MAKALAH PERMUKIMAN DI SINGAPURA (Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan & Perancangan Perumahan Permukiman)
DOSEN KOORDINATOR :
DR. INDRABAKTI SANGALANG, SANGALANG, ST., MT NIP. 19750111 200 003 1 003
DISUSUN DISUSUN OLEH : KELOMPOK 2
Junaidi Junaidi
DBB 115 026
Josia Saragih
DBB 115 037
Bayu Aditya Aditya
DBB 115 032
Fandy Ginting
DBB 115 039
Tri Junianson K.
DBB 115 033
Audina Delika
DBB 115 041
Fadhi Trifano
DBB 115 034
Agus Pratama
DBB 115 042
Yurina Kristiana Kristiana
DBB 115 035
M Hendrawan S
DBB 115 043
KEMENTERIAN KEMENTERIAN RISET TEKNOLOGI T EKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI UNIVERSITAS UNIVERSITAS PALANGKARAYA PALANGKARAYA FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN ARSITEKTUR
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya karunia -Nya kami dapat menyelesaikan menyelesaikan makalah tentang Permukiman di Singapura dari mata kuliah Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan & Perancangan Perumahan Permukiman. Terima kasih kami ucapkan ucapkan kepada Dosen Koordinator Dr. Indrabakti Sangalang, ST., MT. Didalam makalah ini, kami memaparkan hasil penyusunan secara runtut melalui berbagai sumber. sumber. Tak lepas lepas dari sebuah sebuah karya manusia, tiada gading yang yang tak retak retak begitu pula dengan makalah ini. Kami menyadari masih terdapat kekurangan kekuranga n oleh karena itu kami mohon kepada Bapak/Ibu Dosen dan pembaca dapat memberi kritik dan saran membangun upaya membuat perbaikan dimasa mendatang. Akhir kata kami berharap semoga makalah tentang Permukiman di Singapura ini dapat memperluas wawasan kami dan juga bagi pembaca.
Palangka Palangka Raya, 28 2 8 Desember 2017
Penyusun
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DAFTAR ISI KATA KAT A PENG P ENGANTAR ANTAR ........................................................... ............................................................................................. .................................... i DAFTAR DAFT AR ISI ......................................................... ........................................................................................... .................................................... .................. ii PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakan B elakang g .................................................................. .............................................................................................. ............................ 1 1.2 Rumusan Rumu san Masalah Masa lah ................................................................... ......................................................................................... ...................... 1 1.3 Tujuan Tu juan ..................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ....................................... ...... 1 PEMBAHASAN
2.1 Gambaran Gamba ran Umum Kota Singapura Singa pura ........................................................ .............................................................. ...... 2 2.2 Sejarah Singkat Si ngkat Perencanaan Per encanaan Tata Ruang Singapura ........... ................ .......... ........... ............ ...... 3 2.3 Proses Pro ses Perancangan Peranca ngan ...................................................................... ...................................................................................... ................ 5 2.4 Proses Pro ses Pelaksanaan Pelak sanaan .............................................................. ....................................................................................... ......................... 12 2.5 Proses Pro ses Pengelolaan Pengelola an .............................................................. ....................................................................................... ......................... 20 PENUTUP
3.1 Kesimpulan Kesim pulan ................................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................. 37 ............................................................................................. .............................. 38 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...............................................................
