LOGAM BUKAN BESI ( Fe Non Ferro) DAN PEMANFAATAN NYA
DISUSUN OLEH : KELOMPOK 5 Nama
: 1. Hermariantito Aldzikri 2. Iswanto 3. Pandoko 4. Yazim jamzami
Kelas
: 2 MeA
Mata Kuliah
: Pengetahuan Bahan Teknik
Dosen Pembimbing
: Karmin, S.T., M.T
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK NEGERI SRIWIJAYA PALEMBANG 2011 / 2012
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kita panjatkan kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa, atas segala nikmat yang telah diberikan. Penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak
terdapat
kekurangan,
dan
dari
kekurangan
itu
kami
mencoba belajar untuk lebih baik. Kami juga menerima segala bentuk kritik atau saran yang bertujuan untuk membangun agar makalah kami ini menjadi lebih baik dan dapat dinikmati semua teman-teman sekalian.
Dan tak lupa pula shalawat serta salam kepada baginda rasul S.A.W yang telah memberikan nik,mat iman kepada kita hingga saat ini.
Serta ucapan banyak terima kasih terhadap semua pihak yang telah membantu menyelesaikan penyusunan makalah ini baik itu teman-teman maupun dosen kita sendiri yang telah mendukung ppembuatan makalah ini.
Palembang, April 2012
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Pengertian logam bukan besi Logam Non-Ferro (Non-Ferrous Metal) ialah jenis logam yang secara kimiawi tidak memiliki unsur besi atau Ferro (Fe), oleh karena itu logam jenis ini disebut sebagai logam bukan Besi (non Ferro). Beberapa dari jenis logam ini telah disebutkan dimana termasuk logam yang banyak dan umum digunakan baik secara murni maupun sebagai unsur paduan. Dengan semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
terutama
dalam
pengolahan
bahan
logam,
menjadikan semua jenis logam digunakan secara luas dengan
berbagai
ditingkatkan, teknologi
alasan,
kebutuhan
serta
mutu
produk
berbagai
keterbatasan
yang
peralatan
dari
semakin
pendukung
ketersediaan
bahan-
bahan yang secara umum digunakan dan lain-lain. Logam non Ferro ini terdapat dalam berbagai jenis dan masing-masing
memiliki
sifat
dan
karakteristik
yang
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berbeda secara spesifik antara logam yang satu dengan logam yang lainnya.
B.Ciri B.Ciri – – ciri ciri logam bukan besi Adapun Ciri - ciri logam bukan besi adalah:
daya tahan terhadap korosi yang tinggi daya hantar listrik yang baik mudah untuk dibentuk pemilihan paduan tertentu, tergantung kepada banyak hal, antara lain :
kekuatan
kemudahan dalam pemberian bentuk berat jenis harga bahan baku upah produksi nilai estetis
C. SIFAT SIFAT LOGAM BUKAN BESI
Kebanyakan logam bukan besi tahan terhadap korosi (air atau kelembaban), misalnya: zat magnesium, tahan terhadap
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laut, ketahan terhadap korosinya dibawah ketahanan baja biasa.
Secara umum dapat dikatakan, bahwa makin berat suatu logam bukan besi, maka makin baik daya tahan nya terhadap korosi dan salah satu sifat atau ciri khas logam bukan besi adalah: berat jenis nya, oleh karena itu, dibawah ini dapat dilihat tabel yang menunjukkan berat jenis & titik cair logam.
Pengecualian
pada
aluminium,
pada
permukaan
nya
terbentuk suatu lapisan oksida yang dapat melindungi logam aluminium tersebut dari korosi selanjut nya.
Warna asli dari logam bukan besi, seperti: kuning, abu-abu, perak,
dlsb
nya,
termasuk
teknik
pewarnaan,
seperti:
anodisasi pada aluminium, dapat menambah nilai estetika logam-logam tersebut.
Pada umum nya, logam non-besi mempunyai daya hantar listrik lebih baik dibandingkan dengan besi, sebagai contoh: tembaga, mempunyai daya hantar listrik 5,3 kali lebih baik dibandingkan besi, sedang kan aluminium, 3,2 kali lebih baik.
