DECREE BINDS THE LAND SECTION 31, PD1529
G.R. No. 76265 April 22, 1992 VIRGINIA CALALANG, pettoner, vs. REGISTER O !EE!S O "#E$ON CIT%, CIT%, A!&INISTRATOR A!&INISTRATOR O NATIONAL LAN! TITLES AN! !EE!S REGISTRATION A!&INISTRATION, L#CIA !E LA CR#$, CONSTANCIO SI&ANGAN 'n( IGLESIA NI )RISTO, respon(en*s. G.R. No. +2+- April 22, 1992 A#G#STO &. !E LEON, OSE &. !E CASTRO, CASTRO, OSE A. /ANLILEO, /ANLILEO, ELICI!A! VERGARA VERGARA V!A. !E /INE!A, ERNAN!O L. VIT#G I, ERNAN!O &. VIT#G II, ERNAN!O &. VIT#G III, A#STINO TO0IA, ELENA &. OSTREA 'n( ELISA C. CRISTO0ALGENEROSO CRISTO0ALGENEROSO,, pettoners, vs. TE ON. CO#RT O A//EALS 'n( 0ISO/ ERA3O &ANALO, respon(en*s. cot!o"e!s# # $ these t%o coso&$'(te' coso&$'(te' )e**os $s ( )(!ce& )(!ce& of &(' + Lot -1.A '4*s The subject of cot!o"e!s &oc(te' $ D$&$/(0 The )e**oe!s (!e $'$"$'u(& &ot o%e!s %ho c&($/ to h("e bouht the$! !es)ec*"e )o!*os f!o/ A/('o C&e/ete $ the 195s0 C&e/ete $s (&&ee' to be the !e$ste!e' o%e! of s($' &(' %ho co"e!te' $t $to ( sub'$"$s$o 4o% (s C&e/"$&&e Sub'$"$s$o0 Lot -1.A $s (ctu(&&# )(!t of ( b$e! )(!ce& 4o% (s Lot -1 %h$ch $s c&($/e' b# !es)o'et I&es$( $ !$sto 6IN7, %h$ch bouht s($' )!o)e!t# f!o/ Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 $ 19-50 De&( C!u8 %(s ('ju'e' the !$hu& o%e! of Lot -1 $ the c(se of 'e&( C!u8 "0 'e&( C!u8 613 SCRA :19;<=70 Th$s )!e"$ous c(se of c(se of 'e&( C!u8 "0 'e&( C!u8 %(s ( (c*o fo! !eco"e#(ce fou'e' o b!e(ch of t!ust >&e' b# Auus*( 'e&( C!u8, et (&0 (($st Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 (' IN0 I th$s c(se, the Su)!e/e Cou!t u)he&' the "(&$'$t# of the s(&e of Luc$( to the IN (' the *t&e of IN to the subject !e(&t# 6Lot -17 %(s "(&$'(te' (s %e&&0 Th$s 'ec$s$o s)(%e' the 2 coso&$'(te' c(ses (t b(!? I @0R0 No0 -25, C(&(&( (&&ee' th(t she $s the !e$ste!e' o%e! of ( )o!*o of Lot -1.A (s e"$'ece' b# TCT Nos0 1-55, 1-5< (' 1-520 She (&&ee'&# c(/e to 4o% of INS c&($/ o&# %he ( )!os)ec*"e bu#e! $s)ecte' the &(' o Auust 19; (' s(% the o t!es)(ss$ s$ )&(ce' b# IN0 I @0R0 No0 ;32;, the )e**oe!s (&&ee' th(t the# ('o! the$! )!e'ecesso!s $ $te!est %e!e $ssue' the$! co!!es)o'$ *t&es to the &ots )u!ch(se' f!o/ A/('o C&e/ete $ the 195s0 The# (&&ee' th(t the# too4 )h#s$c(& )ossess$o of the$! &ots $ C&e/"$&&e Sub'$"$s$o b# (ctu(&&# occu)#$ the s(/e, 'ec&(!$ the/ $ the$! (/es fo! t( )u!)oses, fec$ o! /(!4$ the/ o (' et!us* the$! c(!e to 4(*%(&(s0 !o/ the */e the# (cFu$!e' the$! To!!es T$t&e the# (' the# (&oe to the ec&us$o of IN ee!c$se' (&& (cts of u'$stu!be', )e(cefu& (' u$te!!u)te' o%e!sh$) (' )ossess$o $c&u'$ the )(#/et of the$! !e(&t# t(es0 I Auust 19;5, IN st(!te' to ec&ose the e*!e C&e/"$&&e Sub'$"$s$o %$th s(%(&$ feces %$th b$&&bo(!'s !('o/&# )oste' %$th NO TRESPASSIN@0 IN (&so 'est!o#e' the coc!eteho&&o% b&oc4 fece su!!ou'$ the &ot of )e**oe! 'e C(st!o (' st(!te' the cost!uc*o of hous$ st!uctu!es the!e$0 At the s(/e */e, $t co//ece' the 'e&$"e!# of cost!uc*o /(te!$(&s to the fo!/e! )!e/$ses of )e**oe! P(&$&$o to e!ect )e!/(et st!uctu!es of st!o /(te!$(&s o $t0 Pe**oe!s >&e' fo! ( )e**o fo! $juc*o %$th '(/(es0 RTC !(te' $tG the ju'e $ssue' ( !est!($$ o!'e! (' set the c(se fo! he(!$ the %!$t of )!e&$/$(!# $juc*o0 The$! )!(#e! fo! $juc*o h(s bee 'e$e' $ both RTC (' CA0
