BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Istilah kromosom mula-mula dikemukakan oleh Clark (1963) yang
berasal dari kata latin “ kroma”= warna dan “ soma” = badan. Disebut demikian karena badan ini mudah menyerap zat warna bila preparat diberi warna. Sebenarnya kromosom merupakan rangka bagi inti sel. Dalam keadaan interfase kromosom berujud kromatin yang berasal dari kata ”kroma“ dan ”tin“ yang berarti benang. berarti benang. Pada saat memulai aktivitas pembelahan, kromatin memendek dan memendek dan menebal disebut kromosom. kromosom. Tahap selanjutnya ketika kromosom mengganda disebut dengan kromatid . Kromosom merupakan suatu kemasan materi genetik (DNA). (Yatim, 1992) DNA merupakan persenyawaan kimia yang paling penting pada makhluk hidup, yang membawa keterangan genetik dan pewarisan sifat dari makhluk hidup dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Molekul DNA terdapat pada nukleus, mitokondria, plastida dan sentriol. Molekul DNA pada nukleus memiliki bentuk sebagai benang lurus dan tidak bercabang, sedangkan DNA yang terletak pada mitokondria dan plastida berbentuk lingkaran (Muladno, 2002). Setiap jenis makhluk hidup memiliki ukuran dan bentuk kromosom yang bervariasi. Umumnya panjang kromosom berkisar antara 0,2 mikron – 50 50 mikron dengan diameter antara 0,2 mikron – 20 20 mikron (Campbell, 2000). Pada lalat buah ( Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster ) dikenal memiliki kromosom yang berukuran besar atau disebut dengan kromosom raksasa. Karena besarnya, kromosom lalat buah ini bisa diamati dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya biasa. Kromosom baik satu buah, sepasang, maupun seluruh pasangan pada dasarnya bukanlah yang menentukan (mengendalikan) jenis kelamin yang terwujud pada makhluk hidup. Oleh karena itu, pandangan bahwa kromosom Y pada Drosophila pada Drosophila melanogaster ataupun ataupun hewan tingkat tinggi lainnya menentukan jenis kelamin sesungguhnya tidak benar (Corebima, 2013: 34). Pengontrol ekspresi kelamin atau yang menentukan jenis kelamin adalah gen, sebagaimana karakter lain pada makhluk hidup. Banyak bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa gen
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yang bertanggung jawab atas ekspresi kelamin makhluk hidup tidak hanya satu buah atau hanya satu pasang gen melainkan banyak pasangan gen. Gen – gen tersebut dapat terletak pada kromosom kelamin maupun kromosom autosom. Oleh karena yang bertanggung jawab atas ekspresi kelamin terdiri dari banyak gen maka terjadi interaksi gen yang bertanggung jawab atas pengendalian ekspresi kelamin tersebut. Sebagaiman ekspresi gen apapun, ekspresi gen – gen yang interaksinya bertanggung jawab atas fenotip kelamin makhluk hidup dipengaruhi juga oleh faktor lingkungan. Dalam hal ini ekspresi gen – gen gen itu tidak bebas dari pengaruh faktor – faktor lingkungan (fisikokimiawi) internal maupun eksternal (Corebima, 2013: 35) Nisbah kelamin adalah jumlah individu – individu jantan dibagi dengan jumlah individu – individu betina dalam suatu spesies yang sama (Herskowitz, 1973 dalam Farida, 1996). Untuk hewan dengan mekanisme penentuan kelamin XY, individu betina akan memproduksi telur yang membawa kromosom X dan individu jantan akan memproduksi dua macam gamet (X dan Y) dalam jumlah yang kurang lebih sama (Rothwell, 1983 1 983 dalam Farida 1996). Drosophila melanogaster betina betina mempunyai kromosom XX dan XY untuk Drosophila jantan. Hal ini sesuai dengan pernyataan Suryo (1992) bahwa pada umumnya Drosophila melanogaster XX adalah betina dan XY adalah jantan. Menurut Stansfield (1983) menyatakan bahwa faktor-faktor untuk sifat jantan
yang terdapat dalam semua autosom ”diimbangi” dengan faktor -faktor untuk sifat betina yang terdapat dalam kromosom X. Sehingga menurut Brigde dalam Farida (1996) menyatakan bahwa perimbangan genetik dijadikan landasan untuk menentukan jenis kelamin. Pada Drosophila Pada Drosophila melanogaster sering sering terjadi penyimpangan nisbah (tidak 1:1). Hal demikian ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya yaitu viabilitas, pautan gen resesif letal, karakteristik fisik dari spermatozoa, keberadaan dari gen tra tra (transformer), suhu, segregation distortion, umur jantan, faktor genetik, dan peristiwa non disjunction. disjunction. Selain faktor – faktor yang telah disebutkan, faktor – faktor lain yang mempengaruhi terjadinya penyimpangan
