_rhb% _iarh _iarh Ispfehzm Curtmah
@umeah lm `ínmrm bhthjríbf`m cm`i su mpmrf`fðe ie lm cfsthrfm ai lm cunmefama m niafmahs ail sfjlh SFS lm WIMLFAMA is `mpturmam `he bfailfama ie ue pmpil m trmvæs ai ue lieti4 iethe`is, lh qui li quiað ml mrtfstm plístf`h bui plmsnmr uem FWWIMLFAMA ym eh m trmvæs ai sus hkhs bîsf`hs sfeh m trmvæs ai lhs hkhs ai su mlnm%
Witrmth ai Jihrjis Whumult
FN_WIPFHEFPNH
Lhs mrtfstms `hniezmrhe m aismrrhllmr euivms tæ`ef`ms ai lm pfeturm pmrm trmesbirfr rípfamnieti ml plmeh ail `umarh il mspi`th “feniafmth„ ai lm emturmlizm% Ilfnfemrhe il `hlhr eijrh ai lm pmlitm% Is il pirîhah qui tfieai ue puieti ietri il emturmlfsnh trmaf`fheml hgkitfvh #riprisietmtfvh& y lm irm nhairem ail mrti sugkitfvh #fetirpritmtfvh&
Il ehngri fnprisfhefsnh bui amah phr il `rîtf`h Lhufs Lirhy phr istm hgrm ai @lmuai Nheit “Fnprisfðe ai ue shl ai mnmei`ir„%
Il “Fsnh„ `uym prih`upm`fðe `ietrml irm sieshrfml y plmsnmr lm luz ail aîm ai lm emturmlizm bui il Fnprisfhefsnh
FN_WIPFHEFPNH
_rh`urmrhe trmesphrtmr lm siesm`fðe trmesfthrfm ai lm luz ail shl, `mpturmeah lm mtnðsbirm' nís qui lm riprisietm`fðe ai lm afniesfðe ail pmfsmki% Isphetmeifama y vilh`fama ie lm iki`u`fðe irme fnphrtmetis pmrm lm `hestru``fðe ai lm fnmjie%
Pu meti`iaieti istuvh ie lm Is`uilm ai Gmrgfzðe ie =31?% Lhs pfethris pfetmgme ml mfri lfgri “rípfamnieti„ ym eh aietrh ail tmllir, msî phaîme rijfstrmr lhs ibi`ths ai lm luz metis qui `mngfmrme phr il `ursh ail aîm% Isth irm uem rhturm fnphrtmeti `he lm prí`tf`m m`maænf`m #metfjum& ai prhau`fr ue trmgmkh faimlfzmah, mltmnieti istru`turmah y nheunietml qui riprisietmgm uem `firtm faim mgstrm`tm h emrrmtfvm nfthlðjf`m%
_HPQ.FN_WIPFHEFPNH Il mrti sfjufð su `ursh lms aæ`mams qui shgrivieîme Jihrjis Piurmt aismrrhllð ue meílfsfs nís `fietîbf`h ai lm luz fevietmeah uem euivm tæ`ef`m llmnmam _uetfllfsnh, usmeah nfllmris ai pueths piquiýhs pmrm `rimr uem fnprisfðe vfsuml%
Isth irm ue m`ir`mnfieth ixpirfnietml fetirismeti `umeah `hesfairmnhs il `he`ipth ail pîxil afjftml
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_mul Jmujfe `he su @rfsth mnmrfllh y sus emtfvms Qmcftfmems Nfietrms Rfe`iet Rme Jhjc `he pfe`ilmam heaulmeti inpmstmam ie sus jfrmshlis y pmfsmkis
_mul Jmujufe% Nmtm Num, =367% @hli``fðe Qcyssie.Ghreinfszm
IS_WIPFHEFPNH Il Ixprisfhefsnh nfrm aietrh, m ue nueah ai istmahs inh`fhemlis y psf`hlðjf`hs lfjmahs ml sir cunmeh, nís gfie qui m lms siesm`fheis trmesfthrfms4 trmesfthrfms4 ixplhrm il mlnm % Jihrjis Whumult ie uem tietmtfvm ai trmesphrtmr siesm`fheis riprisietm @rfsths, pmymshs, prhstftutms ahlfietis% Iawmra Nue`c `he “ Il Jrfth„ llmnm lm mtie`fðe ai is`u`cmr m lm nfsnm emturmlizm cunmem%
