LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM
PEMETAAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN
OLEH : Diyafakhri Andriandita 111.160.124 PLUG 5
LABORATORIUM GEOLOGI MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI JURUSAN TEKNIK GEOLOGI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI MINERAL UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL YOGYAKARTA 2019
“VETERAN”
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DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR ISI .................................................... .......................................................................... ............................................. ................................. .......... ii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................. ................................................................................... ................................ .......... iv DAFTAR TABEL ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ........... v BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ........................................ .................. 1 1.1
Latar Belakang .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 1
1.2
Maksud dan Tujuan ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................ ...................... 1
BAB II METODOLOGI ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ...................... 3 2.1
Korelasi Log ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ......................... ... 3
2.1.1 Pemilihan Bidang Datum dan Lapisan Penciri ...................................... ...................................... 4 2.2
Geologi Bawah Permukaan ..................................... ........................................................... ................................. ........... 5
2.2.1 Prinsip Prinsi p Penggambaran Garis Kontur........................................... ...................................................... ........... 6 2.2.2 Pembuatan Peta .............................................. .................................................................... ........................................ .................. 7 2.3
Perhitungan Cadangan .............................. ..................................................... .............................................. ......................... .. 8
2.3.1 Penentuan Cadangan Gas dengan Metode Volumetrik .......................... .......................... 8 2.3.2 Volume Bulk Reservoar ......................... ................................................ .............................................. ......................... .. 9 BAB III GEOLOGI REGIONAL ............................................................. ......................................................................... ............ 10 3.1
Fisiografi Sumatera Selatan ............................................. .................................................................... ....................... 10
3.2
Geomorfologi Sumatera Selatan............................................. Selatan............................................................. ................ 10
3.3
Tektonik Sumatera Selatan .......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... 13
3.4
Stratigrafi Sumatera Selatan ................................. ....................................................... .................................. ............ 16
3.4.1 Batuan Pra-Tersier ............................................. ................................................................... .................................. ............ 16 3.4.2 Batuan Tersier .............................
............ 16
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BAB IV PEMBAHASAN........................................... ................................................................. .......................................... .................... 24 4.1
Korelasi Stratigrafi dan Stratigrafi daerah Telitian ................................ ................................ 24
4.2
Korelasi Struktur dan Struktur Daerah Telitian ..................................... 24
4.3
Deskripsi Zona Target .......................................... ................................................................. .................................. ........... 25
4.4
Pemetaan Bawah Permukaan .......................................... ................................................................. ....................... 25
4.5
Perhitungan Cadangan .............................. ..................................................... .............................................. ....................... 26
4.5.1 Penentuan Cadangan Gas dengan Metode Volumetrik Volumetri k........................ ........................ 26 4.5.2 Volume Bulk Reservoar ......................... ................................................ .............................................. ....................... 27 BAB V KESIMPULAN ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................ 30 5.1
Kesimpulan.......................................................... ................................................................................. ................................... ............ 30
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 31 LAMPIRAN .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .......................................... .................... 32
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar II.1 Contoh korelasi stratigrafi ............................................ .................................................................. ...................... 4 Gambar III.1 Sub-cekungan yang terletak di Cekungan Sumatra Selatan (Bishop, 2000) .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... 14
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel IV.1 Perhitungan Pe rhitungan Cadangan Reservoar Batugamping ................................ ................................ 28 Tabel IV.2 Perhitungan Cadangan Reservoar Batupasir....................................... ....................................... 29
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1
Latar Belakang
. Korelasi adalah sebuah bagian fundamental dari stratigrafi, dan lebih lagi merupakan usaha dari stratigraphers dalam membuat unit stratigrafi yang formal yang mengarah pada penemuan praktis dan metode yang dapat dipercaya untuk korelasi unit ini dari suatu area dengan lainnya (Boggs, 1987).Setelah melakukan korelasi, hal yang dilakukan adalah melakukan pemetaan geologi bawah permukaan. Pemetaan Geologi Bawah Permukaan adalah metoda atau teknik pemetaan struktur, ketebalan lapisan dan karakteristik unit batuan dengan menggunakan data bawah permukaan.Metoda Pemetaan Geologi Bawah Permukaan merupakan salah satu metoda yang penting dalam eksplorasi dan ekspoitasi migas atau endapan mineral ekonomi lainnya. 1.2
Maksud dan Tujuan
Maksud dari pembuatan laporan ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas praktikum Geologi Minyak Bumi. Bumi. Tujuan dari pemetaan bawah permukaan adalah antara lain : •
Mengetahui dan merekonstruksi kondisi geologi bawah permukaan serta mengetahui penyebaran lateral maupun vertikal dari zona hidrokarbon (penentuan cadangan).
