Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf Làsthr Kcddjrcttc3
Jl jstj trcgcih sj mcgfcrã ej fhs pr`lk`p`hs ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, khl jspjk`cf jspjk`c f àldcs`s jl jf kr`tjr`h prjkcuthr`h. Jl rjcf`ece vhy c trctcr ul tjnc quj yh krjh sj ejgj jlkucercr jl fc hlthfhaîc ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, h ejltrh ej fc d`fhshdîc ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, h njihr cul, ejltrh ej ulc tjnãt`kc jp`stjnhfûa`kc, js ejk`r jl fc d`fhshdîc ej fc k`jlk`c ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. E`ah jsth phrquj s` mhy jl eîc nj prjaultcl kûnh sj ejscrrhffcrîc gãs`kcnjltj ul prharcnc ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, krjh quj, phr fh njlhs ejsej jf pulth ej v`stc ejf ejrjkmh `ltjrlh, sj mcrîc clcf`zcleh cf njlhs trjs h kuctrh `lst`tuk`hl `lst`tuk`hljs9 js9 3. Suà js jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf y kuãfjs shl fhs pr`lk`p`hs ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. 7. Suà js ecóh cng`jltcf y kuãf js jf ràa`njl ej fc rjsphlscg`f`ece phr ecóh. ;. Jf prhkjsh khfjkt`vh cng`jltcf, js ejk`r, fcs ckk`hljs iur`se`kk`hlcfjs ej ejdjlsc ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Ej ncljrc quj vhy c ejscrrhffcr ul tjnc quj js jsjlk`cf ejltrh ej fc nctjr`c. Fhs pr`lk`p`hs ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf shl fc kfcvj ej fc nctjr`c. E`kj Clthl`h Mjrncl Gjlicn`l quj ulc k`jlk`c fharc cuthlhnîc c trcvàs ej fc d`ick`ûl ej hgijt`vhs, d`lcf`ecejs, fc jstrukturck`ûl jstrukturck`ûl ej pr`lk`p`hs y vîcs h `lstrunjlths ej ejdjlsc ejf hgijth ej fc e`sk`pf`lc pcrc fc kucf sj khlst`tuyj. Jl jstc tcrjc jx`stj ul ‖pcrce`anc cng`jltcf„, khnh fh jlsjóc W`kcreh Fhrjlzjtt` ―Iujz ej fc Khrtj Crajlt`lc―, quj `npf`kc lh shfcnjltj ul kcng`h jl fhs nàthehs iurîe`khs, s`lh tcng`àl ul kcng`h jl fc v`s`ûl ejf ejrjkmh jl ajljrcf. Js quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js, jl rjcf`ece, nukmh nãs quj ulc jspjk`cf`ece, nukmh nãs quj ulc e`sk`pf`lc cutûlhnc ejf ejrjkmh? js ul kcng`h ej fc kufturc iurîe`kc jl ajljrcf. Jdjkt`vcnjltj, jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js mhy, mhy, ejsej jf pulth ej v`stc iurîe`kh jl ajljrcf, aj ljrcf, jf nhthr ej kcng`h ej ulc lujvc kufturc iurîe`kc. Jf ‖pcrce`anc cng`jltcf„ `npf`kc rjkhlhkjr khnh suijth ej ejrjkmh c fc lcturcfjzc y c fc shk`jece. Cquàf pcrtj ej fh khfjkt`vh y lh ej fh `le`v`eucf. C pcrt`r ej fc cpcr`k`ûl ejf ‖pcrce`anc cng`jltcf„ h ejf ‖pcrce`anc ej fc shstjl`g`f`ece„, jstãl jl rjv`s`ûl, jl kcng`h y jl jguff`k`ûl thecs fcs jstrukturcs jstruktur cs kfãs`kcs ejf ejrjkmh. Ej fc rjsphlscg`f`ece, quj ejic ej sjr ej kcrãktjr rjpcrcthr`c pcrc sjr clt`k`pcthr`c, prjvjlt`vc, tjnprclc, prjkhz, ej jv`tck`ûl ejf ecóh. Ejf prhkjsh, quj jl sjej k`v`f kcng`c su dcz, ejic ej sjr ul prhkjsh e`sphs`t`vh pcrc trclsdhrncrsj jl ul prhkjsh ej lcturcfjzc kucs`-`lqu`s`t`vh, kucs`-`lqu`s`t`vh, khl nje`ecs ej hd`k`h, phrquj jstã jl iujah iuja h fc ejdjlsc ejf `ltjràs ajljrcf, ej jstc dhrnc, jf iujz, ejic su trce`k`hlcf pcpjf pcs`vh, pcs`vh, qu`jth, ej njrh jspjktcehr, pcrc trclsdhrncrsj jl ul nca`strceh ckt`vh, jl ul rhf prhp`h ej fc ‖iust`k`c ej ckhnpcócn`jlth„, ej ‖dujrtj khnprhn`sh shk`cf„, h ‖ej prhtjkk`ûl ej mhacóh„, khnh jlsjócl lhtcgfjs prhkjscf`stcs khnh Cuausth Ncr`h Nhrjffh y Ihraj Qcftjr Rjyrclh Rjyrclh.. Kcng`c fc fja`t`nck`ûl ej hgrcr, fc kcrac ej fc prujgc, fc cprjk`ck`ûl ej fc prujgc, fhs jdjkths ej fc sjltjlk`c, fc lcturcfjzc ej fcs nje`ecs kcutjfcrjs. Kcng`cl fhs jdjkths ej fhs rjkurshs, theh kcng`c c pcrt`r ej fc cpcr`k`ûl ej fhs ffcncehs `ltjrjsjs e`dushs h ejrjkmhs ej `lk`ejlk`c khfjkt`vc, quj shl fhs `ltjrjsjs quj cfhic h quj sj cfhicl jl jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Àstj js, c ejk`r ej W`kcreh Fhrjlzjtt`, ul ‖ejrjkmh mjràt`kh, nutcltj y ejkhe`d`kcltj. Js ulc `lv`tck`ûl c ulc d`jstc c fc kucf jstãl khlvhkcecs thecs fcs e`sk`pf`lcs kfãs`kcs ejf ejrjkmh, tclth Rrhdjshr ej Ejrjkmh Cng`jltcf ej fc Zl`vjrs`ece Lck`hlcf ej Gujlhs Cr`js.
3
Rrharcnc Wja`hlcf ej Kcpck`tck`ûl jl Ejrjkmh y Rhfît`kcs Cng`jltcfjs
ejf ejrjkmh pùgf`kh, khnh ejf ejrjkmh pr`vceh, khl fc ùl`kc khle`k`ûl quj vjlacl thecs khl ul vjst`eh lujvh„. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, e`kj Clthl`h Gjlicnîl, js ul ejrjkmh khltjstctcr`h, khltjstctcr`h, js ul ejrjkmh `lsurajltj ejsej jf pulth ej v`stc prhkjscf? js, e`kj Jeucreh Jeucreh R`arjtt`, ul ejrjkmh rjvhfuk`hlcr`h, ul ejrjkmh quj `npf`kc ul ejscdîh ej scdîh ej kcng`h, ej nhe`d`kck`ûl jl fc rjfck`ûl jltrj jf mhngrj y fc lcturcfjzc, jltrj jf mhngrj y fhs aruphs. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js, jl n` hp`l`ûl, ul ejrjkmh ej lcturcfjzc eucf, g`drhltj, g`kàdcfh y t`jlj ‖ehs kcrcs khnh jf E`hs Iclh„. Js ejrjkmh `le`v`eucf y khfjkt`vh cf n`snh t`jnph, js ul ejrjkmh munclh ej tjrkjrc y kucrtc ajljrck`ûl. Zstjejs scgjl quj fhs ejrjkmhs munclhs sj kfcs`d`kcl jl ejrjkmh ej pr`njrc, ej sjaulec y tjrkjrc ajljrck`ûl9 -Rr`njrc ajljrck`ûl. Ejrjkmhs phfît`khs y k`v`fjs quj lckjl khl fc Wjvhfuk`ûl Drclkjsc ej 31=0 y fc Ejkfcrck`ûl ej fhs Ejrjkmhs ejf Mhngrj y ejf K`uececlh ej 3103. [hl ejrjkmhs c fc f`gjrtce, ejrjkmhs quj fj `nphljl cf Jstceh fc cgstjlk`ûl h fc `lm`g`k`ûl, shl ejrjkmhs ejf k`uececlh k`uececlh.. -[jaulec ajljrck`ûl. [hl fhs ejrjkmhs shk`cfjs, fhs ejrjkmhs jkhlûn`khs y fhs ejrjkmhs kufturcfjs, fhs quj cpcrjkjl khl jf ffcnceh khlst`tuk`hlcf`snh shk`cf, supjrcehr ejf khlst`tuk`hlcf`snh kfãs`kh. Js ul khlst`tuk`hlcf`snh quj ejnclec fc `ltjrvjlk`ûl `ltjr vjlk`ûl ejf Jstceh pcrc `aucfcr ejs`aucfjs, c trcvàs ejf ejrjkmh ejf trcgcih, jf ejrjkmh ej fc dcn`f`c Àsths lckjl khl fc Khlst`tuk`ûl ej Nàx`kh, c rcîz ej fc Wjvhfuk`ûl Njx`kclc ej 3031, fc Khlst`tuk`ûl ej Qj`ncr ej 3030 jl Cfjncl`c, fc Khlst`tuk`ûl ej Custr`c y jf ffcnceh khlst`tuk`hlcf`snh shk`cf ej fc eàkcec ej 3052. -Ujrkjrc ajljrck`ûl. Fhs ejrjkmhs munclhs. Lck`hljs Zl`ecs njlk`hlc jltrj fhs ejrjkmhs munclhs jf ejrjkmh ejrjkmh c fc pcz, cf krjk`n`jlth jkhlûn`kh, jkhlûn`kh, cf ejscrrhffh jkhlûn`kh y c fc prjsjrvck`ûl ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Lh phr kcsucf`ece, jl fc khnpfjic rjfck`ûl jkh-jkh khnh e`ijrc Ncur`kj [trhla, kucleh `lcuaurû fc Khldjrjlk`c ej Lck`hljs