Il “Fsnh„ `uym prih`upm`fðe `ietrml is inh`fheml y psf`hlðjf`m si llmnm
Ixprisfhefsnh
Il pirîhah nhaireh ai lm ixpirfnietm`fðe ail mrti puiai pmri`irsi `hebush y ci`ch brmjnieths% Brmez Nmr` mpmri`i pfetmeah sus `mgmllhs mzulis y htrhs mefnmlis ietri nmsms ai `hlhr purh%
Jihrjis.Whumult “@rfsth cunfllmah phr shlamahs„ =607.NHNM.EV@
BMYRFPNH
Bmuvfsnh, #Bmuvfsni brme`æs&, prhspirð ie Brme`fm m pmrtfr ai =363 m =6?3% Cierf Nmtfssi bui il lîair ail nhvfnfieth% Lhs pfethris Bmuvfstms utflfzmrhe `hlhr purh, grfllmeti, mplf`mah airi`ch ai lhs tughs ai lm pfeturm ie uem nmeirm mjrisfvm, afri`tm `rimr ue sietfah ai uem ixplhsfðe ie lm lhem #nmsm ai `hlhr&% Pus trmgmkhs buirhe ievuilths ie uem rim``fðe ixprisfvm buirti meti lhs tinms qui pfetmrhe%
Il Bmuvfsnh pharîm istmr sftumah m lm nftma ail `mnfeh ietri il fnprisfhefsnh y il ixprisfhefsnh
%
@umeah buirhe lms pfeturms ai lhs Bmuvfstms ixcfgfams bhrnmlnieti ie _mrîs ie =6?9, afirhe uem sm`uafam ilæ`trf`m m vfsftmetis ml smlðe a*Muthnei meuml4 ueh ai isths vfsftmetis irm il `rîtf`h Lhufs Rmux`illis, qui, aigfah m lm vfhlie`fm ai sus trmgmkhs, aiehnfeð m lhs pfethris 'Lis Bmuvis' #lms gistfms smlvmkis&%
@YGFPNH
Il istflh `ugfstm m`ietuð lm supirbf`fi plmem, ai ahs afniesfheis ail plmeh ail `umarh, ri`cmzmeah lms tæ`ef`ms trmaf`fhemlis ai lm pfeturm ai lm pirspi`tfvm, nhailmeah, `lmrhs`urh, y ri`cmzmeah lms tihrîms `hesmjrmams qui il mrti tuvh qui usmr pmrm lm fnftm`fðe ai lm emturmlizm%
Il “Fsnh„ `uym prih`upm`fðe `ietrml is mgstrmir lm bfjurm ie brmjnieths si llmnm @ugfsnh
Il @ugfsnh bui `rimah prfe`fpmlnieti phr lhs pfethris _mglh _f`mssh y Jihrjis Grmqui ie _mrîs ietri =6?: y =6=1%
Lhs pfethris `ugfstms eh istuvfirhe lfnftmahs m lm bhrnm, tixturm, ml `hlhr, h ml ispm`fh ai `hpfmah4 ie lujmr, prisietmrhe uem euivm rimlfama ie lms pfeturms qui riprisietmrhe lhs hgkiths rmaf`mlnieti ci`chs brmjnieths ie pirspi`tfvms afstfetms %
@YGFPNH
Muequi il @ugfsnh irm ue pmsh iehrni m lh lmrjh ail `mnfeh cm`fm lm mgstrm``fðe, ie lms nmehs ai ue jiefh istm euivm nmeirm ai m`ir`mr ml afsiýh ai lm fnmjie nhairem si pharîm utflfzmr msî puis, pmrm `hnuef`mr siesm`fheis i faims ai jrme ml`me`i ie uem bhrnm jieirmlfzmam h nís sfngðlf`m%
“Il Juiref`m' ai _f`mssh is il ikinplh nhstrmeah uem is`iem, ie afniesfheis nûltfplis, ail eijrh y ail jrfs ai jrftirîh4 uem riprisietm`fðe fnpm`tmeti ai lm juirrm `fvfl ispmýhlm%
PYWWIMLFPNH Yeh ai lhs 'fsnhs nís febluyietis' ail pirîhah nhaireh si `heh`i `hnh Purrimlfsnh . sfjefbf`m “nís mllí ai lh viramairh„% Il Purrimlfsnh prh`urm ixprismr il bue`fhemnfieth ail sug`hes`fieti `he fníjieis bmetístf`ms y lm yuxtmphsf`fðe fe`hejruieti ie il tinm% Lhs Purrimlfstms utflfzmrhe m nieuah suiýhs `hnh buieti ai lm fespfrm`fðe%
