1
LIDIA VIANU Director CTITC (Centrul pentru Traducerea şi Intrepretarea Textului T extului Contemporan) Catedra de Engleză Facultatea de Limbi şi Literaturi Străine Universitatea din Bucureşti
Tabele de gramatică folosite în : English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice
(toate la Editura Teora: 252-1431, 0724-821.361)
PROF. DR. LIDIA VIANU Director CTITC (Centrul pentru Traducerea şi Interpretarea Textului Contemporan) Director MTTLC (Masetratul pentru Traducerea Textului Literar Contemporan) Profesor de Literatură Contemporană Britanică Universitatea Bucureşti, Facultatea de Limbi şi Literaturi Straine, Catedra de Engleză Email:
[email protected] Internet site: http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com http://www.lidiavianu.go.ro
2
SPELLING (The Verb)
INFINITIVE
-ING
-ED
-S
to dine (e final cade) [exce pţie: to dye (a vopsi)
dining
dined dyed
dines dyes]
to die
dying
died
dies
to stay (y după vocală nu se schimbă)
staying
stayed
stays
to cry (y după consoană devine i, pentru – ed, ed, -s)
crying
cried
cries
to stop (consoană precedată de vocală scurtă şi accentuată) [excepţie: to develop [to kidnap
stopping
stopped
stops
developing developed kidnapping kidnapped
develops] kidnaps]
to travel to focus
travel(l)ing travel(l)ed focus(s)ing focus(s)ed
travels focus(s)es
to refer (r final se dublează)
referring
referred
refers
to panic
panicking
panicked
panics
dyeing
2
SPELLING (The Verb)
INFINITIVE
-ING
-ED
-S
to dine (e final cade) [exce pţie: to dye (a vopsi)
dining
dined dyed
dines dyes]
to die
dying
died
dies
to stay (y după vocală nu se schimbă)
staying
stayed
stays
to cry (y după consoană devine i, pentru – ed, ed, -s)
crying
cried
cries
to stop (consoană precedată de vocală scurtă şi accentuată) [excepţie: to develop [to kidnap
stopping
stopped
stops
developing developed kidnapping kidnapped
develops] kidnaps]
to travel to focus
travel(l)ing travel(l)ed focus(s)ing focus(s)ed
travels focus(s)es
to refer (r final se dublează)
referring
referred
refers
to panic
panicking
panicked
panics
dyeing
3
PLURAL OF NOUNS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
car class way sky potato
cars classes ways skies potatoes Exceptions: cantos, dynamos, concertos, curios, embryos, halos, magnetos, scenarios, studios, solos, photos, pianos, archipelagos, radios wives, thieves Exceptions: roofs, gulfs, chiefs, griefs, muffs, proofs, cliffs, safes, handkerchief handkerchief Double: scarfs, scarves; wharfs, wharves; calfs, calves; hoofs, hooves
wife, thief
FOREIGN PLURALS thesis crisis basis analysis datum addendum medium erratum candelabrum phenomen on criterion alga dogma opus
theses crises bases analyses data addenda media errata candelabra phenomen a criteria algae dogmata opera
IRREGULAR PLURALS man woman child ox brother goose tooth foot mouse louse (păduche) die (zar)
men women children oxen brethren (fraţi de credinţă) geese teeth feet mice lice dice
4
AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY
Form of the verb to be conjugated
Tense/Mood formed
1. to do, did
short Infinitive
2. shall, will
short Infinitive
Present Past Tense (interrogative, negative) Future Future Perfect
3. should, would
short Infinitive
4. to have
Past Participle
5. to be
1. – ing 2. Past Participle
Future-in-the-Past Conditional Present Conditional Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Perfect Infinitive Perfect -ing 1. Continuous Aspect 2. Passive Voice
TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
acţiune începută în trecut şi continuată sau cu consecinţe în prezent PRESENT
acţiune trecută, înaintea unui alt moment trecut
acţiune prezentă (generală sau în desfăşurare) FUTURE PERFECT
acţiune începută şi terminată în trecut
acţiune viitoare, înaintea unui alt moment viitor FUTURE acţiune viitoare
PAST TENSE
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST acţiune viitoare faţă de un moment trecut (numai în subordonate cu timp trecut în principală)
5
FORMATION OF TENSES/MOODS/VOICES TENSE
ACTIVE
VOICE
Common
Continuous (To Be+ -ing )
Infinitive + s (3rd person in the singular) do /does; do not + Infinitive 2. Past Tense Infinitive + ed; second form (irregular verbs) did /did not + Infinitive 3. Present to Have Perfect (Present) + Past Participle 4. Past Perfect to Have (Past Tense) + Past Participle 5. Future shall/will + Infinitive 6. Future Perfect shall/will + Perfect Infinitive 7. Conditional should/would + Present (Future- Infinitive in-the-Past) 8. Conditional should/would + Past Perfect Infinitive 9. Infinitive to ask 1. Present
10. Perfect Infinitive 11. – ing 12. Perfect -ing 13. Past Participle
PASSIVE (To Be + Past Participle) Common
VOICE Continuous
to Be (Present) + to Be (Present) + -ing Past Participle
to Be (Present continuous) + Past Participle
to Be (Past Tense) + -ing
to Be (Past Tense) + Past Participle
to Be (Past Tense continuous) + Past Participle
to Be (Present Perfect) + -ing
to Be (Present Perfect) + Past Participle to Be (Past Perfect) + Past Participle
to Be (Past Perfect) + -ing to Be (Future) + -ing to Be (Future Perfect) + -ing
to Be (Future) + Past Participle to Be (Future Perfect) + Past Participle to Be to Be (Conditional (Conditional Present) + Past Present) + -ing Participle to Be to Be (Conditional (Conditional Past) + Past Past) + -ing Participle to Be (Infinitive) to Be (Infinitive) + + -ing Past Participle to Be (Perfect to Be (Perfect to Have Infinitive) + - Infinitive) + Past (Infinitive) + ing Participle Past Participle to Be (-ing) + Past Infinitive + -ing Participle to Have (-ing) + to Be (Perfect – Past Participle ing) + Past Participle Infinitive + -ed
6
PRESENT – PRESENT PERFECT – PAST TENSE – PAST PERFECT (common, continuous) ♥ I read every day – Citesc zilnic. ♥ I am reading at this moment – Citesc acum. ♥ I have been reading for an hour – Citesc de o oră . ♥ I have been reading since you came – Citesc de când ai venit. ♥ He never sang when he lived in Paris – Nu cânta când locuia la Paris. ♥ When you came he was singing – Cânta când ai venit. ♥ He had been singing for two hours when you came – Cânta de două ore când ai venit.
7
TENSES TENSE
1. Present 2. Past Tense 3. Present Perfect 4. Past Perfect
ACTIVE
VOICE
PASSIVE
Common
Continuous (To Be+ -ing) I am asking
Common
VOICE (To Be + Past Participle) Continuous
I am asked
I am being asked
I was asking
I was asked
I was being asked
I have been asked I had been asked
I ask, do I ask he asks, does he ask I asked did I ask I have asked
5. Future
I shall/will ask
I have been asking I had been asking I shall be asking
6. Future Perfect 7. Conditional Present (Future-in-thePast) 8. Conditional Past 9. Infinitive
I shall/will have asked I should/would ask
I shall have been I shall have asking been asked I should be I should be asking asked
I should/would have asked to ask
I should have been asking to be asking
I should have been asked to be asked
10. Perfect Infinitive 11. – ing ing
to have asked
to have been asking
asking
to have been asked being asked
12. Perfect -ing
having asked
13. Past Participle
asked
I had asked
I shall be asked
having been asked
8
CONTINUOUS ASPECT NOT USED VERBS
EXCEPTIONS (change of meaning)
1. to be
temporary state He is being noisy (he is usually quiet).
