LABORATORIUM LABORATORIUM KOROSI SEMESTER GANJIL TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017 MODUL
: Korosi Logam Baja Karbon di Berbagai Larutan
PEMBIMBIN : Ir! Ir! Retno Indarti MT! MT!
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: 0 Sepem3e# 2016
T(%%l T(%%l &e(-e#h( : 7 Oko3e# Oko3e# 2016
Oleh : Kelompok Nm
Kel)
:V : 1! Mohmm" A#$l% A#$l% &m'(%k) 2! Mohmm" N',l S-#$e, ! N"- R$m"($ *! No$ e($ : A
1*1*1101+ 1*1*1101+ 1*1*1101. 1*1*11020 1*1*11021 1*1*11021
PRORAM STUDI DIPLOMA III TEKNIK KIMIA "URUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA POLITEKNIK NEERI BANDUN #$%&
BAB I PENDA'ULUAN
%!%
Latar Be(a)ang
Ko#o)$ Ko#o)$ "lm "lm $)$lh $)$lh )eh#$4 )eh#$4h# h#$$ "$ke( "$ke(ll )e3% )e3%$$ pe#$)$ pe#$)$5 5 pe#k# pe#k#( (!! Ko#o)$ Ko#o)$ $($ )e3e( )e3e(#(#(- Me#'pk Me#'pk( ( pe#$)$ pe#$)$5 5 ok)$" ok)$")$ )$ lo%m lo%m p#o)e) p#o)e) ko#o)$ ko#o)$ 3(-k 3(-k me($m3 me($m3'lk 'lk( ( m)lh p" 3#(%43#(% -(% e#3' "#$ 3e)$ 5l'p'( lo%m4lo%m l$( ke8'l$ lo%m m'l$9 "p '% me(%lm$ ko#o)$! J"$ el) ko#o)$ "$ke(l )(% me#'%$k(! Ko#o)$ Ko#o)$ me#'p me#'pk( k( )$)em )$)em e#mo"$ e#mo"$(m (m$k $k lo%m lo%m "e(%( "e(%( l$(%k' l$(%k'(% (%((((- -(% -(% 3e#')h '('k me(8p$ ke)e$m3(%(! S$)em $($ "$kk( )e$m3(% 3$l lo%m elh mem3e('k ok)$" ' )e(-5 k$m$ l$( -(% le3$h )3$l! ;e)$ "lh )lh )' "#$ 3(-k e($) lo%m -(% pe(%%'(((- )(% l') "lm keh$"'p( )eh#$4h#$!Nm'( kek'#(%( "#$ 3e)$ $($ "lh )$,(- -(% )(% m'"h me(%lm$ ko#o)$! &"hl 3e)$ -(% elh me(%lm$ ko#o)$ k( keh$l(%( ($l$ 'l "( ,'(%)$ , '(%)$ kome#)$l(-! I($ e(' ) ) k( me#'%$k( )ekl$%') mem3h-k(! Oleh k#e( $' "$lk'k( pe#8o3( '('k me(%eh'$ pe(%#'h 3e#3%$ ko("$)$ l$(%k'(%( l#'(9 e#h"p ko#o)$ -(% "$lm$ lo%m 3e)$!
%!# •
Tujuan Per*obaan Me(%h$'(% poe()$l lo%m "lm 3e#3%$ l#'( me(%%'(k( elek#o" )("#
•
•
"$%#m E4pH '('k )$)em =e4H 2O Me(%h$'(% Me(%h$'(% l' ko#o)$ ko#o)$ 3 "lm 3e#3%$ 3e#3%$ l#'( 3e#")#k( 3e#")#k( meo"e meo"e keh$l(%( keh$l(%( 3e#!