Il Purrimlfsnh prhspirð ie Iurhpm ietri lms juirrms nueafmlis F y FF y `ri`fð prfe`fpmlnieti buirm ail nhvfnfieth metirfhr ai 'Amam', qui metis ai qui si ai lm F juirrm nueafml prhau`îm lhs trmgmkhs ail `hetrm.mrti, plmetimah ailfgirmamnieti `hnh aismbîh y afvirsfðe meti il sfstinm phnphsh ai lms jmlirîms ai Mrti% Il nhvfnfieth riprisietð uem rim``fðe `hetrm il 'rm`fhemlfsnh' qui cmgîme afrfjfah lm `ulturm y lm phlîtf`m iurhpim% Il phrtmvhz prfe`fpml prfe`fpml ail nhvfnfieth, bui il phitm y `rîtf`h Mearæ Gritðe , qufie puglf`ð “Il Nmefbfisth Purrimlfstm' ie =671%
“Lm _irsfstie`fm ai lm ninhrfm„ y “Il @rfsth ai Pme Kume„ she `umarhs ai Pmlvmahr Amlî%
Il “Fsnh„ `uym
prih`upm`fðe `ietrml is il sug`he`fieti ai lm nieti is il Purrimlfsnh
PYWWIMLFPNH
Lhs surrimlfstm nms ehtmglis she Pmlvmahr Amlî, Wieæ Nmjrftt Nm jrftti, i, Khme Nfrh y Nmx Ireist ietri htrhs% Lms hgrms qui hgsirvmnhs she ai Wieæ Nmjrftti; “Il phair glme`h„ y “@mstfllh ie lhs _frfeihs„
Il Purrimlfsnh is ue ikinplh ai `ðnh il mrti riblikm lms faims fnphrtmetis ail tfinph . ie isti `msh lms ai Pfjnuea Briua y su psf`hmeílfsfs psf`hmeílfsfs . uem ai lms jrmeais nietis ail pirîhah nhaireh qui cm tiefah uem febluie`fm prhbueam ie il piesmnfieth fetrhau`fieah lm faim ail fe`hes`fieti `hnh buieti ai euistrms nhtfvm`fheis%
Gritðe `hesfairð il fe`hes`fieti `hnh il prhpulshr ai lm fnmjfem`fðe, æl aibfefð il jiefh ie tærnfehs ai lm m``isfgflfama m isti rifeh ehrnmlnieti sfe mprhvi`cmr, lh qui, æl `riyð, si pharîm lhjrmr phr lhs phitms y lhs pfethris fjumlnieti%
BYQYWFPNH Il Buturfsnh, #Buturfsnh ftmlfmeh& irm ue nhvfnfieth mrtîstf`h tinprmeh ail sfjlh SS qui si `ietrð ie Ftmlfm y m`ietuð il afemnfsnh, lm vilh`fama, lm ieirjîm ai lm níqufem y ai lm vftmlfama, ail `mngfh, y lm vfam rípfam nhairem ie jieirml% Il ehngri Buturfsnh, m`uýmah phr il phitm ftmlfmeh y riam`thr Bflfpph Qhnnmsh Nmrfeittf, riblikð su æebmsfs ie il aisi`ch ai lh qui æl `he`fgfð pmrm sir il istítf`h y mrti femplf`mgli ail pmsmah, y `iligrmeah il `mngfh, lm hrfjfemlfama, y lm feehvm`fðe ie `ulturm y sh`fiama%
Il jisth qui riprhauz`mnhs ie il lfiezh lfi ezh eh sirí nís ue nhnieth bfkh ie il afemnfsnh uefvirsml% Pfnplinieti Pfnplinieti sirí lm nfsnm siesm`fðe afeínf`m T%%%^% Aigfah m lm pirsfstie`fm ai lm fnmjie ie lm ritfem, lhs hgkiths ie nhvfnfieth si nultfplf`me m sî nfsnhs `hestmetinieti4 su bhrnm `mngfm `hnh rípfams vfgrm`fheis ie su lh`m `mrrirm% Ai isi nhah, ue `mgmllh ie i e nhvfnfieth eh tfiei `umtrh pmtms, sfeh vifeti, y sus nhvfnfieths she trfmejulmris trfmejulmris%%