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sehingga terdapat insecta lain seperti kutu dan semut yang dapat mengacaukan rasio kelamin yang muncul. Berdasarkan uraian yang telah dipaparkan, peneliti melakukan suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh materi genetik dan perubahan materi genetik dalam penentuan ekspresi kelamin pada lalat buah ( Drosophila ( Drosophila melanogaster ). ). Selain itu penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui rasio kelamin atau kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan kelamin betina pada
tiap generasi dari persilangan strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya w♂ x m♀. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini mengan gkat judul “ Fenomena Nisbah Kelamin atau Kecenderungan Munculnya Kelamin Jantan dan Betina pada Dr osophi osophi l a mel mel anogaste anogaster r Persilangan
Homogami (N♂ x N♀) dan Persilangan
Heterogami Heterogami (m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya w♂ x m♀) pada Setiap Generasi” . 1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dikemukakan, maka di dapatkan rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini antara lain; a. Apakah terjadi penyimpangan nisbah kelamin dari rasio nisbah kelamin normal dengan perbandingan 1 : 1 pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan homogami Drosophila homogami Drosophila melanogaster strain N♂ x N♀ ? b. Apakah terjadi penyimpangan nisbah kelamin dari rasio nisbah kelamin normal dengan perbandingan 1 : 1 pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan heterogami pada Drosophila pada Drosophila melanogaster strain m♂ x w♀ ? c. Apakah terjadi penyimpangan nisbah kelamin dari rasio nisbah kelamin normal dengan perbandingan 1 : 1 pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan heterogami pada Drosophila pada Drosophila melanogaster strain w♂ x m♀ ?
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1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
Berdasarkan
latar
belakang
dan
rumusan
masalah
yang
telah
dikemukakan, maka di dapatkan tujuan pada penelitian ini antara lain; a. Mengetahui rasio nisbah kelamin pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan homogami Drosophila homogami Drosophila melanogaster strain N♂ x N♀ b. Mengetahui rasio nisbah kelamin pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan heterogami Drosophila heterogami Drosophila melanogaster strain m♂ x w♀ c. Mengetahui rasio nisbah kelamin pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan heterogami pada Drosophila pada Drosophila melanogaster strain w♂ x m♀
1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian
Manfaat atau kegunaan pada penelitian ini tidak hanya diperoleh bagi peneliti saja melainkan untuk masyarakat luas, antara lain adalah : 1.4.1 Bagi Peneliti
a. Dapat memberikan wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan yang lebih mendalam tentang ilmu genetika bagian dasar. b. Dapat memberikan wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan tentang lalat buah ( Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster ) khususnya strain N, m dan w. c. Dapat mengembangkan dan mengaplikasikan ilmu genetika yang diperoleh pada saat teori dengan menerapkannya pada proyek genetika. d. Dapat mengetahui nisbah kelamin yang terjadi pada persilangan Drosophila melanogaster strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya w♂
x m♀ e. Memberikan wawasan baru mengenai rasio fenotip kelamin dari generasi ke generasi (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, dan F7) persilangan Drosophila melanogaster strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya w♂ x m♀
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1.4.2. Bagi Mahasiswa Biologi
a. Memberikan wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan baru mengenai nisbah kelamin dan rasio fenotip kelamin dari generasi ke generasi. b. Memberikan ilmu pengetahuan tentang nisbah kelamin yang terjadi pada Drosophila melanogaster pada persilangan yang homogami (N♂ x N♀)
dan heterogami (m♂ x w♀ dan w♂ x m♀). c. Menjadi referensi bagi penelitian selanjutnya tentang nisbah kelamin dan rasio fenotip kelamin dari generasi ke generasi pada Drosophila melanogaster pada persilangan yang homogami (N♂ x N♀) dan
heterogami (m♂ x w♀ dan w♂ x m♀). 1.4.3 Bagi Masyarakat
a. Dapat meningkatkan wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan bagi masyarakat tentang karakteristik dari lalat buah Drosophila melanogaster khususnya strain N, m, dan w. b. Dapat memberikan informasi mengenai fenomena nisbah kelamin dan memberikan informasi mengenai rasio fenotip kelamin dari generasi ke generasi pada Drosophila pada Drosophila melanogaster. c. Dapat memberikan informasi mengenai perawatan dan pengembangbiakan serta siklus hidup dari lalat buah ( Drosophila melanogaster ). ).