BAB II
LANDASAN TEORI
Ko#o)$ "lh )'' p#o)e) elek#ok$m$ "$m( om4om k( 3e#ek)$ "e(%( > )m "( mem3e('k mem3e('k $o(4$o( po)$$, k$o(9! Hl $($ k( me(-e33k( me(-e33k( $m3'l(- $m3'l(- l$#(4 l$#( elek#o( "#$ )'' emp ke emp -(% l$( p" pe#m'k( mel! Se8# %#$) 3e)# ko#o)$ " "' e($) -$' : Korosi Korosi Interna Interna(( -$' ko#o)$ -(% e#"$ k$3 "(- k("'(%(
)m p" '"# 'p'( (h! L' L' ko#o)$ ko#o)$ "lh "lh ke8ep ke8ep( ( #m3 #m3( ( ' ke8ep ke8ep( ( pe('#' pe('#'(( (( k'l$ k'l$)) 3h( 3h( e#h"p 5k'! L' ko#o)$ p" 'm'm(- "$h$'(% me(%%'(k( 2 8# -$' : meo"e keh$l(%( 3e# "( meo"e elek#ok$m$! #!%
Metode )e+i(angan berat
Meo"e keh$l(%( 3e# "lh pe#h$'(%( l' ko#o)$ "e(%( me(%'k'# keh$l(%( ' kek'#(%( 3e# k$3 ko#o)$ -(% e#"$! Meo"e $($ me(%%'(k( (%k 5k' pe(el$$( ' pe(%ko#o)$( )mp$ me("pk( 'mlh keh$l(%( 3e# k$3 ko#o)$ -(% e#"$! U('k me("pk( 'mlh keh$l(%( 3e# k$3 ko#o)$ "$%'(k( #'m') )e3%$ 3e#$k' Jo(e) 1..29 : Mp- @ * 59 / AT9 AT9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !19 Kee#(%( : Mp- @ m$l) pe# -e# 5 @ keh$l(%( 3e# %9 @ "e()$) %/8m 9 A @ l') pe#m'k( )pe)$me( $(29 T @ 5k' pe(%ko#o)$( m9 Meo"e $($ me(%'k'# kem3l$ 3e# 5l "#$ 3e(" '$ )pe)$me(9! Sel$)$h 3e# "#$ p" 3e# 5l me#'pk( ($l$ keh$l(%( 3e#! Sel$)$h 3e# "$kem3l$k( ke "lm #'m') '('k me("pk( l' keh$l(%( 3e#(-! &e#h$'(%( l' ko#o)$ lo%m 3e#")#k( meo"e keh$l(%( 3e# "p '% "$%'(k( #'m') : L' ko#o)$ #9 @ 5/A! )'( "lm m"" m% pe# pe# "m29
!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !2 !299
A' L' L' ko#o ko#o)$ )$ #9 @ 5/A 5/A! !! !99 )' )'( ( "lm "lm mp- m$l m$l)) pe# pe# -e# -e#99
!!!! !!!!!! !!!! !! ! !99
e(%( : 5 @ )el$)$h 3e# A@ l') pe#m'k( lo%m "( @ 5k' pe(%ko#o)$( "( @ "e()$)!
Meo"e $($ meme#l'k( 5k' -(% lm "( )uistinabl e "p "$"$k( 8'( e#h"p ko("$)$ emp o3ek "$lekk( "p "$keh'$ )e3e#p ko#o)$, "e#h e#)e3'9 '% "p "$"$k( #e,e#e()$ '('k pe#lk'( 5l reatment 9 -(% h#') "$e#pk( p" "e#h "( ko("$)$ emp o3ek e#)e3'! #!#
Kesetimbangan E(e)troda dan Persamaan Nernst
Ap3$l lo%m 3e)$ "$8el'pk( "lm l#'( )m mk : =e 2BB2e
A(o"
: =e
Ko"
: 2HBB2e
H2
Elek#o" ke)e$m3(%( "$e('k( oleh 3e)#(- pe#'3h( e(e#%- 3e3) CG9 -(% me#'pk( pe#3e"( (# ke"( kh$# "( ke"( 5l (# p#o"'k "( pe#ek)$ '('k #ek)$ elek#ok$m$! e(%( k l$( e(e#%- ok)$")$ (o"$89 @ e(e#%#e"'k)$ ko"$k9 ep$ "e(%( #h -(% ("9 3e#l5((! U('k #ek)$ elek#ok$m$ : Ok) B (e
Re"