•
Menafsirkan kondisi geologi yang mempengaruhi pembentukan hidrokarbon, migrasi dan akumulasinya.
•
Mengkoreksi gabungan data geologi, geofisika dan keteknikan, guna perencanaan dan pengembangan suatu lapangan
•
Mengoptimalkan jumlah cadangan dengan memeperkirakan yang lebih teliti
•
Melihat kemungkinan faktor kontrol struktur geologi yang
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1.3
Rumusan Masalah
Adapun rumusan masalah yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Formasi apa saja yang terdapat pada daerah daerah penelitian? 2. Apa saja parameter-parameter yang digunakan untuk menentukan suatu daerah prospek? Serta bagaimana kaitannya dengan petroleum system? 3. Bagaimana
mengkorelasi
struktur
pada
beberapa
data
log
mengkorelasi stratigrfi? 4. Berapa potensi cadangan yang terkandung dari semua reservoar?
dan
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BAB II METODOLOGI 2.1
Korelasi Log
Korelasi dapat diartikan sebagai penentuan unit stratigrafi dan struktur yang mempunyai persamaan waktu, umur dan posisi stratigrafi. Korelasi ini digunakan untuk keperluan dalam pembuatan penampang dan peta bawah permukaan. Data yang digunakan dalam korelasi antar sumur adalah berupa wireline log dan seismik. Korelasi dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu korelasi organik dan korelasi anorganik. Korelasi organik,korelasi ini secara secar a umum dilakukan berdasarkan kandungan fosil yang terdapat pada suatu lapisan.Berdasarkan fosil yang dipakai dibagi menjadi empat yaitu : 1.
Berdasarkan fosil penunjuk yang sama (fosil index).
2.
Berdasarkan kesamaan perkembangan fosil yang diakibatkan oleh perubahan lingkungan lingkungan hidup.
3.
Berdasarkan kesamaan derajat evolusi.
4.
Berdasarkan kesamaan fosil yang terdapat dalam batuan. Korelasi
anorganik,
korelasi
ini
dapat
dilakukan
dengan
membandingkan kesamaan unsur litologi (urutan stratigrafi). Metode ini merupakan metode yang yang sering dilakukan, adapun macamnya adalah : 1.
Memakai lapisan penunjuk ( key bed / marker bed), Lapisan yang dicirikan key bed antara lain abu vulkanik, batugamping terumbu,
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6.
Korelasi atas dasar maksimum flooding surface. Untuk mendapatkan hasil korelasi yang lebih akurat jika semua data
tersedia maka sebaiknya korelasi didasarkan pada metode organik dan anorganik. Hubungan lateral yang diperlihatkan dalam korelasi antar sumur antara lain : 1.
Ketebalan
2.
Pembajian lapisan
3.
Perubahan fasies penyerpihan. Eksplorasi seismik refleksi dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu :
1.
Eksplorasi prospek dangkal, diaplikasikan untuk eksplorasi batubara dan bahan tambang lainnya.
2.
Eksplorasi prospek dalam, diaplikasikan untuk eksplorasi daerah prospek hidrokarbon (minyak (minyak dan gas bumi).