1.5 Ruang Lingkup dan Batasan Masalah
Pada penelitian ini terdapat ruang lingkup dan batasan masalah untuk membatasi bahasan dari penelitan supaya lebih terfokus dan tidak melebar antara lain sebagai berikut, a. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan lalat buah pada spesies yang sama yakni Drosophila melanogaster . b. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan tiga strain yang berbeda yang terdiri dari wild type (strain type (strain N) dan mutan (strain m dan w). c. Pada penelitian ini hanya membahas tentang fenomena nisbah kelamin yang terjadi pada persilangan strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya
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d. Pada penelitian ini pengamatan dan perhitungan fenotip dibatasi pada hasil
anakan F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, dan F7 dari persilangan strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya w♂ x m♀. e. Pengamatan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah pengamatan fenotip meliputi warna mata, warna tubuh, keadaan sayap, faset mata namun lebih ditekankan pada jenis kelamin pada hasil anakan F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, dan F7. f. Masing – masing masing persilangan dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali ulangan. g. Pengambilan data berupa perhitungan fenotip (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, dan F7) dari persilangan strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan resiproknya w♂ x
m♀ dimulai dari hari ke 0 sampai hari ke 6 (selama 7 hari). h. Pembahasan pada penelitian lebih ditekankan pada fenomena terjadinya nisbah kelamin dan rasio fenotip dari generasi ke genesari (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, dan F7).
1.6 Asumsi Penelitian
Ada beberapa hal yang pada penelitian ini yang diasumsikan sama antara lain adalah : a. Kondisi dan keadaan medium dan nutrisi yang digunakan pada penelitian dianggap sama pada setiap ulangan. b. Botol dan penutup gabus yang digunakan baik ukuran, jumlah, dan jenis serta tingkat kesterilan dianggap sama pada setiap s etiap ulangan. c. Faktor – faktor faktor eksternal seperti cahaya, suhu, kelembaban, dan pH dalam botol dianggap sama pada setiap ulangan. d. Umur dari lalat buah atau Drosophila atau Drosophila melanogaster yang digunakan untuk penelitian terutama untuk penyilangan dianggap dianggap sama pada setiap ulangan.
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1.7 Definisi Operasional Operasional
Ada beberapa hal yang dijadikan definisi operasional pada penelitian ini antara lain adalah: a. Nisbah kelamin adalah jumlah individu-individu jantan dibagi dengan jumlah individu-individu betina dalam
suatu
spesies
yang sama
(Herskowitz, 1973 dalam Nurjanah, 1998). Menurut King (1974) dalam r atio the relative proportion of males and females of a Farida (1996) ” sex ratio specified age distribution in population”. b. Generasi adalah semua individu yang dihasilkan dalam suatu daur hidup (Rifai, 1991 dalam Farida, 1996). Sedangkan menurut Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (1990) dalam Farida (1996) generasi adalah suatu set individu dalam suatu peringkat keturunan. c. Kecenderungan adalah kecondongan, keinginan akan (Tim penyusun kamus pusat, 2002 dalam Farida, 1996). d. Fenotip adalah karakter – karakter karakter yang dapat diamati pada suatu individu (yang merupakan hasil interaksi antara genotip dan lingkungan tempat hidup dan berkembang) (Ayala 1984 dalam Correbima, 2013; 36). e. Genotip adalah keseluruhan jumlah informasi genetik yang terkandung pada suatu makhluk hidup ataupun konstitusi genetik dari suatu makhluk hidup dalam hubungannya dengan satu atau beberapa lokus gen yang sedang menjadi perhatian (Ayala, 1984 dalam Correbima, 2013; 36). f. Autosom adalah kromosom tubuh sedangkan genosom adalah kromosom kelamin. g. Strain merupakan suatu kelompok intraspesifik yang hanya memiliki satu
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j.
