ya(tu ,(la ,a*an 1(ta#(" 1(ta#(" )a-a( -elewat( ,ata) #oo#)(onal 1an -en6aa( 1ae#a* landing . 1.
upper yield yield stress stress/ T'$a,$a, $a,$a, )%)% a!a& uy upper
Tean Teanan an -a")(-u-a")(-u-
)e,elu- ,a*an -e-a)u"( 7a)e 1ae#a* lan1(n e#al(*an 1e7o#-a)( ela)t() "e la)t(). e.
T'$a,$a, $a,$a, )%)% *a>a *a>a ly lowe lowerr yield yield stre stress ss/
Teanan anan #ata8#a #ata8#ata ta
1ae#a* landing )e,elu )e,elu- ,ena#8,ena# -e-a)u"( 7a)e 1e7o#-a)( la)t(). B(la *anya 1()e,ut"an teanan lulu* yield stress/4 -a"a yan 1(-a")u1 a1ala* teanan (n(. 7.
yield strain/ R'$a,$a, )%)% < yield
Reanan e#-anen )aat ,a*an a"an
-e-a)u"( 7a)e 1e7o#-a)( la)t(). .
R'$a,$ R'$a,$a, a,
')a&!')a&!-&& ' elas elasti ticc
stra strain in/
Rea Rean nan an yan an 1(a" 1(a"(, (,at at"a "ann
e#u,a*an ela)t() ,a*an. 0a1a )aat ,e,an 1(lea)"an #eanan (n( a"an "e-,al( "e o)()( )e-ula.
*.
R'$a,$ R'$a,$a, a,
plastic ()a&!()a&!-&& ( plastic
strain/
Rea Rean nan an yan an 1(a" 1(a"(, (,at at"a "ann
e#u,a*an la)t(). 0a1a )aat ,e,an 1(lea)"an #eanan (n( teta t(nal )e,aa( e#u,a*an e#-anen ,a*an. (.
R'$a,$a, !8!a) total strain/ Me#ua"an a,unan #eanan la)t() 1an
#eanan ela)t()4 HT HeQH. 0e#*at("an ,e,an 1enan a#a* OABE. 0a1a t(t( t(t("" B4 #ea #ean nan an yan yan a1a a1a a1al a1ala* a* #ea #ean nan an tota total.l. Ket( Ket("a "a ,e,a ,e,ann 1(lea)"an4 o)()( #eanan a1a a1a t(t(" E 1an ,e)a# #eanan yan t(nal OE/ a1ala* #eanan la)t(). j.
strength) T'$a,$a, T' $a,$a, !a-k ak&-% TTM (UTS, ultimate tensile strength)
0a1a
,#.$. ,#.$.%% 1(tunju""a 1(tunju""ann 1enan t(t(" C /4 -e#ua"an -e#ua"an ,e)a# ,e)a# teanan teanan -a")(-u- yan 1(1aat"an 1ala- uj( ta#(". ".
K'k%a!a, (a!a (breaking (breaking strength) strength)
0a1a ,#.$.% ,#.$.% 1(tunju""an 1enan
t(t(" D4 -e#ua"an ,e)a# teanan 1( -ana ,a*an yan 1(uj( utu) atau ata*. l.
T'$a,$a, )%)% (a/a /a!a !a,(a *a!a& .')a& a,!aa ('%*aa, ')a&!-& /a,()a&!-&
Untu" *a)(l uj( ta#(" yan t(1a" -e-(l("( 1ae#a* l(n(e# 1an lan1(n yan jela)4 teanan lulu* ,(a)anya 1(1e7(n()("an )e,aa( teanan yan -en*a)(l"an #eanan e#-anen )e,e)a# '.2G4 #eanan (n( 1()e,ut offset-strain
Ga*a 7+ P',',!%a, !'$a,$a, )%)% 9<-')/ &!'&&; %,!%k k%a !a,(a /a'a )-,-'
Da#( "ete#anan 1(ata) 1aat 1(6e#-at( ,a*wa teanan yan 1(una"an a1a "u#:a a1ala* teanan -e-,uju# #ata8#ata 1a#( enuj(an ta#(". Teanan Teanan ta#(" 1aat 1(e#ole* 1enan -e-,a( ,e,an 1enan lua) awal ena-an l(ntan ,en1a uj( σ =
P A o
N=--2/
Reanan yan 1(una"an a1ala* #eanan l(n(e# #ata8#ata4 yan 1(u"u# 1enan 6a#a -e-,a( anjan
δ
/ 1enan anjan awal. e=
D(-ana e
lo
atau
∆l lo
#eanan G/ anjan a"*(# --/
l f lo
2+6
l f −l o
anjan awal --/
U.- I(a3!
Uj( (-a6t a1ala* enuj(an 1enan -enuna"an e-,e,anan e-,e,anan yan 6eat #a(1 loa1(n/. 0enuj(an (-a" -e#ua"an )uatu enuj(an yan -enu"u# "eta*anan ,a*an te#*a1a ,e,an "ejut. In(la* yan -e-,e1a"an enuj(an (-a" 1enan enuj(an ta#(" 1an "e"e#a)an4 1(-ana e-,e,anan 1(la"u"an )e6a#a e#la*an8la*an. 0enuj(an 0enuj(an (-a" -e#ua"an -e#ua"an )uatu uaya untu" -en)(-ula)("an -en)(-ula)("an "on1()( oe#a)( -ate#(al yan )e#(n 1(te-u( 1ala- e#len"aan t#an)o#ta)( t#an)o#ta)( atau "on)t#u")( 1(-ana ,e,an t(1a" )ela-anya te#ja1( )e6a#a e#la*an8la*an -ela(n"an 1atan )e6a#a t(,a8t(,a4 6onto* 1e7o#-a)( a1a ,u-e# -o,(l a1a )aat te#ja1(nya tu-,u"an "e6ela"aan.
Ga*a #+ J',-& U.- I(a3!
0a1a uj( (-a6t te#ja1( #o)e) enye#aan ene#( yan ,e)a# "et("a ,e,an -enu-,u" )e)(-en. Ene#( Ene#( yan 1()e#a -ate#(al (n( 1aat 1(*(tun 1enan -enuna"an -enuna"an #(n)( e#,e1aan ene#( oten)(al. Da)a# enuj(annya ya"n( enye#aan ene#( ene#( oten)(al oten)(al 1a#( en1ulu- ,e,an ,e,an yan ,e#ayun ,e#ayun 1a#( )uatu "et(n(an te#tentu 1an -enu-,u" ,en1a uj( )e*(na ,en1a uj( -enala-( 1e7o#-a)(. 0a1a enuj(an (-a" (n( ,anya"nya ene#( yan 1()e#a ole* ,a*an untu" te#ja1(nya e#ata*an -e#ua"an u"u#an "eta*anan (-a" atau "etanu*an ,a*an te#)e,ut. S(7at "euletan )uatu ,a*an 1aat 1("eta*u( 1a#( enuj(an ta#(" 1an enuj(an (-a6t4 teta( 1ala- "on1()( "on1()( ,e,an yan ,e#,e1a. Be,an Be,an a1a enuj(an (-a6t )ee#t( yan tela* 1(jela)"an 1(ata) a1ala* a1ala* )e6a#a t(,a8t(,a4 )e1an"an a1a enuj(an ta#(" a1ala* e#la*an8la*an. Da#( *a)(l enuj(an ta#(" 1aat 1()(-ul"an e#"(#aan 1a#( *a)(l enuj(an (-a6t. Teta( Teta( 1a#( enuj(an (-a6t 1aat 1("eta*u( )(7at "etanu*an loa- 1an *a#a (-a6t untu" te-e#atu# yan ,e#,e1a8,e1a4 -ula( 1a#( te-e#atu# yan )anat #en1a* 8%'oC/ )a-a( te-e#atu# yan t(n(. Se1an"an a1a e#6o,aan ta#("4 te-e#atu# "e#ja a1ala* te-e#atu# "a-a#. A1a 1ua -a6a- -eto1e uj( (-a6t4 ( -a6t4 ya"n( -eto1e 6*a#y 1an (@o14 e#,e1aan -en1a)a# -en1a)a# 1a#( -eto1e -eto1e (tu a1ala* a1a eleta"an )e)(-en4 )e)(-en4 0enuj(an 1enan -enun"an 6*a#y le,(* a"u#at "a#ena a1a (@o1 e-ean )e)(-en
jua tu#ut -enye#a -enye#a ene#(4 )e*(na )e*(na ene#( ene#( yan te#u"u# ,u"anla* ,u"anla* ene#( ene#( yan -a-u 1( )e#a -ate#(al )eutu*nya.