2.1.1 Pemilihan Bidang Datum dan Lapisan Penciri
Pemilihan bidang datum dilakukan sebelum pengkorelasian antar sumur. Bidang datum ini akan dipakai untuk menggantungkan seluruh penampang sumur yang diteliti. Bidang datum ini harus merupakan suatu lapisan yang kita yakini kebenarannya yang dapat ditemukan disetiap sumur. Setelah pemilihan bidang datum selesai dilakukan maka selanjutnya adalah mencari lapisan lapisan penciri yang ditemukan pada tiap-tiap sumur.
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2.2
Geologi Bawah Permukaan
Penggambaran garis kontur merupakan suatu operasi teknik mekanistik yang harus dibimbing oleh pemikiran geologi dan apresiasi estetika. Dengan demikian tidak ada rumus-rumus untuk garis kontur, akan tetapi ada prinsip prinsip tertentu yang harus diikuti dalam menggambarkan garis garis kontur. •
Garis Kontur Sebagaimana telah diuraikan garis kontur adalah garis iso, atau persamaan nilai dari suatu sifat/keadaan yang dinyatakan dalam angka numeris dan bersifat kuantitatif.
•
Garis Bentuk (Formline) Adalah semacam garis kontur yang tidak bersifat kuantitatif (tidak numeris), tetapi kualitatif.
•
Antara Jarak antara dua garis kontur yang berdekatan secara horizontal/lateral dinyatakan dalam ukuran skala.
•
Interval Kontur Perbedaan antara dua garis kontur yang berdekatan. Interval selalu merupakan angka konstan untuk seluruh peta.
•
Nilai Kontur Nilai kontur harus selalu merupakan angka bulat atau angka yang mudah.Pemilihan nilai kontur dan interval kontur sangat erat hubungannya hubungannya dengan: 1. Ketelitian data dalam titik kontrol, misalnya pembacaan kedalaman
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•
Titik Kontrol Titik Kontrol adalah setiap lokasi dalam dimana data didapatkan. Titik ini dapat berupa sumur pemboran (kering ataupun yang menghasilkan minyak) ataupun berupa sumur pemboran disebut control sumur ( wellcontrol ). Peta-peta, nama serta nomor biasanya dinyatakan pada titik
tersebut. 2.2.1 Prinsip Penggambaran Garis Kontur
1.
Prinsip interpolasi / prinsip titik kontrol, garis kontur dengan nilai tertentu digambarkan diantara titik-titik kontrol. Nilai garis kontrol harus berada diantara nilai yang tercanum pada kedua titi k kontrol.
2.
Prinsip ekstrapolasi atau prinsip keseragaman antara (spacing ), penggambaran gariskontur dapat diteruskan diluar titik kontrol dengan memelihara keseragaman spacing dari garis kontur dapat secara perlahan-lahan melebaratau merapat kearah ekstrapolasi.
3.
Garis kontur tidak mungkin bercabang, hal ini merupakan prinsip dari segi estetika
4.
Garis kontur tidak mungkin berpotongan (dengan pengecualian), ini adalah akibat pada point 3. Sama halnya jika keadaan memaksa, gambarkan dua garis kontur terpisah yang sama nilainya yang saling menyerempet. Jika nilainya tidak sama hal ini tidak mungkin terjadi kecuali dalam kontur struktuir suatu antiklin rebah ( overtuned) , maka gambarkan garis yang ada disebelah bawah sebagai garis terputus putus.
5.