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BAB I PEMDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang
Singapura (nama resmi: Republik Singapura) adalah sebuah negara sebuah negara pulau di lepas ujung selatan Semenanjung selatan Semenanjung Malaya, 137 Malaya, 137 kilometer (85 mi) di utara khatulistiwa di Asia di Asia Tenggara. Negara Tenggara. Negara ini terpisah dari Malaysia dari Malaysia oleh Selat oleh Selat Johor di utara, dan dari Kepulauan dari Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia oleh Selat Singapura di selatan. Singapura adalah pusat keuangan terdepan ketiga di dunia dan sebuah kota dunia kosmopolitan yang memainkan peran penting dalam perdagangan dan keuangan internasional. Pelabuhan Singapura adalah satu dari lima pelabuhan tersibuk di dunia. (Wikipedia) Singapura merupakan negara maju dengan pengelolaan permukiman yang dapat dikatakan ideal, dimana penataan permukimannya dapat menjadi contoh bagi negara yang sedang berkembang seperti negara kita, Indonesia. Dari penataan sikulasi jalan, penataan perumahan, peru mahan, area industri, pengelolaan air dan sebagainya sebagain ya dapat terencana te rencana dan terlaksana dengan baik. 1.2 Rumusan Masalah
1. Bagaimana sejarah perancangan tata ruang permukiman Singapura? 2. Bagaimana proses perancangan permukiman di Singapura? 3. Bagaimana proses pelaksanaan permukiman di Singapura? 4. Bagaimana proses pengelolaan permukiman di Singapura?
1.3 Tujuan
1. Mengetahui sejarah perancangan tata ruang permukiman Singapura 2. Mengetahui Mengetahui proses perancangan perancangan permukiman di Singapura Singapura 3. Mengetahui proses pelaksanaan permukiman di Singapura 4. Mengetahui proses pengelolaan permukiman di Singapura
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN
2.1 Gambaran Umum Kota Singapura
Berada
di
kawasan
Asia
Tenggara dengan letak geografis koordinat
1°18′-1,3°LU 1°18′-1,3°LU
serta
103°51′-103,85°BT. 103°51′-103,85°BT.
Total luas 697 km2dan memiliki garis pantai sepanjang 193 km dengan luas laut teritorial teritorial 3 nm.
Jumlah penduduk tahun 2014 sebesar 5.567.301 jiwa.
Mayoritas penduduk Singapura adalah Cina sejumlah 74,2 %, Melayu 13,3 %, India 9,2 %, dan lainnya 3,3 %.
Memiliki sistem ekonomi pasar bebasyangsangat bergantung pada ekspor, terutama barang-barang elektronik, produk-produk teknologi informasi, farmasi, dan sektor jasa keuangan.
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2.2 Sejarah Singkat Perencanaan Perencanaan Tata Ruang Singapura Singapura modern terjadi pada tahun 1819 oleh Sir Stamford Raffles, pada saat itu ia mendirikan sebuah pelabuhan untuk para koloni dari Inggris. Di bawah pemerintahan kolonial Inggris, Singapura telah berubah menjadi pelabuhan yang amat strategis, mengingat
letaknya
yang
ada
di
tengah-tengah
jalur
perdagangan
di
antara India antara India dan Cina dan Cina yang yang akhirnya menjadi salah satu pelabuhan yang terpenting di dunia sampai hari ini.