2.6.1Pengujian Impact Metode Charpy
Batan uj( C*a#y ,anya" 1(una"an 1( A-e#("a Se#("at4 Ben1a uj( C*a#y -e-(l("( lua) ena-an l(ntan ,uju# )an"a# $' $' --/ 1an -e-(l("( ta"(" not6*/ ,e#,entu" V 1enan )u1ut 9;o4 1enan ja#(8ja#( 1a)a# '42; -- 1an "e1ala-an 2 --. Ben1a uj( 1(leta""an a1a tu-uan 1ala- o)()( -en1ata# 1an ,a(an yan ,e#ta"(" 1(,e#( ,e,an ,e,an (-a" 1a#( ayunan ayunan ,an1ul4 Se#an"a(an Se#an"a(an uj( C*a#y C*a#y a1a )atu -ate#(al u-u-nya 1(la"u"an a1a ,e#,aa( te-e#atu#e )e,aa( uaya untu" -eneta*u( te-e#atu# t#an)()( #(n)( 1a)a# enuj(an enuj(an 6*a#y (n( a1ala* a1ala* ,e)a# aya aya "ejut yan 1(,utu*"an 1(,utu*"an untu" -e-ata*"an ,en1a uj( 1(,a( 1enan lua) ena-an ata*an. Mula8-ula
Ga*a C+ M'!8/' a(<
,an1ul C*a#y 1()etel 1(,a(an ata)4 ata)4 "e-u1(an 1(lea) 1(lea) )e*(na -ena,#a" ,en1a uj( 1an ,an1ul te#ayun )a-a( "e "e1u1u"an ,awa* Ja1( 1enan 1e-("(an4 ene#( ene#( yan 1()e#a untu" -e-ata*"an ,en1a uj( 1(tunju""an ole* )el()(* e#,e1aan
t(n( ,an1ul a1a "e1u1u"an ata) 1enan t(n( ,an1ul a1a "e1u1u""an ,awa* t(n( ayun/. See#a )etela* ,en1a uj( 1(leta""an4 "e-u1(an ,an1ul 1(lea)"an )e*(na ,atan uj( a"an -elayan jatu* a"(,at aya #a:(ta)(/. Ban1ul (n( a"an -e-u"ul ,en1a uj( yan 1(leta""an )e-ula 1enan ene#( yan )a-a. Ene#( ,an1ul a"an 1()e#a ole* ,en1a ,en1a uj( yan 1aat 1aat -enye,a,"an -enye,a,"an ,en1a uj( ata* ata* tana 1e7o#-a)( eta)/ atau un ,en1a uj( t(1a" )a-a( utu) yan ,e#a#t( ,en1a uj( -e-unya( )(7at "euletan yan t(n(. 0e#-u"aan ata* -e-,antu untu" -enentu"an "e"uatan (-a6t 1ala*u,unannya *u,unannya 1enan te-e#atu# t#an)()( ,a*an. Dae#a* t#an)()( ya(tu 1ae#a* 1(-ana te#ja1( e#u,a*an ata*an ulet "e ata*an eta). Bentu" e#ata*an 1aat 1(l(*at lan)un 1enan -ata telanjan atau 1aat ula 1enan ,antuan -("#o)"o. 2.6.2Pengujian Impact Metode izod
Meto1e uj( I@o1 la@(- 1(una"an 1( In#() 1an E#oa4 Ben1a uj( I@o1 -e-unya( ena-an ena-an l(ntan ,uju# )an"a# atau l(n"a#an 1enan ta"(" V 1( 1e"at ujun yan 1(je(t4 "e-u1(an uj( (-a" ( -a" 1enan -eto1e (n( u-u-nya jua 1(la"u"an *anya a1a te-e#atu# #uan 1an 1(tuju"an untu" -ate#(al8-ate#(al yan 1(1()a(n untu" ,e#7un)( )e,aa( 6ant(le:e#4 0e#,e1aan -en1a)a# -en1a)a# 6*a#y 1enan (@o1 (@o1 a1ala* eleta"an )e)(-en. )e)(-en. 0enuj(an 1enan -enun"an (@o1 t(1a" )ea"u#at a1a enuj(an 6*a#y4 "a#ena a1a (@o1 e-ean e-ean )e)(-en )e)(-en jua tu#ut -enye#a -enye#a ene#(4 )e*(na )e*(na ene#( ene#( yan te#u"u# ,u"anla* ene#( yan -a-u 1( )e#a -ate#(al )eutu*nya.
2.6.3Jenisjenis Patahan Impact
0enu"u#an 1a#( uj( (-a6t a1ala* ena-atan te#*a1a ,entu" ata*an. Jen() 0ata*an uj( (-a6t (n( 1aat 1("elo-o"an )e,aa( ,e#("ut + 1+ Pa!a Pa!aa, a, *'& *'&'a 'a!! 9(a!a 9(a!aa, a, $'&' $'&';;
0ata*an yan te#ja1( a1a ,en1a yan eta)4 -()alnya+ ,e)( tuan4 1aat 1(anal()() 0e#-u"aan #ata 1an -en"(la4 otonan 1aat 1(a)an"an "e-,al(4 "e#eta"an t(1a" 1(,a#en( 1e7o#-a)(4 n(la( u"ulan ta"(" #en1a*
2+ Pa!a Pa!aa, a, $a, $a,%)a %)a 9 (a!a (a!aa, a, *')a *')a ;
0ata*an yan te#ja1( a1a ,en1a yan luna"4 -()alnya+ ,aja luna"4 te-,aa4 1aat 1(anal()() 0e#-u"aan t(1a" #ata ,u#a- 1an ,e#)e#at4 a)anan otonan otonan t(1a" ,()a 1(a)an la(4 te#1aat te#1aat 1e7o#-a)( a1a a1a "e#eta"an4 n(la( u"ulan ta"(" t(n( + Pa!a Pa!aa, a, 3a( 3a(%a %a, , /a/a- k'/%a, k'/%a,
0ata*an yan te#ja1( a1a ,a*an yan 6u"u "uat na-un ulet4 -()alnya
a1a ,aja te-e# te-e# a,unan ata*an ata*an eta) 1an 1an ata*an l(at4 e#-u"aan e#-u"aan "u)a- 1an )e1("(t ,e#)e#at4 otonan -a)(* 1aat 1(a)an"an4 a1a 1e7o#-a)( a1a #eta"an
2.6.4!emperatur !empat Pengujian Impact
Te-e#atu# te-at yan 1( una"an a1a )aat enuj(an (-a6t $. Kon1 Kon1() ()(( te-e te-e#a #atu tu#e #e 89' 89'C C 2. Kon1() Kon1()(( te-e# te-e#atu atu#e #e #uan #uanan an %'C %'C %. Kon1() Kon1()(( te-e te-e#at #atu#e u#e t(n( t(n( $''C $''C 0a1a te-e#atu#e #en1a* "(ta ju-a( jen() ata*an eta) 1an a1a te-e#atu#et(n( a"an "(ta ju-a( jen() ata*an ulet
BAB V METODE PENGUJIAN
+1 U.- Ta Ta-k
+2 D-a$a A)- P'38*aa, P'38*aa,
Ga*a 10+ D-a$a A)-a, P'38*aa,
+
A)a! /a, Baa, 3.3.1
a. ,. 6. 1. e. 7. . *.