Heterozigot adalah karakter yang dikontrol oleh dua gen (sepasang) tidak identik (Corebima, 2013).
k. Dominan adalah suatu sifat yang mengalahkan sifat yang lain (Corebima, 2013) l.
Resesif adalah suatu sifat yang dikalahkan oleh sifat yang lain (Corebima, 2013)
m. Galur murni adalah populasi – populasi yang merupakan turunan murni tanpa adanya variasi genetik yang berarti (Gardner dkk, 1984 dalam Corebima, 2013).
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BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Klasifikasi Drosophila Melanogaster Melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster atau di Indonesia lebih sering disebut dengan lalat buah ini banyak sekali ditemukan. Hal ini salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan yang ada di Indonesia yang sangat mendukung untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangbiakan dari Drosophila melanogaster . Menurut Strickberger (1985), Drosophila melanogaster ini klasifikasinya adalah sebagai berikut; Kingdom
: Animalia
Filum
: Arthropoda
Subfilum
: Mandibulata
Kelas
: Insecta
Subkelas
: Pterygota
Ordo
: Diptera
Sub ordo
: Cyclorrapha
Famili
: Drosophilidae
Genus
: Drosophila : Drosophila
Sub Genus
: Sophophora
Spesies
: Drosophila : Drosophila melanogaster
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Gambar 2. Organ dari Larva Drosophila melanogaster (King, 1965)
2.2 Alasan Dr osophil osophil a M elan ogas ogaste ter r Banyak Digunakan Sebagai Bahan Penelitian Genetika
Drosophila melanogaster banyak banyak digunakan sebagai hewan uji coba dalam melakukan penelitian mengenai genetika. Banyak alasan yang dapat diberikan untuk menjelaskan mengapa lalat buah ( Drosophila melanogaster ) dipakai dalam bidang percobaan genetika. Menurut Iskandar (1983) dalam Kusmindarti (1998) ada beberapa keunggulan penggunaan Drosophila melanogaster sebagai bahan praktikum genetika, antara lain adalah 1) pada umumnya tidak diperlukan kondisi yang steril seperti pada praktikum yang menggunakan mikroorganisme; 2) mudah
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2.3 Karakteristik Karakteristik D r osophi osophi l a mel mel anogaste anogaster r
Karakteristik atau ciri – ciri umum dari Drosophila melanogaster yang pernah dikemukakan oleh Bock (1982) dalam Rudiyanto (1995) antara lain adalah; a. Costa normal, bulu presccutellar berkembang baik. b. Arista plumose bercabang ke arah dorsal dan ventral. c. Bulu postvertical normal, bulu acrostical tersusun atas 6 – 8 8 deret, bristle orbital recclinate posterior terletak lebih dekat dengan bristle proclinate daripada dengan bristle vertical bagian dalam. Pada penelitian nisbah kelamin ini digunakan tiga strain yang berbeda antara lain adalah strain N (normal), m (miniatur), dan w (white).