Gambar: Foto Sir Stamford Raffles
Raffles tiba di Singapura pada 29 Januari 1819. Januari 1819. Dia menjumpai sebuah perkampungan
Melayu kecil
di
muara Sungai
Singapura yang
diketuai
oleh
seorang T seorang Temenggung emenggung Johor. Johor. Karena limpahan airnya yang sangat segar pada saat itu, Raffles menjadikan tempat itu untuk para koloninya tinggal. Setelah menandatangani perjanjian pada tanggal 6 Februari tahun ya ng sama, Raffles meninggalkan menin ggalkan pemukiman, dan menyerahkan tanggung jawab kepada Kolonel Kolon el William Farquhar dan pada akhir Mei, Raffles kembali lagi, karena semakin pesatnya perkembangan kota, ia menyadari perlunya r encana perkotaan formal untuk memandu perluasan fisik. Lalu Raffles pergi kembali dan pada Oktober 1822, raffles kembali ke singapura dan membentuk Komite Kota dipimpin oleh Letnan Philip Jackson untuk menyusun suatu rencana formal untuk jajahan, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Rencana Jackson. Yaitu dengan meletakkan dasar jalan kota dan tata letak zonal, Misalnya, alokasi lembaga sipil di tepi utara sungai Singapura dan penciptaan daerah komersial utama yang kemudian dikenal sebagai
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komite kota yang dipimpin oleh Jackson hanya berjalan 8 tahun karena semakin berkembang pesatnya populasi dan terjadi kepadatan kepadata n penduduk yang parah, akhirnya banyak penduduk yang pindah kedaerah pinggiran kota daerah timur Singapura. Pertumbuhan ini juga mengakibatkan jalan pinggiran kota menjadi padat oleh lalu lintas, terutama di sepanjang Geylang Road yang mengarah ke Pantai Timur. Pada tahun 1927, pemerintah kolonial
berusaha
menangkap
situasi
dengan
mendirikan
Singapura (SIT),
Improvement
dengan
tujuan
Trust utama
mengurangi kemacetan perkotaan dan penyediaan dan peningkatan infrastruktur dalam
publik,
pelebaran
khususnya
jalan
untuk
mengakomodasi dan modernisasi
Gambar: Foto Awal dari Singapore Improvement Trust dan Tiong Bahru Estate Bahru Estate
lalu lintas. Upaya mereka hanya di daerah lokal, karena mereka tidak memiliki kekuasaan legislatif untuk menghasilkan rencana yang komprehensif atau untuk mengendalikan pembangunan perkotaan. Dan karena adanya Perang Dunia Kedua menyebabkan terganggunya upaya mengurangi masalah kota hal ini berlangsung selama 1941-1945. 1941 -1945. Di tahun 1960-an ketika Singapura baru merdeka, penduduknya 1,89 juta, sekitar 1,3 juta di antaranya antaranya miskin dan hidup di kawasan kumuh, termasuk di bantaran-bantaran sungai, atau di mana saja yang bisa digunakan untuk membangun pemukiman. Sampah pun dibuang sembarangan, termasuk di sungai-sungai, membuat sungainya penuh sampah. Saat PM Lee Kuan Yew hendak membangun Singapura mulai dari nol, bahkan
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Pemukiman kumuh di d i Singapura tahun 19 60-an (courtesy (courte sy
Dan dibawah naungan Partai Aksi Rakyat yang berkuasa pada saat itu, SIT (Singapore Improvement Trust) telah digantikan dengan HDB (Housing Development Board) yang didirikan pada tahun 1960. Hal ini terbukti menjadi titik balik Singapura dalam menghadapi menghadapi kepadatan penduduknya, HBD telah membangun membangun 50.000 unit rumah yang telah dibangun dalam rentang waktu waktu lebih dari 20 tahun. Dalam tahun 1970-an, sebagian besar penduduk telah menemukan perumahan yang layak. Sebagian besar kebijakan perencanaan kota saat ini berasal dari praktik HDB tersebut. Dan kebijakan perencanaan wilayah dan kota Singapura berada dibawah Urban Redevelopment Authority, yaitu menciptakan kota-kota yang mandiri dan kabupaten yang dilayani oleh 4 pusat regional, yang mempunyai fungsinya masing-masing. Tujuan rencana kota adalah untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan lahan secara efisien namun nyaman dan untuk melayani penduduk sebanyak mungkin dengan fungsinya masing-masing, seperti Infrastruktur, pelestarian lingkungan, ruang untuk resapan air dan lahan untuk