"#at Pendu$ung Pendu$ung
%ahan dan mesin &ang 'iguna$an
a. Me)( Me)(nn uj( uj( 1e) 1e)t# t#u" u"t( t(7 7 ,. Ba*an uj( = )e6(-en )e6(-en 6. Me)( Me)(nn e# e#(n (n1a 1a
a. ,. 6. 1. e.
Ga*a 11+ a)-' D-a) I,/-ka!8
Prosedur Perco(aan
S(a S(a"a "ann )e) )e)((-en en uj( uj( ta#(" ta#(" Catatla* jen() loaloa- yan a"an 1(una"an 1(una"an untu" uj( ta#(". 0a)anla 0a)anla** "e#ta) "e#ta) #a7(" #a7(" a1a a1a #el #el o#1e# o#1e# a1a a1a -e)(n -e)(n uj( uj( ta#(". ta#(". U"u# )e)(-en )e)(-en uj( ta#(" ta#(" 1(a-ete# 1(a-ete#44 anja anjan/. n/. Ca#( Ca#( t(t(" tena* tena* 1a#( 1a#( )e)(-en )e)(-en uj( "e-u1( "e-u1(an an ,e#( tan1a4 tan1a4 )etela )etela** (tu 1a#( 1a#( t(t(" tena* 1( u"u# -a)(n8-a)(n % 6- "e "(#( 1an "e "anan 1a#( t(t("
te#)e,ut "e-u1(an ,e#( tan1a. 7. 0a)anla 0a)anla** ))(-en ))(-en uj( uj( ta#(" a1a -e)(n -e)(n uj( ta#(" ta#(" 1an 1an ,e#(la* ,e#(la* ,e,an ,e,an $'''' $'''' " $' ton/. . a)an a)an 1(al 1(al aue aue untu" untu" -enatu -enatu## e#ta-,a*a e#ta-,a*ann anjanny anjannya. a. *. La"u La"u"a "ann en enuj uj(a (an. n. (. Catat Catatla* la* e#u,a e#u,a*an *an anjan anjan )e)( )e)(-e -enn uj( a1a a1a ,e,an ,e,an te#ten te#tentu. tu. Catatl Catatla* a* ,e,an -a")(-u-a")(-u- 1an ,e,an )aat )e)(-en uj( ata*. j. Setela* )e)(-en )e)(-en uj( ata*4 -at("an -at("an -e)(n 1an la"u("an la"u("an *al8*al ,e#("ut + A-,(l )e6(-en uj( yan utu)4 A-,(l #a7(" teanan 1an #eanan yan te#te#a a1a "e#ta) #a7(" ". U"u# U"u# "e-,a "e-,al( l( anjan anjan )e)()e)(-en en uj( uj( ta#(". ta#(". l. U"u# U"u# 1(a-et 1(a-ete# e# a"*(# a"*(# )e )e)()(-en en uj( ta#(". ta#(". • •
Ga*a 12+ M'&-, U.- Ta-k
b.) 3.3.4
'ata )asi# Perco(aan Ga*a 1+ S'&%/a U.- Ta-k
Da#( *a)(l te#*a1a )e6(-en uj( ta#(" 1enan )ee)(7("a)( Ga*a 14S'*')% U.- e#6o,aan Ta-k 1(,awa* (n(+ A+ A)% A)%%, %,-% -% • • • • •
Mate#(al + Allu-un(uStan1a# e#6o,aan+ JIS 0anjan awal + 2;2 -Be,an + $'''' "7 $'$?.%& N D(a-ete# awal + ?4$ --
D(1aat 1ata )e,aa( ,e#("ut+ • •
0anjan a"*(# + 2>94; -D(a(a-ete ete# a"* a"*(# (# + &4$&4$--
Ta*)' 1+ Da!a a&-) (',$%.-a, !a-k
Da#( 1ata *a)(l enuj(an te#*a1a )e6(-en uj( ta#(" 1( ata) 1( 1aat+
Teanan lulu* σ y / + 9;' N=--2 Teanan -a")(-u- σ u / + ;>> N=--2 Teanan ata* σ f / + ;'' N=--2 Se1an"an untu" #eanan ε / yan 1aat 1(te#(-a ole* )e6(-en
• • • •
1aat 1(6a#( -enuna"an e#)a-aan+
e=
l f −l o lo
D(-ana + lf 2>94; - 2;2 --
l o
Ja1( untu" #eanannya #eanannya -enja1( l f −l o
e=
lo 284,5 mm−252 mm
e=
252 mm
'.$2 Reanan 1a#( )e6(-en uj( $2G Mo1ulu) ela)t()(ta)nya a1ala*+
M o=
σ = ¿
e
P A o
P πd
( ) 2
¿
σ
(
. lo
1019.36 N
π 9,1 mm 2
)
.252 mm 2
M o=
0.283 N / mm 0.12
'.2>% N=--2
24%;> N=--2
Untu" ,ata) #oo)(onal σ p / ,()a 1( l(*at a1a "u#:a teanan 1an #eanan. Untu" ,ata) #oo)(onal σ p / t(1a" a1a )tan1a#()a)( untu" n(la( 1a#( ,ata) #oo)(onal σ p / teta( a1a #a"te"nya ,ata) #oo)(onal )a-a 1enan ,ata) ela)t()(ta).
Da#( a-,a# "u#:a teanan 1(tunju"an leta" 1a#( ,ata) #oo)(onal. Ga*a 15+ 4 k%a !'$a,$a, /a, '$a,$a, a&-) /a- (',$%.-a, !a-k
D("eta*u( ,a*wa ,ata) #oo)(onal le,(* "e6(l 1a#( teanan ata* σ f /4
1enan "ata la(n ,ata) #oo)(onal ,e#"()a# 9;G 8 9?G 1a#( teanan -a")(-al. 3.3.5
*esimpu#an
a. 0a1a uj( uj( 6o,a (n( (n( "(ta -enu -enuj( j( "eta*ana "eta*anann ,a*an ,a*an -ate#(alny -ate#(alnyaa )ejau* )ejau* -ana -ana e#ta-,a*an anjannya 1an ,aa(-ana ,a*an te#)e,ut ,e#ea")( te#*a1a ta#("an. ,. Alu-un(uTeanan lulu* y/ + 9;' N=--/ Teanan Ma Ma")(-al u/ + ;> ;>> N N=--/ Teanan 0ata*an + ;'' N=--/ 6. Alu-un(uAlu-un(u- 1aat 1aat -e#ean -e#ean *(na *(na $2G 1a#( ,entu ,entu"" awalnya awalnya 1. 0a1a 0a1a en enuj uj(a (ann ta#(" ta#(" -en -enal alaa-(( 1e7o 1e7o##-a) a)(4(4 )ela )ela-a -a 1e7o 1e7o##-a) a)(( ,a*a ,a*ann • • •
-enya#a ene#( )eanjan ja#a" 1e7o#-a)(.