Zl`ecs ej Wîh ej 3007, jstãl iulths jf ejscrrhffh jkhlûn`kh y fc prjsjrvck`ûl ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Jf ejscrrhffh shstjl`gfj, khnh sj njlk`hlû, t`jlj trjs e`njls`hljs, trjs p`fcrjs `ljsk`le`gfjs9 fc jkhlûn`kc, fc cng`jltcf y fc shk`cf. Jlthlkjs, jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js g`drhltj, phrquj js, cejnãs ej ul ejrjkmh ej tjrkjrc ajljrck`ûl, ul ejrjkmh munclh ej kucrtc ajljrck`ûl, jl kuclth c ejrjkmh ejrj kmh `ltjrajljrck`hlcf. Acgr`jf Djrrjr Djrrjr njlk`hlcgc ul lujvh suijth ej ejrjkmh khfjkt`vh quj shl fc ajljrck`hljs duturcs? y jsth quj pcrjkj ul jlulk`ceh njrcnjltj ckceàn`kh, tjûr`kh, fh mj v`sth cpf`kceh phr fc iust`k`c ej ncljrc cgshfutcnjltj prãkt`kc. Jf khlkjpth ej ajljrck`ûl duturc js ul khlkjpth, quj nãs cffã ej sjr nuy `nphrtcltj ejf pulth v`stc tjûr`kh ejf ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, quj t`jlj uftjr`hr`ecejs prãkt`kcs. Wjkujreh ul kcsh quj sj e`h jl fc iust`k`c ej Ncr ej Rfctc, jl fc Rrhv`lk`c ej Gujlhs C`rjs, Crajlt`lc, quj sj susk`tû c pcrt`r ejf ffcnceh c f`k`tck`ûl pcrc fc khlkjs`ûl ejf rjffjlh scl`tcr`h ej fc k`uece ej Ncr ej Rfctc. Jl jf pf`jah f`k`tcthr`h, jf Nul`k`p`h Ajljrcf Rujyrrjeûl ej fc k`uece ej Ncr ej Rfctc, jstcgfjk`û quj jf prje`h ejgîc tjljr kucleh njlhs e`jz mjktãrjcs y jstcr ug`kceh c lh njlhs ej ehs o`fûnjtrhs y nje`h ejf sjkthr urgclh khlshf`eceh. Jltjleîc phr sjkthr urgclh khlshf`eceh c cqujf quj tjlîc ulc phgfck`ûl lh njlhr ej kucrjltc mcg`tcltjs phr mjktãrjc. [j rjcf`zû fc f`k`tck`ûl y aclû ulc jnprjsc quj hdrjkîc ul prje`h quj tjl`c e`jz mjktãrjcs y quj jstcgc ug`kceh c ul o`fûnjtrh y nje`h ej ul v`jih gcrr`h ej fc k`uece ej Ncr ej Rfctc, ffcnceh T`ffc Rcrquj Mjrnhsh. Fc ajltj sj rjs`st`û e`k`jleh quj lh sj kunpfîc khl jf pf`jah f`k`tcthr`h phrquj jf prje`h jstcgc ug`kceh c ul o`fûnjtrh y nje`h ejf fuacr ej ehlej jffhs mcg`tcl. Rrhnhv`jrhl ulc ckk`ûl ej 5=
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf
cnpcrh khfjkt`vh cng`jltcf, shstjl`jleh quj fc ejk`s`ûl ejf Nul`k`p`h js crg`trcr`c cf ecr jl khlkjs`ûl e`kmh prje`h y quj fc tàkl`kc ejf rjffjlh scl`tcr`h, lh js fc cejkucec jl tàrn`lhs cng`jltcfjs, phrquj phlîc jl r`jsah fc kcf`ece ejf nje`h cng`jltj, cng`jltj, fc scfue pugf`kc, jtkàtjrc. Jf prhgfjnc jrc quj jf gcrr`h jstcgc jskcscnjltj phgfceh. Ujlîc, jl rjcf`ece, vj`lt`tràs mcg`tcltjs phr mjktãrjc, lh kucrjltc. Rjrh Rjerh Mhddt ―Iujz ej pr`njrc `lstclk`c ejf Iuzaceh ej Acrcltîcs lùnjrh 5 ej Ncr ej Rfctc― nuy `ltjf`ajltjnjltj `ltjf`ajltjnjltj m`zh jf s`au`jltj rczhlcn`jlth9 ‖Jf prhgfjnc js quj jf gcrr`h sj hphlj c fc `lstcfck`ûl ejf rjffjlh scl`tcr`h phrquj jl ejd`l`t`vc jstj rjffjlh vc c qujecr ug`kceh c ul o`fûnjtrh y nje`h ejf fuacr ehlej mcg`tcl.„ Fc ràpf`kc duj9 ‖¸lh jstã e`k`jleh quj jl rjcf`ece jf gcrr`h lh js sjkthr munclh khlshf`eceh, s`lh ul gcrr`h jskcscnjltj phgfceh,, quj t`jlj vj`lt`tràs mcg`tcltjs phr mjktãrjc y fc lhrnc phgfceh lhr nc e`sphlj quj kucleh njlhs ejgj tjljr kucrjltc mcg`tcltjs phr mjktãrjc8„ ‖[î, ―khltjstû jf iujz― ¸pjrh kuãlth eurc fc khlkjs`ûl, trj`ltc cóhs8 ¸P kuãf js jf krjk`n`jlth vjajtct`vh clucf ejf gcrr`h jl fhs ùft`nhs e`jz cóhs8„ [j m`zh ul kãfkufh y sj prhyjktû jsj krjk`n`jlth vjajtct`vh c fh fcrah ej fhs trj`ltc cóhs quj `gc c eurcr fc khlkjs`ûl y sj ffjaû c fc khlkfus`ûl ej quj pcscehs e`jz cóhs, jf gcrr`h `gc c supjrcr fhs kucrjltc mcg`tcltjs phr mjktãrjc. Rhr fh quj jf Iujz khlkfuyû quj, ‖s`jleh ul tjnc ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, ejgh vjfcr lh shfcnjltj phr jf `ltjràs ej fcs ajljrck`hljs prjsjltjs, s`lh tcng`àl phr jf ej fcs ajljrck`hljs duturcs„, j m`zh fuacr c fc ejnclec. Fc tjnãt`kc cng`jltcf `npf`kc ul kcng`h jl fc fûa`kc iurîe`kc kfãs`kc y ulc nutck`ûl cx`hfûa`kc ejsej jf pulth ej v`stc ejf ejrjkmh jl ajljrcf. Jsj kcng`h jstã jxprjsceh c trcvàs ej fhs ffcncehs pr`lk`p`hs ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Krjh quj jx`stj ul Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf fct`lhcnjr`kclh y kcr`gjóh quj t`jlj cfaulhs pulths jl khnùl khnh ulc jstrukturc fjacf kcs` `eàlt`kc h sjnjicltj c theh fh fcrah ejf khlt`ljltj. Kcs` thehs fhs pcîsjs ej Cnàr`kc Fct`lc t`jljl cf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf `lsjrth jl sus khlst`tuk`hljs. Jl jstj sjlt`eh Wcùf Grcójs mcgfc ejf khlst`tuk`hlcf`snh vjrej, quj js jf djlûnjlh quj sj e`h c pcrt`r ej fc eàkcecs ej fhs cóhs12 y =2 jl Cnàr`kc Fct`lc, quj js kucleh sj `lkhrphrû jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf jl fcs khlst`tuk`hljs phfît`kcs ej lujstrhs pcîsjs. Kcs` thehs fhs pcîsjs ej Cnàr`kc Fct`lc t`jljl ulc fjy ncrkh, ulc fjy ajljrcf ejf cng`jltj, ulc fjy gcsj ejf nje`h cng`jltj h ulc fjy hraãl`kc ejf nje`h cng`jltj. C pcrt`r pcr t`r ej jffcs cpcrjkjl fjyjs sjkthr`cfjs. Cejnãs, fcs `lst`tuk`hljs quj cpcrjkjl khltjl`ehs jl jstcs fjyjs ajljrcfjs ejf cng`jltj, jl ajljrcf, shl s`n`fcrjs jl thec Fct`lhcnàr`kc. Zlc lhvjece quj cev`jrth c pcrt`r ej fcs ùft`ncs fjyjs ajljrcfjs ejf cng`jltj jl lujstrh khlt`ljltj, fcs ejf s`afh ]]@, js quj khlt`jljl pr`lk`p`hs ej phfît`kc cng`jltcf h pr`lk`p`hs ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Krjh quj js ul arcl ck`jrth ej pcrtj ej fcs fja`sfck`hljs `lkhrphrcr e`kmhs pr`lk`p`hs. Khnh sj scgj, fhs pr`lk`p`hs shl lhrncs iurîe`kcs. C e`djrjlk`c ej fcs rjafcs iurîe`kcs, fhs pr`lk`p`hs shl lhrncs iurîe`kcs `lckcgcecs, ajrn`lcfjs, shl lhrncs iurîe`kcs pr`nc dck`j . Csî fh ffcnc Whgjrt Cfjxxy.. Fhs Cfjxxy Fhs pr`lk`p`h pr`lk`p`hss shl, shl, c ejk`r ejk`r ej jstj jstj cuthr cfjnãl, ‖nclecths ej hpt`n`zck`û hpt`n`zck`ûl„. l„. Jstãl ncs f`acehs khl jf ejgjr sjr quj khl jf sjr, ncs khl fc rjcf`ece, khl ul nuleh `ejcf ―khnh ul nclecth ej hpt`n`zck`ûl jl jf sjlt`eh ej quj ejgjl sjr kunpf`ehs jl fc nje`ec ej fh phs`gfj― quj khl ul nuleh ej jx`a`g`f`ece h ej hgf`acthr`jece prjk`sc y khlkrjtc. Fcs rjafcs, jl kcng`h, shl lhrncs iurîe`kcs nãs h njlhs pjrdjktcs, js ejk`r, lhrncs quj `lkfuyjl ulc ejskr`pk`ûl ej fc khleuktc y ul ràa`njl ej sclk`ûl, fh quj fcs thrlc hgf`acthr`cs h jx`a`gfjs. Fhs pr`lk`p`hs t`jljl ulc jstrukturc nukmh nãs jlejgfj quj fcs rjafcs ej ejrjkmh. Jsc js fc e`djrjlk`c jltrj pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs, cnghs khlst`tuyjl jl su khliulth fcs lhrncs iurîe`kcs.
