LAPORAN PRATIKUM IV Mesin Listrik 1 “Transformator 3 fasa” fasa”
Oleh :
Nama
: Septria Likardo
Nim/Bp
: 16493/2010
Jurusan
: Teknik Elektro
Prodi
: T Elektro Industri
Tanggal
: 13 Maret 2012
FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG 2012
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Universitas Negeri Padang Jurusan : Teknik Elektro Waktu : Kode :
Lab Sheet : Lab konversi Energi Listrik Mata kuliah : Transformator Topik : Transformator 3 fasa Judul : star/Star 0º, delta /delta 0º
A. Tujuan 0
Menentukan pergeseran sudut 0 antara garis netral dari kumparan primer hubungan '
bintang (Star) dan kumparan sekunder hubungan bintang (Star) suatu transformator tiga 0
fasa. Serta pergeseran sudut 0 antara garis netral dari kumparan primer hubungan delta (Δ) dan kumparan kumparan sekunder hub ungan delta delta ( Δ) suatu transformator tiga fasa B. Teori singkat
Suatu transformator tiga fasa memiliki dua sisi kumparan yaitu kumparan primer dan kumparan sekunder. Pada sisi kumparan diberikan tegangan sumber, baik yang mempunyai tegangan tinggi maupun tegangan rendah. Menurut ASA (amerika Standards Association) terdapat pemberian tanda untuk kumparan kumparan primer dinyatakan dinyatakan dengan huruf huruf besar (H 1, H2, dan H3). Sedangkan pada sisi sekunder terdapat tegangan induksi, baik bertegangan tinggi maupun tegangan rendah yang biasanya dinyatakan dengan huruf kecil (X 1, X2, dan X3). Polaritas suatu transformator sangat tergantung arah belitan primer dan arah belitan sekunder. Langkah yang diperlukan untuk menentukan polaritas, terminal sisi primer H 1 diberi tanda (x) atau titik. Hubungkan terminal H 2 yang tidak ditandai dengan salah satu terminal tegangan rendah x2 (sisi sekunder) sperti pada gambar 1. Ukur tegangan terminal H 1 dan x1 dinyatakan beda tegangan tegangan dari dari kedua titik tersebut Vx.
Bila tegangan tegangan Vx > V 1 berarti polaritas
penjumlahan, dimana terminal x 2 arah belitannya sama dengan arah belitan tegangan tinggi H1, maka diterminal x 2 memiliki tanda yang sama pda gambar 1a. Bila tegangan V x < V1, maka polaritas pengurangan, dimana terminal x 2 berlawanan arah belitan tegangan tinggi H 1, maka diterminal x 2 mempunyai tanda yang berbeda pada gambar 1b.
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Setelah diketahui polaritas setiap belitan transformator tiga fasa disisi primer maupun sisi sekunder, barulah dapat dilakukan hubungan sudut pergeseran fasa terhadap transformator tersebut. Kesalahan menentukan polaritas transformator akan mengakibatkan terjadinya hubungan singkat (short circuit) atau tidak seimbang line t egangan dan arus. Untuk menentukan sudut pergeseran antara kumparan primer dan kumparan sekunder (disebut juga menentukan jam hubungan transformator) yang mempunyai beberapa persyaratan yaitu ; 1. Transformator dalam hubungan bintang (star) yang terdapat titik netral sebagai garis netral listrik. 2. Arah vektor untuk sisi tegangan sekunder dapat minus maupun plus. 3. Arah vektor tiap fasa yang berbeda 120° listrik satu sama lainnya. 