3.3.6
Perhitungan dan Ja+a(an Pertanyaan
$. Buat Buatla la** #a7 #a7(" (" Tean anan an8R 8Re ean ana ann a1a a1a )a- )a-el el Allullu-(n (n(u (u-. -. In1( In1("a "a)( )("a "anl nla* a* t(t( t(t("" lulu lulu*4 *4 1ae# 1ae#a* a* 1e7o 1e7o##-a) a)(( ela) ela)t( t()) 1an 1an la) la)t( t()4 )4 "e"uatan -a")(-u- 1an t(t(" e#ata*an. Ja>a* :
Be#1a)a#"an *a)(l enuj(an a1a )e6(-en Alu-(n(u-4 ,e#("ut (n( a1ala* t(t(" 1a#( "u#:a teanan 1an #eanan *a)(l uj( ta#("
Ga*a 16+ K%a T'$a,$a,
2. Den Denan an 7o#7o#-ul ula) a)(( yan yan a1a a1a a1a a1a teo# teo#(( 1a)a 1a)a##4 ,uat ,uatla la** 1(a 1(a#a #ateanan8#eanan )e)unu*nya 1a#( )a-el te#)e,ut. Lalu a-at(la* aa"a* a1a e#,e1aan anta#a *a)(l #a7( yan an1a 1aat 1a#( -e)(n 1en 1enan an yan yan an1a an1a anal anal() ()aa 1a#( 1a#( *a)( *a)(ll e#* e#*(t (tun una an. n. J("a J("a te#j te#ja1 a1(( e#,e1aan4 ,e#("anla* ,e#("anla* enjela)an enjela)an Ja>a* :
Be#("ut (n( a1ala* "u#:a teanan 1an #eanan yan )e)unu*nya
1a#( )e6(-en alu-(n(u-. Da#( *a)(l ena-atan +
Da#( *a)(l e#*(tunan + Ga*a 17+ Ga-k Da!a
-,, -,, 6,, 6,, 5,, 5,, 4,, 4,, 3,, 3,, 2,, 2,, 1,, 1,, , ,
5
1,
15
2,
,ata) #oo)(onal #oo)(onal σ p /
25
3,
35
4,
teanan -a")(-u-
teanan ata*
Da#( *a)(l ena-atan 1a#( -e)(n 1an e#*(tunan 1(e#"(#a"an )a-a 1an t(1a" a1a e#,e1aannya. e#,e1aannya.
%. Aa -a"na -a"na ent(n ent(n 1a#( 1a#( n(la(8n(la( n(la(8n(la( G elona elona)( )( 1an G enu# enu#ana anann a#ea 1a#( )uatu -ate#(al Aa"a* "e1ua n(la( te#)e,ut )a-a atau"a* ,e#,e1a Menaa Menaa Ja>a* :
Untu" 1aat -eneta*u( ,e#aa G )e6(-en uj( 1aat -e#ean
1a#( ,entu" awalnya. Be#aa G -e#ean 1enan ,e#aa G enu#anan a#ea -e-(l("( n(la( yan yan ,e#,e1a4"a#ena ,e#,e1a4"a#ena 1a-a" yan yan 1(*a)(l"an ole* aya ta#(" -enye,a,"an -enye,a,"an enu#anan 1(a-ete# yan )(n(7("an. ,e#("ut (n( e#*(tunannya e#*(tunannya +
e= e=
l f −l o lo 284,5 mm−252 mm 252 mm
'.$2 Reanan 1a#( )e6(-en uj( $2G
e= e=
d f −d o do 6,1 mm −9,1 mm 9,1 mm
8 '.%% 0enu#anan 1(a-ete# 1a#( )e6(-en uj( 8%%G 9. Menaa Menaa ,aja ,aja -enunju"" -enunju""an an a1anya a1anya t(t(" t(t(" lulu* )e-nta )e-nta#a #a ,e)( 6o# 6o# t(1a" t(1a" Ja>a* :
ejala lulu* a1a u-u-nya *anya 1(tunju""an ole* loa-8loa- ulet 1enan )t#u"tu# K#()tal BCC 1an FCC yan -e-,entu" (nte#)t(t(al )ol(1 )olut(on 1a#( ato-8ato- "a#,on4 ,o#on4 *y1#oen 1an o")(en. Inte#a")( anta# 1()lo"a)( 1an ato-8ato- te#)e,ut -enye,a,"an ,aja ulet )ee#t( -(l1 )teel -enunju""an t(t(" lulu* ,awa* lowe# y(el1
o(nt/ 1an t(t(" lulu* ata) ue# y(el1 o(nt/. Untu Untu"" ,aja ,aja ,e#" ,e#"e" e"ua uata tann t(n t(n( ( 1an 1an ,e)( ,e)( tuan tuan yan yan eta eta)) a1a a1a u-u-ny u-u-nyaa t(1a" t(1a" -e-e# -e-e#l(* l(*at" at"an an ,ata) ,ata) lulu* lulu* yan yan jela). jela). Se*(n Se*(na a 1(una"an -eto1e o77)et untu" -enentu"an "e"uatan lulu* -ate#(al.
Dena Denann -eto1e -eto1e (n( "e"uat "e"uatan an lulu* lulu* 1(tent 1(tentu"a u"ann )e,a )e,aa( a( tean teanan an 1(a-ana ,a*an -e-e#l(*at"an ,ata) eny(-anan=1e:(a)( te#tentu 1a#( "ea1aan #o#)(onal() teanan 1an #eanan. Ke"uatan lulu* atau t(t(" lulu* -e#ua"an )uatu a-,a#an "e-a-uan ,a*an -ena*an 1e7o#-a)( e#-anen ,(la 1(una"an 1ala- enunaan )t#u6tu#al yan -el(,at"an e-,e,anan -e"an(" )ee#t( Ta#("4 Ta#("4 te"an ,en1(n atau unt(#an. D()()( la(n4 ,ata) lulu* (n( *a#u) 1(6aa( atauun 1(lewat( ,(la ,a*an 1(a"a( 1ala- #o)e) -anu7a"tu# #o1u"8#o1u" loa- )ee#t( #o)e) #oll(n4 1#aw(n4 )t#et6*(n 1an )e,aa(nya. Daat 1("ata"an t(t(" lulu* a1ala* )uatu t(n"atan teanan yan t(1a" ,ole* 1(lewat( 1ala- enunaan )t#u6tu#al (n )e#:(6e/ 1an *a#u) 1(lewat( 1ala- #o)e) -anu7a"tu# loa- 7o#-(n #o6e))/. ;. Menaa ,e)( tuan "ela,u )e6a#a -e"an(" 1(n(la( le-a* U"u#an aa"a* yan 1(a"a( )e*(na 1(n(la( le-a* )e6a#a -e"an() Baa(-ana *alnya 1enan ,e)( tuan no1ula# Ja>a* :
Be)( tuan "ela,u ,e#an"al a1a ,e)( "a)a# "ela,u. Be)( "a)a#
"ela,u -e-(l("( "a1a# )(l("on yan t(n( "u#an le,(* ;4; )a-a( ;'G/ 1an "a1a# -anan yan #en1a*. Ka#ena (tu e-,entu"an $ar(on (e(as jadi mening$at. Jadi (esi tuang$e#a(u sete#ah didingin$an mengandung grat. /rat terse(ut terdapat da#am (esituang (erupa pe#at pe#at tipis. %esi tuang $e#a(u mempero#eh namanya dari (ida ng patahan yang yang (er+arna $e#a(u0 $e#a(u0 yang dise(a($an o#eh grat hitam. %eri$ut ini ada#ah (entu$ stru$tur dari (esi tuang $e#a(u.
Ga*a 1#+ S!%k!% A!8 Ba.a
Be)( tuan no1ule#4 "(ta *a#u) ,e#an"al a1a ,e)( "a)a# "ela,u.Be)( "a)a# "ela,u -e-(l("( "a1a# )(l("on yan t(n( "u#an le,(* ;4; )a-a( $4;G/4 1an "a1a# -anan #en1a*. Ka#ena (tu a1a en1(n(nan e#la*an8la*an e-,entu"an "a#,on ,e,a) a"an-en(n"at. Ka#ena )ela-a )ela-a 7a,#(" 7a,#("a)( a)( 1(-a)u 1(-a)u""a ""ann -ane) -ane)(u(u- "e 1ala1ala- ,a*an ,a*an44 -a"a -a"a "a#,on ,e,a) (tu te#ja1( ,e#ua ,ola.