CG #ek)$ @ G p#o"'k 4G #ek( ' @ G #e"4G ok) lm )'' )-)em elek#ok$m$ p" ek(( "( empe#'#e ep e(e#%- -(% 3e#h'3'(%( "e(%( p#o)e) "lh pe#'3h( e(e#%- 3e3) -(% "$(-k( "lm CG! H'3'(%( (# CG "e(%( poe()$l elek#o" "$#'m')k( )e)'$ pe#)m(: CG @ 4(=E
'
CGo @ 4(=Eo
&e#)m( e#mo"$(m$k "p "$'l$) : CGo #ek)$
@ Go #e" 4 Go ok) B RT9 l( D #e"/ok)
atau
@ Go p#o"'k 4 G o #ek( B RT9 l(D p#o"'k/#ek( @ CGo B RT9 l( Dp#o"'k/#ek( K#e( E @ 4 CG/(= mk pe#)m( e#mo"$(m$k me("$ : E
@ Eo F RT9/(=9 l( D#e"/ok)
&e#)m( $($ "$)e3' pe#)m( Ne#() : CG
@ CGo B RT l( K
(=E
@ (=Eo 4 RT l( K
E
@ Eo 4 D RT/(= l( K
Ap3$l " #ek)$: A B ;
< B
E @ Eo 4 DRT/(= l(
Se3%$ 8o(oh '('k #ek)$ : =e 2BB2e
=e
E
@ Eo 4 RT/(=9 l( #e"/ ok) @ Eo 4 RT/(=9 l( =e/=e 2B
K#e( k$$) =e @ 1 mk : E
@ Eo4RT/(=9 l( 1/ =e
E
@ EoB RT/(=9 l( =e
2B
2B
Ap3$l ko()e(#)$ =e2B 3e#'#'4'#' @ 1 M 0!1M 0!01 M "( E o =e @ 4 0**0 Vol/SHE mk ($l$ E )e3%$ 3e#$k': E
@ 4 0**0 B 1.+792.+9209*1+*9/29.6009 lo% =e 2B
E
@ 4 0**0 B 00.2/2 lo% 1 @ 40** Vol/SHE
E
@ 4 0**0 B 00.2/2 lo% 001 @ 4 0*..1 Vol/SHE
E
@ 4 0**0 B 00.2/2 lo% 0001 @ 4 02 Vol/SHE
N$l$ 00.2 "$pe#oleh "#$ 1.+792.+9209*1+*9/.600 N$l$ *1+* ko(e#)$ klo#$ ke Jo'le! N$l$ 20 ko(e#)$ l( me("$ lo%! #!,
Diagram E - .'
$%#m $($ me(mp$lk( "e#h4"e#h ke)3$l( $# "e#h4"e#h lo%m k( $m'( e#ko#o)$ ' e#p)$)$ )e3%$ ,'(%)$ "#$ poe()$l )el "( pH! $%#m $($ mem3e#$k( $(,o#m)$ e((% #ek)$ (o"$8 "( ko"$k -(% m'(%k$( e#"$ "( kem'(%k$(( p#oek)$ ko#o)$ 3e#")#k( e#mo"$(m$k! $%#m E4pH &o'#3$9 "$3' '('k lo%m m'#($ "( "e(%( 3e#m3h(- h)$l pe(%'k'#( 3e)#( e#mo"$(m$k p"'( 3e3e#p "$%#m poe()$l p"'( elh "$3'!
Gm3# 1! $%#( poe()$l e#h"p &H S'm3e# : hp://555!k%)!k'!e"'/&'3l$8$o()/;'lle$()/2./M8phe#)o(/9 &e#h$k( "$%#m poe()$l e#h"p pH '('k )-)em =e 4 H 2O! $ ) %#$) 39 %) ok)$%e( le3$h )3$l )eh$(%% ke($k( poe()$l (# m'k ke poe()$l "$ ) %#$) 39 me(-e33k( e#3e('k(- %) O 2! Se3l$k(- pe('#'(( poe()$l (# m'k ke poe()$l "$ 35h %#$) 9 me(-e33k( e#"$(- %) H2! &e#)m( %#$) 9 "( 39 "p "$plo "e(%( me(%%'(k( pe#)m( #ek)$ $# -(% e#e"'k)$ m'p'( $# e#ok)$")$! Rek)$ $# e#e"'k)$: H2O B e E
1/2H2 B OH4
@ Eo B RT 209 lo% ok) (=
#e"
@ Eo B RT 209 lo% HB
(=
H2
@ 0 B 20 RT lo% DH B @ 0 4 20 RT pH (=
(=
S'"h "$"e,$($)$k( 3h5 pH @ 4 lo% DH B ko()e(#)$ h-"#o%e( -(% '% "p "$'l$)
@
4pH "e(%( "em$k$( "$pe#oleh
pe#)m(: E
@ 0 4 209 2.+9 1.+79 *1+*9 pH
19.6009
&oe()$l )("# H2@ 0 Vol E @ 4 00.2 pH
J$k pH
@ 42
Mk E
@ 4 00.29429
E
@ 011+2 Vol
J$k pH @ 16 E
@ 4 00.29169
E
@ 40.** Vol
J"$ '('k %#$) 9 memp'(-$ pe#)m(: E / 0$1$23# .'