Satu garis kontur tidak dapat bertindak sebagai nilai maksimum,
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struktur, antiklin, sumbu-sumbu lipatan, patahan dsb, yang akan membimbing kita dalam memberikan bentuk pada garis kontur. Jika yang dipetakan adalah fasies sedimen, maka harus dapat kita bayangkan asal transport sedimen, garis pantai, batas energi gelombang, bentuk cekungan, penebalan sedimen, dsb. 2.2.2 Pembuatan Peta
1. Peta Top Structure Peta ini menunjukkan penyebaran puncak suatu lapisan dibawa permukaan.Penyebaran
puncak lapisan dapat berupa sinklin, antiklin
ataupun datar. Peta ini didapatkan dengan mencantumkan “meter bawah permukaan laut” (mbpl) top lapisan pada setiap sumur. Nilai-nilai Nilai-nilai ini sebagai acuan untuk membuat kontur struktur. 2. Peta Bottom Structure Peta ini menunjukkan penyebaran puncak suatu lapisan dibawa permukaan.Penyebaran
puncak lapisan dapat berupa sinklin, antiklin
ataupun datar. datar. Peta ini didapatkan dengan mencantumkan mencantumkan “meter bawah permukaan laut” (mbpl) bottom lapisan pada setiap s etiap sumur. Nilai-nilai Nilai-nilai ini sebagai acuan untuk membuat kontur struktur.
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penyebaran ketebalan batupasir yang ditunjukkan dengan kontur net isopach dan batas minyak air / Oil Water Contect (OWC) ataupun Oil Down To (ODT). Dengan demikian Peta Net Pay merupakan gabungan
dari Peta Fluid Contact dan Peta Net Res. 2.3
Perhitungan Cadangan
1. Menghitung luas sebenarnya (acre)
= 0,000247 0,000247 2. Menghitung Rasio (Perbandingan Luas)
= +1 / Secara umum, perhitungan cadangan dapat dilakukan dengan 3 metode, yaitu: 1. Metode Volumetrik 2. Metode Material Balance 3. Metode Decline Curva (Kurva Penurunan Produksi) 2.3.1 Penentuan Cadangan Gas dengan Metode Volumetrik
Pada metode ini perhitungan didasarkan pada persamaan volume, datadata yang menunjang dalam perhitungan cadangan ini adalah porositas dan saturasi hidrokarbon, persamaan yang digunakan dalam metode volumetrik
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Boi
: Faktor volume formasi minyak mula-mula (a) BBL/STB
atau (b) m³/STM³. 43560
: Konstanta konversi,SCF.
2.3.2 Volume Bulk Reservoar
Dalam perhitungan volume reservoar dibutuhkan data berupa net pay area dan alat planimeter, dimana alat planimeter akan dapat mengukur luas masing-masing kontur ketebalan yang ada pada Peta Net Pa y. Kemudian dari bentuk kontur yang ada pada peta tersebut, dapat digambarkan bentuk reservoar. Untuk menghitung volume reservoar, ditentukan dengan dua cara,yaitu cara pyramidal dan cara trapezoidal.
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BAB III GEOLOGI REGIONAL 3.1
Fisiografi Sumatera Selatan
Secara fisiografis Cekungan Sumatra Selatan merupakan cekungan Tersier berarah baratlaut-tenggara, yang dibatasi Sesar Semangko dan Bukit Barisan di sebelah barat daya, Paparan Sunda di sebelah timurlaut, Tinggian Lampung di sebelah tenggara yang memisahkan cekungan tersebut dengan Cekungan Sunda, serta Pegunungan Dua Belas dan Pegunungan Tiga Puluh di sebelah baratlaut yang memisahkan Cekungan Sumatra Selatan dengan Cekungan Sumatera Tengah. Blake (1989) menyebutkan bahwa daerah Cekungan Sumatera Selatan merupakan cekungan busur belakang berumur Tersier yang terbentuk sebagai akibat adanya interaksi antara Paparan Sunda (sebagai bagian dari lempeng kontinen Asia) dan lempeng Samudera India. Daerah cekungan ini meliputi daerah seluas 330 x 510 km2, dimana sebelah barat daya daya dibatasi oleh singkapan singkapan Pra-Tersier Bukit Barisan, di sebelah timur oleh Paparan Sunda ( Sunda Shield ), ), sebelah barat dibatasi oleh Pegunungan Tigapuluh dan ke arah tenggara dibatasi oleh Tinggian Lampung (Wisnu & Nazirman, 1997).
