LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM DASAR-DASAR PENGOLAHAN DAN PENGAWETAN “PENGARUH PENGERINGAN TERHADAP UMUR SIMPAN BAHAN PANGAN” PANGAN”
KELOMPOK I
OLEH : ACHIEL GUNAW GU NAWAN AN (D1C012010) (D1C01201 0) NURHASAN (D1C012014) (D1C012014) M. REZA HALOMOAN (D1C012016) ERWIN SIRAIT (D1C012017) SEL!I DELISTIANINGRUM (D1C01204") PROGRAM STUDI : TEKNOLOGI HASIL PERTANIAN
#AKULT #AKULTAS AS TEKNOLO TEK NOLOGI GI PERTANIAN PERTANIAN UNI!ERSITAS $AM%I 2014
%A% I PENDAHULUAN
1.1
Latar Belakang.
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
P,*,3*& +,&/& & , ,*'3&*& ,;+&' &3 5&3 +&,3& 5,*& 33 ,,5&& /,,+&& &&& 5&& ,*,3* 5,*& &'& +&/&& 8&* 53/,3*/&. T,5&& 3*& ;,3 , ,*,3*& 8&3 ,*,3*& /&/ &** ,*,3*& ?&/+ 5& ,*,3*& ,/. M,5, ,*,3*& 8&* 5&& 53*&/& / +,*,3*/& &*& 8&3 ,*,3*& &&+3 (+,**&/& && 5&3 3& +&&'&3 5& ,*,3*& 5,*& 5&&) 5& ,*,3*& && (+,**&/& && ,*,3*). %&'& &*& 8&* 53/,3*/& ++8& +,+8&3 3&3 *3@3 8&* ,3' ,5&' 53&53*/& 5,*& &'& ,*&8&. P&5& &/3/+ 33 &/& 53&/&&/& +,*,&3 ,*&' ,*,3*& ,'&5& + 3+& &'& &*&=+&/&& 8&3 5,*& 9&& ,*,3*& &&+3 8&3 +,**&&/& && +&&'&3. M,5, ,*,3*& +,&/& +,5, 8&* ,5,'&& &+& 5& +5&' ,& +,+33/3 5&8& &'& &+& 5& 35&/ +,+,/& ,&/& /' && ,83+&&.
1.2
Tujuan Praktku!.
P&/3/+ 33 ,;& / +,*,&'3 ,*&' ,*,3*& ,'&5& + 3+& &'& &*&.
%A% II TIN$AUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Pengertan "engerngan
P,*,3*& +,+8&3 ,*,3& 8&3 &3/&3 ,+&&& +,&3 /533 8&* ,& ,'3**& 5&& +,*'3&*/& ,&*3& ,& &3 5&&+ &'& +&/&& 5,*& 9&& 53&/&. P,*'3&*& &3 5&&+ &'& &*& 5,*& 9&& ,*,3*& +,+8&3 && ,&3 8&* ,,5& 5,*& 5,'35&3. D,'35&3 &/& +,/& &/3?3& &3 8&* ,/&5* 5&&+ &'& &*& 5,*& 9&& +,*,&/& &3 5&&+ ;+&' ,3' &8&/ ,'3**& + 3+& &'& &*& +,;&53 ,3' &;&* && ,3' &+&. P,*&*& &3 ,, 5&& +,*'&+& +'8& +3/& 5& &/3?3& ,@3+ &+ 35&/ 5&& +,&//& 3&/3?&3. H& 33 53/&,&/& ' ,&+& , 35&/ +,9/3 / +,&//&8&. (#, 2000) P,*,3*& ,3* ;*& 53*&/& 5&&+ ,*&,& +&/&& ,'3**& 5&& ?&3&3 +&/&& +,;&53 ,&+&' 5& +,+& +&/&& ,3' ,*3@3 5& ,&& ,&/. P, ,*,3*& ;*& 5&& 53*&/& / +,*&*3 ,& 5& ,& & &'& &*&. H& 33 5&& +,5&&*/& /,*& /&,& , ,*,+&& 5&
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
2.2 Penjela#an Ba$an Baku