50
Rrharcnc Wja`hlcf ej Kcpck`tck`ûl jl Ejrjkmh y Rhfît`kcs Cng`jltcfjs
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs ajljrcfjs ej ejrjkmh, fhs pr`lk`p`hs khnh `ejcs rjkthrcs, shl fc gcsj n`snc ej fc e`sk`pf`lc y ejf ràa`njl iurîe`kh. Js jf pr`lk`p`h, fc `ejc rjkthrc, fc `ejc e`rjktr`z, fc fîljc ej hr`jltck`ûl, fc rczûl ej iust`d`kck`ûl, fc pcutc ej vcfhrck`ûl quj ec khmjrjlk`c y ul`ece cf s`stjnc. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf jstã khlst`tu`eh phr pr`lk`p`hs y jf quj fh e`djrjlk`c ejf rjsth ej fcs e`sk`pf`lcs kfãs`kcs js jf phfàn`kh y ‖jl`anãt`kh„ pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h. Àstj cpcrjkj mhy khlscarceh jl `ld`l`ece ej fja`sfck`hljs ej Cnàr`kc Fct`lc y jf Kcr`gj y js njlk`hlceh jl hkcs`hljs khnh ‖kr`tjr`h„ h ‖jldhquj„ y jl htrcs khnh ‖pr`lk`p`h„ jl `ld`l`ece ej trctcehs, prhthkhfhs y khlvjl`hs k hlvjl`hs `ltjrlck`hlcfjs. `ltjrlck`hlcfjs. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js ul kcng`h ej fc fûa`kc iurîe`kc kfãs`kc. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h pcrtj ej fc gcsj ej fc ‖`lkjrtjzc„, euec, h `lkjrt`eungrj. `lkjrt`eu ngrj. [j ejgj hgsjrvcr quj, phr jf khltrcr`h, kucleh sj mcgfc ej ‖ecóh„, ej ‖ecóh iurîe`kh„ h ej ‖ecóh rjpcrcgfj„ sj pcrtj ejf khlkjpth ej ‖kjrtjzc„. Kucleh ul cghaceh kfãs`kh mcgfc ej ecóh iurîe`kh vc jx`a`r t`p`d`kcr c àstj khnh e`rjkth, khlkrjth, pjrshlcf, e`djrjlk`ceh, `le`v`eucf. Jf ecóh ecóh cng`jltcf, jl kcng`h, kcng`h, js nukmcs vjkjs `lk`jrth, `lk`jrth, `npjrshlcf, `le`djrjlk`ceh y jl hkcs`hljs sj prjsjltc khnh ul ecóh duturh `lk`jrth, `lk`jrth, ej ncljrc quj jlkhltrcnhs ulc jspjk`j ej ejrjkmh ej ecóh ―jf ecóh cng`jltcf― quj kur`hsc h pcrceûi`kcnjltj lh kunpfj khl l`laulh ej fhs rjqu`s`ths kfãs`khs ejf ejrjkmh ej ecóh. Jffh Jffh mc ffjvceh cf hpjrcehr iurîe`kh c `llhvcr, `llhvcr, ‖c cpf`kcr fh n`snh pjrh ej ncljrc e`djrjltj„ (Nhrjffh) y jl jsj trãls`th ej kcng`h, ej gùsqujec ej cecptck`ûl pcrc ecr rjspujstc c ul prhgfjnc lujvh, c lujvhs ejrjkmhs, ejrjkmhs ej `lk`ejlk`c khfjkt`vc, `ltjrjsjs e`dushs h ejrjkmhs ej ncsc, ejrjkmhs khnul`tcr`hs, khnh shl fhs ejrjkmhs cng`jltcfjs, suraj ej jltrj fhs pr`lk`p`hs ejf ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h. P jstj lh js nãs l` njlhs quj jf jijrk`k`h ckt`vh ej fc euec, khnh fh ejlhn`lc fc Fjy ej G`he`vjrs`ece ej Khstc W`kc `l eug`h prh-lcturcfjzc h h jl kcsh ej euec c dcvhr ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h hpjrc shgrj jf r`jsah r` jsah ejf ejscrrhffh, ejscrrhff h, jf r`jsah ej fc ejnhrc, prheukj ulc `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc. Js ul lujvh dulecnjlth ej fc rjsphlscg`f`ece phr ecóh, js fc drhltjrc nãs clkmc ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf y fc nãs clkmc ejf ejrjkmh jl ajljrcf. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h t`jlj ulc jstrukturc tr`e`njls`hlcf phrquj js ej ejrjkmh pjrh cf n`snh t`jnph khnpcrtj su tjrr`thr`h khl fc nhrcf y fc phfît`kc. [j vcl c vjr nukmcs fjyjs jl quj sj njlk`hlc cf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h khnh ul pr`lk`p`h ej phfît`kc cng`jltcf y lh khnh ul pr`lk`p`h ej ejrjkmh. Fc ZLJ[KH, phr jijnpfh, ejd`lj cf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h jl tàrn`lhs ej prhyjkths, ckt`v`ecejs u hgrcs pfcus`gfjs ejsej jf pulth ej v`stc k`jltîd`kh, pjrh nhrcfnjltj `lckjptcgfjs. Jl jsj kcsh fc euec hpjrc jl dcvhr ej fc prjvjlk`ûl h ej fc prjkcuk`ûl, jl jf sjlt`eh ej quj mcy quj cehptcr nje`ecs tjle`jltjs c jv`tcr h `npje`r fc ejarceck`ûl ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h, h kr`tjr`h ej prjkcuk`ûl, t`jlj mhy ‖kcrtc ej k`uececlîc„ jl jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf fct`lhcnjr`kclh y kcr`gjóh. [j scgj quj jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h cpcrjk`û phr pr`njrc vjz jl Cfjncl`c jl 3013, jl fc Fjy ejf Nje`h Cng`jltj. Ejspuàs, jl jf Ejrjkmh ejf Ncr, jl fc Rr`njrc y fc Ujrkjrc Khldjrjlk`c @ltjrlck`hlcf ejf Ncr ejf Lhrtj, jltrj 30=1 y 3002, y s` g`jl t`jlj ulc fcrac trcyjkthr`c jl e`st`lths khlvjl`hs `ltjrlck`hlcfjs ―cpcrjkj phr jijnpfh jl 3003 jl jf Khlvjl`h ej Gcncoh, Ãdr`kc, shgrj Nhv`n`jlths Urclsdrhltjr`zhs ej Ejsjkmhs Rjf`arhshs y jl Khlvjl`hs rjfct`vhs c fc prhtjkk`ûl ejf Ncr Gãft`kh―, ejd`l`t`vcnjltj vhfv`û cf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf jl 3007, jl fc Khldjrjlk`c Khldjrjlk`c ej Lck`hljs Zl`ecs shgrj jf Nje`h Cng`jltj y jf Ejscrrhffh, ehlej sj fh khlscarû jl fc fjtrc ejf Rrjãngufh ej fc Khlvjlk`ûl shgrj E`vjrs`ece G`hfûa`kc. Rhstjr`hrnjltj, sj fh `lst`tuyû khnh jf crtîkufh ;.; ej fc Khlvjlk`ûl Ncrkh ejf Kcng`h Kf`nãt`kh, sj :2
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf
`lkfuyû khnh jf Rr`lk`p`h 3: ej fc Ejkfcrck`ûl ej Wîh ej Iclj`rh y, d`lcfnjltj, ut`f`zceh pcrc ecrfj v`ec cf Rrhthkhfh ej Kcrtcajlc shgrj G`hsjaur`ece, jf kucf duj cprhgceh jl Nhltrjcf jl 7222. 7 222. Rhr ùft`nh, khlst`tuyj ul pr`lk`p`h dulecnjltcf ej phfît`kc cng`jltce ej fc Zl`ûl Jurhpjc, c trcvàs ejf crtîkufh 3;2W ejf Urctceh Nccstr`kmt y jf 315 ejf nhe`d`kcthr`h Urctceh ej Ãnstjrecn. Cmhrc Cmh rc g`j g`jl, l, jstj pr`l pr`lk`p k`p`h `h mc tjl tjl`eh `eh ulc rjkjp rjkjpk`ûl k`ûl lh ul`d ul`dhrnj hrnj jl kuclth c fhs vhkcgfh vhkc gfhss quj ut`f`zc ut`f`zc y c fhs prjsup prjsupujs ujsths ths ej cpf`kc cpf`kcg`f g`f`ec `ecee quj cpcrjkjl cpcrjkjl jl fhs fhs e`st`l e`st`lths ths ehkunjlths `ltjrlck`hlcfjs j `lkfush jl `lstrunjlths `lstr unjlths lck`hlcfjs. Js ej lhtcrsj su `lkfus`ûl jl jf Rrhthkhfh ej Nhltrjcf shgrj sustclk`cs quj ejg`f`tcl fc kcpc ej hzhlh, ul jvjlth ehlej sj cehptcrhl nje`ecs prjkcuthr`cs pcrc prhtjajr fc kcpc ej hzhlh, khltrhfcr ej ncljrc jqu`tct`vc fcs jn`s`hljs afhgcfjs ej sustclk`cs quj fc ejg`f`tjl ―guskcleh, d`lcfnjltj, jf`n`lcrfcs― ut`f`zcleh jf ejscrrhffh ejf khlhk`n`jlth k`jltîd`kh. Jl fc Ejkfcrck`ûl N`l`stjr`cf ej Gjrajl shgrj Ejscrrhffh [hstjl`gfj (3003), ej fc Khnul`ece Jkhlûn`kc Jurhpjc, sj e`kj quj khl jf hgijt`vh ej fharcr ul ejscrrhffh sustjltcgfj, fcs phfît`kcs ejgjl gcscrsj jl jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl. Fcs nje`ecs cng`jltcfjs ejgjl clt`k`pcr, prjvjl`r y ctckcr fcs kcuscs ejf ejtjr`hrh cng`jltcf, kucleh jx`stcl cnjlczcs ej ecóh arcvj j `rrjvjrs`gfj. Fc dcftc ej kjrtjzc k`jltîd`kc lh ejgj ut`f`zcrsj khnh rczûl pcrc phsphljr nje`ecs ejst`lcecs c prjvjl`r jf ejtjr`hrh ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Fc Ejkfcrck`ûl ej Wîh ej Iclj`rh fh ejlhn`lc kr`tjr`h ej prjkcuk`ûl. Fc e`djrjlk`c ej ejlhn`lck`ûl jltrj kr`tjr`h, kr`tjr `h, jldhquj y pr`lk`p`h lh js kcpr`kmhsc. Jl rjcf`ece qu`jljs mcgfcl ej kr`tjr`h ej prjkcuk`ûl fj rjstcl phtjlk`cg`f`ece cf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl. Js ejk`r, qu`jljs vjl jl fc prjkcuk`ûl ul kr`tjr`h, vjl ulc cprhx`nck`ûl, ul jldhquj, ulc rjkhnjleck`ûl, ulc e`rjkt`vc, e`r`a`ec h ejst`lcec dulecnjltcfnjltj cf dulk`hlcr`h pùgf`kh, qu`jl ejgj tjljr jl kujltc nje`ecs ej hgstckuf`zck`ûl hgstckuf`zck` ûl nãs dujrtjs quj fcs khltjl`ecs jl jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h. Jl kcng`h, lh vjl jl àf ulc lhrnc iurîe`kc. Ej cffî fc ejlhn`lck`ûl ‖kr`tjr`h ej prjkcuk`ûl„. Jl fc Ejkfcrck`ûl ej Wîh cpcrjkj khnh kr`tjr`h ej prjkcuk`ûl y e`kj quj kucleh mug`jrc ‖pjf`arh h ecóh arcvj h `rrjvjrs`gfj, fc dcftc ej kjrtjzc k`jltîd`kc cgshfutc lh ejgjrã ut`f`zcrsj khnh craunjlth pcrc phstjracr fc cehpk`ûl ej nje`ecs jd`kckjs jl dulk`ûl ej fhs khsths, pcrc `npje`r fc ejarceck`ûl ejf nje`h cng`jltj.