Bola
,ola (tu 1(na-a"an 1(na-a"an no1ul. No1ul #a7(t -e-,e#("an -e-,e#("an enu#anan enu#anan ena-an yan le,(* "u#an 1an t(1a" -enye,a,"an -enye,a,"an ene#jaan ta"(".Be)( tuan no1ule#4 )etela* en1(n(nan 1an )etela* ene#jaan e-(ja#an te#uta-a 1a#(7e#(t4 e#l(t4 1an #a7(t. #a7(t. Ka#ena a1anya 7e#(t atau e#l(t 1an "a#ena ,entu" no1ul #a7(t yan )anat-enuntun"an4 )anat-enuntun"an4 -a"a ,e)( tuan no1ule# -e-(l("( "e"uatan ta#(" yan t(n( 1an #eanan yan ,e)a#. Be#("ut Be#("ut (n( a1ala* ,entu" )t#u"tu# 1a#( ,e)( tuan no1ula#.
Ga*a 1C+ S!%k!% Ba.a
;. Buatla Buatla** e#,e e#,e1aa 1aann e#at e#ata* a*an an anta# "e% )e)(-e )e)(-enn yan yan tela* 1(uj(. 1(uj(. Ja>a* Ja>a* :
Ka#ena )e6(-en uj( *anya )atu ,a*an4 ja1( e#tanyaan (n(
t(1a" ,()a 1()ele)a("an. &. Da#( loa-8lo loa-8loaa- yan yan 1(uj( -ana" -ana"a* a* yan yan (/ al(n al(n "uat "uat ((/ al(n al(n ulet (((/ al(n "a"u Du"unla* en(la(an an1a te#)e,ut 1enan 1ata81ata *a)(l enuj(an. Ja>a* : Ka#ena )e6(-en uj( *anya )atu ,a*an4 ja1( e#tanyaan (n( t(1a" ,()a 1()ele)a("an.
. Aa"a* Aa"a* loaloa- yan yan ulet ulet )elalu )elalu loaloa- yan tanu* tanu* Ja>a* :
Ketanu*an )uatu ,a*an a1ala* "e-a-uan )uatu ,a*an -ate#(al
untu" untu" -enye -enye#a #a ene#( ene#( a1a a1a 1ae#a 1ae#a** la)t( la)t()) atau atau "eta* "eta*ana anann ,a*an ,a*an te#*a1a ,e,an tu-,u"an atau "ejutan. 0enye,a, "etanu*an ,a*an a1al a1ala* a* en6 en6aa-u u#a #ann anta anta#a #a )atu )atu ,a*a ,a*ann 1en 1enan an ,a*a ,a*ann la(n la(nny nya. a. M()alnya ,aja 1( 6a-u# "a#,on a"an le,(* tanu* 1(,an1(n"an 1enan
,aja
-u#n(.
Ja1( aa,(la loa- 1(6a-u# 1enan "a#,on4loa- te#)e,ut -enja1( le,(* tanu* 1a#(a1a loa- -u#n(. Ma"a 1enan e#nyataan (n(4 1aat 1(ta#(" jawa,an ,a*wa loa- yan ulet t(1a" )elalu loa- yan tanu*.
+4 +5
U.- I(a3! D-a$a A) A)- P' P'38*aa,
Ga*a 20+ D-a$a A)- P'38*aa,
+6
A)a! /a, Baa,
3.6.1
a. ,. 6. 1.
"#at Pendu$ung Pendu$ung
Cal( Cal(e e## = Jan Jan" "aa )o# )o#on on D(al In1(6ato# Alat tul() 0ena#()
%ahan dan mesin &ang 'iguna$an
3.6.2
a. Me)( Me)(nn uj( uj( 1e) 1e)t# t#u" u"t( t(7 7 ,. Ba*an uj( = )e6(-en )e6(-en Prosedur Perco(aan
3.6.3
0a1a e#6o,aan uj( (-a" "(ta -ela"u"an lan"a*8lan"a* "e#ja )e,aa( ,e#("ut + a. ,. 6. 1.
Meny(a"a Meny(a"ann )e)(-en )e)(-en uj( (-a" (-a" yan yan 1(,uat 1(,uat )e)ua( )e)ua( 1enan 1enan )tan1a# )tan1a# Catatla* jen() loaloa- yan a"an 1(una"an 1(una"an untu" uj( (-a". U"u# 1an 1an a-,a#l a-,a#la* a* -ate#(al -ate#(al yan yan a"an a"an 1(una" 1(una"an an untu" untu" uj( (-a". (-a". Mela"u Mela"u"an "an e#la"ua e#la"uann te#*a te#*a1a 1a )e)(-e )e)(-enn )e)ua( )e)ua( 1enan 1enan te-e# te-e#atu atu## yan yan
1((n(n"an 1ala- enuj(an. e. Mele Meleta ta"" ""an an )e) )e)((-en en a1a a1a -eja -eja uj(4 uj(4 -e-a -e-a)a )an n te#te#-o" o"o oel el untu untu" " -eneta*u( te-e#atu# )aat 1(,e#( ,e,an (-a" 7. Na(""a Na(""ann en1u en1ululu- )e)ua )e)ua(( 1enan 1enan "e1u1u "e1u1u"a "ann 1an 1an atu#la atu#la** ja#uja#u- enunju enunju" " a1a o)()( -a")(-u-. -a")(-u-. . Sete Setela la** ,en1 ,en1aa "e#ja "e#ja -en6 -en6a aa( a( te- te-e# e#at atu# u# yan yan 1((n 1((n(n (n"a "an4 n4 a-,( a-,(ll 1an 1an leta""an a1a lan1a)an 1enan 6eat 1an teat. *. Ta#(" tua) )e*(n )e*(naa lenan lenan en1ulu en1ulu- te#le te#lea) a) 1an en1ul en1uluu- ,e#e#a ,e#e#a" " -e-u"ul )e)(-en uj(4 1enan 6atatan e-u"ulan *a#u) te#ja1( )etela* ; 1et(" )eja" -ate#(al 1("elua#"an 1a#( ,ejana. (. Catatla* Catatla* ja#uja#u- enunju enunju"" -e)(n -e)(n yan yan -enyata -enyata"an "an ene# ene#(( yan 1()e#a 1()e#a ole* ole* loa j. A-at( 1an a-,a#la* ,entu" ata*an yan te#ja1( una"an "a6a e-,e)a# /. ". Catatla* Catatla* 1ata 1ata yan yan 1(e#ole* 1(e#ole* a1a a1a le-,a le-,a## 1ata yan yan te#)e1( te#)e1(a. a. 3.6.4
pesi$asi a#at uji destru$ti
Ga*a 21+ Ga*a a)a! %.- -(ak A)a! %.- -(ak • • • • • • • •
3.6.5
Me#" + To#)ee Un(:e#)al Te)t(n Ma6*(ne T(e + TIT ! %' Kaa)(ta) -a")(-u+ %' K78M No. Se#( + $'>2 Buatan + Jean Ta*un + Jun( $?>> 0enuj(an I-a" I@o1 + ' ! $&9 joule 0en 0enuj uj(a (ann I- I-a" a" C*a# C*a#y y + ' ! %'' %'' joul joulee
'ata )asi# Perco(aan
Ga*a 22+ S('&-', &'*')% %.- -(ak
Ga*a 2+ S('&-', &'&%/a %.- -(a3!