Yngirth Gh``fhef
Il nhvfnfieth aurð hbf`fmlnieti shlmnieti tris mýhs%
Jfm`hnh Gmllm “@hrrim ai pirrh ie nhvfnfieth„ Ðlih shgri tilm =6=7%
Il “Fsnh„ `uym prih`upm`fðe `ietrml is lm euivm ti`ehlhjîm ail muthnðvfl y ai lm gillizm ai su vilh`fama, ieirjîm is il Buturfsnh
H_QF@ML MWQ ‐ H_ MWQ
Il mrti Ðptf`h h `heh`fah `hnh Hp Mrt kujð `he lms tæ`ef`ms qui tieîme ue ibi`th ie euistrhs hkhs h `rið uem flusfðe ðptf`m ai nhah sfnflmr m htrhs nhvfnfieths nhairehs ail mrti%
Lh nfsnh si afrí ai Grfajit Wfliy qui `he sus bfjurms nheð`rhnms ie si`uie`fm ai nmeirm sfnpli prhvh`me nhvfnfieths qui iejmýme lm vfsfðe ail hgsirvmahr%
Rî`thr Rmssmrily utflfzmgm ue isquinm ai `hlhr lfnftmah, y ue istflh jihnætrf`h pmrm afgukmr bhrnms y hgkiths nuy pirbi`ths y ispm`fmlis afniesfhemahs `he il `hlhr plmeh y ie aijrmai%
IS_WIPFHEFPNH MGPQWM@QH
Il ush mgstrm`th ai Ixprisfhefsnh ail 'ispm`fh' irm tmngfæe afbirieti% Lm faim ail 'ispm`fh gmkh' maqufiri ue sfjefbf`mah fnphrtmeti ie su istflh% @hnh lhs mrtfstms ail arfppfej ai pfeturm shgri sus lhems%
Km`dshe _hllh`d mrtfstm mrtfst m mnirf`meh mnirf`meh ym bmlli`fah ie pliem iki`u`fðe ai uem hgrm mplf`meah jhtih h arfppfej ml lfiezh%
Yem ai lms faims fnphrtmetis aitrís ai Ixprisfhefsnh mgstrm`th irm istm rilm`fðe ietri il ispi`tmahr y lm fnmjie , pirnftfieah qui lm jieti vim afvirsms `hsms i fetirpritmr nietmlnieti lhs sfjefbf`mahs nûltfplis%
IS_WIPFHEFPNH MGPQWM@QH
Il aismrrhllh ai lîeims y ai lms jhtms ai afvirshs `hlhris pmri`ie blhtmr ie lm supirbf`fi, ie `mpms% Lm nieti cunmem prh`urm vir pmtrheis ai `hsms, pmrm hrjmefzmrlms mlimthrfmnieti ie ue hraie, y tmngfæe ehs rilm`fhemnhs `he lms fníjieis, ie tærnfehs ai rilm`fheis ispm`fmlis, `hnh sf isths pmtrheis mgstrm`ths riprisietmrhe ue ispm`fh viramairh%
Msî, sf nfrmnhs bfkmnieti isths pmtrheis `hnplikhs ai pfeturm phainhs vir prhbueafama, phrqui mrrijlmnhs lms `mpms ai `hlhris ie uem kirmrquîm `rhnítf`m `he `hlhris `ílfahs qui smltme m lm vfstm y brîhs qui si h`ultme, `he lhs `lmrhs y hs`urhs su`iai fjuml% Il prhau`th bfeml ai lms flustrm`fheis iethe`is si `hevfrtfð ie uem `hngfem`fðe ietri lh qui cm prhpuisth il mrtfstm, y lh qui cm ilijfah il ispi`tmahr vir%
NFEFNMLFPNH
Il Nfefnmlfsnh irm uem tieaie`fm ie lm pfeturm y lm is`ulturm qui si aismrrhllð shgri thah ie lhs II%YY% aurmeti lhs mýhs 2? y lhs mýhs :?, plmetimeah lm faim ai riau`fr uem hgrm ai mrti ml eûnirh nîefnh ai `hlhris%
Nfietrms qui il ehngri fnplf`m, il mrti Nfefnmlfstm, æl is purmnieti mgstrm`th, hgkitfvh y meðefnh, lfgri ai lm ai`hrm`fðe supirbf`fml h ail jisth ixprisfvh% Nfefnmlfsnh si puiai vir `hnh rim``fðe `hetrm lm inhtfvfama y il Ixprisfhefsnh mgstrm`th%