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C s/d
agak
sulit
untuk
dilas,
sedangkan
kemampuan
terhadap
pengecoran, permesinan dan pembentukan, berbeda-beda, misalnya: ada logam yang dapat mengalami pembentukan dengan pengerjaan dingin, namun ada pula yang tidak mungkin untuk dibentuk dalam keadaan dingin.
D.Peleburan D.Peleburan
Logam bukan besi tidak ditemukan sebagai logam murni dialam bebas, biasanya masih ter- ikat sebagai oksida dengan berbagai macam kotoran-kotoran yang membentuk bijih-bijih. Ada beberapa tahapan untuk mengolah bijih logam bukan besi, yakni:
- tahap penghalusan mineral
- tahap pencucian
- tahap pemisahan antaraq logam dengan kotoran
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Kadang-kadang, tahap proses peleburan menjadi lebih sulit, misal nya karena bijih tembaga, timah hitam dan seng, hanya di dapat di suatu daerah tertentu saja, atau bahkan disuatu daerah dijumpai campuran dari 21 jenis bijih logam bukan besi.
D.1. Dapur peleburan
Pada
mula
nya,
Tanur
Tinggi
dengan
kapasitas
kecil,digunakan untuk melebur tembaga, timah danbeberapa unsur lain nya. Didalam tanur bahan baku dicampur dengan kokas, kemudian di tiupkan udara untuk mempercepat proses pembakaran. Karena tiupan udara nya cukup cepat (kencang), maka ukuran kokas, maupun bijih tidak boleh lebih kecil dari 1 cm. Saat proses peleburan berlangsung, ditambahkanfluks untuk memperoleh logam yang lebih murni, sekaligus untuk mengurangi kekentalan (viskositas) terak cair.
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peleburan, digunakan juga dapur pemanggang untuk mengoksidasi bijih dari mineral sulfida, gas oksidasi dihembuskan melalui kisi dan mengenai bijih, sedangkan dapur pemanggang digunakan untuk memurnikan tembaga dan seng.
.
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN 1. Jenis-jenis logam bukan besi dan pemanfaatan nya Keberagaman sifat dan karakteristik dari logam Non Ferro
ini
memungkinkan
pemakaian
secara
luas
baik
digunakan secara murni atau pun dipadukan antara logam non ferro bahkan dengan logam Ferro untuk mendapatkan suatu sifat yang baru yang berbeda dari sifat asalnya. Untuk mengetahui macam-macam logam non ferro ini dapat disebutkan sebagai berikut : 1. Lead, Timbal, Timah hitam, Plumbum (Pb)
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Timah hitam sangat sangat lunak, lembek tetapi ulet, memiliki warna putih terang yang sangat jelas terlihat pada patahan atau pecahannya.
Timah Hitam memiliki berat jenis (ρ) yang sangat tinggi yaitu =11,3 kg/dm³ dengan titik cair 327ºC, digunakan sebagai isolator anti radiasi Nuclear.
Timah hitam diperoleh dari senyawa Plumbum-Sulphur (PbS) yang disebut "Gelena" dengan kadar yang sangat kecil.
Proses pemurniannya dilakukan dengan memanaskannya didalam
dapur
tinggi,
proses
pencairan
untuk
menghilangkan oxides serta unsur lainnya.
Selain untuk pemakaian sebagai isolator radiasi, Timah hitam digunakan juga sebagai bahan pelapis pada bantalan
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Titanium (Ti) memiliki warna putih kelabu, sifatnya yang kuat seperti baja dan stabil hingga temperature 400ºC, tahan korosi dan memiliki berat jenis (ρ) = 4,5 kg/dm³.
Titanium (Ti) digunakan sebagai unsur pemurni pada baja serta sebagai bahan paduan dengan Aluminium dan logam lainnya.
Titanium (Ti) memiliki titik cair 1660ºC dan kekuatan tarik 470 N/mm2 serta densitas 56 %.
Titanium (Ti) tidak termasuk logam baru walaupun pengembangannya baru dilakukan pada tahun 1949, karena
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pemurnian Titanium (Ti) ini melalui pemanasan dengan Carbon dan Clorine, kemudian dengan Magnesium dan denganSodium pada suhu pemanasan antara 800ºC hingga 900ºC yang menghasilkan Titanium Tetraclorite sebagai produk
awal
dari
Titanium
(Ti)
yang
selanjutnya
menggunakan Magnesiumcloride atau Sodiumcloride.