2.3.1 Karakteristik Karakteristik D r osophi strain strain N (normal) osophi l a mel mel anogaster anogaster
Drosophila melanogaster strain Normal (N) memiliki ciri – ciri antara lain, ciri – ciri panjang tubuh imago dewasa tergantung pada nutrisi dan faktor lingkungan, akan tetapi biasanya berukuran 2 – 3 mm. Imago betina memiliki ukuran yang lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan jantan. Strain N (normal) ini memiliki warna tubuh coklat kekuningan dengan faset mata berwarna merah dan halus, memiliki sayap yang menutupi tubuh secara sempurna (menutupi bagian posterior). Pada tarsal kaki depan Drosophila depan Drosophila melanogaster jantan melanogaster jantan terdapat
“ sex comb” dan pada abdomen bagian dorsal terdapat garis berwarna hitam, sedang pada imago betina tidak ada (Herskowitz, 1965 dalam Farida, 1996).
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2.3.2 Karakteristik Karakteristik D r osophi strain strain m (miniature) osophi l a mel mel anogaster anogaster
Drosophila melanogaster strain miniature (m), menurut King (1965) memiliki ciri antara lain, warna faset mata merah dan halus, tubuh berwarna kuning kecoklatan dan memiliki sayap yang tidak menutupi tubuh secara sempurna (tidak menutupi bagian posterior). Sifat ini dikendalikan oleh gen yang terletak pada kromosom no 1 pada lokus 36.1 (Corebima, 2013).
Gambar 4. Drosophila melanogaster strain miniature (m), (Dokumentasi pribadi: Februari, 2014)
2.3.3 Karakteristik Karakteristik D r osophi strain strain w (white) osophi l a mel mel anogaster anogaster
Drosophila melanogaster strain white (w), menurut Shorrocks (1972) dan Lefevre (1975) dalam King (1965) memiliki ciri warna faset mata putih dan halus,
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2.4 Ekspresi Fenotip Kelamin
Makhluk hidup di bumi sangat beraneka ragam, pada beberapa kelompok hewan dijumpai cara penentuan jenis kelamin yang tidak sama. Beberapa tipe penentuan jenis kelamin yang dikenal ialah tipe XY, ZO, XO, dan ZW (Suryo, 1992). Tipe penentuan jenis kelamin pada Drosophila melanogaster adalah tipe XY. Suryo (1992) menambahkan bahwa inti tubuh Drosophila melanogaster memiliki 8 buah kromosom yang dibedakan atas: a) 6 buah kromosom (3 pasang) yang pada lalat betina maupun jantan bentuknya sama. Karena itu kromosom-kromosom ini disebut autosom (kromosom tubuh), disingkat dengan huruf A. b) 2 buah kromosom (1 pasang) disebut kromosom kelamin (kromosom seks), sebab bentuknya ada yang berbeda pada lalat betina dan jantan (Suryo, 1992). Berikut merupakan gambar model XY pada penentuan jenis kelamin Drosophila melanogaster :
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Seiring dengan semakin banyaknya penelitian di bidang genetika, ternyata penentuan jenis kelamin tidak sesederhana yang diduga semula. Penyelidikan yang dilakukan oleh C. B. Bridges dalam Gardner (1991) terhadap Drosophila melanogaster memperlihatkan bahwa sebenarnya faktor penentu jantan terdapat dalam autosom. Bridges membuktikan bahwa lebih dari sebuah gen dalam kromosom X mempengaruhi sifat betina, sedangkan gen-gen yang mempengaruhi sifat jantan tersebar luas dalam autosom dan tidak ditemukan pada kromoson Y. Singleton (1962) dalam Farida (1996) menyatakan bahwa kehadiran kromosom Y bukan merupakan faktor penentu jenis kelamin, melainkan ditentukan oleh perimbangan jumlah kromosom X dan jumlah pasangan autosom. Selanjutnya Riley (1948) dalam Farida (1996) dan Stansfield (1983) menyatakan bahwa adanya kromosom Y pada Drosophila untuk fertilitas jantan, yang diperlukan untuk membentuk jantan fertil. King (1965) juga menyebutkan bahwa autosom – autosom menentukan jenis kelamin jantan dan kromosom – kromosom X menentukan jenis kelamin betina, sedangkan Y dapat diabaikan. Bridges dalam Gardner (1991), menyatakan bahwa mekanisme penentuan jenis kelamin pada Drosophila melanogaster lebih tepat didasarkan atas teori perimbangan genetik. Teori tersebut menyatakan bahwa untuk menentukan jenis