e(%( me(%%'(k( 8# -(% )m mk "$pe#oleh pe#)m( '('k %#$) 39 E @ EoO2 4 2092.+91.+79 *1+*9 pH
19.6009
E / %1#, 0 $1$23# .'
J$k pH @ 4 2 "$pe#oleh E @ 1** Vol J$k pH @ 16 "$pe#oleh E @ 02+2 Vol
E B9
=e2B E @ 40**0 Vol
E49
=e
J$k k$$) lo%m )emk$( me('#'( me("$ ke8$l9 mk #h %e#k ke 35h )eh$(%% e#3e('k e("p( =e -(% )3$l #$(- =e $ m'( ' ke3l e#h"p ko#o)$! Kl' 3e#%e#k ke ) mk k$$) lo%m k( ($k! Hl $($ k( me(-e33k( e#3e('k(- $o( =e2B )eh$(%% e#"$ ko#o)$! ;e)$ =e9 "lm ke"( $o( '()'# m'p'( )e(-5 memp'(-$ e(e#%- 3e3) )("# -(% "p "$l$h p" 3el 2!1 )e3%$ 3e#$k':
T3el 2!1 H#% e(e#%- 3e3) '()'# =e/)e(-5(- U()'#/Se(-5(-/Io( =e
Go kl9 0
=eO h-"#o')
4+!++0
=eO* (h-"#o')
42*2!*00
=e2O (h-"#o')
4177!100
=e2O h-"#o')
4161!.0
=eBB
420!00
H=eO24
4.0!627
=eBBB
42!0
=eOHBB
4!.10
=eOH92B
4106!200
=eO*4 4
4117!6+
H2O
46!6.0
Re4erensi .otensia( dan )on5ersi e(e)troda
Gm3# 2! &oe()$l elek#o" S'm3e# : hp://8o##o)$o(4"o8o#)!o#%/
Gm3# ! T3el ko(e#)$ elek#o" S'm3e#: hp://8o##o)$o(4"o8o#)!o#%/
BAB III METODOLOI PER6OBAAN
!1 Al "( ;h( T3el !1 Al "( ;h( No 1 2 * 6 7 + .
Al Elek#o" )("# klomel ' <'SO*/<'9 Gel) k$m$ 00 mL 3'h9 pH U($e#)l &el 3 3'h9 K3el M'l$mee# ;(% &e(%"'k Ne#8 A(l$$k Gel) Uk'# 100 mL
10
&$pe 'k'#
11
;ol H$)p
;h( A'"e) L#'( NOH 2 200 mL L#'( H
!2 &#o)e"'# Ke# !2!1 &e#)$p( Spe)$me( ;e(" Ke#9 Me(-$pk( A 3'h lo%m =e "e(%( 'k'#( 2 I *6. 8m
Me(%mpel) )em' lo%m =e )mp$ 3e#)$h "#$ ko0o#(
Me(8'8$ lo%m =e "e(%( $# 3e#)$h
Me(%e#$(%k( "( me($m3(% )em' -(% 0elh "$)$pk(
Me(%'k'# l') pe#m'k( m)$(%4m)$(% lo%m =e
Gm3# !2!1 &e#)$p( Spe)$me( !2!2 &e#)$p( L#'(
Me(-$pk( A 3'h %el) k$m$ -(% elh 3e#)$h
Mem3e#$ (" ' (omo# p" )em' %el) k$m$
Me(%$)$ %el) k$m$ pe#m "e(%( 200 mL l#'( NOH 2K6 %el) k$m$ ke"' "e(%( 200 mL l#'( H
Me#e("m )em' lo%m "lm m)$(%4m)$(% l#'(
Gm3# !2!2 &#o)e"'# &e#)$p( L#'(
!2! &e(%m( "( &e(%'k'#( Me(%m$ )e8# 1$)'l %e:l -(% $m3'l p" lo%m =e p" m)$(%4 m)$(% l#'(
Me(%'k'# poe()$l lo%m "e(%( elek#o" klomel "( pH m)$(%4 m)$(% l#'(