2. feelings, attitudes (to love, like, hate)
only colloquial I am loving it.
3. perception (to see, hear, feel)
voluntary action The manager is seeing him now. colloquial I can’t believe what I am hearing.
4. wish (to desire, want) 5. mental activities (to understand, know, believe, think – a crede...) 6. auxiliaries link verbs (verbe copulative) modal verbs 7. repeated actions
voluntary action I am thinking of him.
to show irritation He is always buying buying sweets (and I hate it).
9
PRONOUNS PERSONAL Nominative
POSSESSIVE Adjective
REFLEXIVE Pronoun
my
mine
myself
I
Dative, Accusative me
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
thou (tu; vechi)
thee
thy
thine
thyself
10
IMPERATIVE IMPERATIVE let me go go
NEGATIVE let me not go do not let me go do not go don’t yóu worry (accentuat)
EMPHATIC do let me see you home (please) do go
let him/her/it go let us go go let them go
ORDER OF WORDS subject predicate direct object indirect object manner place time
în propoziţii afirmative, de obice i pe primul loc de obicei nu se separă de verb
1. definite: sfârşitul propoziţiei (după verb) sau începutul ei (accentuat). [He came yesterday.] 2. indefinite (şi alte adverbe ) [ever, never, always, often, usually; only, first, last, already, just]: între subiect şi predicat sau între auxiliar şi verbul de conjugat ( după primul auxiliar). [He never laughs. He has already forgotten. I should never have guessed what it was.]
11
ARTICLE
COMPULSORY DEFINITE ARTICLE 1. rivers 2. mountains 3. oceans, seas 4. islands in the plural 5. channels, canals 6. parks 7. shops 8. institutions 9. hotels 10. ships 11. newspapers 12. family names in the plural 13. nouns with attributes
the Thames the Alps the Pacific, the Mediterranean the Hebrides the Channel (Canalul Mânecii) the Zoo the bak er’s the British Museum the Ritz the Hope the Times the Eliots the England he knows
NO (ZERO) ARTICLE USED 1. proper names 2. countries, continents, towns 3. languages 4. nouns of material 5. abstractions 6. individual nouns in the plural (generic)
Jack England, Europe, London [Exceptions: the Congo, the Hague] English water friendship merchants
12
WHO: Cases NOMINATIVE
GENITIVE
DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE
who
whose
whom
13
mi se... (reflexiv impersonal, î n română)
Passive
mi se spune mi se dă mi se arată mi se oferă mi se predă mi se promite mi se ordonă ni se recomdadă mi se decernează
I am told I am given I am shown I am offered I am taught I am promised I am ordered I am recommended I am awarded
14
INVERSION
I have never done this before.
Inversion (when the sentence begins with a negative or restrictive adverb) Never have I done this before.
I realized only later that he had been fishing.
Only later did I realize that he had been fishing.
I had hardly opened my eyes when I saw a hare.
Hardly had I opened my eyes when I saw a hare.
They had no sooner set out than the car broke down.
No sooner had they set out than the car broke down.
HARDLY (Past Perfect)
WHEN (Past Tense)
Hardly had he bought the gun He had hardly found the coin
when the rabbit attacked him. when the beggar stole it from him.
NO SOONER (Past Perfect)
THAN (Past Tense)
No sooner had the film started The baby had no sooner fallen asleep
when the dwarf walked out. than the dog began barking.
15
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
I. PAST TENSE in the main clause (or any other past tenses)
in the subordinate 1. PAST TENSE 2. PAST PERFECT 3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
Changes from direct to indirect speech: 1. PRESENT ----------------->
1. PAST TENSE
2. PRESENT PERFECT, PAST TENSE ---------------->
2. PAST PERFECT
3. FUTURE ------------------->
3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
II. Temporal Clause replace Future by
1. PRESENT 2. PRESENT PERFECT (după ce...)
III. Conditional Clause replace Future by
(Subjunctive) PRESENT
replace Conditional Present by
(Subjunctive) PAST TENSE
replace Conditional Past by
(Subjunctive) PAST PERFECT
16 Examples I. Past Tense in the main clause He said
he knew, he was reading he had finished, he had been reading for hours he would come back soon II. Temporal Clauses
I shall come
1. when I am free. 2. after I have finished. when he was free. after he had finished.
He said he would come He asks He asked When will you come? (adverb) Do not come
I shall come He said he would come He would come He would have come I should be reading now He would not have run away
Direct object clause when you will come. when you would come. till I ask you. (până nu te rog) III. Conditional Clauses if I buy the house. if he had time. if he knew. if he had known. if you had brought me the book yesterday. if you did not always beat him
He would understand
if you told him
He would have come
if he had known.
He asks/asked I should have come (Veneam
if I had known. dacă ştiam.)
Use only past tenses (see the Subjunctive) what you wanted. (ce vrei) what you had done. (ce ai făcut) what you would do. (ce vei face) what you wanted. where you had been. who would help him. Direct object clause if/whether you would have come.
17
Traducerea frazelor cu SEQUENCE OF TENSES în româneşt e Principală cu Past Tense/Past Perfect
Completivă directă
He said/had said
he would do it. he had understood. he had been walking for an hour. he would come back. he would buy the book he would write the novel
Principală
He would stay with you
Condiţională cu Past Tense/Past Perfect (Subjunctive) if you told him
if he had been told
Temporală
Traducere ( în română nu există Sequence of Tenses)
că o va face că a înţeles că se plimbă de o oră when he found it . after he had published his poems.
că va reveni că va cumpăra cartea când o va găsi că va scrie romanul după ce-şi va publica poemele.
Orice subordonată
dacă i-ai spune că te urmăreşte o vrăjitoare you had lost your key dacă i-ai spune că ţi and could not go in. ai pierdut cheia şi nu poţi intra dacă i-ai spune că vei you would tell everyone the truth. spune tuturor adevărul dacă i s -ar fi spus who you were. cine eşti dacă i s -ar fi spus ce what you had ai hotărât decided. dacă i s -ar fi spus when you would go când o să te duci în to the Congo. Congo a witch was following you.
Câteva fraze complexe: 1. If you told him when you came back from Venice that you did not want him to phone you, he would stop calling you up every five minutes. [Dacă i -ai spune când te întorci de la Veneţia că nu mai vrei să te sune, nu te -ar mai chema la telefon din cinci în cinci minute.] 2. He stated he would come back home when I had finished painting it and if I told him whom I had been working with and when I would do it again, if this ever happened. [A declarat că se va întoarce acasă după ce voi termina s -o zugrăvesc şi dacă -i voi spune cu cine am lucrat şi când o s -o fac din nou, dacă aceasta se va întâmpla vreodată.]
18
Forms of THE SUBJUNCTIVE I. Synthetical Present (=Infinitive) (old English, exclamatory)
Past (=Past Tense) simultaneity
Past Perfect (=Past Perfect) anteriority
I suggest that he go now. Suffice it to say that he was wrong. Long live England!
He is speaking as if he did not know the truth. He was looking at me as if I had all the answers.
He is speaking as if he had not been told anything. He was looking at me as if I had stolen his golden watch.
II. Analytical MODAL VERB
simultaneity Indefinite Infinitive
anteriority Perfect Infinitive
may, might can, could should will, would
come today be reading now
have come yesterday have been reading at 7
It is strange
that he should
arrive tonight
have arrived last night
It is natural
that he should
be asking this question
have been dancing at seven
I suggest
that you should
forget about the party.
I shall give him the book
so that he may read it tonight.
I came last night
so that the witch might
give me the broom.
He did not ask anything
lest you should
shout at him.