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Dalam keadaan normal, Drosophila normal, Drosophila melanogaster betina betina membentuk satu macam sel telur saja yang bersifat haploid (3AX). Drosophila melanogaster jantan membentuk 2 macam spermatozoa yang haploid, ada spermatozoa yang membawa kromosm X (3 AX) dan ada yang membawa kromosom Y (3AY). Apabila sel telur itu dibuahi spermatozoa yang membawa kromosom X, terjadilah Drosophila melanogaster betina diploid (3AAXX). Tetapi bila sel telur itu dibuahi oleh spermatozoa yang membawa kromosom Y, terjadilah Drosophila melanogaster (jantan) yang diploid (3AAXY). Kadang – kadang pada saat meiosis selama pembentukan sel – sel sel kelamin, sepasang kromosom kelamin itu tidak memisahkan diri melainkan tetap berkumpul. Peristiwa ini disebut “non disjunction”. Jika sampai terjadi non disjunction selama oogenesis maka akan terbentuk dua macam sel telur yaitu sel telur dengan dua kromosom X (3AXX) dan sel telur tanpa kromosom X (3AO). Rincian gambaran jika sel telur hasil “non
disjunction” dibuahi oleh spermatozoa normal akan dikemukakan lebih lanjut seperti pernyataan Gardner (1991) dan Strickberger (1985). a. Apabila sel telur dengan dua kromosom X dibuahi oleh spermatozoa X, maka akan dihasilkan Drosophila melanogaster betina super (3AAXXX) yang memiliki 3 kromosom X. Drosophila melanogaster ini tak lama
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2.5 Nisbah Kelamin
Nisbah kelamin adalah jumlah individu – individu jantan dibagi dengan jumlah individu – individu betina dalam suatu spesies yang sama (Herskowitz, 1973 dalam Farida, 1995). Untuk hewan dengan mekanisme penentuan kelamin XY, individu betina akan memproduksi telur yang membawa kromosom X dan individu jantan akan memproduksi dua macam gamet (X dan Y) dalam jumlah yang kurang lebih sama (Rothwell, 1983 dalam Farida, 1996). Gardner (1991) dan Maxon (1985) dalam Farida (1996) mengemukakan bahwa konsekuensi dari hukum segregasi/pemisahan Mendel dan adanya fertilisasi secara acak pada pasangan kromosom XY, jenis kelamin diramalkan akan terjadi terja di dengan nisbah 1 : 1. Stansfield (1983) menyatakan bahwa penentuan kelamin dengan metode XY akan menghasilkan nisbah kelamin 1 : 1 untuk tiap generasi. Pada Drosophila Pada Drosophila melanogaster sering sering terjadi penyimpangan nisbah (tidak 1:1). Hal demikian ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya yaitu adanya alela resesif autosom yang disebut transformer (tra). Pada perilangan antara betina carrier tra (Tratra XX) dengan jantan homozigot resesif tra (tratra XY), pada keturunan akan diperoleh nisbah jantan banding nisbah betina dengan rasio yang tidak normal yaitu 3 : 1 (Rothwell, 1983 dalam Farida 1996). Hadirnya
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menginfeksi
materi
genetik asam nukleat strain – strain Drosophila
melanogaster . Menurut Rudiyanto (1995), Gardner (1984) menjelaskan bahwa
viabilitas adalah “ Degree of capability to live and develop normally” (kemampuan untuk hidup dan berkembang secara normal). Lebih lanjut dijelaskan bahwa viabilitas makhluk hidup dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal dalam hal ini adalah sifat genetik yang dimiliki makhluk hidup tersebut, sedangkan faktor eksternal dapat meliputi suhu, cahaya, kelembaban, nutrisi, ruang gerak, dan faktor – faktor faktor lain. b) Pautan Gen Resesif Letal Pautan gen resesif letal menyebabkan kematian jantan hemizigot, sehingga berakibat tidak seimbangnya antara jumlah jantan dan betina (Maxon, 1985). Selanjutnya Strickberger (1985) menyatakan bahwa apabila satu dari kromosom
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sel yang karakteristiknya seperti ovarium. Lebih lanjut Stansfield (1983) menyatakan bahwa gen resesif tra terletak pada kromosom no 3 Drosophila melanogaster . Kehadiran gen tra ini dianggap dapat mengubah nisbah kelamin (Rothwell, 1948). e) Suhu Proses hidup dibatasi oleh suhu. Sifat fenotip tampak setelah zat – zat dalam sel diubah menjadi hasil akhir melalui suatu seri reaksi kimia (Crowder, 1990). Dalam Gardner (1991) dinyatakan bahwa pada reaksi kimia tersebut, tiap tahap reaksi dikatalisis oleh enzim yang spesifik. Enzim ini dikode oleh suatu atau beberapa gen. Weaver Weav er dan Hedrik (1989) dan Gardner (1991) menyatakan bahwa enzim aktif pada suhu rendah, tetapi sebagian atau keseluruhan tidak aktif pada suhu tinggi.