3. Nickolium (Ni)
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Bijih Nickel mengandung 2,5 % Nickel yang bercampur bersama-sama unsur lain yang sebagian besar terdiri atas besi dan silica serta hampir 4 % Tembaga dan sedikit Cobalt, Selenium, Tellurium, Silver, Platinum dan Aurum. Sedangkan Tembaga, besi dan Nicel berada pada bijih itu sebagai Sulfida.
Setelah proses penambangan bijih itu dipecah dan dilakukan pemisahan dari berbagai unsur yang mengandung batuan yang mengapung.
Kemudian
sulfide
Nickel
dan
dipisahkan melalui proses pengapungan.
Sulfide
Tembaga
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Selanjutnya dipanaskan bersama Sodium Sulfat dengan pemanasan kokas untuk memperoleh larutan Tembaga Nickel dan Sulfide Besi, kemudian dituangkan kedalam ladle untuk dilakukan pemadatan, Selama pendinginan Tembaga dan Sodium mengapung keatas dan ketika terjadi pemadatan Nickel dan Tembaga akan terpisah oleh tiupan atau pemukulan.
Proses pemurnian lanjut dilakukan dengan electrolisa dengan terlebih dahulu disinter sehingga berbentuk Briket, atau dapat juga dengan proses 'carbonil' jika tresedia cukup daya listrik dimana serbuk Nickel dipanggang untuk
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Pemakaian Nickel
Secara komersial Nickel banyak digunakan secara murni terutama untuk peralatan-peralatan yang menuntut ketahanan korosi yang tinggi, seperti peralatan dalam industri
makanan
,
industri
kimia,
obat-obatan
serta
peralatan kesehatan, industri petroleum dan lain-lain.
Nickel dapat dibentuk melalui proses panas maupun dingin, memiliki sifat mampu tempa, mampu mesin dengan pemotong HSS. Dapat dikerjakan dengan Cupping, Drawing, Spining, Swaging, Bending, dan Forming. Penyambungan dapat dilakukan dengan pengelasan, penyolderan, Brazing
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Boron (B) memiliki titik cair 2300ºC dan Boron-Carbide sangat keras dan tahan terhadap pengaruh kimia.
Proses pemurnian Boron termasuk sangat sulit akan tetapi kerap kali Boron ditemukan dalam keadaan murni sehingga disebut sebagai logam Murni atau logam langka (rare-metal).
Boron tidak digunakan sebagai element akan tetapi Boron digunakan sebagai bahan pembuatan Dies, Nozle untuk Injection moulding, pivot serta permukaan bearing. Boron
dibuat
dalam
bentuk
bubukan
sehingga
pembentukannya pembentukannya dilakukan dengan proses Sintering.
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dengan pembersihan terlebih dahulu dimana Bismuth ini terdapat dalam keadaan kurang bersih, sehingga diperlukan berbagai perlakuan. Bismuth digunakan sebagai unsur paduan dengan logam lain yang memiliki titik cair rendah.
6. Magnesium (Mg)
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Magnesium
memilki
sifat
yang
dengan elastisitas yang rendah.
7. Tembaga, Copper, Cuprum (Cu)
lembut
walaupun
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Tembaga dan menduduki urutan kedua setelah Silver namun
untuk
ini
Tembaga
dipersyaratkan
memiliki
kemurnian hingga 99,9 %. Salah satu sifat yang baik dari tembaga ini juga adalah ketahanannya terhadap korosi atmospheric bahkan jenis korosi yang lainnya.
8. Aluminium (Al)
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9. Chromium (Cr)
Chromium ialah logam berwarna kelabu, sangat keras dengan titik cair yang tinggi yakni 1890ºC , Chromium
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Manganese (Mn) logam yang memiliki titik cair 1260ºC Unsur Manganese (Mn) ini diperoleh melalui proses reduksi pada bijih Manganese sebagaimana proses yang
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Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
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BAB III PENUTUP Kesimpulan
The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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Daftar pustaka
http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=11006205