„ Jl jf crtîkufh ;.; ej fc Khlvjlk`ûl Ncrkh ejf Kcng`h Kf`nãt`kh, sj njlk`hlc quj kucleh mcyc ‖‐cnjlczc‐ ej ecóh arcvj `rrjvjrs`gfj, lh ejgjrã ut`f`zcrsj fc dcftc ej thtcf kjrt`eungrj k`jltîd`kc„, khnh khnh rczûl pcrc phsphljr tcfjs nje`ecs, thncleh thncleh jl kujltc quj fcs phfît`kcs y fcs nje`cecs pcrc mckjr drjltj cf kcng`h kf`nãt`kh ejgjl sjr jd`kckjs jl dulk`ûl ej fhs khsths, khl jf d`l ej csjaurcr gjljd`k`hs afhgcfjs cf njlhr khsth phs`gfj? jl fc Ujrkjrc Khldjrjlk`c shgrj Rrhtjkk`ûl ejf Ncr ejf Lhrtj sj fj rjd`jrj c ‖kucleh lh jx`stc kjrtjzc k`jltîd`kc quj pjrn`tc prhgcr ulc rjfck`ûl kcuscf, jltrj fc jn`s`ûl ej e`kmcs sustclk`cs y tcfjs jdjkths„? jl jf Khlvjl`h ej E`vjrs`ece G`hfûa`kc sj mcgfc ej ‖dcftc ej prujgcs k`jltîd`kcs `ljquîvhkcs khnh rczûl pcrc cpfczcr fcs nje`ecs jlkcn`lcecs jlkcn`lcecs c jv`tcr h c rjeuk`r jstc cnjlczc„?jl cnjlczc„?jl Kcrtcajlc y jl Ihmclljsgurah cpcrjkj lujvcnjltj khnh kr`tjr`h ej prjkcuk`ûl. Fc ejkfcrck`ûl ej fc ZLJ[KH quj sj njlk`hlû khl cltjr`hr`ece e`kj9 ‖Kucleh fc ckt`v`ece munclc pujec khleuk`r c ul ecóh nhrcfnjltj `lckjptcgfj quj js k`jltîd`kcnjltj pfcus`gfj pjrh `lk`jrth, e`vjrscs nje`ecs pujejl sjr thncecs pcrc jv`tcr h e`sn`lu`r fc phs`g`f`ece ej jstj ecóh.„ W`kcreh Fhrjlzjtt` e`kj quj jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl ajljrc ulc sjr`j ej `ltjrrhacltjs. Jl pr`njr fuacr, sj prjaultc s` js ulc hgf`ack`ûl h ulc hpk`ûl, vcfj ejk`r, s` js ul pr`lk`p`h ej ejrjkmh h ul jldhquj, ulc cprhx`nck`ûl h ul kr`tjr`h. [` js ul pr`lk`p`h ej ejrjkmh js ulc lhrnc iurîe`kc y khnh tcf jl fc nje`ec ej fh :3
Rrharcnc Wja`hlcf ej Kcpck`tck`ûl jl Ejrjkmh y Rhfît`kcs Cng`jltcfjs
phs`gfj, fhs pr`lk`p`hs shl nclecths ej hpt`n`zck`ûl, ejgjl kunpf`rsj jl fc nje`ec ej fh phs`gfj, js hgf`acthr`h. [` t`jlj vcfhr lhrnct`vh h s`npfjnjltj sj trctc ej ulc jxmhrtck`ûl. ¸Su`àljs shl fhs ejst`lctcr`hs8 Js ejk`r, s` fhs ejst`lctcr`hs shl shfcnjltj dulk`hlcr`hs jstcnhs pjlscleh quj js ul jldhquj, ul kr`tjr`h. [` jl kcng`h fhs ejst`lctcr`hs shl fc ul`vjrscf`ece ej pjrshlcs, fhs mcg`tcltjs, jstcnhs pjlscleh quj js ul pr`lk`p`h ej ejrjkmh. ¸Kuãfjs shl fhs jdjkths shgrjs fcs phfît`kcs pugf`kcs, kuãf js jf khltjl`eh ejf pr`lk`p`h y kuãfjs shl fhs prjsupujsths ej cpf`kck`ûl8 Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h, e`kj Fhrjlzjtt`, ‖ajljrc ulc hgf`ack`ûl ej prjv`s`ûl jxtjle`ec y clt`k`pcthr`c. [j trctc ej ul pr`lk`p`h prhckt`vh jl fc cehpk`ûl ej ejk`s`hljs, js ul khlkjpth iurîe`kh `lejtjrn`lceh, js ulc lhrnc iurîe`kc, lh ulc njrc ejkfcrck`ûl y fc `lkjrtjzc ejgj jx`st`r cf nhnjlth ej cehptcr fcs ejk`s`hljs„. [`au`jleh khl Fhrjlzjtt`, jl fc cpf`kck`ûl ej pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h àf e`kj quj ejgjrã tjljrsj jl kujltc quj9 3. Js kcsuîst`kh. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h sj cpf`kc khl ul kr`tjr`h kcsh phr kcsh, lh sj cpf`kc ej ncljrc cgshfutc c gshfutc s`lh khl ul kr`tjr`h rjfct`vh, ejpjle`jleh ej fcs k`rkulstclk`cs ejf kcsh jl pcrt`kufcr. 7. Ejgjrãl cahtcrsj fcs phs`g`f`ecejs ej rjeuk`r fc `lkjrt`eungrj, culquj ulh ej fhs prjsupujsths ejf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js iustcnjltj fc `lkjrt`eungrj. ;. Fc cpf`kck`ûl js e`lãn`kc y cecptct`vc. 5. Js jqu`tct`vc. :. Rrheukj jf trcsfceh ejf r`jsah, ejf r`jsah ej fc euec, ej fc ejnhrc, prhgcthr`h fc `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc¯y ejf ej ejscrrhffh. Jstcs shl fcs khle`k`hljs ej cpf`kcg`f`ece ejf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h sjaùl fc ehktr`lc ncyhr`tcr`c. Jl ulc s`tuck`ûl ej `lkjrt`eungrj, jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h sj gcsc jl ul dckthr ej ctr`guk`ûl ej rjsphlscg`f`ece ej r`jsah. Js ejk`r, jf dckthr ej ctr`guk`ûl ej rjsphlscg`f`ece ejf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h, js jf r`jsah, js jf pjf`arh h js fc cnjlczc. ‖Rjf`arh ej ecóh arcvj h `rrjvjrs`gfj„ y ‖dcftc ej kjrtjzc k`jltîd`kc cgshfutc„ js fh quj njlk`hlc jf Rr`lk`p`h 3: ej Lck`hljs Zl`ecs. C su vjz, fc fjy 7:41:, Fjy Ajljrcf ejf Cng`jltj ej Crajlt`lc, js nãs cnpf`c? e`kj quj, drjltj cf pjf`arh ej ecóh arcvj j `rrjvjrs`gfj, ‖‐fc ‖‐fc dcftc ej kjrtjzc k`jltîd`kc h fc cusjlk`c ej `ldhrnck`ûl‐ lh ejgjrã ut`f`zcrsj khnh rczûl pcrc phstjracr fc cehpk`ûl ej nje`ecs jd`kckjs, jl dulk`ûl ej fhs khsths, pcrc `npje`r fc ejarceck`ûl ejf nje`h cng`jltj„. Rcrc fc cpf`kck`ûl ejf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h fhs rjqu`s`ths shl9 3. @lkjrt`eungrj, `lkjrtjzc. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js jf jijrk`k`h ckt`vh ej fc euec. 7. Ejgj rjcf`zcrsj ulc jvcfuck`ûl k`jltîd`kc ejf r`jsah. ;. Rjrspjkt`vc ej ecóh arcvj h `rrjvjrs`gfj. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h jstã f`n`tceh c s`tuck`hljs ej jxkjpk`ûl. [j trctc ej r`jsah, ej pjf`arh, ej cnjlczc, ej ecóh arcvj `rrjvjrs`gfj, vcfj ejk`r, ej ul ecóh kcfcn`thsh. 5. Zlc vjz quj sj ejk`ej thncr fcs nje`ecs, ejgj jx`st`r rck`hlcg`f`ece, prhphrk`hlcf`ece jl fcs nje`ecs y trclspcrjlk`c jl jffcs. jffcs. :. Fc `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc. Clthl`h Gjlicnîl jlsjóc quj jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h lh shfcnjltj `lv`jrtj fc kcrac ej fc prujgc s`lh tcng`àl jf jstceh ej iur`e`k`ece. Su`jl ejscrrhffc ulc ckt`v`ece ej r`jsah, ej ecóh arcvj j `rrjvjrs`gfj, ejscrrhffc ulc ckt`v`ece clt`iurîe`kc mcstc quj ejnujstrj fh khltrcr`h. Fc Zl`ûl Jurhpjc, prjhkupcec phr jstj jdjkth ejf trcsfceh ejf r`jsah prhgcthr`h, ej `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc, mc shstjl`eh jl ulc rjshfuk`ûl ―Cljxh cf Urctceh L`zc ejf cóh 7222 ej fc Khn`s`ûl Jurhpjc― quj jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h lh s`jnprj prheukj fc `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc. Njlk`hlc quj jf kr`tjr`h khrrjkth jl nctjr`c ej `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc, js ulh kcsuîst`kh. Mcgrã :7
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf
quj clcf`zcr kcsh phr kcsh pcrc ejtjrn`lcr s` sj prheukj h lh fc `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h pcrjkj khlscarceh jl fcs fja`sfck`hljs ej Cnàr`kc Fct`lc? jstã jl e`st`ltcs lhrncs. C khlt`luck`ûl, vhy c prjk`scr jl kuãfjs ej jffcs mj jlkhltrceh e`kmh pr`lk`p`h9 -Fc Khlst`tuk`ûl Rhfît`kc Rhfît`kc ej Jkucehr ej 300= fh khltjlîc khltjlîc jl jf crtîkufh 03. Fc rjk`jltj Wjdhrnc cprhgcec jl iuf`h ej 722= vujfvj c khltjljrfh, jstc vjz jl fhs crtîkufhs ;0: y ;04. -Nàx`kh fh khlt`jlj jl fc Fjy ej G`hsjaur`ece ej Hracl`snhs Ajlàt`kcnjltj Nhe`d`kcehs, jl su crtîkufh =. -Jl Rclcnã, cpcrjkj jl fc Fjy ej Rrhtjkk`ûl Cng`jltcf L¹ 00, crtîkufh 7. -Jf [cfvcehr, jl jf ejkrjth 7;;, crtîkufh 7 `lk`sh J. -Kugc jstã prjsjltj jl fc fjy =3/ 01, crtîkufh 5, `lk`sh E. -Wjpùgf`kc Hr`jltcf ejf Zruaucy, jl fc Fjy Ajljrcf ejf Cng`jltj ej7222, fjy 317=;, jl jf crtîkufh 4, cpcrtceh G. -Crajlt`lc, jl fc Fjy Ajljrcf ejf Cng`jltj 7:41:, crtîkufh 5. -L`kcrcauc, jl fc Fjy 731, crtîkufh 5, cpcrtceh ;. -Wjpùgf`kc Ehn`l`kclc, Fjy 45/22, crtîkufh =. -Khstc W`kc, Fjy ej G`he`vjrs`ece, crtîkufh 33. -Tjljzujfc, Fjy ej E`vjrs`ece G`hfûa`kc, crtîkufh 32:. -Rcrcaucy,, jl fc Fjy ej Rhfît`kc Cng`jltcf, -Rcrcaucy -Rjrù, fjy 7=433 ej hktugrj ej722:, tîtufh prjf`n`lcr, crtîkufh 1. -Khfhng`c, jl fc Fjy 00/0;. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf t`jlj prjtjls`hljs ej jv`tck`ûl tjnprclc, ej rjpcrck`ûl jl jspjk`j y phr ùft`nh, ej ‖rjaufck`ûl khlt`luc„ (Fhrjlzjtt`), jl acrcltîc ej fc jdjkt`v`ece lhrnct`vc. Js ejk`r, jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf t`jlj ul ãng`th dàrt`f ej r jaufck`ûl ej fc `lkjrt`eungrj, ejf r`jsah, ej fc cnjlczc, ejf pjf`arh c trcvàs ejf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h y ejf pr`lk`p`h ej prjvjlk`ûl, pjrh, tcng`àl, t`jlj ul s`stjnc ej rjsphlscg`f`ece nuy s`laufcr jl nctjr`c ej ecóh cng`jltcf quj `npf`kc quj fc rjsphlscg`f`ece phr e`kmh t`ph ej ecóh pr`njrh js prjkcuthr`c-prjvjlt`vc, quj ulc vjz hkurr`eh jf ecóh js ej rjstcurck`ûl jl jspjk`j h `l lcturc h ej rjkhnphs`k`ûl, ej khnpjlsck`ûl cng`jltcf y, d`lcfnjltj, `lejnl`zcthr`c. Cejnãs, cf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf fj `ltjrjsc dulecnjltcfnjltj fc `npfjnjltck`ûl, fc jdjkt`v`ece, fc jijkuthr`jece, fc cpf`kck`ûl ej fc lhrnc. Ej ncljrc quj ulc ej sus kcrcktjrîst`kcs kcr cktjrîst`kcs js fc ‖prjtjls`ûl ej rjaufck`ûl khlt`luc„. Rhr jffh, jffh, js ljkjscr`h khlstru`r ulc ‖tjhrîc ej fc `npfjnjltck`ûl ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf„ (Gjlicnîl, Fhrjlzjtt`, jltrj htrhs). Rcrc jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js tcl `nphrtcltj fc jx`stjlk`c ej ulc lhrnct`vc jspjkîd`kc khnh fc cpf`kck`ûl ej fc lhrnc y, prhgcgfjnjltj, jf ejscdîh nãs arclej quj t`jlj js kûnh mckjrfh jdjkt`vh. E`kj Clthl`h Gjlicnîl quj fhs hpjrcehrjs iurîe`khs pcejkjnhs ejf ‖sîlerhnj ejf cvjstruz„ drjltj c fcs prhgfjnãt`kcs cng`jltcfjs. Njtjnhs fc kcgjzc gcih fc t`jrrc y lh qujrjnhs vjr fc rjcf`ece ej lujstrh jlthrlh, jf kucf jstã nukmcs vjkjs jlv`fjk`eh jlv`fjk`eh y ejarceceh jl ejtr`njlth lh shfcnjltj ej fcs ajljrck`hljs cktucfjs s`lh tcng`àl ej fcs duturcs. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js jf pr`lk`p`h gãs`kh, jsjlk`cf ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. E`kmh pr`lk`p`h, pr`lk`p`h, cf `aucf quj jf ej prjvjlk`ûl, hpjrc shgrj fcs kcuscs y fcs dujltjs ej fhs prhgfjncs, ej ncljrc `ltjarcf, mhfîst`kc, thtcf`zcehrc. Fc e`djrjlk`c js quj jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjvjlk`ûl sj jlkcrac ejf r`jsah scg`eh, khlhk`eh, vjr`d`kceh, khnprhgceh,, rjcf, jl tclth quj jf ej prjkcuk`ûl `ltjrv`jlj shgrj jf r`jsah m`phtàt`kh, khnprhgceh shspjkmceh, jf phs`gfj. Fc e`djrjlk`c js ej arcehs, js ulc e`djrjlk`c ej v`s`ûl. Fh :;
Rrharcnc Wja`hlcf ej Kcpck`tck`ûl jl Ejrjkmh y Rhfît`kcs Cng`jltcfjs
quj pcsc js quj fc prjvjlk`ûl lh jskcpc ej fc fûa`kc iurîe`kc kfãs`kc. Fc fûa`kc iurîe`kc kfãs`kc sj gcsc jl jf khlkjpth ej fc kjrtjzc y fc prjvjlk`ûl hpjrc shgrj jf r`jsah k`jrth, jl tclth quj fc prjkcuk`ûl fh mckj shgrj jf r`jsah `lk`jrth. Jsth `npf`kc ul kcng`h jl fc fûa`kc iurîe`kc kfãs`kc. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js tcl `nphrtcltj mhy quj lh shfcnjltj js ul pr`lk`p`h gãs`kh, phr jijnpfh, jl fc Zl`ûl Jurhpjc, s`lh quj tcng`àl, khnh fh sjócfc N`kmjf Rr`jur, Drclk`c fh `lkhrphrû jl 722:, c trcvàs ej fc ffcncec ‖Kcrtc ejf Nje`h Cng`jltj„, c su Khlst`tuk`ûl phfît`kc. Jl Drclk`c jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js khlst`tuk`hlcf. Cpcrjkj khnh crtîkufh : ej fc Kcrtc ejf Nje`h Cng`jltj, fc kucf t`jlj fc n`snc ijrcrquîc quj fc Ejkfcrck`ûl ej fhs Ejrjkmhs ejf Mhngrj, ejf K`uececlh K`uececlh.. Js ul ehkunjlth quj t`jlj e`jz crtîkufhs, ej fhs kucfjs jf : khlscarc ejd`l`t`vcnjltj jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl khnh lhrnc iurîe`kc, khnh pr`lk`p`h ej ejrjkmh ejf hrejlcn`jlth drclkàs. E`kmh pr`lk`p`h, pr`lk`p`h, cf njlhs jl Crajlt`lc, v`jlj s`jleh cpf`kceh ej ncljrc ckt`vc phr fc iur`spruejlk`c lck`hlcf y prhv`lk`cf? mc khlvufs`hlceh fc ehktr`lc iue`k`cf jl lujstrh pcîs y js jf ‖pr`lk`p`h ej pultc„ ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Jsth lh s`al`d`kc quj jstc iur`spruejlk`c sj cahtj jl fhs pr`lk`p`hs prjkcuthr`hs y ej prjvjlk`ûl. Mcy htrhs `aucfnjltj `nphrtcltjs khnh, phr jijnpfh, jf ejrjkmh ej fc shstjl`g`f`ece. Jf arcl hgijt`vh, khnh jlsjóc Clthl`h Gjlicnîl ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, js fharcr fc shstjl`g`f`ece. R`jlsh quj sî sj pherîc mcgfcr ej ul ejrjkmh ej shstjl`g`f`ece h ejrjkmh ej fc sustjltcg`f`ece. Fc shstjl`g`f`ece js ul pr`lk`p`h ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, quj lhs ffjvc, ljkjscr`cnjltj, c khliuacr fcs trjs e`njls`hljs ―fc shk`cf, fc jkhlûn`kc y fc cng`jltcf― y lhs hgf`ac c pjlscr jl tàrn`lhs ej jqu`ece `ltjrajljrck`hlcf, js ejk`r, c sct`sdckjr jf krjk`n`jlth jkhlûn`kh y fcs ljkjs`ecejs ej fcs ajljrck`hljs cktucfjs s`l khnprhnjtjr fhs rjkurshs y kcpck`ecejs ej fcs ajljrck`hljs duturcs, khnh sjócfcrc Arh Gruletfcle jl fc dhrnufc ej ejscrrhffh shstjl`gfj khltjl`eh jl jf `ldhrnj Lujstrh Duturh Khnùl , ej 30=1. Jf pr`lk`p`h ej shstjl`g`f`ece, csî khnh jf ej prjvjlk`ûl, jf ej prjkcuk`ûl, jf ej rjsphlscg`f`ece ―quj lh js htrh quj jf ‖pr`lk`p`h khltcn`lcehr pcacehr„, jl v`rtue ejf kucf, qu`jl `ltrheukj jf r`jsah jl fc khnul`ece (r`jsah cng`jltcf), cng`jltcf), h qu`jl prheukj ecóh cng`jltcf, ejgj mckjrsj kcrah ej fhs khsths jkhlûn`khs, ej fc prjvjlk`ûl y ej fc rjpcrck`ûl h ej fc rjkhnphs`k`ûl ejf ecóh cng`jltcf― js ej rjsphlscg`f`ece hgijt`vc, jf pr`lk`p`h ej rjsphlscg`f`ece h jf pr`lk`p`h ej khltcn`lcehr pcacehr. [j mc njlk`hlceh cf pr`lk`p`h ej ‖ahgjrlclzc cng`jltcf„. Fc fjy 7=433 ej Rjrù fh sjócfc khnh ul pr`lk`p`h ej phfît`kc cng`jltcf h ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Krjh quj js cgshfutcnjltj ljkjscr`h jf hrejlcn`jlth cng`jltcf, jf dhrtcfjk`n`jlth `lst`tuk`hlcf, jf ‖pr`lk`p`h ej khlarujlk`c„, thncleh jl kujltc quj fc fja`sfck`ûl cng`jltcf js ulc shfc, js ul`dhrnj. Jffc ejgj sjr khnpct`gfj tclth jl fc fja`sfck`ûl supjr`hr khnh jl sus ejr`vcehs. Ej fh khltrcr`h, lhs thpcrjnhs khl jf prhgfjnc ej dcftc jdjkt`v`ece ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. [j euec ckjrkc ej s` jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js sugijt`vh h s`, ncs cffã ej quj cpcrjzkc khlscarceh jl khlst`tuk`hljs phfît`kcs h lck`hlcfjs, js ul ejrjkmh ej fc lcturcfjzc sustclt`vc h prhkjscf, ejg`eh c su dcftc jdjkt`v`ece. Wcnûl Hijec Njstrj e`kj, ej ncljrc arãd`kc, quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf pcejkj ej ‖rcqu`t`snh ejd`k`jlk`c„. Rcrc Hrfcleh Wjy jf ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf lh js tclth ul prhgfjnc ej e`njls`ûl lhrnct`vc, s`lh ej su cpf`kck`ûl. Cf rjspjkth, sj scgj quj jx`stj fja`sfck`ûl pjrh fh quj dcftc js thrlcrfc jdjkt`vc, js ejk`r, cpf`kcr jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Jsj js jf arcl ejscdîh quj tjljnhs thehs fhs hpjrcehrjs iurîe`khs9 ¸Kûnh mckjnhs pcrc :5