EXAMPLES
19
SITUATIONS in which the Subjunctive is used Main clause
Conjunction
Subjunctive form used
1. It is (natural, advisable...)
that [subiective introduse cu it impersonal] that
he SHOULD go, be reading, have finished, have been reading at seven o’clock (he go) he SHOULD go (he go)
so that (final clauses)
he may/might see me he should see me he can/could see me he will/would see me
lest (ca să nu)
he SHOULD forget
4. (He is/was walking)
as if/as though (ca şi cum)
he did not know he had already finished
5. (I should tell you I should have told you)
if unless (dacă nu)
I knew I had known
omiterea conjuncţiei if
Poetic; condiţionala pe primul loc; inversiune: Should I know, I should tell him. Had I known, I should have told him. you came now you had come before you would come (ce n-aş da să vii) he left now he had finished before
2. I suggest, insist, urge, demand, order... [dorinţa vorbitorului] 3. (I shall come I came yesterday...)
6. I wish (aş vrea) I wished (aş fi vrut) 7. I would rather/sooner (aş prefera) If only (măcar dacă) Suppose (dacă cumva) It is (high/about) time (e vremea să) 8. Exclamatory sentences
[9. ...ever (whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever)
[To Be – use were in all persons I/he were here] Long live... (lozinci) Long live the King! May you... (urări) May you live to be a hundred. So be it. (aşa să fie) Suffice it to say... (ajunge dacă spun că...) he may/might do, be doing, have done, have been doing Whatever he may be doing, you must not disturb him. Whoever he may have been, you should have told him the truth.
20
After the SUBJUNCTIVE Past and Past Perfect, in the following situations, use only past tenses (Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future-in-the-Past): Subjunctive Subjunctive situation which form which requires the change requires the change 1. Subjunctive Past 2. Subjunctive Past Perfect
Tenses changed
into
PRESENT---->
PAST TENSE
Traducere în română
PRESENT PAST PERFECT PERFECT, PAST TENSE FUTURE------> FUTURE-IN-THEPAST for clauses in a sentence with conditional clauses which use Subjunctive Past or Past Perfect as if/as though I wish/wished if only I would rather suppose it is time Examples I should tell you if I knew
I should have listened if he had explained
I wish he knew If only he had told us I would rather you told me Suppose he never found out
you wanted to go there now. you had already found the key. you would not scold her. what he wanted to do.
că vrei să te duci
where he had lost the book. why he would be leaving so soon. where the money was. why he had shouted. what would happen. why he had been punished!
unde a pierdut cartea
că ai găsit deja cheia că n-o vei certa ce vrea să facă
de ce va pleca atât de curând unde sunt banii de ce a strigat ce se va întâmpla de ce a fost pedepsit
21 Câteva fraze complexe: 1. If I knew you would not tell him what I was telling you, I might explain to you that he was not going to pay his debt because he had not yet found a means of making money while sleeping. [Dacă aş şti că nu -i vei spune ce-ţi spun, poate ţi -aş explica cum că n -are de gând să -şi plătească datoria fiindcă nu a descoperit încă un mijloc de a face bani în vreme ce doarme.] 2. If you had announced him when you would come back and how much you would be willing to pay for his monkey, he would certainly be waiting for you now. [Dacă-l anunţai când te vei întoarce şi cât vei fi dispus să -i dai pe maimuţă, acum precis că te-ar aştepta.] 3. I wish he had told us when he wanted to sell the house he had bought in Norway. [Aş vrea să ne fi spus când vrea să vândă casa pe care a cumpărat -o în Norvegia.] 4. I would rather he did not tell everyone he met that he had pawned his shirt because I refused to give him any money and he would hang himself unless I paid all his debts by the end of the week. [Aş prefera să nu spună tuturor celor cu care se întâlneşte că şi -a amanetat cămaşa fiindcă refuz să-i dau bani şi că se va spânzura dacă n -am să-i plătesc toate datoriile până la sfârşitul săptămânii.]
22
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Comparative (C)
Traducere Intensified Comparative
much/far + longer /better more expensive C
mult mai
C and C ever + C
din ce în ce mai
the C 1, the C2
cu cât... , cu atât
even + C
şi mai
C + by far
cu mult mai
Examples much better far shorter much more expensive better and better more and more unbelievable ever larger ever more scared The more, the merrier. The more interesting, the better. The sooner he arrives, the less time you will have to spend without him. even farther even more attractive cheaper by far
IRREGULAR COMPARISON
good, well bad, ill much, many little (puţin) far near old
late
better worse more less farther further (suplimentar) nearer older elder (our/your... elders = cei vârstnici) later the latter (al doilea din doi; the former – primul din doi)
the best the worst the most the least the farthest the furthest the nearest the next (următorul) the oldest the eldest (numai atributiv; pentru fraţi)
the latest (cel mai recent) the last (ultimul)
23
AGREEMENT OF NOUNS (Acordul substantivelor) PLURAL: THEY ARE Substantiv
Traducere
Acord 1, 2, 3...
Exemple
THEY pair(s) of ARE I. clothes trousers
haine pantalon(i)
şort shorts salopetă overalls glasses/spectacles ochelari compasses scales binoculars tongs pliers scissors shears pyjamas pincers/tweezers flannels tights braces annals archives ashes customs dregs outskirts wages savings bellows
compas (compass – busolă) cântar binoclu cleşte cleşte foarfecă foarfecă mare pijama pensetă lenjerie de flanelă pantalon strâns bretele letopiseţ arhivă cenuşă (ash – scrum) vamă zaţ periferie salariu economii foale
His trousers are dirty and they are on the bed. I only need a pair of glasses. Have you seen my glasses?
I have three pairs of scissors in the house.
24
II.
THEY ARE
poliţia the Police the clergy clerul the rich (articol + cei bogaţi adjectiv) III.
The Police are looking for a thief. The rich have much more than the poor.
IT IS; THEY ARE (membri) How long have your family lived here? Are they at home? (unitate) How many members does your crew have? Is it large?
family crew
echipaj
team IV. (Nouns of material in the plural)
echipă sorturi de
are
butters coals oils...
How many butters have you bought?
SINGULAR: IT IS Substantiv
Traducere
I. news information knowledge luggage furniture money advice fruit homework
veşti informaţii cunoştinţe bagaje mobilă/mobil e bani sfaturi fructe teme
Acord
1, 2, 3...
IT IS
piece(s) of
Exemple
No news is good news. I need two pieces of information.
25
II. politics mumps measles rickets billiards draughts cards skittles, ninepins physics
IT IS oreion pojar rahitism biliard joc de dame joc de cărţi popice
Mumps is a dangerous disease.
SINGULAR = PLURAL Au aceeaşi formă pentru singular şi plural. Forma de singular a re şi sens de plural. Substantiv
Traducere
series species means works fish
serie, serii specie, specii mijloc, intermediu uzină, uzine peşte, peşti
deer
căprioară, căprioare
carp trout sheep
crap, crapi păstrăv, păstrăvi oaie, oi
Acord IS, ARE
Exemple
How many fish have you got? A deer was running across the street. He had five sheep when he started fishing carp and trout.