Rmlhrm lms bhrnms, lms lîeims y lms tixturms% Eh si cm`i efejuem tietmtfvm ai riprisietmr h ai sfnghlfzmr efejûe htrh hgkith h ixpirfie`fm mei`aðtf`m% Is mrti ixpirfnietml, fetietmeah ais`ugrfr lhs lînftis ai lm sfnplf`fama ml usmr lhs ilinieths ail afsiýh ai lm fnmjie%
_H_YLMW MWQ( _H_ MWQ
Cmy ue afílhjh ie `ursh ie il nueah ail mrti bfeh y ail mrti ixpirfnietml . uem `hestmeti aismbfmahrm ai `uíl is vílfam, `uíl is metf`umah, `uíl is inh`fhemeti%
Isti afílhjh prhau`i faims y ixpirfnieths aismbfmahris . tml mrti eh istí prh`urmeah sir phpulmr h m justh ai `mam ueh, sfeh qui istfnulm lm gûsquiam pmrm lms euivms feehvm`fheis y si m`ir`m ml afsiýh ai lm fnmjie%
Hgrms ai; Diftc Cmrfej “Gist Guaafis„#fzq% Pup %& y “Ptmtui hb Lfgirty„#air% Feb%& Why Lf`ctiestife “Qcfedfej hb cfn„#air% Pup%& Meay Zmrchl “Nmrflye„#fzq% Feb%&
_H_YLMW MWQ( _H_ MWQ
Aurmeti il pirîhah ail mrti php, il pritietfhuseiss ail mrti ai lm jmlirîm bui aismbfmah, y il m`ir`mnfieth æpf`h bui sugstftufah phr uem `iligrm`fðe ail afmrfh vfvfr `he lhs afsiýhs y lhs prhau`ths qui si `rime ie sirfi aietrh ai uem `ulturm `hesunfstm%
Lhs niafhs y lm puglf`fama irme tinms bmvhrfths pmrm lms `iligrm`fheis m nieuah fejiefhsms ail mrti php%
Irm uem euivm nmeirm ai nfrmr lhs f`hehs tinirmrfhs, hrafemrfhs ail supirnir`mah, lms pilî`ulms y lhs `hnpmrtfnfieths grfllmetis%
_H_YLMW MWQ( _H_ MWQ
]ufzís il mrtfstm nís jrmeai ail istmllfah, `uyms feehvm`fheis cme mbi`tmah tmeth ml mrti sugsi`uietinieti, irm il mrtfstm mnirf`meh, Meay Zmrchl #=673.3:&%
Lhs mrtfstms rim``fhemrhe `hetrm il Ixprisfhefstm mgstrm`th qui lhs kuzjmgme ai sir pritie`fhsh y shgri. fetiesh%
Il mrti php trmkh mrti ai euivh m lms rimlfamais nmtirfmlis ai lm vfam afmrfm, m lm `ulturm phpulmr, ie lm `uml lms jietis ehrnmlis hgtieîme lm nmyhrîm ai su plm`ir vfsuml . ai lm tilivfsfðe, ai lhs `hnpmrtfnfieths, h ai lhs tigihs%
_H_YLMW MWQ( _H_ MWQ
Lm pfeturm ai “Lm Pfllm ilæ`trf`m„ nmr`m il prfe`fpfh ai uem sirfi ai pfeturms nðrgfams ai Meay Zmrchl% Ie istm pfeturm lm nuirti sfjui sfieah fnpirsheml% Ie Pflds`riie #sirfjrmbîm& lm fnprisfðe si fevfirti pmrm amr ue theh eijmtfvh% Zmrchl ainuistrm ie istm pfizm ai mrti `ðnh lm fnmjie istítf`m am ue niesmki ai jrme ml`me`i% Æl kuijm `he lm aumlfama ai; il sfjefbf`mah ai lm fnmjie #ie nðaulhs& ie `hnpmrm`fðe `he ue pmtrðe hgkitfvh ai bhrnms y ai `hlhris fetieshs y `hetrmstmetis meti euistrhs hkhs% Il ush ai lm ripitf`fðe si puiai tmngfæe liir `hnh uem ai`lmrm`fðe shgri il prh`ish ai aisiesfgflfzm`fðe ai lm `ulturm _H_ %