Melk'k( pe(%m( =e )elm 3e#" "lm l#'( )eelh /0 me($ pe#e("m(
Me(%'k'# pH l#'( "( poe()$l lo%m
Gm3# !2! Skem &e(%m( "( &e(%'k'#( !2!* &e(%m( "( &e(%'k'#( Selm H#$
Me(%m0$ %e:l -(% "$0'(:'kk( lo%m =e "lm l#'0(
Me(%'k'# po0e()$l lo%m "e(%( elek0#o" )0("# klomel "( pH m)$(%4m)$(% l#'0(
Me(%mpel) lo%m "( me(8'8$ lo%m )mp$ 3e#)$h
Me(%e#$(%k( "( me($m3(% 3e#0 m)$(%4m)$(% lo%m =e )e0$$p l#'0(
Gm3# !2!* &#o)e"'# &e(%m( "( &e(%'k'#( Selm H#$
BAB I7 PENOLA'AN DATA DAN PEMBA'ASAN
8!% Data Pengamatan
*!1!1 &e(%m( A5l T3el *!1!1 &e(%m( A5l No!
1 2 *
L#'(
&o/S("#
pH
&o/SHE
&e(%m( Ko("$)$
<'So* / <'
L#'(
%#m9
Vol9
Lo%m
Vol9 40*. 40* 400* 40601 40*17
1* 1 6 7
NOH 2 H
1066 1012.. 1026.1 10**02 100*
4017 4022 401+6 402+ 400..
;e($(% ;e($(% ;e($(% O#(%e &ek ;e($(%
*!1!2 &e(%m( Seelh 0 Me($ T3el *!1!2 &e(%m( Seelh 0 Me($ No
L#'(
&o/S("#
pH
&o/SHE
&e(%m( Ko("$)$
!
<'So* / <'
L#'(
Vol9
Lo%m
1 2 *
Vol9 40+1 400 40+2 400+. 406
1* 1 6 6
NOH 2 H
4006 401+ 4026* 022. 402+
;e($(% A%k ke#'h ;e($(% O#(%e %k &ek A%k Ke#'h
*!1! &e(%m( Seelh H#$ T3el *!1! &e(%m( Seelh H#$
&o/S("# No!
L#'(
<'So* / <' Vol9
L') pH
&o/SH
&e#m'k(
&e(%m( Ko("$)$
L#'(
%#m9
E Vol9
Lo%m
Lo%m
8m29 L#'( ;e($(% "( "
1
NOH 2
40*12
1*
1006
400.*
1.60
-(% me(%e("p "( ko("$)$ lo%m(- me("$ 3e#5#( h$m L#'( 3e#5#( %k ke#'h "( " -(%
2
H
40*1.
1
.72+0
40101
1710
me(%e("p! Ko("$)$ o%m(- 3e#5#( )po h$m L#'( %k ke#'h "( " -(% me(%e("p!
N
4070+
6
10216
40.0
1+62
Ko("$)$ lo%m(- me("$ 3e#5#( %k ke8okel( L#'( 3e#5#(
*
K 2<# 2O7 2
402+.
10*066
002.
1+62
o#(%e p'"# "( ko("$)$ lo%m(- 3e#5#( )po h$m L#'( 3e#5#( ke#'h "( " -(%
A$# Ke#(
40660
6
106+0
40*2
1.60
me(%e("p! Ko("$)$ lo%m(- 3e#5#( h$m
8!# Pengo(a+an Data
*!2!1
Me(%'3h &oe()$l S("# <'/<'So* ke "lm S("# SHE B01+ Vol9 *!2!1!1 &e(%m( A5l T3el *!2!1!1 &oe()$l )("# <'So */ <' ke "lm S("# SHE No!
L#'(
&o/S("# <'So*/ <' Vol9
&o/SHE Vol9
1 2 *
NOH 2 H
40*. 40* 400* 40601 40*17
4017 4022 401+6 402+ 400..