26
MODAL VERBS 1. SHALL (trebuie)
1. For the second and third person only: Modal Future of promise, command and determination (Old English) 2. For the first person, interrogative
He shall come. (Va trebui să vină/ Garantez că va veni) You shall not go. (Îţi interzic, n-ai voie)
Shall I go? ( Vrei să mă duc? Să mă duc?) What shall I do? (Ce mă fac?) 1. He asked me what he should do. (ce să facă)
2. SHOULD (ar trebui)
2. You should come today/be reading now. ( Ar trebui) You should have come yesterday/have been reading at seven. ( Ar fi trebuit, trebuia să) 3. I think he should be there. (Presupun)
3. WILL (vrea)
iritare, surpriză dacă s-ar întâmpla (în condiţionale) omiterea conjuncţiei if 1. First person: Modal Future (învechit)
4. Why should I do it? ( De ce tocmai eu?) 5. If I should find him, I should beat him. ( Dacă s-ar întâmpla să-l găsesc) 6. Should he know, he would come. [poetic] (De-ar şti el...) I will not forget you. (Promit că nu te voi uita) 2. Will you help me? (Te rog) Help me, will you? (Fii bun şi...) Go away, will you! (Fă bine şi pleacă de aici!) 3. Let him go if he will go. (dacă vrea/ţine să se ducă)
pentru obiecte: opune rezistenţă
4. The door will not open. ( nu vrea să se deschidă) 5. That boy over there will be his son. (o fi, cred că este)
Frequentative Mood (în general)
6. He will always read when he has breakfast. (Mereu citeşte)
27 4. WOULD (voia)
1. Frequentative Mood
He will do that. (Mereu face aşa) – în general He would /used to come here of old. (Obişnuia să vină) – în trecut
2. He wouldn’t even see us . (Nici n-a vrut) 3. I wouldn’t know. (N-am de unde să ştiu)
4. You wouldn’t do that to me! (Nu-mi faci tu mie una ca asta!) 5. You could go if you would. (Dacă ai vrea, te-ai duce) 6. You would not (do not) want to know. (Nu te interesează...) 5. OUGHT TO (ar trebui)
1. You ought to come today/be reading now. (Ar trebui) You ought to have finished yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia) 2. I think he ought to be there. (Presupun)
6. MUST (trebuie)
1. You must go now. (Trebuie) nu se schim bă după Past Tense neapărat
He said you must go.
precis, trebuie că
3. He must be reading now. (Precis că citeşte) He must have come yesterday/have been reading at seven. ( Se vede că, trebuie că a venit/citea) 4. You must not come in. (Nu ai voie, e interzis)
e interzis Înlocuitor modal: TO HAVE TO 7. TO HAVE TO (trebuie)
2. You must pay me a visit.
You will have to go soon. He said I would have to go to the States. I realized he had had to walk all the way to the Sahara. I have (got) to go. Have you got to go?/Do you have to go? I do not have to go yet.
28 8. TO BE TO (urmează să, e parte dintr-un plan stabilit)
1. He is to come today. (Urmează să vină)
2. He was to come today. (Urma să vină azi.) He was to have come yesterday. (Urma să fi venit ieri.)
9. CAN (poate, ştie, e în stare să)
10. COULD
e interzis
3. You are not to go in there. (E interzis să intri)
de-ar fi să
4. If he were to come, I should tell him. ( De-ar fi să vină)
ştii să, poţi
1. Can you read? ( Ştii să citeşti?) Can you lift a chair? ( Poţi ridica un scaun?)
n-ai dreptul
2. You can’t go in . (N-ai dreptul)
nu e cu putinţă
3. He can’t be your brother . (Nu e cu putinţă) He can’t be reading now . (Nu se poate să, nu e cu putinţă) He cannot have finished yesterday. (E imposibil să fi terminat, nu putea să termine ) Can he have been reading at seven? (Nu-mi vine să cred că, nu se poate, cum să cred că..?)
familiar, pentru MAY
4. Can I go now? (Am voie?)
Înlocuitor modal: TO BE ABLE TO
You will be able to read next year. He had been able to speak Japanese for years when we met.
1. Past Tense (could) 2. Conditional Present (could)
He said he could read. (poate, ştie)
3. Conditional Past (could + Perfect Infinitive)
You could have gone if you had been free. ( Ai fi putut, puteai )
You could go if you would. ( Ai putea)
4. It could be true. (S- ar putea, cred eu că...)
29 11. MAY (Am voie; Am voie POATE, habar n-am) Înlocuitor modal: TO BE ALLOWED TO 2. POATE, nu ştiu, n-am idee (nu-mi exprim nici o părere)
1. May I come in? (Am voie să) He confessed he had never been allowed to eat raspberries. He may come today, tomorrow. He may be reading now. He may have come yesterday. He may have been reading at seven. He may have finished by then. (Va fi terminat până la zece.) 3. He may as well be a thief, for all I know. (O fi şi hoţ, habar n-am.)
12. MIGHT
1. Past Tense
He said I might go. (am voie) He said it might rain. (s e poate să, poate o să...)
2. Conditional Present (might)
a) It might be true. (S- ar putea, nu ştiu) b) You might send me a letter. ( Ai putea, î ţi sugerez, aş vrea s -o faci)
3. Conditional Past (might + Perfect Infintive)
You might have helped him. (Ai fi putut, puteai, de ce nu l-ai ajutat? – reproş )
13. NEED (E nevoie – impersonal)
[To need (verb regulat) – a avea nevoie (personal): He needs a book. – Are nevoie de o carte. Will he need this book? – Va avea nevoie de carte? He does not need to be warned about this. – Nu are nevoie să fie prevenit.]
1. Need you go? (E nevoie să te duci?) He need not go. I do not think he need come. (de obicei nu are afirmativ, ca verb modal; excepţie fac verbele care vin după o negaţie în propoziţia anterioară) nu se schimbă după un timp trecut
2. He said you need not go. 3. You need not have come so soon. (Nu era nevoie)
30 14. DARE (Îndrăzneşt e)
DEGREES OF PROBABILITY (precis, probabil, posibil, poate, s-ar putea)
TREBUIA... (nu trebuia, nu era nevoie, trebuia, ar fi fost cazul, trebuie, a trebuit)
How dare you steal my apples? (Cum îndrăzneşti să -mi furi merele?)
precis
1. He must be reading.
cred, probabil
2. He should/ought to be reading.
mă gândesc că e posibil poate, nu ştiu
3. He could be reading/He will be reading.
s-ar putea, chiar nu ştiu 1. Nu era nevoie
5. He might come.
2. Ar fi trebuit /trebuia, era cazul 3. Reproş
You should have come. (Trebuia să vii, ar fi trebuit) You might have come. (Trebuia să vii, de ce n ai venit?) You had better have come. (Trebuia să vi i, mai bine veneai) He said I must go. (trebuie să) Did he have to go? (a trebuit) You had better go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai bine ai pleca) You had better have finished yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Mai bine terminai) I would rather you left now. (Mai bine ai pleca, aş prefera să pleci) I would rather you had left yesterday. (Mai bine plecai, mai bine ai fi plecat, aş prefera) You should go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai bine ai pleca, ar trebui să) You should have come yesterday/have been reading at seven. (Mai bine citeai, trebuia să) You need not go. (Mai bine nu pleci, nu e nevoie) You need not have finished/have been reading. (Mai bine nu terminai, nu era nevoie)
4. Era mai bine
MAI BINE...
5. Trebuie să 6. A trebuit 1. HAD BETTER (urmat numai de infinitiv scurt) 2. would rather
3. should
4. need
4. He may come.
You need not have come. (Nu trebuia să vii, nu era nevoie)
31
SĂ ?...
may
1. May I help you? (Îmi permiţi să te ajut? Nu ţin neapărat.)
can
2. Can I help you? (Cu ce pot să te ajut? Ce pot face pentru tine? Vreau să te ajut)
shall
3. Shall I help you? ( Vrei să/Să te ajut?)
32
ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE VERB
ACCUSATIVE
INFINITIVE I. Long Infinitive
I. 1. I want/should like
him
to go
2. I allow, order, expect
you
to stay
3. I think, suppose, know, suspect, imagine, believe 4. I wait for (verbs with compulsory prepositions)
her
to be intelligent
them
to come II. Short Infinitive
II. 1. I see, hear
him
go in
2. I make, let (help) Causative Have (îl pun să): I shall have
her
eat the orange
Examples I know her to be in town. I expect them to be running now. I imagined you to have finished before he arrived. I suppose him to have been reading before the storm began.
THERE IS se transformă în THERE TO BE: I should not like there to be another war. I do not want there to be any argument. I did not expect there to be so many obstacles.