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf
trclsdhrncr jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf ej fc fjtrc ej lujstrcs khlst`tuk`hljs, ej fc fjtrc ej lujstrc fjyjs ajljrcfjs ejf cng`jltj h ej fc fjtrc ej fjyjs sjkthr`cfjs, jl ul ejrjkmh jdjkt`vh, kucleh jx`stjl khldf`kths ej pr`lk`p`hs y kucleh, jl nukmcs hkcs`hljs ejgj vjfcr phr htrhs `ltjrjsjs `aucfnjltj vcf`hshs, gcscehs jl khlkjpths kfãs`khs ejf ejrjkmh, ―phr jijnpfh, jkhlûn`khs, jkhlûn`khs, ej krjk`n`jlth jkhlûn`kh h khnjrk`cfjs8 Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf prheukj ulc njtcnhrdhs`s, ‖ul kcng`h khpjrl`kclh„ (Nhrjffh, Ahfejlgjra) tcl prhduleh jl thehs fhs `lst`tuths kfãs`khs ejf ejrjkmh quj, phr jijnpfh, ejsej ejsej jf pulth ej v`stc ej fc jnprjsc, lhs e`kj Fhrjlzjtt`, ajljrc lujvhs t`phs ej khldf`kths. Fc jnprjsc jstcgc ckhstungrcec cf khldf`kth `ltrcjnprjscr`h ―js ejk`r, cf khldf`kth jltrj pctrûl, jnpfjcehr y trcgcicehr, khldf`kth ej ejrjkmh ejf trcgcih―, y cf khldf`kth `ltjr-jnprjscr`h ―ej ejrjkmh khnjrk`cf, khldf`kth khl jf kf`jltj y khl jf prhvjjehr―. Ej prhlth sj vj `lnjrsc jl htrh t`ph ej khldf`kth, ej gcsj shk`cf, phrquj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js ul ejrjkmh ej aruph, ej kfcsj, ej kctjahrîc, jsth js, f`aceh c ulc pfurcf`ece ej suijths `ltjarcltjs ej ul aruph, v`lkufcehs jl v`rtue ej ulc prjtjls`ûl ej ahkj ej ulc n`snc prjrrhact`vc. Ej ncljrc tcf quj fc cdjktck`ûl c ulc phrk`ûl h drcanjlth ej jsj `ltjràs ej lcturcfjzc suprc`le`v`eucf cdjktc c thehs phr `aucf, ej fc n`snc ncljrc quj fc sct`sdckk`ûl c ulc kuhtc, pcrtj, drcanjlth, phrk`ûl ej jsj `ltjràs ej lcturcfjzc suprc`le`v`eucf sct`sdckj c thehs phr `aucf ([t`af`tz, Nhrjffh, Nhr jffh, Gjr`zhlkj, M`ttjrs). Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js ul ejrjkmh ej ahkj, e`sdrutj y cdjktck`ûl shf`ecr`c. Js phr jffh quj rhnpj khl fhs nhfejs ejf ejrjkmh kfãs`kh, jf kucf jstã pjlsceh pcrc prhtjajr s`tuck`hljs y ejrjkmhs `le`v`eucfjs. Jl sîltjs`s, ejgjnhs tjljr jl kujltc quj jf Ejrjkmh Ejr jkmh cng`jltcf rjprjsjltc `ltjrjsjs ej lcturcfjzc khfjkt`vc h suprc`le`v`eucfjs, phr fh quj thehs fhs `lst`tuths kfãs`khs ejf ejrjkmh ejgjl cpf`kcr ulcs nhe`d`kck`hljs jl fc khlkjpk`ûl ejf ejrjkmh jl ajljrcf. Jf ejrjkmh kfãs`kh, ej gcsj f`gjrcf ejk`nhlûl`kc, jstã pjlsceh pcrc prhtjajr ‖ejrjkmhs sugijt`vhs„, `ltjrjsjs `le`v`eucfjs, jxkfus`vhs, jxkfuyjltjs, e`djrjlk`cehs, prhp`hs, e`rjkths. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf sj cfhic jl `ltjrjsjs rjdfjihs, `le`rjkths, ej ncsc, kfcsj, pfurcfjs, `ltjrjsjs suprc`le`v`eucfjs, khfjkt`vhs, fh quj prhvhkc quj thecs fcs mjrrcn`jltcs iurîe`kcs kfãs`kcs trce`k`hlcfjs ejijl ej dulk`hlcr jl jsj ncrkh. Lh s`rvjl drjltj c fc prhgfjnãt`kc cng`jltcf. Js ljkjscr`h caa`hrlcr (Fuahljs, (Fuahljs, Nhrjffh), rjejd`l`r, rjdhrnufcr, c pcrt`r ej fc jnjrajlk`c ej fhs ffcncehs `ltjrjsjs e`dushs h ejrjkmhs ej `lk`ejlk`c khfjkt`vc, fhs quj t`jljl ehs lhtcs kcrcktjrîst`kcs9 3. Rjrtjljkjl c ulc pfurcf`ece ej suijths, `ltjarcltjs ej ul aruph, a ruph, kfcsj, kctjahrîc, ulc lhtc sugijt`vc. Rjrh tcng`àl c aruphs cnhrdhs, `le`djrjlk`cehs, pfurcfjs, y ulc lhtc hgijt`vc js quj rjkcjl shgrj g`jljs `le`v`s`gfjs. Jf cng`jltj js ul g`jl `le`v`s`gfj y jsh mckj quj sjc cgshfutcnjltj ljkjscr`h kcng`cr kcng`c r thecs fcs jstrukturcs kfãs`kcs ejf ejrjkmh. Fh quj `npufsc theh jsth shl fhs pr`lk`p`hs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf quj cpcrjkjl khlscarcehs jl fc fjy 7=433 ejf Rjrù, njlk`hlcehs jl fc fjy 45 ej Wjpùgf`kc Ehn`l`kclc, jl fc fjy 317=; ej fc Fjy Ajljrcf ejf Cng`jltj ejf Zruaucy, h jl fc Fjy 7:41:, Fjy Ajljrcf ejf Cng`jltj ej fc Crajlt`lc. 7. [hl lhrncs dfjx`gfjs, pjrh quj tcng`àl t`jljl pjsh h `nphrtclk`c, jf kucf ejpjlej ejf iu`k`h ej phlejrck`ûl quj rjcf`zc jf hpjrcehr iurîe`kh, jf `ltàrprjtj. Su`jl fj ec v`ec c fhs pr`lk`p`hs js fc Cuthr`ece ej Cpf`kck`ûl h jf Iujz cf nhnjlth ej rjshfvjr jf khldf`kth cng`jltcf. Fhs pr`lk`p`hs kunpfjl ulc dulk`ûl ej `ltjrprjtck`ûl, ej cpf`kck`ûl ej fc lhrnc, ej `ltjarck`ûl, phrquj kugrjl vckîhs fja`sfct`vhs, cktùcl khnh e`qujs ej khltjlk`ûl pcrc ncltjljr fc purjzc ejf s`stjnc, s`rvjl pcrc rjlhvcr fc lhrnct`vc hgshfjtc y ::
Rrharcnc Wja`hlcf ej Kcpck`tck`ûl jl Ejrjkmh y Rhfît`kcs Cng`jltcfjs
khnh njkcl`snh ej `llhvck`ûl. Fhs pr`lk`p`hs, sjócfc W`kcreh Fhrjlzjtt`, t`jljl ulc dulk`ûl ‖ejf`n`tct`vc„ y ‖dulecltj„, jl fc nje`ec jl quj `npr`njl vcfhr. P jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf t`jlj ul ‖pcrce`anc ej clkfcij jl fhs g`jljs y vcfhrjs khfjkt`vhs„. Jf ecóh cng`jltcf js thec cftjrck`ûl ljact`vc rjfjvcltj rjfjv cltj ejf cng`jltj, ejf jqu`f`gr`h ejf jkhs`stjnc, ej fhs rjkurshs, ej fhs g`jljs h vcfhrjs khfjkt`vhs. Jsths khlkjpths shl cgshfutcnjltj nhejrlhs, tclth quj rhnpjl khl fhs nhfejs iurîe`khs kfãs`khs. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js ul kcng`h jl fc kufturc iurîe`kc jl ajljrcf. Jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js ul pr`lk`p`h jstrukturcf quj t`jlj su ãng`th ej cpf`kck`ûl dàrt`f jl fc jtcpc ejf prj-ecóh, cltjs quj sj prheuzkc jf ecóh. Lh hgstcltj, cf sjr ul pr`lk`p`h jstrukturcf pujej tjljr `ldfujlk`c jl fc jtcpc ejf ‖jx phst„, js ejk`r, jl fc ejf ecóh. Jsth js csî phrquj jf ‖pcrce`anc ej clkfcij„ ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js fc ejdjlsc c uftrclzc ej fhs g`jljs y vcfhrjs khfjkt`vhs y phrquj jf ecóh cng`jltcf js ul khlkjpth e`djrjltj cf ejf ecóh k`v`f kfãs`kh. Jl rjcf`ece, jf ecóh cng`jltcf js g`drhltj, ulc ‖jxprjs`ûl cng`vcfjltj„ (Gustcncltj (Gustcncltj Cfs`lc) quj ejs`alc, phr phr ul fceh, fceh, jf ecóh cng`jltcf `le`v`eucf y, phr jf htrh, jf ecóh cng`jltcf khfjkt`vh quj js jf ecóh cf cng`jltj jl sî n`snh ([t`af`tz). Js ej ejstckcr khnh mc kcng`ceh jf prhkjsh iurîe`kh c pcrt`r ej fc jnjrajlk`c ejf pcrce`anc ej fc shstjl`g`f`ece h ejf pcrce`anc cng`jltcf. Jf iujz mc ejiceh ej sjr pcs`vh, ljutrcf h fjacf`stc pcrc pcscr c sjr ckt`vh, khl khnprhn`sh shk`cf y ej prhtjkk`ûl ej ecóh. Fc kcrac ej fc prujgc ejic sjr jstãt`kc ―jl v`rtue ej fc kucf ejgj prhgcr cqujf quj cfjac, sjaùl jf v`jih ceca`h rhnclh― pcrc pcscr c sjr e`lãn`kc, jl fc quj ejgj prhgcr qu`jl quj sj jlkujltrc jl njihrjs khle`k`hljs tàkl`kcs y jkhlûn`kcs pcrc prhgcr. H tcng`àl sj prheukjl `lvjrs`ûl ej fc kcrac ej fc prujgc h sj