Ga*a 24+ B',!%k (a!aa, &('&-', %.- -(ak
3.6.6
Pem(ahasan
a. Al("a Al("a)( )( 1( 1( Dun(a Dun(a Nyata Nyata 1an 1an In1u In1u)t# )t#(( Uj( (-a" -e#ua"an )ala* )atu 6a#a untu" -enuj( "e"uatan 1a#( )uatu -ate#(al. Uj( (-a" )en1(#( -e-(l("( 1ua -eto1e anta#a la(n -eto1e C*a#y 1an -eto1e I@o14 1ala- e#6o,aan (n( -eto1e yan 1(una"an a1ala* -eto1e C*a#y. ,. 0ena#u* Te-e#atu Te-e#atu## Te#*a1a Te#*a1a Ene#( Ene#( I-a" Te-e#atu# yan 1(,e#("an te#*a1a )e)(-en uj( -e-,e#("an ena#u* yan 6u"u -e-,uat )e)(-en uj( -enja1( le,(* eta) 1an ,(la te-e#atu# yan 1(,e#("an "ea1a )e)(-en uj( )e-a"(n t(n( -a"a )e)(-en uj( te#)e,ut a"an )e-a"( ulet )e)ua( 1enan te-e#atu# yan 1(,e#("an te#*a1a )e)(-en uj(. 6. 0ena#u* 0ena#u* Ta"(" a"(" Te# Te#*a1a *a1a Ene#( Ene#( I-a" A1a t(a -a6a- ,entu" ta"("an a1a enuj(an (-a" ya"n( ta"("an V4 U 1an "ey *ole/. *ole/. 0a1a )uatu "ont#u")( "ont#u")( "e,e#a1aa "e,e#a1aann ta"(" atau no6t* -e-ean -e-ean e#anan yan a-at ,e#ena#u* te#*a1a "e"uatan (-a". A1anya A1anya ta"("an a1a "e#ja yan )ala* )ee#t( 1()"otun(ta) a1a enela)an4 atau "o#o)( lo"al ,()a ,e#)(7at )e,aa( e-u)at teanan )t#e)) 6on6ent#at(on/. A1anya u)at teanan (n( 1aat 1aat -enye -enye,a ,a,"a ,"ann -ate#( -ate#(al al ,#(ttl ,#(ttlee eta) eta)/4 /4 )e*(n )e*(na a ata* ata* a1a a1a ,e,an ,e,an 1(,awa* y(el1 )t#ent*/. 1. 0ena#u* 0ena#u* Lua) 0e#-u"aa 0e#-u"aann Te# Te#*a1a *a1a Ene#( Ene#( Set( Set(a a )e) )e)((-en en yan yan 1(uj 1(uj(( -e-(l e-(l(" ("(( lua) lua) e#e#-u" u"aa aann yan yan 1aa 1aatt -e-ena#u*( enye#aan ene#( ene#( yan 1(,e#("an "ea1a )e)(-en uj(.
3.6.-
*esimpu#an
a. K(ta 1aat 1aat -enentu -enentu"an "an *a#a *a#a (-a" (-a" 1enan 1enan -enu -enuna"a na"ann uj( (-a". (-a". ,. 0u"ulan ta"(" 1(una"an untu" -enentu"an "e"uatan ,en1a te#*a1a ,e,an "ejut. 6. Bentu" Bentu" ata*an ata*an a1a )e)(-e )e)(-enn yan t(1a" t(1a" 1(ana)"an 1(ana)"an44 ,entu" ata*an ata*annya nya 1(tan1a( 1enan e#-u"aan ata*an yan 1ata# 1an -e-e#l(*at"an 1aya antul 6a*aya 6a*aya yan t(n( )e#ta -en"(lat. 1. Se*(n e*(na a1a a1a )e )e)(-e (-en Baja ST ! 1enan )u*u #uanan 2?
℃
/4
te#ja1( ata* eta).
3.6.
aran
a. Se,a(" Se,a("nya nya )e)()e)(-en en 1ala1ala- uj( (-a" (-a" (n( le,(* 1a#( 1a#( )atu4 aa# aa# -a*a) -a*a)()w ()waa -eneta*u( e#,an1(nan "e"uatan ,a*an )e)(-en uj(. ,. Alan"a* ,a("nya aa,(la jua 1()e#ta"an e#,e1aan )u*u )e)(-en. Se,aa( 6onto* + )e)(-en Baja ST % 1enan )u*u #uanan 2?
℃
/4
1enan e#,an1(nan )e)(-en yan tela* 1(ana)"an Baja ST % 1enan )u*u 2;'
℃
/. Aa# -a*a)()wa -eneta*u( e#,an1(nan )u*u 1aat
-e-ena#u*( "e"uatan ,a*an )e)(-en uj(.
3.6.9
Perhitungan dan Ja+a(an Pertanyaan
$. S(7at 7()(" aa"a* yan 1(tentu"an ole* enuj(an (-a" Ja>a* :
S(7at ent(n 1ala- e-(l(*an -ate#(al a1ala* )(7at 7()(". S(7at 7()(" a1ala* "ela"uan atau )(7at8)(7at -ate#(al yan ,u"an 1()e,a,"an ole* e-,e,anan )ee#t( ena#u* e-ana)an4 en1(n(nan 1an ena#u* a#u) l()t#(" yan le,(* -ena#a* a1a )t#u"tu# -ate#(al. S(7at 7()(" -ate#(al anta#a la(n + te-e#atu# 6a(#4 "on1u"t(:(ta) ana) 1an ana) )e)(7(". St#u"tu# -ate#(al )anat e#at *u,unannya 1enan )(7at -e"an(". S(7at -e"an(" 1aat 1(atu# 1enan)e#an"a(an #o)e) e#la"u"an 7()(". Denan a1anya e#la"uan 7()(" a"an -e-,awa enye-u#naan1an ene-,anan ene-,anan -ate#(al ,a*"an ene-uan -ate#(al -ate#(al ,a#u. 2. Da#( "e% )a-el 1(ata) 6a#(la* n(la( a* :
U A
115 joule 81 mm
2
$49$? joule=
2
mm
%. Be#("anla* ,e,e#aa 6onto* 1(-ana aya (-a" ,e"e#ja )e6a#a a"tual a1a "o-onen8"o-onen "o-onen8"o-onen loa- loa- Ja>a* :
Se,aa( 6onto*4 tela* 1(te-u"an te#ja1( e#ata*an a1a le-en ,aja "aal L(,e#ty a1a ta*un $?9'8an yan *anya te#ja1( a1a )u*u laut 1(-ana ene#( (-a" ,aja a1ala* 2' J.