33
NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE
NOMINATIVE
VERB
LONG INFINITIVE
I. Passive He
1. is allowed, ordered
to stay
He
to be abroad
He
2. is known, supposed (se ştie că, se presupune că) 3. is seen, heard
to run down the street
He
4. is made, let
to sweep the floor
He
5. is said, reported (se spune că)
to have finished
II. Active He
seems (pare) happens (din întâmplare) appears (se pare că) proves, turns out (se dovedeşte) is likely (e posibil) is unlikely (e puţin probabil)
Examples He is made to buy a broom. He is said to be reading. He happens to have left town. He is likely to have been laughing while you sang.
to be a thief to be snoring to have stolen the diamond to have been sleeping at 7
34
NUMERALS
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fif teen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ROMANIAN
ENGLISH
ORDINAL NUMERAL
al (numeral) lea
the (numeral) th
o (numeral) ime în (numeral) it câte (numeral)
a (ordinal numeral) (numeral) fold by (numeral) s
de (numeral) ori
(numeral) times
the fifth – al cincilea (the first, second, third) a fifth – o cincime fivefold – încincit by fives – câte cinci (one by one ) five times – de cinci ori (once, twice)
22 twenty-two 33 thirty-three 44 forty-four 55 fif ty-five 66 sixty-six 77 seventy-seven 88 eighty-eight 99 ninety-nine hundred, thousand, million, billion one hundred and one
VÂRSTA He is in his teens (e adolescent) He is in his early twenties (are puţin peste douăzeci de ani) He is in his middle twenties (are în jur de douăzeci şi cinci de ani, e trecut bine de douăzeci ) He is in his late twenties (n-a împlinit încă treizeci de ani, mai are puţin şi face treizeci) He is in his prime (e în floarea vârstei) He is middle-aged (e între două vârste) He turned 27 yesterday (a împlinit) He is under age (nu e major) He came of age last year (a devenit major) Come back on Monday week. (de luni într-o săptămână) I swim in the pool every two days/ every other day. (din două în două zile) I used to read that novel every three years. (din trei în trei ani)
35
DE...
Since-for-agobefore
DE
Examples, in one sentence
Traducere
SINCE
DE la (din momentul)
I have been reading since seven o’clock,
Citesc DE la ora şapte,
FOR
(timp) DE (durata)
for two hours,
DE două ore,
AGO
DEmult (în urmă/ acum cinci ani)
BEFORE
(faţă de un moment trecut) Înainte/DE
since he came back, DE când s-a long /two hours întors el, DEmult/ acum ago, două ore and told me he had şi mi-a zis că a arrived a week sosit DE o săptămână. before.
DE (fără sens real)
(nu se traduce în engleză)
A venit de ieri/de aseară. He came yesterday/last night.
36
MAI
1. longer than the most interesting 2. most people, almost everyone, nearly all of them 3. else 4. another, other 5. more 6. still 7. again 8. longer 9. before 10. ever/never 11. especially 12. other
The street is longer than the highway. It is the most interesting play I have ever read. Most people sleep at night. Almost everyone had left. Who else is there? I want another book/other books. I want (some) more milk/two more loaves of bread. Is he still here? Come again. Stay a little longer. Have you seen her before? Have you ever seen her? I have never been there. especially now What other novelists do you know?
mai lung
cea mai interesantă mai toţi Cine mai e? mai vreau mai vreau Mai este acolo? Mai vino. Mai stai. Ai mai văzut-o? Ai mai văzut-o până acum? N-am mai fost acolo. mai ales acum Ce romancieri mai ştii?
37
CAUSATIVE HAVE HAVE
Accusative
1. Past Participle
I shall have I must have
my hair
cut
pun pe cineva să, dau la făcut... She has her dresses made in Paris.
2. short Infinitive I had
them
buy the dwarf
i- am pus să Have him translate the sentence into English.
3. – ing I cannot have
him
smoking
nu permit I shall not have you talking to your grandfather like this.
38
EMPHATIC IT It It
was the president will not be you
who
broke a leg.
who
will win the race. had taught him how to pray.
It
had been the monk
who
It
must have been the mayor
who
built the school.
It
is today
that
he wants it.
It It
was there is in July
that that
It
was the wind
that
he first saw you. you must come back. made him run so fast.
It
is by bus
that
you must go to the Hague.
Preşedintele a fost cel care Nu tu vei fi cel care va câştiga . Călugărul fusese cel care l-a învăţat să se roage. Se vede că primarul e cel care a construit. O vrea chiar azi. Acolo te- a văzut În iulie trebuie să revii. Vântul a fost cel care l-a împins să fugă aşa iute. Cu autobuzul trebuie să te duci la Haga.
39
-ING
His
being
Jack’s
finding
Your
having bought
What do you think of his I dislike his Have you heard of their On
losing
rude to you amazed everyone. the treasure was sheer luck. the novel impressed him. his passport?
having left stealing
without me. the painting?
entering
While
waiting
He remembered
Having already seen the house posting
the garden I noticed a lion. for the plumber I fell asleep. he waited for her outside. the letter.
[to post
the letter.]
posting
the letter.
[to post
the letter.]
You must have forgotten He went on
Try
singing the same song. [to dance a new dance he had learnt.] buying the book, if you cannot borrow it. [to buy the book now.]
Faptul că a fost nepoliticos cu tine i-a uimit pe toţi. Faptul că Jack a găsit comoara a fost doar un noroc. Faptul că ai cumpărat romanul l -a impresionat. Ce crezi despre faptul că şi -a pierdut paşaportul? Nu-mi place că a plecat fără mine. Ai auzit că a furat tabloul? Când am intrat în grădină am zărit un leu. Pe când îl aşteptam pe instalator am adormit. Fiindcă văzuse deja casa, a aşteptat-o afară. A ţinut minte că a pus scrisoa rea la cutie (în trecut). A ţinut minte să pună scrisoarea la cutie (în viitor). Se vede că ai uitat că ai pus deja scrisoarea la cutie. Se vede că ai uitat să pui scrisoarea la cutie. A cântat mai departe. A trecut la un dans nou pe care-l învăţase. Încearcă să cumperi cartea dacă n-o poţi lua cu împrumut. (printre alte posibilităţi) Cumpără cartea acum.
40
ROMANIAN TENSES translated into English
Timp în română
Timp în engleză
1. PREZENT
1. Present, common
Traducere în engleză Vine adesea s ă ne vadă. He often comes to see us.
Exemple în română
2. Present, continuous 3. Present Perfect, common 4. Present Perfect, continuous 5. Past Perfect, common
Acum citeşte şi nu poate veni. Mă cunoşti demult?
6. Past Perfect, continuous
A zis că citeşte demult.
7. Past Tense, common 8. Past Tense, continuous 9. Future
A zis că ştie.
Mă aştepţi demult? A zis că vine după ce termină.
A zis că citeşte. Vine mâine.
10. Future-in-the- A zis că vine când Past vrea. 11. Imperative
Te duci şi te culci.
12. Frequentative Aşa fac copiii. 13. Subjunctive
E ciudat că pleci chiar acum.
14. Infinitive
Se aştepta că ştii de asta.
He is reading now and cannot come. Have you known me for a long time? Have you been waiting for me for a long time? He said he would come after he had finished. He said he had been reading for a long time. He said he knew. He said he was reading. He will come tomorrow. He said he would come whenever he wanted to. Go to bed. Children will be children. It is strange that you should leave right now. He expected you to know about this.
41
2. IMPERFECT 1. Past Tense, common 2. Past Tense, continuous 3. Frequentative
Simţea că e adevărat.
He felt it was true.
Citea.
He was reading.