ejgj cpf`kcr jdjkt`vcnjltj jf pr`lk`p`h prhkjscf ej khfcghrck`ûl, jl nctjr`c ej kcrac ej fc prujgc. Fc cprjk`ck`ûl ej fc prujgc ejic ej sjr cthnîst`kc, `lsufcr y pcsc c sjr `ltjarcf, jl fc quj t`jlj jspjk`cf `nphrtclk`c fc prjsulk`ûl. Jf ecóh cng`jltcf sj prujgc khl `le`k`hs,, pfurcfjs y khlkhrecltjs `le`k`hs khlkhrecltjs,, js ejk`r, khl prujgc pr ujgc ej prjsulk`hljs. Jx`a`r prujgc e`rjktc ejf ecóh cng`jltcf js prãkt`kcnjltj jx`a`r ‖fc prujgc e`cgûf`kc„, `nphs`gfj ej fharcr, pcrc ul mjkmh quj, ej phr sî, js ej prheukk`ûl `le`rjktc. Jf ecóh cng`jltcf sj prujgc khnh sj prhgcgc jl jf iu`k`h ej s`nufck`ûl, jf jlacóh h mjkmh s`nufceh, vcfj ejk`r, khnh yc sj njlk`hlû, khl prujgc pr ujgc ej `le`k`hs, pfurcfjs y khlkhrecltjs. Fcs kcutjfcrjs ejicl ej sjr kcutjfcrjs ej acrcltîc, ej rjsuftceh, pcrc pcscr c sjr kcutjfcrjs prjkhkjs, tjnprclcs, clt`k`pcthr`cs. Lh nj kclscrà ej jlsjócr quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js ul kcnph dàrt`f h prûspjrh pcrc fcs ffcncecs ‖kcutjfcrjs nctjr`cfjs„ h kcutjfcrjs clt`k`pcthr`cs j `llhn`lcecs, ajlàr`kcs h cuth sct`sdckthr`cs. Uheh U heh kcng`c, fc fja`t`nck`ûl ej hgrcr ejic ej sjr kjrrcec pcrc pcrc pcscr c sjr sjr cg`jrtc, arupcf, kcs` ulc sujrtj ej ckk`ûl phpufcr. Ucng`àl cd`rncnhs quj lh ejgjl jx`st`r rjstr`kk`hljs l` f`n`tjs cf ckkjsh c fc iur`se`kk`ûl jl ejdjlsc ejf nje`h cng`jltj. Kucfqu`jr `ltjrprjtck`ûl ej kcrãktjr rjeukk`hl`stc h ej clahstcn`jlth ej fc fja`t`nck`ûl ej hgrcr, quj js ‖fc ffcvj ej ckkjsh cf prhkjsh„ (G`ecrt Kcnphs), js `lkhlst`tuk`hlcf. Jl fc nje`ec jl quj lujstrcs fja`sfck`hljs khltjlacl jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf jl su Khlst`tuk`ûl Rhfît`kc, Fjy [uprjnc h jl su Khlst`tuk`ûl Lck`hlcf, kucfqu`jr `ltjrprjtck`ûl quj sj mcac ej jsj dhkh prhkjscf h p`jzc kfcvj ejf prhkjsh, tcl sjls`gfj cf `ltjràs shk`cf quj js fc fja`t`nck`ûl ej hgrcr, js `lkhlst`tuk`hlcf. Ej ncljrc quj fh quj tjljnhs quj mckjr fhs hpjrcehrjs iurîe`khs, jspjk`cf`stcs jl Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, js ckjptcr jf ejscd`û ej ulc lujvc kufturc iurîe`kc, prje`kcr fc ljkjs`ece ej caa`hrlcr , rjejd`l`r, rjdhrnufcr, cpf`kcr fh n`snh pjrh ej ncljrc e`djrjltj, tjl`jleh kfcrh quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf sj lutrj khl ‖rjafcs, tàkl`kcs, pr`lk`p`hs y prhkje`n`jlths prhp`hs„ (R`arjtt`). Jl fc nje`ec jl quj lh sjpcnhs trclsn`t`r khl :4
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf
thec jljraîc jstc lujvc jtcpc ej fc kufturc iurîe`kc, jstcrã jl iujah fc scfue ej fc khnul`ece, fc kcf`ece ej fc v`ec, fc v`ec n`snc, fc `ltjar`ece ps`khdîs`kc ej fhs mcg`tcltjs, fc sujrtj ej fc ajljrck`ûl prjsjltj y fc ej fcs ajljrck`hljs duturcs. Jl rjsunjl, jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl cpcrjkj jlulk`ceh jl e`st`ltcs fjyjs ejf nje`h cng`jltj y jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h js mhy ulh ej fhs pr`lk`p`hs gãs`khs ej phfît`kc cng`jltcf. Rcrc d`lcf`zcr, jx`stjl lunjrhshs pr`lk`p`hs ej phfît`kc cng`jltcf h ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf quj cpcrjkjl kfcrcnjltj khlscarcehs jl fc Fjy9 -Jf ej prjvjlk`ûl. -Jf prjkcuthr`h. -Jf ej `ltjarck`ûl, ej khlarujlk`c h ràa`njl iurîe`kh `ltjarcf. -Jf ej ahgjrlclzc cng`jltcf u hrejlcn`jlth cng`jltcf, sjaùl fc fja`sfck`ûl ej quj sj trctj. -Jf ej shstjl`g`f`ece h pr`lk`p`h ej sustjltcg`f`ece. -Jf ej jqu`ece `ltjrajljrck`hlcf. -Jf ej khhpjrck`ûl. -Jf ej shf`ecr`ece. Uhehs U hehs shl pr`lk`p`hs quj khlst`tuyjl fc gcsj n`snc ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf, jf kucf t`jlj ‖kujrph pr`vceh y cfnc pùgf`kc„, khnh jlsjóc fc ehktr`lc jspcóhfc y, jl Crajlt`lc, Hsvcfeh Ahzcîl`, fh quj fh khlv`jrtj jl ul mîgr`eh. Js tclth ejrjkmh pr`vceh khnh pùgf`kh y khlt`jlj lhrncs ej hrejl pùgf`kh. U`jlj ulc dujrtj dujrt j vhkck`ûl rje`str`gut`vc (Wcnûl Ncrtîl Nctjh) y ulc rjaufck`ûl tàkl`kc nuy dujrtj phrquj t`jlj ulc rjfck`ûl nuy kjrkclc khl fcs k`jlk`cs eurcs y fcs k`jlk`cs ej fc lcturcfjzc. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf vjfc phr jf `ltjràs khfjkt`vh, ej ncljrc quj thecs jstcs kcrcktjrîst`kcs fj ecl su `nprhltc c fc nctjr`c y ejgjnhs trctcr ej `nphljrfcs h ejdjlejrfcs jl fc nje`ec ej fc jspjk`cf`ece. Jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js khnh ul prharcnc ej khnputck`ûl? t`jlj `ld`l`ece ej vcr`cltjs, vcr`cl tjs, kûe`a kûe`ahs hs y s` sj fj `ldjkt `ldjktcc khl ul v`rus sj fj ejstru ejstruyj yj h sj fh vujfvj e`sdu e`sdulk`hl lk`hlcf. cf. Fhrjlzjtt` jlsjóc, khl jxtrchre`lcr`c jxtrchre`lcr`c ncjstrîc, quj js ul ‖ejrjkmh mjràt`kh, mjràt`kh, nutcltj y ejkhe`d`kcltj„, ‖ulc `lv`tck`ûl c ulc d`jstc„. Ph p`jlsh quj js trclsnutcltj. Fhs pr`lk`p`hs ej Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf t`jljl, fh quj ffcncl jl fc ehktr`lc njx`kclc, jlsjócec phr jf Nca`strceh Ljûd`th Fûpjz Wcnhs, ‖phejr ej `rrce`ck`ûl„. Jl rjcf`ece, shl phrtcehrjs ej ul ‖`ltjràs prjvcfjltj„, cfhic ul `ltjràs prjvcfjk`jltj? khlt`jlj, khnh jlsjóc W`kcreh Fhrjlzjtt`, ul ‖njtc vcfhr„, jf kucf js ulc sujrtj ej sùpjr jstrukturc. Rhr su pcrtj, Ihraj Nhssjt @turrcspj, @turr cspj, ul lhtcgfj k`v`f`stc crajlt`lh, crajlt`lh, e`kj quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js ‖ul ejrjkmh `lvcshr„, phr su phejr ej pjljtrck`ûl. Mckj yc t`jnph quj N`kmjf Rr`jur y Dujlzcf`ej, jl Km`fj ejkîcl quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf js ul ‖ejrjkmh mhr`zhltcf„, quj pjljtrc y sj shfcpc jltrj thecs fcs e`sk`pf`lcs kfãs`kcs eãlehfj su `nprhltc. Cpultcgcl quj sj trctc ej ul ejrjkmh ej rjca rupcn`jlth. C n` iu`k`h js ul ejrjkmh nuy dujrtj phrquj `aucfc ejs`aucfjs, `aucfc cf vjk`lh, cf mhngrj ej fc khnul`ece, cf mcg`tcltj, mcg` tcltj, khl fhs kjltrhs ej phejr phfît`kh phfî t`kh y jkhlûn`kh. Ej ncljrc quj t`jlj kcrcktjrîst`kcs nuy jspjk`cfjs, cejnãs ej sjr ej vhkck`ûl ul`vjrscf, khnh fh sjócfcgc Acgr`jf Wjcf Djrrjr, kucleh mcgfcgc ej ul ejrjkmh afhgcf, ul ejrjkmh ul`vjrscf, ul ejrjkmh pfcljtcr`h. Wcnûl Hijec Njstrj jlsjóc quj jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf t`jlj 322 kcrcs, ‖js e`krûl`kh„, phrquj sj ncljic jl ehs t`jnphs ―jf prjsjltj y jf d uturh―. Khlkfuyh quj js ul ejrjkmh ej nctr`z ejskhlkjrtcltj, culquj fh quj sî qujec nuy kfcrh js quj js ‖jf ejrjkmh„ phr jxkjfjlk`c ejf [`afh ]]@, ej fc ‖[hk`jece ejf W`jsah„ :1
Rrharcnc Wja`hlcf ej Kcpck`tck`ûl jl Ejrjkmh y Rhfît`kcs Cng`jltcfjs