4. Melukiskan arah setiap vektor searah dengan perputaran jarum jam. 5. Mengukur sudut pergeseran dan garis netral tegangan tinggi(primer) ke garis netral tahanan stator R 1 dapat dihitung langsung dari hasil pengukuran dengan multimeter dan menggunakan sumber arus searah. Pengukuran menggunakan sumber arus searah yang penting menghitung hubungan dari belitan stator atau rotor dalam hubungan star (Y) dan delta (Δ). Hubungan Star (Y)
Rab = Rdc =
= 2. R1
Hubungan delta (Δ ( Δ)
Rab = = Rdc // (Rdc + Rdc) Rdc =
Tahanan arus bolak balik adalah lebih besar dari pada tahanan arus searah hal ini disebabkan adanya arus pusar, skin effect dan hysterisis. Dengan demikian sebagai
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Maka besar tahanan berdasarkan sumber arus bolak balik diperoleh :
Rac = R1 = k. Rdc Dengan mengikuti peryaratan diatas dapat lakukan hubungan pergeseran fasa antara primer dan belitan sekunder dalam pengelompokkan sebagai sebagai berikut : 1. Pergeseran fasa = 0° (YY0, ΔΔ0 dan ΔZ0) 2. Pergeseran fasa = 180° (YY6, ΔΔ6 dan ΔZ6) 3. Pergeseran fasa = -30° - 30° (ΔY1, ΔΔ1, dan ΔZ1) 4. Pergeseran fasa = +30° (ΔY11, YΔ11 dan YZ11) Untuk menentukan sudut pergeseran fasa dari suatu transformator sudut garis netral listrik antara belitan primer dan belitan sekunder, sedangkan dalam hubngan star (Y) terdapat titik garis netral listriknya. Pada hubungan delta (Δ) sebenarnya tidak ada titik netral listrik, tapi dapat dimisalkan titik netral listrik ada dititik tengah delta. Dalam menentukan sudut pergeseran fasa suatu transformator tiga fasa adalah degan mengukur pergeseran fasa dari garis netral tegangan rendah (sisi sekunder) ke garis netral tegangan tinggi (sisi primer), searah dengan arah perputaran jarum jam, vektornya setelah H 1 dan x1 dihubungkan (diimpitikan). Transformator tiga fasa hubungan star/star 0° (Y/Y0°), dapat dilihat pada gambar 2, sisi primer tegangan fasa-fasa = V dan fasa-netral (net) = sedangkan sedangkan sisi sekunder fasa-fasa =
dan fasa-net =
,
.
Untuk transformator tiga fasa hubungan delta/delta 0° ( Δ/Δ0°), dapat dilihat pada gambar 3, sisi primer tegangan fasa-fasa =V, sedangkan sedangkan sisi sekunder fasa-fasa =
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Gambar 3. Diagram Vektor Hubungan Δ/Δ0°
C. Alat dan Bahan
1. Transformator TT.222.3Fasa, TT.222.3Fasa, 2kVA, 220 Volt/ 2x63,5 Volt. 2. Ohm meter Jembatan Weston Type V 3788935,2 3. Volt meter AC/DC class 1,00
D. Langkah Kerja 0
1. Percobaan tansformator hubungan Y/Y0 :
Rangkailah transformator 3 fasa sisi primer hubungan star (Y).
Rangkaian transformator 3 fasa sisi sekunder hubungan star (Y).
Masukkan switch S 1 , ukur tegangan sisi primer sesuai dengan ratingnya, ukur tegangan sisi sekunder.
Buat diagram vektor sisi primer (H 1 ), tarik garis netral tempatkan vektor sisi sisi sekunder (X1).
Lukislah diagram vektor transformator tersebut.
Lakukan pengamatan sesuai seperti hubungan Y/YO° diatas terhadap 0
transformator 3 fasa hubungan Δ/Δ .