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g) Umur jantan. Fowler (1973) dalam Nurjanah (1998) menyatakan bahwa individu jantan yang belum pernah kawin, jumlah spermanya akan bertambah seiring umur jantan. Pada umur jantan muda cenderung menurukan gamet X. Hal ini berarti perbedaan umur juga dapat menyebabkan menyebabkan perbedaan rasio kelamin. h) Faktor Genetik Menurut Corebima (2004), penentuan jenis kelamin ditentukan oleh gen. Gen yang bertanggung jawab dalam penentuan jenis kelamin makhluk hidup salah satunya Drosophila satunya Drosophila melanogaster tidak tidak hanya satu pasang, tetapi banyak pasang yang terletak pada kromosom kelamin maupun autosom. i) Peristiwa “ Non Disjunction”
Terjadinya peristiwa “ Non disjunction ” selama oogenesis dimungkinkan
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BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual
Gen memiliki peranan penting dalam menentukan karakteristik atau sifat makhluk hidup
Drosophila melanogaster merupakan merupakan salah satu makhluk hidup yang ekspresi fenotipnya dikendalikan oleh gen
Gen memiliki peranan penting salah satunya adalah untuk menentukan jenis
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Persilangan Drosophila Persilangan Drosophila melanogaster strain N♂ x N♀, m♂ x w♀ dan
resiproknya w♂ x m♀
Pengamatan dan dan Perhitungan Jumlah Fenotip Fenotip pada hasil anakan strain N♂ x N♀ (F1, F2, F3, F4), strain m♂ x w♀(F1, F2, F3), dan strain w♂ x m♀ (F1, F2, F3)
Analisis data menggunakan rekonstruksi kromosom dan analisis statistika uji Chi Square (X 2)
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3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian
Berdasarkan rumusan masalah yang telah dikemukakan, maka di dapatkan hipotesis pada penelitian ini antara lain; a. Rasio nisbah kelamin pada kecenderungan munculnya kelamin jantan dan betina pada setiap generasi pada persilangan homogami Drosophila melanogaster strain N♂ x N♀ tidak menyimpang dari rasio nisbah
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BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian
Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif yang dilakukan dengan melakukan pengamatan dan perhitungan
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4.3.2 Sampel
Sampel
yang
digunakan
pada
penelitian
ini
adalah Drosophila
melanogaster strain strain N, m dan w yang diperoleh dari stok Laboratorium Genetika Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA), Universitas Negeri Malang (UM) yang digunakan dalam penelitian.
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21) Lap
23) Alat Tulis
22) Spidol
4.5.2 Bahan
Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain, 1)
Drosophila melanogaster strain N, m, dan w
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f)
Setelah ± 45 menit, mengangkat medium dari kompor kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam botol selai yang bersih dan steril menggunakan centong lalu ditutup dengan busa penutup yang sudah disterilkan dengan cara diuapkan
g)
Mendinginkan medium dengan cara memasukkan botol yang berisis medium di dalam nampan yang yang berisi air.
h)
Medium yang telah di dinginkan di dalam botol selai ditambahkan dengan ± 4
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