(Zfr`kmgjko). Gcstc khl vjr fc jvhfuk`ûl ejf ràa`njl ej rjsphlscg`f`ece phr ecóhs ([cfvcehr Gjrajf, Drcláh`s Hst) pcrc cevjrt`r jstj djlûnjlh. Jf dckthr ej rjsphlscg`f`ece a`rcgc a`rcgc cfrjejehr fc rjsphlscg`f`ece rjsphlscg`f`ece sugijt`vc jl jf s`afh s`afh ]@], fujah c fc rjsphlscg`f`ece hgijt`vc jl fc pr`njrc n`tce s`afh ]], ―tjhrîc ej Ihssjrcle― , ej cmî c fc ehktr`lc ejf r`jsah, rjsphlscg`f`ece hgijt`vc, jl fc sjaulec n`tce ejf s`afh ]], ehlej khgrcl `nphrtclk`c fc prjvjlk`ûl, prjvjlk` ûl, jf r`jsah k`jrth, k`jr th, jf r`jsah khlhk`eh, jf r`jsah vjr`d`kceh. ¸Rcrc quà jspjrcr c quj sj khlsunc jf ecóh s` sj pujej prjvjl`r h cktucr shgrj fcs kcuscs y fcs dujltjs ej fhs prhgfjncs, khl ul sjlt`eh mhfîst`kh, thtcf`zcehr, `ltjarcf y pr`hr`tcr`h8 Jsj js jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjvjlk`ûl, jf quj cshnû khnh jf arcl prharjsh ejf ejrjkmh ej ecóh ejf ràa`njl ej fc rjsphlscg`f`ece phr ecóh jl fc sjaulec n`tce ejf s`afh ]]. Jl jf s`afh ]]@ jf ejrjkmh mc eceh htrh a`rh khl fcs ffcncecs shk`jecejs ej r`jsah, sjaùl jf shk`ûfhah cfjnãl Gjko, jl jf quj jf dckthr ej ctr`guk`ûl phr jxkjfjlk`c js jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl. Jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl js jf quj e`djrjlk`c jf ejrjkmh cng`jltcf cng`jltc f ejf rjsth ej fcs e`sk`pf`lcs kfãs`kcs. Jstj pr`lk`p`h njrjkj jspjk`cf ctjlk`ûl? kucleh Ihssjrcle jlulk`û fc ‖tjhrîc ejf r`jsah krjceh„, qu`jljs sj hphlîcl c jstc tjhrîc khnh ul s`stjnc ej rjsphlscg`f`ece hgijt`vc, e`ijrhl quj jrc jf d`l ej fc Wjvhfuk`ûl @leustr`cf. Mhy quj sj `lvhkc khnh ul pr`lk`p`h lujvh, lujvh, prharjs`stc ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf y jl ajljrcf ejf ejrjkmh, sj e`kj quj ejt`jlj jf ejscrrhffh jkhlûn`kh, jkhlûn`kh, quj vc jl khltrc ej fc ckt`v`ece `leustr`cf h jl khltrc ej fc ckt`v`ece prheukt`vc y quj lh sj pujej l` s`qu`jrc njlk`hlcr khnh ul pr`lk`p`h ej ejrjkmh. [j e`kj, tcng`àl, quj jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl ‖js vhfvjr cf ràa`njl ej rjsphlscg`f`ece sugijt`vc„, c fc kufpc. Lh js csî. Ph krjh quj, cul drjltj c fcs krît`kcs quj sj fj dhrnufcl, nãs cffã ej quj cfaulcs ej jffcs shl nuy rczhlcgfjs j `ltjf`ajltjs, khnh p`jlsc Rm`f`ppj Fj Uhruljcu, ul arcl k`v`f`stc drclkàs, js ul pr`lk`p`h quj hpjrc s`l ecóh, s`l `lejnl`zck`ûl, s`l vîkt`ncs. Jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl js jf nhthr ej kcng`h ej ulc lujvc kufturc iurîe`kc y ejltrh ejf pr`lk`p`h ej prjkcuk`ûl sj cfhic thec fc prhgfjnãt`kc ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. Jsj js jf ejscdîh quj tjljnhs thehs fhs hpjrcehrjs iurîe`khs rjspjkth ej jstc lhvîs`nc e`sk`pf`lc, ej jstj lujvh ejrjkmh, ej nctr`z hgv`cnjltj ejskhlkjrtcltj, quj js jf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf. RWJAZLUC[ P HG[JWTCK@HLJ[ CF KHLDJWJLK@[UC Rrjaultc9 ¸Jx`stj cfaulc dhrnc ej ckk`ûl phpufcr, ej kcrãktjr prjvjlt`vh, prjvjlt`vh, js ejk`r,
lh fc ckk`ûl cltj cfaùl ecóh hkcs`hlcec s`lh sûfh cltj fc cnjlczc ej ecóh8 Wjspujstc9 Jl fc Crajlt`lc, mckj phkh t`jnph, fc Khrtj [uprjnc ej Iust`k`c ej fc Lck`ûl e`ktû ul dcffh dcffh jl ulc kcusc khltrc fc prhv`lk`c prhv`lk`c ej Kmugut `l`k`cec c rcîz ejf pje`eh ej khlkjs`ûl pcrc fc jxpfhtck`ûl ej ulc n`lc ej hrh ug`kcec jl fc Rctcahl`c, jl ulc fhkcf`ece ffcncec Jsqujf ej e`kmc prhv`lk`c. Ejspuàs ej 4 h 1 cóhs ej jxpfhrck`ûl ulc jnprjsc n`ljrc ejskugr`û ul yck`n`jlth ej hrh ug`kceh jl ul khreûl nhltcóhsh ej fc k`uece quj t`jlj ul arcl ctrckt`vh turîst`kh y p`e`û fc khlkjs`ûl cf jstceh Rrhv`lk`cf pcrc jxpfhtcr jf yck`n`jlth. Fc jxpfhtck`ûl sj `gc c ejscrrhffcr c k`jfh cg`jrth y khl k`clurh. k`clurh. Jf Kûe`ah ej N`ljrîc ej Crajlt`lc prjvà fc prjsjltck`ûl ejf Jstue`h ej @npckth Cng`jltcf cltj fc Cuthr`ece Rrhv`lk`cf. Jf J@C duj duj cprhgceh y kucleh sj jstcgc jl khle`k`hljs ej hthracr fc khlkjs`ûl sj nhv`f`zû theh jf pujgfh ej Jsqujf hphl`àlehsj cf ejscrrhffh ejscr rhffh ej fc jxpfhtck`ûl n`ljrc jl fc rja`ûl. [u rjkfcnh jrc quj prjdjrîcl v`v`r s`l ckt`v`ece n`ljrc, ncltjl`jleh, s`npfjnjltj, su ejscrrhffh turîst`kh. tur îst`kh. Jf s`au`jltj pcsh duj `l`k`cr ulc ckk`ûl ej cnpcrh cltj fc iust`k`c fhkcf ―fc iust`k`c hre`lcr`c― jl jf quj pjeîcl quj fc jnprjsc, cejnãs ej kunpf`r khl fcs lhrncs ej prhtjkk`ûl cng`jltcf khltjl`ecs jl jf Kûe`ah ej N`ljrîc ―jf quj sj cpf`kc ej ncljrc ul`dhrnj jl theh jf tjrr`thr`h crajlt`lh―, quj :=
Fhs pr`lk`p`hs y rjafcs ejf Ejrjkmh cng`jltcf
fh m`k`jrc khl fc Fjy Rrhv`lk`cf ej Jvcfuck`ûl ej @npckth Cng`jltcf ej fc Rrhv`lk`c ej Kmugut, fc quj jx`aj ejltrh ejf prhkjsh ej prjsjltck`ûl y cprhgck`ûl ejf J@C ul njkcl`snh ej Cue`jlk`c Rugf`kc, jltrj htrcs khscs khscs.. Fc prjs`ûl duj tcf shgrj jf @ltjlejltj Nul`k`pcf, quj jf Ijdj Khnulcf ffcnû c ulc sujrtj ej pfjg`sk`th, jl jf quj =2% ej fhs khlsuftcehs e`ih ‖lh c fc n`ljrc„, khltrc 72% quj cprhgû jf prhyjkth prhyjkth.. D`lcfnjltj, fc khnul`ece `l`k`û ulc ckk`ûl ej cnpcrh khfjkt`vh cng`jltcf y fc iust`k`c tclth ej pr`njrc khnh ej sjaulec `lstclk`c, jl fc Khrtj ej [cltc Kruz, fjs e`h fc rczûl, js ejk`r quj fc n`ljrc ejgîc prjsjltcr ul Jstue`h ej @npckth Cng`jltcf, hgsjrvcleh jf njkcl`snh khltjl`eh jl fc Fjy Rrhv`lk`cf, cejnãs ej fc lhrnct`vc lhr nct`vc cng`jltcf khltjl`ec jl jf Kûe`ah ej N`ljrîc, fh quj `npf`kcgc quj ejgîc ecrsj ul njkcl`snh ej pcrt`k`pck`ûl phpufcr jl fc cue`jlk`c pùgf`kc. Js prhgcgfj quj fc n`ljrc pjlscrc quj, ej jx`a`rsj fc cue`jlk`c, lh `gc c sjr cprhgcec fc khlkjs`ûl, fc quj `lejpjle`jltjnjltj ej lh tjljr kcrãktjr v`lkufcltj, hr`jltc fc rjshfuk`ûl d`lcf ejf khldf`kth. Jf kcsh tjrn`lû jl fc Khrtj [uprjnc ej Iust`k`c ej fc Lck`ûl, fc quj khld`rnû fhs dcffhs ej fhs tr`gulcfjs `ldjr`hrjs, `ldjr`hrjs, e`k`jleh quj fc prhtjkk`ûl cng`jltcf js hgijth ej ulc lhrnct`vc khlkurrjltj, jl fc quj khlkurrjl lh shfcnjltj fcs lhrncs lhr ncs ej fc Lck`ûl s`lh tcng`àl fcs ej Rrhv`lk`c, y fcs fhkcfjs y nul`k`pcfjs, ej ncljrc quj ejgîc hgsjrvcrsj y kunpf`rsj khl thecs fc lhrnct`vc jl iujah. Rrjaultc9 ¸Kuãltc `lkjrt`eungrj k`jltîd`kc js ljkjscr`c h quà t`ph ej jv`ejlk`c k`jltîd`kc js ljkjscr`c pcrc quj jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h cktùj8 Wjspujstc9 Jl ajljrcf, lh sj cpf`kc jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h jl ul sjlt`eh purh h jstr`kth.. [j fh cpf`kc khnh rjdujrzh ejf pr`lk`p`h ej prjvjlk`ûl? pjrh, jl rjcf`ece, jl jstr`kth kcs` thehs fhs kcshs quj khlhzkh sj mckîc drjltj c ulc s`tuck`ûl quj pheîc ajljrcr cfaùl arceh ej `lkjrtjzc, quj g`jl pherîc mcgjrsj rjsujfth c fc fuz ejf pr`lk`p`h ej prjvjlk`ûl. Nj mckj sjlt`r g`jl quj cf njlhs sj cpf`quj jf pr`lk`p`h ej prjvjlk`ûl, phrquj l` s`qu`jrc lujstrhs tr`gulcfjs sj cl`ncl c cpf`kcrfh drjltj c fc cnjlczc, jf pjf`arh h r`jsah k`jrth. Hgsjrvck`ûl9 [ûfh ulc khsc shgrj jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h. Fh kûnheh y phfît`kcnjltj khrrjkth khrrjkt h js ejk`r quj t`jlj quj dulk`hlcr jl kucfqu`jr kcsh y quj kucleh mcyc dcftc ej kjrtjzc k`jltîd`kc ejgj prhm`g`rsj ulc ckt`v`ece h ul prheukth. Rjrh jf pr`lk`p`h prjkcuthr`h dhrnufceh csî js `nphs`gfj ej kunpf`r. Lh tjlah fhs ecths drjskhs pjrh, jl tàrn`lhs ajljrcfjs, fc `leustr`c ut`f`zc ulhs 722 n`f pr`lk`p`hs ckt`vhs ej fhs kucfjs sûfh khlhkjnhs fhs jdjkths ej ulhs phkhs n`fjs. Jsc js fc rjcf`ece. Mcy nukmcs s`tuck`hljs y kcshs shgrj fcs kucfjs lh sj pujej mcgfcr khl kjrtjzc, l` fc mcgrã phr nukmh t`jnph, phrquj lh jx`stjl fhs khlhk`n`jlths k`jltîd`khs pcrc jffh, y vcl c sjau`r dulk`hlcleh dulk`hlcleh..
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