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B. Bagian Tengah, bagian ini merupakan jalur vulkanis ( Inner Arc) yang menduduki bagian tengah Pulau Sumatra dengan posisi agak ke Barat. Jalur ini dikenal denan sebutan Bukit Barisan. Bukit barisan ini memiliki lebar yang tidak sama. Bukit Barisan (Zone Barisan) mengalami peristiwa peristiwa geologis yang berulang-ulang dan kenampakan sekarang adalah sebagai hasil fenomena geologis yang terjadi pada Plio – Pleistocene. Berdasarkan fenomena pada Plio – Pleistocenemaka zone Barisan dapat diuraikan menjadi tiga yaitu Zona Barisan Selatan, Zone Barisan Tengah dan Zona Barisan Utara (Van Bemmelen, 1949, 678). Zona Barisan Sumatra Selatan dibagi menjadi tiga unit blok sesaran yaitu: a) Blok Bengkulu ( The Bengkulu Block ) Pada Bagian Barat membentuk monoklinal dengan kemiringan 5 – 5 – 10 10 derajat ke arah Laut India ( Indian Ocean) dan tepi Timur Laut berupa bidang patahan. Batas Timur Laut
Blok Bengkulu adalah Semangko Graben, Ujung Selatan Semangko Graben berupa Teluk Semangko di Selat Sunda.Sedangkan panjang Graben Semangko yang membentang dari Danau Ranau – Ranau – Kota Kota Agung di Teluk Semangko adalah 45 Km dan lebarnya l ebarnya 10 Km. b) Blok Semangko (Semangko Central Block ) Terletak diantara Zone
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Zone Barisan Sumatra Tengah Zona Barisan di daer ah Padang memiliki lebar 140 Km dan bagian tersempit selebar 60 Km yaitu di Padang Sidempuan. Blok Bengkulu ( The Bengkulu Block ) dapat ditelusuri sampai ke Padang sebagai pembentuk sayap Barat Daya bukit Barisan ( Zone Zone Barisan).Di Utara Padang, sayap Bukit Barisan Barat Daya di duduki oleh Danau Maninjau ( a volcano tectonic trought ), ), Gunung Talakmau dan Gunung Sorikmarapi. Zone Semangko membenteng dari Danau Kerinci sampai ke Danau Singkarak. Zone ini oleh Tobler disebut Schicfer Barisan (Van Bemmelen, 1949) membentang memanjang searah dengan sistem barisan baik di Sumatra Tengah maupun Sumatra Selatan.Sayap Timur Laut yang terletak di Utara Danau Singkarak ke Tenggara.Di sebelah Utara Danau Singkarak
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Dari uraian Zona Barisan maka terdapat satu keistimewaan di mana pada bagian puncak Zona Barisan terdapat suatu depresi yang memanjang dari Tenggara ke Barat Laut.Depresi ini di beberapa tempat terganggu oleh lahirnya kenampakan baru sebagai hasil peristiwa tekto-vulkanik naupun erupsi vulkan. C. Bagian Timur Bagian Timur Pulau Sumatra sebagian besar berupa hutan rawa dan merupakan dataran rendah yang sangat luas.Dataran rendah ini menurut Dobby merupakan dataran terpanjang yang tertutup rawa di daerah tropik di Asia Tenggara (Djodjo dkk, 1985).Bagian Timur Sumatra selalu mengalami perluasan sebagai hasil pengendapan material yang terbawa oleh oleh aliran sungai dari sayap Timur Zona Barisan.