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
: S,+&'8&
S D3?33
: A*3,+&,
C&3
: D398,5,&,
O5
: E'3&,
#&+33&
: E'3&9,&,
G,
: M&3'
S,93,
: M&3' 333+&
K+, A3 A L,+&/ P,3 K&'35& •
P&3
•
S,& K&&
K+33 U3 K&8 S,*& T,* U3 K&8 () 700 <6 246 2 64 1<1 <<6 <04 74<1 624 110 26" 06 1<< 002 (&)
- S,& - H,+3,& - L3*3 S+, : (&)S+3&3 (2010) ()A&& (200")
%. K,&* K,&* +,&/& &&+& +3-+3& 5& ,** &&+& ,+ ,5,/. T+'8& ,3>& +,8,+&/ 5& +,;&& 5& +,+33/3 &&* ,,/ ,*3 ,+&. %&&* 5& 5&8& ,&& '3;& /,+,&'& && ,&& *. U+38& ,&& 5&3 9&&* &+3* 8&* +&/ /, 5&&+ &&' 8&* ,>*3 ,&*&3 ,+& +,83+& /&'35& ,'3**& ,/8& +,+,*/&/. U+3 33 5&& +,*,&/& & 5& &38& &/& +,+,/ 9&&* 8&* & (A33 2012). T&/+3 &&+& /,&* ,9&& ++ 5&& 53/&3>3/&3/& ,&*&3 ,3/: K3*5+
: P&&,
D3?33
: S,+&'8&
K,&
: D398,5&,
O5
: T3>&,
#&+33
: S&&9,&,
G,
: S&+
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a %entang
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
T&, 1. K+33 /3+3& 5&&+ 100 *&+ /,&*
K+33 E,*3 (/&) A3 (*)
$+&' < 77<
P,3 (*) L,+&/ (*) K&'35& (*) M3,& (*) K&3+ (+*) #> (+*) %,3 (+*) T'3&+3 (+*)
Asam askorbat (mg) S+,: N3 (1""2)
20 01 1"1 10 11 6 07 011
17
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
Asam askorbat (mg) S+,: N3 (1""2)
$+&' 4 10 0 01 <6 10 20 0 0 011
0
%A% III METODOLOGI
'.1 (aktu )an Te!"at
P&/3/+ P,*&' ,*,3*& ,'&5& + 3+& &'& &*& 33 53 &/&&/& 53 &5& '&3 K&+3 &**& 10-21 A3 2014 / 0<.00-10.0 WI%. %,,+& 53 L&&3+ D&&-5&& P,*&'& 5& P,*&,& #&/& T,/*3 P,&3& U3?,3& $&+3 (P5/ M,;&). '.2 Alat )an Ba$an
A& 8&* 53*&/& 5&&+ &/3/+ 33 &5&&' 3+&*& ,5, &+3 5& 3&. D& &'& 8&* 53*&/& 8&33*/* (3 /&8) 3 &+& /,&* 3&*. '.' Pr&#e)ur %erja
1. T3+&* +&3*-+&3* &'& 8&* &/& 53*&/& ,,& 100 *&+. 2. K& +&3*-+&3* &'& & 533+&* /,+&3 ,&8&. . P*-* &'& 5,*& /& ,& 0 9+ & 533+&* /,+&3 5& 53993 ,3' 5& 53 ,3 ,&/& ,, ,&3 ,&/& 8&* ,&' 53,/& /,+53& 53 53 && &+3. 4. $,+ &'& 53&&' 3& +&&'&3 '3**& &'& ,, +,*,3* & +&//& /, 5&&+ &3/ 5& 533/&. . T3+&* &*3 ,&8& ,,&' 53/,3*/& 6. H&/& +&3*-+&3* &'& +,**&/& ,5, & 533+&* /,+&3 ,&8&. 7. # 5& &+&3 ,,5&& &5& +&3*-+&3* &'& 5,*& ,&/& 8&* ,,5& &5& &'& 8&* &+&.
%A% I! HASIL DAN PEM%AHASAN
4.1 H&3
4.2 P,+&'&&