Ga*a 25+ P',$%.-a, -(ak (a/a &a)a &a!% 8*-) *a)a(
2. Buatla* Buatla* #a7(" #a7(" *a#a *a#a (-a" )e,a )e,aa( a( 7un)( 7un)( te-e#atu# te-e#atu# 1a#( 1a#( *a)(l enuj( enuj(an an an1a. Tentu"anla* Tentu"anla* te-e#atu# t#an)()( 1a#( loa- yan 1(uj( Ja>a* + Ka#ena )e6(-en uj( *anya )atu ,a*an 1an )atu te-e#atu#e )u*u #uanan/4 ja1( e#tanyaan (n( t(1a" ,()a 1()ele)a("an. %. Buatla* Buatla* ula #a7(" #a7(" e#)enta e#)enta)e )e lua) a#ea a#ea eta) )e,aa )e,aa(( 7un)( te-e#at te-e#atu# u# Ja>a* + Ka#ena )e6(-en uj( *anya )atu ,a*an 1an )atu te-e#atu#e )u*u #uanan/4 ja1( e#tanyaan (n( t(1a" ,()a 1()ele)a("an 9. Men Mena aaa )aat )aat loa loa- 1ala 1ala- "ea1 "ea1aa aann 1(n 1(n(n (n 1(a 1(a -enja enja1( 1( eta eta) ) Dan Dan -enaa 1ala- "ea1aan ana) 1(a -enja1( ulet Ja>a* + J("a J("a ,aja ,aja 1(1(n 1(1(n(n" (n"an an 1ena 1enann "e6ea "e6eatan tan -(n(-u -(n(-u- yan yan 1()e, 1()e,ut ut 1enan "e6eatan en1(n(nan "#(t() -a"a )elu#u* au)ten(t a"an ,e#u,a* "e 1ala- ,entu" -a#ten)(t. Se*(na a"an 1(*a)(l"an "e"e#a)an ,aja yan -a")(-u-. A1aun "e6eatan en1(n(nan "#(t() a1ala* ,e#antun a1a "o- "o-o) o)() ()(( "(-( "(-(aa ,aja ,aja.. Ke6e Ke6ea ata tann en1 en1(n (n( (na nann te# te#an antu tun n a1a a1a en1(n(nan yan 1(una"an. Untu" en1(n(nan yan 6eat 1(una"an
la#utan a#a- atau )o1a a( yan 1(-a)u""an "e 1ala- a(#. Se-enta#a (tu4 untu" en1(n(nan yan )anat la-,at 1(una"an e-,u)an u1a#a )e6a#a 6eat -elalu( ,ata) la()annya. Dala Dala- "ea1 "ea1aa aann 1(n 1(n(n (n 1an 1an t(1a t(1a"" )ee )ee#t( #t( loa loa- la(n la(nny nyaa yan yan -enja1( eta) ,(la 1(1(n(n"an. S(7at (n( )anat ,a(" untu" enunaan a1a t#an)o#ta)( LN 1(-ana )u*u a) 6a(# LN -en6aa( 1(,awa* 8$;'WC. Baja Baja "a#,on "a#,on #en1a #en1a** 1(ana 1(ana)"a )"ann 1(ata) 1(ata) t(t( t(t("" "#(t() "#(t() ata) ata) te#t(n te#t(n( (/. /. Selu#u* un)u# "a#,on -a)u" "e 1ala- la#utan a1at 1an )elanjutnya 1(1(n(n"an. Baja "a#,on t(n( ,(a)anya 1(ana)"an *anya )e1("(t 1(ata) t(t(" t(t(" "#(t() "#(t() te#en1 te#en1a* a* ,awa* ,awa*/. /. DalaDala- *al (n(4 (n(4 te#ja1 te#ja1(( e#u, e#u,a*a a*ann e#l(t e#l(t -enja -enja1( 1( au)t au)ten en(t. (t. 0en1 0en1(n (n( (na nann yan yan 1(la 1(la"u "u"a "ann a1a a1a )u*u )u*u (tu (tu a"an a"an -e-,entu" -a#ten)(t. Jua )ewa"tu "an1unan "a#,on 1(ata) '4>%G t(1a" te#ja1( e#u,a*an )e-ent(t ,e,a) -enja1( au)ten(t4 "a#ena la#utannya tela* -enja1( "e#a). Se*(na e#lu 1(la"u"an e-ana)an a1a )u*u t(n( untu untu"" -en -enu, u,a* a*ny nyaa 1ala 1ala- ,ent ,entu" u" au)t au)ten en(t (t.. La-a La-any nyaa e-a e-ana na)a )ann ,e#antun ,e#antun ata) "ete,alan ,a*an teta( ,a*an *a#u) t(1a" ,e#u"u#an anjan "a#ena a"an -en*a)(l"an )t#u"tu# yan "a)a#. Ka#ena (tula* 1ala- "ea1aan ana) 1(a -enja1( ulet. ;. Aa" Aa"a* a* yan an -eny -enye, e,a, a,"a "ann te#j te#ja1 a1(n (nyya "dat "data a scatt scatter# er# *a)(l enuj(an enuj(an an1a Ja>a* :
Se,ua* S6atte# D(a#a- -enunju""an *u,unan anta#a 1ua (teuntu" t(a ala)an+ $. A1a )e,a, )e,a, 1an 1an a"(,at a"(,at *u,unan *u,unan anta#a anta#a 1ua (te- 1(u"u#4 1(u"u#4 1( -ana )ala* )ala* )atu -enye,a,"an yan la(n )et(1a"nya )e,a(an/. 2. Dua (te(te- yan 1(u"u 1(u"u## a1ala* a1ala* ,a(" 1()e,a 1()e,a,"an ,"an ole* (te(te- "et(a. "et(a. M()alnya4 S6atte# D(a#a- yan -enunju""an "o#ela)( anta#a 6ela*8 6ela* 1an t#an)a#an)( e#alatan "a6a "a#ena e#u,a*an ,a(" 1()e,a,"an ole* e#u,a*an )u*u tun"u. %. Ke,e Ke,etulan tulan Len"a Len"a. .
S6atte# D(a#a- )e*(na 1aat 1(una"an untu" -e-,e#("an ,u"t( *u,unan )e,a, 1an a"(,at4 teta( -e#e"a )en1(#( t(1a" -e-,u"t("annya. B(a)anya4 *al (tu jua -e-e#lu"an e-a*a-an yan ,a(" )()te- yan a"an 1(u"u#4 1an -un"(n 1(e#lu"an e#6o,aan ta-,a*an. XSe,a,X 1an Xe7e"X 1enan 1e-("(an 1("ut( 1ala- ,a, (n( untu" -enunju""an ,a*wa -e)"(un -e#e"a 1aat 1(1ua -e-(l("( *u,unan (n(4 ,elu- 1("eta*u( )e6a#a a)t(. Sewa"tu -ene:alua)( D(a#a- S6atte#4 ,a(" tingkat 1an 1an jenis "o#ela)( *a#u) 1(e#t(-,an"an. 3an 3an te#l(*at e#,e1aan S6atte# D(a#a- untu" (n( 1(tunju""an 1ala- Ta,el 1( ,awa* (n(. D( -ana a1a *u,unan )e,a,8a"(,at4 )e,a,8a"(,at4 t(n"at te#)e,a#nya 1(a#a-un"(n a"an 1(ena#u*( ole* ,e,e#aa 7a"to# )ee#t( yan 1((lu)t#a)("an 1ala- 1(a#a- 1( ,awa* (n(/+ •
$edekatan 1a#( )e,a, 1an
a"(,at. A1a "e)e-atan yan le,(* ,a(" 1a#(
"o#ela)( t(n( j("a enye,a,nya a1ala* te#*u,un lan)un "e e7e" 1a#(a1a j("a a1a a"*(# #anta( enye,a,. Ja1( a"a# -un"(n t(1a" -e-(l("( *u,unan yan jela) 1enan e7e" a"*(#. •
Beberapa penyebab e7e". Ket("a
-enu"u# )atu enye,a,4 enye,a,
la(nnya a1ala* -e-,uat e7e" te#)e,ut )anat ,e#aa- 1enan 6a#a yan t(1a" te#"a(t. 0enye,a, la(nnya -un"(n jua -e-(l("( e7e" yan le,(* ,e)a#4 )wa-(n e7e" )e,ena#nya enye,a, te#)e,ut. •
Ala- %ariasi 1ala- )()te-. E7e"nya -un"(n t(1a" ,e#ea")( 1enan 6a#a yan )a-a )et(a "al(4 ,a*"an enye,a, uta-a 1e"at.
&. Keaa Keaalan lan eta) eta) u-u-ny u-u-nyaa 1((n1( 1((n1("a) "a)("a ("ann ole* ole* alu# alu# 6lea:a 6lea:ae e )ean )eanjan jan ,(1an "#()talo#a7( te#tentu. Aa"a* ena-a"an e#ata*an a1a ,en1a uj( an1a -en1u"un e#nyataan (n( Jela)"an Ja>a* :
0e#ata*an eta) (clea&age rupture)' ! C(#(86(#(+ t(1a" a1a 1e7o#-a)( 1e7o#-a)( la)t()4 e#-u"aan e#-u"aan te#an 1an "#()tal(n4 "#()tal(n4 e#-u"aan ata*an ata*an Y uta-a 1an a1a 6*e:#on -a#") atau *ea#(n ,one -a#").