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2.3 Proses Perancangan Singapura menggunakan Green Infrastructure, adalah infrastruktur hijau yang dikembangkan di daerah perkotaan. Tujuannya untuk mengembangkan jaringan hijau pada jalan air (waterway), green park (taman hijau), sebagai bagian dari kegiatan konservasi dalam satu wilayah kota. Pembangunan kota di Singapura memperhatikan betul semua aspek lingkungan, sehingga kota ini menjadi salah satu sepuluh kota terbaik di dunia. Tata kelola air dan konservasi di kota Singapura bermanfaat banyak bagi masyarakatnya. Kota
Singapura adalah kota serba teratur, jangan berpikir akan menemukan pedagang kaki lima di sepanjang jalan. Singapore sendiri juga sudah ditegaskan zona CBD hanya dilokalisir di kawasan bibir pantai marina, memanjang hanya dari Tanjong Pagar hingga Clarke Quai. Konsep penataan kawasan CBD di negara maju pada umumnya menggunaka n pola sederhana grid superblok. Gedung-gedung pusat komersial diatur sedemikian rupa dalam satu blok yang saling menghimpit sehingga Garis Sempadan Jalanpun diusahakan hanya mepet 0 meter. Bangunan langsung bertemu trotoar di sebelah gedung pencakar langitnya. Pola superblok selain praktis, rapi dan sedap dipandang, secara tidak langsung akan menghasilkan impact positif positif bagi pekerja/karya wan untuk gemar berjalan berjalan kaki. Jika ada perjanjian meeting dengan partner bisnis pada gedung perkantoran lain di 2-3 blok sebelah misalnya, kita tidak perlu memakai mobil karena dalam 5-10 menit jalan kaki saja kita sudah sampai di gedung yang bersangkutan. Kota Singapura ditata agar warga kota nyaman berjalan kaki di kawasan wisata. Transportasi umum seperti BRTnya ( Bus ( Bus Rapid Transit ) juga sangat bersih, aman dan nyaman. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan tata kota Singapura berjalan sesuai dengan rencana adalah, kota Singapuraa menerapkan aturan ZR (Zoning Regulation). Zoning Regulation atau peraturan zonasi, adalah turunan dari Rencana Detail Tata Ruang. Peraturan zonasi
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Rencana Rencana Konsep Ko nsep
Rencana Konsep merupakan rencana penggunaan lahan dan transportasi strategis yang memandu pembangunan Singapura selama 40-50 tahun ke depan. Tinjau setiap sepuluh tahun sekali, Rencana Konsep memastikan bahwa ada lahan yang cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan populasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang sambil memberikan lingkungan hidup yang berkualitas bagi masyarakat kita. Rencana Konsep digunakan untuk menyeimbangkan kebutuhan penggunaan lahan, seperti perumahan, industri, perdagangan, taman dan rekreasi, transportasi, pertahanan dan fasilitas masyarakat.
Concept Plan 1971
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Rencana Konsep 1971 (CP1971) mengadopsi sebuah struktur 'Ring' Plan yang memvisualisasikan pengembangan cincin kota satelit dengan kepadatan tinggi di sekitar daerah tangkapan air pusat, dengan masing-masing kota dipisahkan oleh ruang hijau dan sistem taman dan ruang terbuka. Perumahan swasta dengan kepadatan rendah dan menengah akan dibangun di samping kota-kota ini dan akan ada ketentuan untuk kawasan industri.
Concept Plan 1991
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Tampines, dan Novena Fringe center adalah contoh sukses. Nantinya, Distrik Danau Jurong dan Paya Lebar Central adalah contoh pusat komersial yang akan datang yang akan menjadi simpanan bisnis, komersial dan pekerjaan penting yang melayani hati kita yang mengurangi kebutuhan untuk melakukan perjalanan ke pusat kota.
Concept Plan 2001
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dengan sifat polut dari pengguna mereka. Zona Putih baru juga diterapkan untuk memungkinkan penggunaan ganda di situs yang sama kecuali penggunaan yang bersifat polutan. Salah satu fokus baru CP2001 adalah untuk meningkatkan identitas alami dan membangun Singapura sehingga dapat menciptakan kota yang khas dengan warisan, karakter, keragaman dan identitas yang kaya. Berdasarkan Rencana Identitas, 15 node diidentifikasi untuk mempertahankan dan memperkuat karakter dan skala lingkungan binaan yang ada.