11. Perfect Infinitive
Venea adesea pe la noi. He would often/often used to come to see us. Tu erai tata şi eu eram You will be father mama. and I will be mother. Nu ştia ce am de gând He had no idea what I să fac. was going to do. A zis că merge acolo He said he had gone zilnic de un an. there daily for a year. Ploua de două ore. It had been raining for two hours. Dacă ai fi sărac, nu If you were poor, you aveai bani. would not have any money. Dacă voiai veneai. If you had wanted to, you would have come. Măcar dacă veneai şi tu If only you had come ieri. yesterday, too. Mai bine veneai cu noi. You had better have come with us.
12. Modal verbs
Trebuia să vii.
13. Present
Urma să vină. Aveam ceva să te rog.
4. Future 5. Near Future 6. Past Perfect, common 7. Past Perfect, continuous 8. Conditional Present 9. Conditional Past 10. Subjunctive
You should have come. He was to come. I want to ask you a favour.
42
3. PERFECT COMPUS 1. Past Tense, common 2. Past Perfect, common 3. Present Perfect, common 4. Present, common
Ai venit ieri?
5. Present, continuous
Ei gata, am plecat!
I am going now.
6. Frequentative
Ani de zile nici nu l-a băgat în seamă. E ciudat că a plecat deja.
For years he would not even notice him. It is odd that he should already have left.
Cică ar fi hoţ.
He is said to be a thief. He is said to be reading now. If you wanted to, you would come. It seems he is busy. I should come, too, but I cannot.
7. Subjunctive
Zicea că a uitat. Ai citit ultima lui carte? Am auzit că ştii.
Did you come yesterday? He was saying he had forgotten. Have you read his latest book? I hear you know about it.
4. CONDIŢIONAL PREZENT 1. Indefinite Infinitive
Cică ar citi acum. 2. Past Tense
Dacă ai vrea ai veni.
3. Present 4. Conditional Present
Se pare că ar fi ocupat. Aş veni şi eu dar nu pot.
5. Future
Cică ar pleca mâine.
6. Modals
N-ar trebui să pleci.
They say he will leave tomorrow. You should not go away.
43
5. CONDIŢIONAL TRECUT 1. Past Tense
2. Past Perfect 3. Conditional Past
Nu că n-ar fi ştiut, dar n-a vrut. Dacă ar fi vrut, ar fi venit. Ar fi venit dacă-i spuneai.
5. Modals
Măcar dacă ai fi venit ieri. Ar fi fost cazul să vii.
6. Perfect Infinitive
Se zice că ar fi terminat.
1. Past Tense
Sosi şi se culcă.
2. Hardly...when
Nici nu sosi bine, că şi auzi pianul.
4. Subjunctive
6. PERFECTUL SIMPLU
Cică ar fi venit ieri.
They say he came yesterday. He knew all right, but he would not. If he had wanted to, he would have come. He would have come if you had told him. If only you had come yesterday. You should have come. He is said to have finished. He arrived and went to bed. Hardly had he arrived when he heard the piano.
44
INTRANSITIVE-TRANSITIVE VERBS
1. to rise, rose, risen (a se ridica)
2. to lie, lay, lain (a zăcea)
to raise, raised, raised (a ridica ceva) to rouse, roused, roused (a stârni) to lay, laid, laid (a culca, a aşeza culcat)
3. to sit, sat, sat (a sta jos)
to set, set, set ( a pune, a aşeza)
4. to fall, fell, fallen ( a cădea)
to fell, felled, felled (a abate, a doborî) 5. to hang, hung, hung (a atârna) to hang, hanged, hanged (a spânzura)
45
ADJECTIVE-NOUN-VERB
ADJECTIVE strong
NOUN strength
VERB strengthen
long
length
lengthen
high
height
heighten
wide
width
widen
broad
breadth
broaden
deep
depth
deepen
46
DO and MAKE
DO good harm right/wrong homework one’s duty a favour a service the room one’s hair the house sums problems wonders a job business honour/credit damage repairs
MAKE tea/coffee the bed the fire a noise friends/enemies peace/war laws/rules the distinction the difference money a living a fortune faces a bow a journey/voyage/travel a trip a start an attempt a blunder mistakes an excuse a choice room a mess
47
VERBS AND ADJECTIVES WITH COMPULSORY PREPOSITIONS used in English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice
VERBS the land abounds in game he abstains from drink you must account for your behaviour he was accused of robbery are you acquainted with T.S. Eliot? add this money to the sum I agree with you on this I agree to this what are you aiming at what does he allude to the dance alternates with concerts what does the sum amount to did you apologize to him for breaking the vase? it does not appeal to me apply to your boss for a rise do you approve of the plan? don’t argue with me for the price when did you arrive at the shop? ask him for a loaf of bread what does he aspire to? he associates with thieves I can assure you of my good intentions he must atone for his crime he will attend to your problem whom was the play attributed to whom is the dog barking at? what is the book based on he is basking in the sun he beckoned to me to go away I shall begin by saying who I am whom does it belong to? he was bereft of his money a large fortune was bestowed on her beware of dogs don’t blame me for not going don’t blame this on me he kept blinking at me
48 he blushed at her words what is he boasting of? what does England border on? whom did you borrow the book from? what is he brooding on? whom do you care for? he was changed into a dwarf he was charged with murder she is chatting with a friend he cheered me up it coincides with your birthday he collaborates with us the plane collided with another plane what is he commenting on? I compared him to/with her do you compete with us? what are you complaining of? I concealed it from her concentrate on your homework he concluded with a few English words he was condemned to ten years of jail do you confide in her? it is confined to this space it has been confiscated from smugglers (contrabandi şti) you must conform to the rules don’t confound him with me confront me with her I congratulate you on your birthday I consent to the marriage what does the book consist in? how many chapters does it consist of? they conspired against the king he is consulted on various matters it contrasts with the walls he has converted to Catholicism how much can you contribute to the sum? he was convicted of murder are you convinced of his guilt? I shall cooperate with you in writing it can you cope with everything? it culminated in a quarrel he was cured of measles he darted/dashed at the door it dawned on me that I had seen him before what does the book deal with? have you decided on the punishment?