! A)e" A)e" )t#u"tu# uta-a+ uta-a+ ,ut(# "a)a# )u)unan )u)unan 7a6et a1a e#-u"aan e#-u"aan ,ela* ,ela* atau ola )una(/4 te#"a1an anta#a 6(#(86(#( 6lea:ae a1a 1(-le 1an a1a ol(7a)e e#l(te e#l(te Z [ Q Fe%C/ te#1aat a#() 1an 1(-le. Be#("ut (n( a1ala* )e6(-en uj( y -en1u"un e#nyataan 1(ata).
Ga*a 26+ Ha&-) U.- I(a3!
. Men Mena aaa untu untu"" ,en1 ,en1aa ,e#t ,e#tee-e e#a #atu tu## t(n t(n( ( ata ata*a *ann ,e#u ,e#ua a )ee )ee#t #t(( teanan e)e# Ja>a* + Ka#ena aa,(la ,aja "a#,on #en1a* 1(ana)"an 1(ata) t(t(" "#(t() ata) te#t(n te#t(n( (/. /. Selu#u Selu#u** un)u# un)u# "a#,on "a#,on -a)u" -a)u" "e 1ala1ala- la#uta la#utann a1at a1at 1an )elanjutnya 1(1(n(n"an. Baja "a#,on t(n( ,(a)anya 1(ana)"an *anya )e1("(t 1(ata) t(t(" "#(t() te#en1a* ,awa*/. Dala- *al (n(4 te#ja1( e#u,a*an e#l(t -enja1( au)ten(t. 0en1(n(nan yan 1(la"u"an a1a )u*u (tu a"an -e-,entu -e-,entu"" -a#ten)(t. -a#ten)(t. Ka#ena Ka#ena (tula* (tula* untu" ,en1a ,e#te-e# ,e#te-e#atu# atu# t(n( t(n( ata*an ,e#ua ,e#ua )ee#t( teanan teanan e)e#.
BAB VI PENUTUP
4+1 S-(%) S-(%)a, a,
De-("(an yan 1aat 0enul() aa#"an -enena( -ate#( yan -enja1( o"o" ,a*a)an ,a*a)an 1ala- -a"ala* -a"ala* (n(4 tentunya -a)(* -a)(* ,anya" "e"u#anan "e"u#anan 1an "ele-a*annya4 "ele-a*annya4 "e#ena te#,ata)nya eneta*uan 1an "u#annya #uju"an atau #e7e#en)( yan a1a *u,unannya 1enan ju1ul -a"ala* (n(. Dan 1aat "(ta )(-ul"an ,a*wa + $. Uj( Ta Ta#(" 1an 1an I-a6 I-a6tt a1ala* a1ala* )ala )ala** )atu )atu 1e)t#u 1e)t#u"t( "t(77 te)t te)t = 6a#a untu" untu" untu" -eneta*u( )(7at8)(7at -e"an() )uatu -ate#ual 2. I-a6t I-a6t Te)t Te)t a1ala* a1ala* )uatu )uatu enu enuj(a j(ann yan yan 1(la"u" 1(la"u"an an untu" -enuj -enuj(( "etanu*an )uatu )e6(-en te#*a1a e-,e#(an ,e,an )e6a#a t(,a8 t(,a -elalu( tu-,u"an. %. Se-a"(n Se-a"(n #en1a* #en1a* *a#a *a#a (-a" (-a" -a"a jen() jen() e#ata* e#ata*an an yan te#ja1 te#ja1(( a"an )e-a"(n eta). 9. Sala Sala** )atu )atu *al *al yan an -e- -e-en ena a#u #u*( *( (-a (-a"" a1al a1ala* a* te- te-e# e#at atu# u#.. Se-a"(n #en1a* te-e#atu# )uatu -ate#(al -a"a a"an )e-a"(n eta) -ate#(al te#)e,ut4 1an )e-a"(n t(n( te-e#atu# -a"a -ate#(al a"an )e-a"(n ulet. 9. Ene#( (-a" yan te#,e)a# te#1aat a1a ta"("an )etena* l(n"a#an 1an te#en1a* a1a ta"("an )e(t(a. Ja1(4 1aat 1()(-ul"an ,a*wa e#ata*an a"an )e-a"(n -u1a* te#ja1( a1a ta"("an ,e#)u1ut.
4+2 4+2 Saa Saa, ,
A1aun )a#an yan 1aat 0enul() )a-a("an ya(tu + $. Untu" Untu" -ea*a)()a -ea*a)()a *a#u) *a#u) ta*u ta*u )ee#t( )ee#t( aa enu enuj(an j(an loaloa- )e,aa( )e,aa( ,a*an aja# 1e-( 1e-( te#6aa(nya -utu en1(1("an 1( ,(1an ,(1an -etalu#(
2. Untu" Untu" wa"tu wa"tu 1ala- enelo- enelo-o"an o"an #a"te #a"te"" aa# aa# le,(* 1( 1( atu# )e1e-("(an #ua aa# a1a )aat e-,elaja#an 1( la, t(1a" te#lalu ,anya" -a*a)()wa -a*a)()wa "a#ena a"an a"an -enu#an( -enu#an( "on)ent#a)( ,a(" 1o)en e-,(-,(n atauun atauun -a*a)(wanya -a*a)(wanya (tu )en1(#( %. 0#a"t("an 0#a"t("an *a#u) *a#u) le,(* le,(* tel(t( tel(t( a1a )aat )aat ena-a ena-atan tan ja#uja#u- a1a alat alat uj( (-a" )uaya 1ata yan 1(*a)(l"an le,(* a"u#at 9. 0e-,uatan 0e-,uatan ta"("a ta"("ann a1a )e)()e)(-en en *a#u) *a#u) )(-et#() )(-et#() aa# aa# *a)(l yan yan 1(e#ole* le,(* a"u#at 0enul() ,anya" ,e#*a#a a#a e-,a6a yan ,u1(-an )u1( -e-,e#("an "#(t(" 1an )a#an yan -e-,anun "ea1a enul() 1e-( )e-u#nanya -a"ala* (n( 1an 1an enul()an -a"ala* 1( "e)e-atan8"e)e-atan "e)e-atan8"e)e-atan ,e#("utnya. Se-oa -a"ala* (n( ,e#una ,a( enul() a1a "*u)u)nya jua a#a e-,a6a yan ,u1(-an a1a u-u-nya
DAFTAR PUSTAKA •
•
• •
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LAMPIRAN
AMBAR $. TABLE TABLE MODULUS ELASTISITAS.......... ELASTISITAS.............................................. .................................... $' AMBAR 2. AMBARAN SINKAT UJI TARIK DAN DATAN3A...............$$ AMBAR %KURV %KURVA TEANAN8REANAN................... TEANAN8REANAN...............................................$2 ............................$2 AMBAR 9. UJI TARIK TARIK SEDER. JENIS UJI IM0ACT..................... IM0ACT............................................ ................................................... ............................$? $? AMBAR ?. METODE C. STRUKTUR ATOM ATOM BAJA...................................... BAJA...........................................................%9 .....................%9 AMBAR $?. STRUKTUR BAJA............................................... BAJA.......................................................................%; ........................%; AMBAR 2'. DIARAM ALIR 0ERCOBAAN............................... 0ERCOBAAN.................................................% ..................% AMBAR 2$. AMBAR ALAT ALAT UJI IM0AK............................ IM0AK............................................ .......................... ..........9' 9' AMBAR 22. S0ESIMEN SEBELUM UJI IM0AK.......................... IM0AK............................................92 ..................92 AMBAR 2%. S0ESIMEN SESUDA< UJI IM0ACT.................... IM0ACT..........................................92 ......................92 AMBAR 29. BENTUK 0ATA
AMBAR 2&.