Concept Plan 2011 dan Rencana Penggunaan Lahan MND
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Singapura pada tahun 2030. MND merilis Rencana Penggunaan Lahan kemudian pada bulan yang sama untuk melengkapi Kertas Putih Penduduk. Ini menguraikan strategi untuk mendukung pertumbuhan populasi dan ekonomi, sekaligus menjamin lingkungan hidup berkualitas bagi semua orang Singapura. Rencana Penggunaan Lahan adalah rencana konseptual yang menguraikan strategi untuk menyediakan kapasitas fisik untuk mempertahankan lingkungan hidup berkualitas tinggi untuk kemungkinan rentang populasi 6,5 sampai 6,9 juta pada tahun 203 0. Ini juga juga menyisihkan lahan untuk memberikan opsi di luar 2030, sehingga generasi masa depan kita akan memiliki ruang untuk pertumbuhan dan peluang. Strategi untuk mempertahankan lingkungan hidup berkualitas tinggi meliputi: a. Menyediakan rumah terjangkau dengan berbagai fasilitas b. Mengintegrasikan kehijauan ke lingkungan hidup c. Menyediakan mobilitas yang lebih besar dengan konektivitas transportasi yang lebih baik d. Mempertahankan ekonomi yang dinamis dengan pekerjaan bagus e. Memastikan ruang untuk pertumbuhan dan lingkungan hidup yang baik di masa depan
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2.4 Proses Pelaksanaan Pertama-tama lahan-lahan permukiman kmuh harus dikosongkan, dengan kata lain penduduknya harus direlokasi, atau bangunan-bangunannya bangunan -bangunannya dibongkar, lalu dibangun kembali dengan penataan yang baru sesuai dengan yang direncanakan. Untuk keperluan itu pemerintah Singapura pun membangun pulau seluas sekitar 500 kilometer persegi (sebelum melakukan reklamasi) menjadi kota taman, di atasnya dibangun apartemen atau rumah-rumah susun yang representatif, dilengkapi dengan prasarana pendidikan pen didikan dan k esehatan, den gan prinsip setiap keluarga harus punya p unya rumah dengan lingkungan yang bersih dan higinis. Setelah pembangunan kawasan pemukiman selesai dibangun, di bawah kekuasaan Lee Kuan Yew yang sangat tegas dan tanpa kompromi menjurus pada otoriter, semua penduduk di kawasan ka wasan pemukiman kumuh itu pun mulai d irelokasi ke sana. Lahan-lahan bekas pemukiman kumuh itu pun disediakan untuk membangun berbagai prasarana dan sarana, infrastruktur, taman kota, dan seterusnya untuk diubah menjadi kawasan pusat bisnis, perekonomian, dan obyek wisata kelas dunia.
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Pemerintah Singapura membangun pulau seluas
sekitar
melakukan
500
km2
reklamasi)
(sebelum
menjadi
kota
taman, diatasnya dibangun apartemen atau rumah susun yang representatif, dilengkapi dengan prasarana pendidikan dan kesehatan, dengan prinsip setiap keluarga harus punya rumah dengan lingkungan yang bersih dan higienis.
Langkah yang diambil pemerintah Singapura adalah merelokasi penduduk dari permukiman kumuh dan mengubah lahan yang ditinggalkan menjadi pusat bisnis, taman kota, obyek wisata, infrastruktur jalan, dan sebagainya.