*!2!1!2 &e(%m( Seelh 0 Me($ T3el *!2!1!2 &oe()$l )("# <'So */ <' ke "lm S("# SHE No! 1 2 *
L#'( NOH 2 H
&o/S("# <'So*/ <' Vol9 40+1 400 40+2 400+. 406
&o/SHE Vol9 4006 401+ 4026* 022. 402+
*!2!1! &e(%m( Seelh H#$ T3el *!2!1! &oe()$l )("# <'So */ <' ke "lm S("# SHE No! 1 2 *
*!2!2
L#'( NOH 2 H
&o/S("# <'So*/ <' Vol9 40*12 40*1. 4070+ 402+. 40660
&o/SHE Vol9 400.* 40101 40.0 002. 40*2
Me(%h$'(% L' Ko#o)$ #9 "lm )'( p((%/)'( 5k' T3el *!2!2 L' Ko#o)$
No 1 2 *
L#'(
1
%#m9 NOH 2 1066 H
2
"
A
ρ
%#m9 1006 .72+0 10216 10*066 106+0
%#m9 001 0*01. 002+ 006 0162*
h#$9
%#/
# mp-9 *66. 1*211 172+10 10..70 0*.*6
Potensia( 7S'E
pH
Gm3# *!2! $%#m e4pH *!2!*
Ko("$)$ Lo%m "$ 3e#3%$ l#'( 3e#")#k( $%#m e4pH *!2!*!1 Ko("$)$ Lo%m A5l T3el *!2!*!1 Ko("$)$ Lo%m "$3e#3%$ L#'( Seelh &e(%m( A5l
No 1 2 *
L#'(
pH L#'(
&o/SHE Vol9
Ko("$)$ Lo%m
NOH 2 H
1* 1 6 7
4017 4022 401+6 402+ 400..
&)$, Ak$, / Te#ko#o)$ T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9 Ak$, / Te#ko#o)$ &)$,
*!2!*!2 Ko("$)$ Lo%m Seelh 0 Me($ T3el *!2!*!2 Ko("$)$ Lo%m "$3e#3%$ L#'( Seelh &e(%m( 0 Me($
No
L#'(
pH L#'(
&o/SHE Vol9
Ko("$)$ Lo%m
1 2 *
NOH 2 H
1* 1 6 6
4006 401+ 4026* 022. 402+
&)$, Ak$, / Te#ko#o)$ T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9 T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9 T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9
*!2!*! Ko("$)$ Lo%m Seelh H#$ T3el *!2!*! Ko("$)$ Lo%m "$3e#3%$ L#'( Seel h &e(%m( H#$
*!2!
No
L#'(
pH L#'(
&o/SHE Vol9
Ko("$)$ Lo%m
1 2 *
NOH 2 H
1* 1 6 6
400.* 40101 40.0 002. 40*2
&)$, Ak$, / Te#ko#o)$ T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9 T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9 T#()$)$ A(# Ak$, "( &)$,9
&e(%#'h pH e#h"p L' Ko#o)$ T3el *!2! &e(%#'h pH e#h"p L' Ko#o)$ No 1 2 *
L#'( NOH 2 H
pH L#'( 1* 1 6 6
L' Ko#o)$ *66. 1*211 172+10 10..70 0*.*6
Gm3# *!2! $%#m pH e#h"p L' Ko#o)$
8!, Pemba+asan 8!,!% Mo+ammad Ari(ga Pamung)as
Ko#o)$ me#'pk( )'' p#o)e) elek#ok$m$ -(% mel$3k( "(- #(),e# elek#o( "#$ (o"$k melep) elek#o(9 ke ko"$k me((%kp elek#o(9 ' #ek)$ ok)$")$ F #e"'k)$
-(% 3e#l(%)'(% )e8# )po((! T''( "#$ p#k$k'm $($ (# l$(
me(%h$'(% poe()$l lo%m "lm 3e#3%$ l#'( "e(%( me(%%'(k( elek#o"
: =e : 2HB B 2e
=e2B B 2e H2
Lo%m =e -(% "$#e("m "lm l#'( H
: =e : 2H2O B 2e
=e2B B 2e 2OH4 B H2
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