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E. Rangkaian percobaan Transformator Y/Y 0
0
Hasil pengamatan Vs
VAB
VBC
VCA
Vab
Vbc
Vca
(Volt)
(Volt)
(Volt)
(Volt)
(Volt)
(Volt)
(Volt)
100
120
120
120
50
50
70
150
170
170 170
170 170
70
70
100
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1. Analisa Transformator 3 fasa hubungan Star (Y/Y0°)
Harga R yang terukur R(primer)
= 1 Ohm
R(sekunder)
= 0,5 Ohm
a. Untuk Rangkaian Primer 1. Untuk V AB = 120 V
R
= 1 Ohm
I
=
=
= 120 A
=
=
= 0,5
Rdc
Rac
= R1 = k . Rdc
= 1,25 . 0,5
= 0,625
2. Untuk VBC
= 170 V
1 Ohm
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Rac
= R1 = k . Rdc
= 1,25 . 0,5
= 0,625
3. Untuk VBC
= 215V
R
= 1 Ohm
I
=
=
= 215 A
=
=
= 0,5
Rdc
Rac
= R1 = k . Rdc
= 1,25 . 0,5 = 0,625
4. Untuk VBC
R
= 235 V
1 Ohm
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= Rac
= 0,5
= R1 = k . R dc
= 1,25 . 0,5 Ohm = 0,625 Ohm
B. Untuk Rangkaian Sekunder 1. Untuk Vab = 50 V
R
= 0,5 Ohm
I
=
=
=
=
Rdc
Rac
= R1
= 100 A
= 0,25
= k . R dc
= 1,25 . 0,25 = 0,3125
2. Untuk Vab = 70 V
R
= 0,5 Ohm
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= 0,3125
3. Untuk Vab = 90 V
R
= 0,5 Ohm
I
=
=
=
=
Rdc
Rac
= R1
= 180 A
= 0,25
= k . R dc
= 1,25 . 0,25 = 0,3125
4. Untuk Vab = 100 V
R
= 0,5 Ohm
I
=
=
=
=
Rdc
= 200 A
= 0,25
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0
F. Rangkaian Percobaan Transformator Hubungan Δ/Δ0° 0
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2. Analisa Transformator 3 fasa Hubungan Δ/Δ0°
Harga R yang terukur R(primer)
= 1 Ohm
R(sekunder)
= 0,5 Ohm
a. Untuk Rangkaian Primer 1. Untuk V AB = 105 V
R
= 1 Ohm
I
=
=
= 105 A
=
=
= 1,5
Rdc
Rac
= R1 = k . Rdc
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Rac
= R1 = k . Rdc
= 1,25 . 1,5
= 1,875 3. Untuk V AB = 205 V
R
= 1 Ohm
I
=
=
= 205 A
=
=
= 1,5
Rdc
Rac
= R1 = k . Rdc
= 1,25 . 1,5
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= 1,875
b. Untuk Rangkaian Sekunder 1. Untuk Vab = 60 V
R
= 0,5 Ohm
I
=
=
=
=
Rdc
Rac
= R1
= 120 A
= 0,75
= k . R dc
= 1,25 . 0,75 = 0,9375
2. Untuk Vab = 90 V
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R
= 0,5 Ohm
I
=
=
=
=
Rdc
Rac
= R1
= 240 A
= 0,75
= k . R dc
= 1,25 . 0,75
= 0,9375
4. Untuk Vab = 130 V
R
= 0,5 Ohm
I
=
=
= 260 A
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G. Kesimpulan
Transformator 3 fasa terdiri dari 3 buah tranformator fasa satu yang di hubungkan dengan cara cara tertentu(star/bintang dan delta/segitiga). Hubungan bintang merupakan hubungan transformator tiga fasa dimana ujung-ujung awal atau akhir lilitan disatukan. Titik dimana tempat penyatuan dari ujung-ujung lilitan merupakan titik netral. Sedangkan
hubungan
segitiga
merupakan
hubungan
transformator
tiga
fasa
dimana
penyambungannya ialah ujung akhir lilitan fasa pertama disambung dengan ujung mula lilitan fasa kedua, akhir fasa kedua dengan ujung mula fasa ketiga dan akhir fasa ketiga dengan ujung mula fasa pertama. Berdasarkan rangkaian di atas maka terlihat perbedaan jelas antara rangkaian transformator 3 fasa yang di pasang hubungan Star dan Delta. Tegangan primer merupakan tegangan tinggi sedangkan tegangan sekunder merupakan tegangan rendah, hal ini di karenakan transformator yang digunakan adalah transformator jenis stepdown. Dalam melakukan percobaan tansformator tiga fasa kita harus menjaga agar tegangan tiap transformator tetap seimbang, hal ini agar a gar tidak terjadi kerusakan pada transformator yang lainnya.
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REFERENSI Jobsheet mesin Listrik dan Pengaman. Oleh Hansi Efendi, S.T, M. Kom. Laboratorium Konversi Energi. Fakultas Teknik. UNP Pengaruh Beban Tidak Seimbang Terhadap Efesiensi Transformator. Laboratorium Konversi Fakultas teknik USU Analisis Keadaan Mantap Rangkaian Ran gkaian Sistem Tenaga(Bab II). Sudaryatno Suda ryatno sudirham sudirha m