Contohnya kawasan yang dahulu merupakan pemukiman kumuh di bantaran sungai, pelabuhan perdagangan tradisional dan sampah yang memenuhi air sungai adalah kawasan Clarke Quay, Esplanade dengan Queen Elizabeth Walk-nya, dan Marina Bay di pusat kota, setelah mengalami transformasi yang begitu hebat berubah menjadi salah satu obyek
Pebangunan Housing and Development Board Perumahan Housing & Development
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di
bawah
Kementrian
Pembangunan
Nasional Singapura yang bertugas di bidang perumahan negara n egara di Singapura. Peru mahan yang dikelola oleh HDB juga disebut perumahan HDB. Kepemilikan lahan dan pemenuhan perumahan rakyat di Singapura diatur oleh HDB atau Housing atau Housing and Development Develop ment Board . Pembangunan
perumahan
tersebut
dilakukan dengan subsidi kepada penduduk yang berpenghasilan tak lebih dari SGD 8000.
Semakin
banyak
jumlah
kamar
diinginkan, maka semakin rendah subsidi diberikan. Kebijakan ini dilatarbelakangi
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MASTER PLAN
Master Plan diperkenalkan pada tahun 1958 dan telah mengalami update reguler setiap 5 tahun. Rencana Induk telah berevolusi dari sebuah rencana yang merefleksikan amandemen penggunaan lahan sebelumnya kepada yang berfokus pada perencanaan ke depan untuk perkembangan masa depan. Secara khusus, dokumen tersebut diubah menjadi dokumen perencanaan yang berpandangan ke depan pada pertengahan tahun ta hun 1990an 1990a n melalui dimulainya Rencana Panduan Pandua n Pembangunan (DGP), yang menetapkan tujuan perencanaan terperinci di tingkat lokal dan regional yang sesuai dengan tujuan perencanaan yang lebih luas dari Rencana Konsep. Tinjauan dan amandemen reguler terhadap Rencana Induk telah diperhitungkan dalam perubahan tren lokal dan global, dan memastikan bahwa rencana kami tetap relevan untuk menjawab tantangan masa depan dan memenuhi kebutuhan orang Singapura.
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MASTER PLAN 1980
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MASTER PLAN 2003
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MASTER PLAN
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MASTER PLAN
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2.5 Proses Pengelolaan 2.5.1 Transportasi di Singapura
Singapura adalah salah satu kota yang terhubung dengan paling baik, dengan sistem transportasi umum yang bersih, aman, mudah digunakan dan cukup murah. Bagi sebagian besar pengunjung, menyewa mobil di Singapura tidak perlu dan mahal, dan Anda akan menemukan bahwa sebagian besar pemandangan dan objek wisata di Singapore mudah dijangkau dengan angkutan umum atau taksi.
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2.5.2 Ruang Terbuka Hijau
Dengan visinya “city in a garden”, Singapura membentuk kotanya
menjadi
kota
hijau
dengan berbagai tanaman dan taman kota. Pohon-pohon besar sebagai
peneduh
menjadikan
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lingkungan yang baik. Masyarakat secara konsisten dan berkomitmen untuk mengalokasikan sumber dayanya secara efisien dan efektif karena kesadaran bahwa sumberdaya tersebut terbatas. Dengan demikian masyarakat merubah perilakunya untuk lebih ramah lingkungan, hemat energi, tidak konsumtif terhadap energi kemudian dilengkapi adanya dukungan pemerintah untuk terwujudnya kota hijau. Masyarakat telah sadar untuk menghindari keserakahan yang bersifat ekonomi (materialisme), sadar bahwa lingkungan perlu untuk kehidupannya dan kehidupan orang
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2.5.3 Pengelolaan Air
1. Tangkapan air lokal ( Local Catchment Catchmen t Water ) Singapura memiliki dua sistem yang terpisah untuk mengumpulkan air hujan dan air yang digunakan (used ( used water). water). Air hujan dikumpulkan melalui sistem jaringan yang komprehensif ko mprehensif dari saluran air, kanal, sungai, kolam k olam penampung p enampung air a ir hujan ( storm-water storm -water collection ponds) dan disimpan di 17 waduk sebelum diolah
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mutu yang ditetapkan oleh USEPA dan WHO. Meskipun kualitasnya lebih
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4. Air desalinasi ( Desalinated Water)
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Biofuel
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