49 whom is it dedicated to? whom did you defend him from? he was deferred to the police she was delivered from the wizard can I depend on it? he was deprived of everything he is devoted to his friends he died of/from pneumonia does this differ from your result? he was dipped into water I disagree with you he disappeared from town I disapprove of your idea can you dispense with it? it was divided into seven shares he was divested of all his glory he was doomed to prison he dotes on his daughter what are you dreaming of? he is endowed with a musical ear he enlarged on the subject he escaped from goal he excels in physics I exchanged the book for a pen this horse feeds on wheat he fired at the fox he flung a stone at her it floated on water what are you fussing about? he is gazing at the lake he glanced at my hands he grieves for his friend he was grinning at me she is harping on the same subject hide it from her he was hindered from going there what did he hint at? let us hope for the best he hungered for her sight is he implicated in this? this rule was imposed on us they incited him to action he indulged in his work I infer from your words that you don ’t know the air was infested with the smell don’t inflict injuries on your friends I informed him of what was going on
50 he inquired into her affairs I insist on your going home the book inspired him with faith they instigated him to action she is intended for him are you interested in this? don’t interfere in/with what she is doing have you introduced him to her? I don’t want to intrude on you he was isolated from his fellows will you join in the talk? he jumped at her he knocked at the door don’t laugh at me lean on my arm lean against the wall he left for Ireland the pipe is linked to the wash basin can you listen to me? he lives on tea and bread she longs for news from him look at it he marvelled at the sight the bag doesn ’t match with your dress don’t mistake me for a coward whom are you mocking at? multiply 6 by 7 don’t nag at him can I negotiate with her? note down the word what do you object to? has it ever occurred to you that I am busy? when will he be operated on? what does it originate in? I parted with/from her they participated in the show what did he pay for? what is he peering at? the raven is perched on a branch don’t persevere/persist in your error I persuaded her of my sincerity exiles pine for home he pleaded for his friend the diver plunged into the sea don’t point to the door don’t point your forefinger at me he pounced on the gold
51 he was praised for his hard work I prefer this book to that are you prepared for the exam? he presided over the assembly don’t prevent him from going don’t pride yourself on your achievement he proceeded to town you will not profit by his advice he was promoted to a higher rank I protected her from the witch the stick protrudes from your bag he provided for her he provided her with food don’t pry into other people ’s affairs he was punished for his crime I tried to reason with him he recoiled from the touch has he recovered from his illness? do you refer to him? I refrained from any comment he reigned over the whole country this does not relate to what I was saying can I rely on you? your face reminds me of someone he was remunerated for his work he repented of/for his deed what did you reply to him? he reproached me with extravagance/ for being late he reproved me for being late what do you require of/from us? I have reserved this table for you what does it reside in? he resorted to force she will not respond to force he retired from business what will it result in? he was rewarded for his courage he rushed at the door he searches for truth she saved him from destruction he was separated from his friends the clerk was sent for don’t shoot at birds she never shrinks from duty whom do you side with? she smiled at those words the dog sniffed at him
52 speak to me about it don’t spend money on sweets he spies on you don’t stare at people stick to what you are doing he stumbled on a stone he substituted his book for another subtract 5 pounds from the sum he succeeded in finishing they supply us with sugar we surround him with care we suspect him of lying he suffers from rheumatism she swore at me I sympathise with you can you thank him for it? he theorizes on beauty what are you thinking of? he threatened us with a fine they throw stones at your dog I thrust the stick into the ground translate it into English I travel by plane don’t tread on that plank he trembles with fear don’t trespass on his property she triumphed over everyone don’t tumble over the chair turn to him and see wait for me I warned her against the danger what do you wish for? don’t worry about that he yelled at me she yielded to the thief
53
ADJECTIVES he is absent from school is it necessary to you? I am not accustomed to reading aloud he is active in politics his means are not adequate to his aim he is adverse to progress don’t be afraid of me he is ahead of his fellows are you akin to her? he is alert to changes this is alien to my way of thinking he is aloof from everyone don’t be angry with me for doing that my book is anterior to hers my opinions are antithetic to yours don’t be anxious about the result apart from all this, you are right it is apparent to all of us he is apt for sports what are you ashamed of? are you aware of what it means? he is away from home he is bent on spending money he is blind to all her defects the ship is bound for India he is busy with his work is he capable of murder? I am certain of success he is clever at games she was charmed with him the house is close to the park this feature is common to all of us he is competent at his job my work is complementary to his is this compatible with your ideas? he is conscious of the implications your lecture was conspicuous for its originality I am consistent with my decision you are contemporary with me one must be content with one ’s fate it is contrary to my expectations is it convenient for you to stay? are you conversant with Arabic? he is crazy about music he is dear to her you are deficient in mathematics he is delighted with the idea the idea is detrimental to our plans he is diffident about strangers his attitude is discrepant with his slogans this part is distinct from the others
54 the village is distant from the sea the prospect is distasteful to me the error is due to hurry he is eager for new friends you are early for tea it lies east of China is it easy for you? he is entangled in something complicated he is engaged in work he is engaged to her he is enthusiastic about the idea you are envious of her luck is it equivalent to the sum? I am even with you he is exempt from attendance he is expert in astronomy she is faithful to you she is false to her friends are you familiar with the idea? he is famous for his poetry the house is far from the baker ’s it can be fatal to anyone it is favourable to them he is fit for nothing she is fond of cocoa it is full of people he is good at drawing I am grateful to you for helping me don’t be hard on her the idea is harmful to everyone be honest about it he is hostile to us this is identical with mine I am ignorant of the circumstances it is imperative for her to go he was impressed with your knowledge the path is inaccessible to travellers I am indebted to you she was indignant at the news he is inferior to none you are inseparable from me he is intent on his study are you interested in this? don’t get involved in that take them, irrespective of the price she is jealous of you be kind to us he is lucky at cards/in love be merciful to them he is native to India the street is near to the station it is not necessary to me
55 sit next to me is he obedient to the rules? you are oblivious of what is going on it is obvious to me I am opposed to any change he sits opposite to me he is overcome with joy be patient with her it is peculiar to his country she is pleased with her dress be polite to your elders he is popular with kids I am positive of success this is preliminary to the test the book is previous to the film you are prejudiced against foreigners he is prone to various moods is she qualified for the job? he is ready for the test regardless of consequences, you must go the house is remote from the park you are responsible for all the mistakes the land is rich in game you are being rude to me who is sad about the loss? he is safe from his pursuers the same as that one he is sensitive to kind treatment she is short of money they are sick of sweets your boat is similar to mine he is sorry for being late this is subject to improvement are you sure of that? it is useful to us he is not used to waiting it is vital to us to go you are welcome to our town he is wrong about many things