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utama yaitu, berarah timur laut-barat daya (Pola Jambi), berarah barat lauttenggara (Pola Sumatra), dan berarah utaraselatan (Pola Sunda). Hal inilah yang membuat struktur geologi di daerah Cekungan Sumatra Selatan lebih kompleks dibandingkan cekungan lain di daerah Sumatra seperti Cekungan Sumatera Bagian Tengah , Bagian Utara,dan lainnya. Cekungan Sumatra Selatan terbentuk selama ekstensi timur-barat pada akhir pra-Tersier sampai awal Tersier (Daly et al., 1987). Geologi Cekungan Sumatera Selatan adalah suatu hasil kegiatan tektonik yang berkaitan erat dengan penunjaman Lempeng Hindia-Australia, yang bergerak ke arah utara hingga timur laut terhadap t erhadap Lempeng Eurasia yang relatif diam. Zona penunjaman lempeng meliputi daerah sebelah barat Pulau Sumatera dan selatan Pulau Jawa. Beberapa lempeng kecil ( micro-plate ) yang berada di
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dan perlipatan utama di seluruh daerah cekungan yang mengakhiri pengendapan Tersier di Cekungan Sumatera Sumatera Selatan. 3.4
Stratigrafi Sumatera Selatan
Stratigrafi daerah Cekungan Sumatera Selatan telah banyak dibahas oleh para ahli geologi terdahulu, khususnya yang bekerja di lingkungan perminyakan. Pada awalnya pembahasan dititik beratkan pada sedimen Tersier, umumnya tidak pernah diterbitkan dan hanya berlaku di lingkungan sendiri. Peneliti terdahulu telah menyusun menyusun urutan-urutan stratigrafi umum Cekungan Sumatera Selatan, antara lain : Van Bemmelen (1932), Musper (1937), Marks (1956), Spruyt (1956), Pulunggono (1969), De Coster 2(1974),
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Gumai (GUF). Sedangkan yang terbentuk pada tahap susut laut disebut Kelompok Palembang (Spruyt, 1956) dari umur Miosen Tengah – Pliosen terdiri atas Formasi Air Benakat (ABF), Formasi Muara Enim (MEF), dan Formsi Kasai (KAF). 1. Formasi Lahat (LAF)
Menurut Spruyt (1956), Formasi ini terletak secara tidak selaras diatas
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“Gritsand” terdiri atas batupasir, yang mengandung kuarsa dan ukuran butirnya pada bagian bawah kasar dan semakin atas semakin halus. hal us. Pada bagian teratas batupasir batupasir ini berubah menjadi batupasir konglomeratan atau breksian.Batupasir
berwarna
putih
sampai
coklat
keabuan
dan
mengandung mika, terkadang terdapat selang-seling batulempung coklat dengan batubara, pada anggota ini terdapat sisa-sisa tumbuhan dan
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Sten Formatie (Spruyt, 1956) dan Telisa Limestone(De Coster, 1974).Lokasi tipe Formasi Baturaja adalah di pabrik semen Baturaja (Van Bemelen, 1932). 4. Formasi Gumai (GUF)
Formasi ini diendapkan setelah Formasi Baturaja dan merupakan hasil pengendapan sedimen-sedimen yang terjadi pada waktu genang laut
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lempung pasiran dan batupasir tufaan. Di daerah Jambi ditemukan berupa batulempung kebiruan, napal, serpih pasiran dan batupasir yang mengandung Mollusca, glaukonit kadang-kadang gampingan.Diendapkan dalam lingkungan pengendapan neritik bagian bawah dan berangsur kelaut dangkal bagian atas (De Coster, 1974).Ketebalan formasi ini berkisar 250 – 1550 1550 meter. Lokasi tipe formasi ini , menurut Musper (1937), terletak
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lapisan batulempung tufan dan batupasir yang lepas, pada bagian teratas terdapat lapisan tuf batuapung yang mengandung sisa tumbuhan dan kayu terkersikkan berstruktur sediment silang siur, lignit terdapat sebagai lensalensa dalam batupasir dan batulempung tufan (Spruyt, 1956). Tobler (1906) menemukan moluska air tawar Viviparus spp dan Union spp, umurnya diduga Plio-Plistosen.Lingkungan pengendapan air payau
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