56
IRREGULAR VERBS arise
arose
arisen
a se ridica
awake
awoke awaked
awoken awaked
a se trezi
be
was / were
been
a fi
bear
bore
borne born
a purta a se naşte
beat
beat
beaten
a bate
become
became
become
a deveni
begin
began
begun
a începe
bend
bent
bent
a se îndoi
bet
bet betted
bet betted
a paria
bid
bid bade
bid bidden
a licita, a porunci
bind
bound
bound
a lega
bite
bit
bitten
a musca
bleed
bled
bled
a sângera
blow
blew
blown
a sufla, a bate
break
broke
broken
a sparge
breed
bred
bred
a creste, a educa
bring
brought
brought
a aduce
broadcast
broadcast broadcasted
broadcast broadcasted
a difuza
browbeat
browbeat
browbeaten browbeat
a intimida
57 build
built
built
a construi
burn
burned burnt
burned burnt
a arde
burst
burst
burst
a exploda
buy
bought
bought
a cumpăra
cast
cast
cast
a arunca
catch
caught
caught
a prinde
choose
chose
chosen
a alege
cling
clung
clung
a se agăta
come
came
come
a veni
cost
cost
cost
a costa
creep
crept
crept
a se târî, a se furisa
cut
cut
cut
a tăia
deal
dealt
dealt
a trata, a se ocupa de
dig
dug
dug
a săpa
do
did
done
a face
draw
drew
drawn
a trage, a desena
dream
dreamed dreamt
dreamed dreamt
a visa
drink
drank
drunk
a bea
drive
drove
driven
a şofa, a mâna
dwell
dwelt dwelled
dwelt dwelled
a locui
58 eat
ate
eaten
a mânca
fall
fell
fallen
a cădea
feed
fed
fed
a hrăni
feel
felt
felt
a (se) simţi
fight
fought
fought
a (se) lupta
find
found
found
a găsi
fit
fitted fit
fitted fit
a se potrivi
flee
fled
fled
a fugi, a se refugia
fling
flung
flung
a arunca
fly
flew
flown
a zbura
forbid
forbade
forbidden
a interzice
forecast
forecast forecasted
forecast forecasted
a prevedea
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
a prevedea
foretell
foretold
foretold
a prezice
forget
forgot
forgotten
a uita
forgive
forgave
forgiven
a ierta
forsake
forsook
forsaken
a părăsi
freeze
froze
frozen
a îngheţa
frostbite
frostbit
frostbitten
a degera
get
got
got
a primi, a obţine
give
gave
given
a da
go
went
gone
a merge
59 grind
ground
ground
a măcina
grow
grew
grown
a cre şte
hang
hung
hung
a atârna
have
had
had
a avea
hear
heard
heard
a auzi
hew
hewed
hewn hewed
a despica
hide
hid
hidden
a (se) ascunde
hit
hit
hit
a lovi
hold
held
held
a ţine
hurt
hurt
hurt
a lovi, a răni, a durea
interweave
interwove interweaved
interwoven interweaved
a (se) întreţese
keep
kept
kept
a ţine, a păstra
kneel
knelt kneeled
knelt kneeled
a îngenunchia
knit
knitted knit
knitted knit
a tricota
know
knew
known
a şti, a cunoaşte
lay
laid
laid
a pune, a aşeza
lead
led
led
a conduce
lean
leaned leant
leaned leant
a se apleca, a se sprijini
leap
leaped leapt
leaped leapt
a sări
60 learn
learned learnt
learned learnt
a învăţa
leave
left
left
a pleca, a lăsa
lend
lent
lent
a da cu împrumut
let
let
let
a lăsa, a permite
lie
lay
lain
a zăcea, a se afla
light
lit lighted
lit lighted
a aprinde
lip-read
lip-read
lip-read
a citi pe buze
lose
lost
lost
a pierde
make
made
made
a face
mean
meant
meant
a însemna
meet
met
met
a (se) întâlni
miscast
miscast
miscast
a distribui într-un rol nepotrivit
mislay
mislaid
mislaid
a pierde
mislead
misled
misled
a îndruma greşit
misread
misread
misread
a citi greşit
misspell
misspelled misspelt
misspelled misspelt
a ortografia greşit
mistake
mistook
mistaken
a confunda
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood a înţelege greşit mow
mowed
mowed mown
a cosi
outbid
outbid
outbid
a licita mai mult ca
outdo
outdid
outdone
a întrece
outgrow
outgrew
outgrown
a (se) face prea mare
outshine
outshone outshined
outshone outshined
a eclipsa
outspeak
outspoke
outspoken
a vorbi tare
61 overcome
overcame
overcome
a covârşi
overdo
overdid
overdone
a exagera
overdraw
overdrew
overdrawn
a depăşi
overdrink
overdrank
overdrunk
a bea în exces
overeat
overate
overeaten
a mânca în exces
overfeed
overfed
overfed
a (se) supraalimenta
overhang
overhung
overhung
a atârna peste
overhear
overheard
overheard
a auzi din întâmplare
overlay
overlaid
overlaid
a pune peste
overpay
overpaid
overpaid
a plăti prea mult
override
overrode
overridden
a încălca
overrun
overran
overrun
a depăşi
oversee
oversaw
overseen
a supraveghea
oversell
oversold
oversold
a supraevalua
oversleep
overslept
overslept
a dormi prea mult
overtake
overtook
overtaken
a depăşi
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
a răsturna
overwrite
overwrote
overwritten
a suprascrie
partake
partook
partaken
a împărtăşi
pay
paid
paid
a plăti
preset
preset
preset
a preconfigura
proofread
proofread
proofread
a corecta
prove
proved
proven proved
a (se) dovedi
put
put
put
a pune
quick-freeze
quick-froze
quick-frozen
a îngheţa rapid
quit
quit quitted
quit quitted
a abandona
read
read
read
a citi
rebuild
rebuilt
rebuilt
a reconstrui
recast
recast
recast
a remodela
62 remake
remade
remade
a reface
repay
repaid
repaid
a recompensa
reread
reread
reread
a reciti
rerun
reran
rerun
a relua
resell
resold
resold
a revinde
resend
resent
resent
a retrimite
reset
reset
reset
a reaşeza
retell
retold
retold
a repovesti
rethink
rethought
rethought
a regândi
rewind
rewound
rewound
a derula înapoi
rewrite
rewrote
rewritten
a rescrie
rid
rid
rid
a scăpa de, a se descotorosi
ride
rode
ridden
a călări
ring
rang
rung
a suna
rise
rose
risen
a răsări, a se ridica
run
ran
run
a fugi
saw
sawed
sawn sawed
a tăia cu fierăstrăul
say
said
said
a spune
see
saw
seen
a vedea
seek
sought
sought
a căuta
sell
sold
sold
a vinde
send
sent
sent
a trimite
set
set
set
a pune
sew
sewed
sewn sewed
a coase
63 shake
shook
shaken
a scutura, a tremura
shave
shaved
shaved shaven
a (se) rade
shear
sheared
sheared shorn
a tunde oi
shed
shed
shed
a vărsa (lacrimi, sânge)
shine
shone shined
shone shined
a străluci
shoe
shod
shod
a potcovi
shoot
shot
shot
a împuşca
show
showed
shown
a arăta
shrink
shrank
shrunk
a se strânge
shut
shut
shut
a închide
sing
sang
sung
a cânta
sink
sank sunk
sunk
a (se) scufunda
sit
sat
sat
a sedea
slay
slew slayed
slain slayed
a ucide
sleep
slept
slept
a dormi
slide
slid
slid
a aluneca
sling
slung
slung
a arunca
slink
slunk
slunk
a se furisa
slit
slit
slit
a (se) crăpa
smell
smelled smelt
smelled smelt
a mirosi
64 sneak
sneaked snuck
sneaked snuck
a se furişa
sow
sowed
sown sowed
a semăna (ceva)
speak
spoke
spoken
a vorbi
speed
sped speeded
sped speeded
a grăbi, a accelera
spell
spelled spelt
spelled spelt
a ortografia
spellbind
spellbound
spellbound
a fermeca
spend
spent
spent
a cheltui, a petrece
spill
spilled spilt
spilled spilt
a vărsa
spin
spun
spun
a toarce
spit
spat spit
spat spit
a scuipa
split
split
split
a despica
spoil
spoiled spolit
spoiled spoilt
a răsfăţa
spoon-feed
spoon-fed
spoon-fed
a hrăni cu lingurita
spread
spread
spread
a (se) întinde
spring
sprang sprung
sprung
a izvorî, a sări
stand
stood
stood
a sta (în picioare)
steal
stole
stolen
a fura, a se furişa
stick
stuck
stuck
a lipi
sting
stung
stung
a înţepa
65 stink
stunk stank
stunk
a mirosi urât
strew
strewed
strewn strewed
a presăra
stride
strode
stridden
a merge cu paşi mari
strike
struck
struck stricken
a lovi
string
strung
strung
a înşira
strive
strove strived
striven strived
a năzui
sublet
sublet
sublet
a subînchiria
sunburn
sunburned sunburnt
sunburned sunburnt
a se arde de soare
swear
swore
sworn
a jura, a înjura
sweat
sweat sweated
sweat sweated
a transpira
sweep
swept
swept
a mătura
swell
swelled
swollen swelled
a se umfla
swim
swam
swum
a înota
swing
swung
swung
a legăna
take
took
taken
a lua
teach
taught
taught
a preda
tear
tore
torn
a rupe
telecast
telecast
telecast
a teledifuza
tell
told
told
a spune, a povesti
test-drive
test-drove
test-driven
a testa o maşină
66 test-fly
test-flew
test-flown
a testa un avion
think
thought
thought
a (se) gândi
thrive
throve
thriven
a prospera
throw
threw
thrown
a arunca
thrust
thrust
thrust
a înfige
tread
trod
trodden trod
a călca
typecast
typecast
typecast
a distribui într-un rol tipic
typeset
typeset
typeset
a culege pentru tipar
typewrite
typewrote
typewritten
a dactilografia
unbend
unbent
unbent
a (se) dezdoi
unbind
unbound
unbound
a dezlega
underbid
underbid
underbid
a oferi un preţ prea mic
undercut
undercut
undercut
a submina
underfeed
underfed
underfed
a subalimenta
undergo
underwent
undergone
a trece prin
underlie
underlay
underlain
a sta la baza
undersell
undersold
undersold
a vinde mai ieftin
understand
understood
understood
a înţelege
undertake
undertook
undertaken
a lua asupra sa
underwrite
underwrote
underwritten
a scrie sub
undo
undid
undone
a anula
unfreeze
unfroze
unfrozen
a dezgheţa
unwind
unwound
unwound
a des făşura
uphold
upheld
upheld
a susţine
upset
upset
upset
a tulbura
wake
woke waked
woken waked
a se trezi
waylay
waylaid
waylaid
a întinde o cursă