(cFu$!e' the$! )!o)e!*es f!o/ ( e*!e&# '$e!et )e!so, A/('o C&e/ete (' ot f!o/ (# of the he$!s of Po&$c(!)$o 'e &( C!u8, t he# cou&' ot be cos$'e!e' )!$"$es to ( # of the/0 $th the Cou!ts !u&$ )!o/u&(te' $ 19;<, )e**oe!s c(ot !($se (e% the Fues*o of o%e!sh$) of Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 o"e! Lot -1 %h$ch h(' bee 'ete!/$e' b# the Cou!t of A))e(&s (' (!/e' b# the Su)!e/e Cou!t $ the 'e&( C!u8 c(se0 e&&.seJ&e' $s the !u&e euc$(te' $ Chu!ch Ass$st(ce P!o!(/, Ic0 "0 S$bu&o, 1-1 SCRA <; :19;9= th(t? When a right or fact has been judicially tried and determined by a court of competent jurisdicon, so long as it remains unreversed, it should be conclusive upon the pares and those in in privity with them in law law or estate. The Cou!ts !u&$ h(s &o bee >(& (' the $ssue o o%e!sh$) of Lot -1 >(&&# '$s)ose' of se"e!(& #e(!s (o0 Th$s 'ec&(!(*o /ust be !es)ecte' (' fo&&o%e' $ the $st(t c(se ())&#$ the )!$c$)&e of !es ju'$c(t( o!, othe!%$se, the !u&e o coc&us$"eess of ju'/et0 Ie"$t(b&#, the 'e&( C!u8 !u&$ shou&' be ())&$e' to the )!eset )e**os s$ce the f(cts o %h$ch such 'ec$s$o %(s )!e'$c(te' co*ue to be the f(cts of the c(se befo!e us o%0 E"e the )e**oe!s subst(*(&&# ('o)t the s(/e >'$s of f(cts $ the$! )&e('$s0 The f(ctu(& $Fu$!# %$th !e(!'s to the h$sto!# of Lot -1 h(s (&!e('# bee &($' to !est (' /(# o &oe! be '$stu!be'0 K)o !e"$e%$ the f(cts of the 'e&( C!u8 c(se, the!e $s o /e*o of A/('o C&e/ete0 A c&ose! )e!us(& of the !eco!'s $ @0 R0 -25 %ou&', ho%e"e!, ho%e"e!, !e"e(& th(t TCT No0 1212 %(s $ssue' fo! Lot -1.A $ the (/e of A/('o C&e/ete o Auust 9, 19510 A/('o C&e/etes TCT No0 1212 e/((te' f!o/ TCT No0 <355 $ the (/e of Eue$( 'e &( P(8 (' Do!ote( 'e&( C!u80 Thus, A/('o C&e/etes )!e'ecesso!s.$.$te!est (!e Eue$( 'e&( P(8 (' Do!ote( 'e&( C!u8 %ho/ the Cou!t fou' to h("e &ost the$! !$hts o"e! Lot -1 b# "$!tue of the s(&e /('e to Luc$( 'e&( C!u80 It $s u'$s)ute' th(t Lot -1 %(s so&' to Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 b# Eue$( 'e&( P(8 (' Do!ote( 'e&( C!u8 (s e"$'ece' b# Et!# No0 25;, )(e -, o&0 -, P!$/(!# Et!# Boo4 of the Re$st!# of Dee's of M($&(0 The s(&e of the &(' to Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 (' the subseFuet !e$st!(*o the!eof $ the P!$/(!# Boo4 of the Re$st!# of Dee's, M($&( cos*tutes cost!uc*"e o*ce to the %ho&e %o!&'0 S$ce $t $s the (ct of !e$st!(*o %h$ch t!(sfe!s o%e!sh$) of the &(' so&', Lot -1 %(s (&!e('# o%e' b# Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 (s e(!&# (s 19<30 The f(ct th(t A/('o C&e/ete )ossesse' ( ce!*>c(te of *t&e 'oes ot ecess(!$&# /(4e h$/ the t!ue o%e!0 A' ot be$ the o%e!, he c(ot t!(s/$t (# !$ht to o! t!(sfe! (# *t&e o! $te!est o"e! the &(' co"e#e'0 Mo!eo"e!, the )e**o fo! !ecos*tu*o of *t&e b# Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 %h$ch the cou!t he&' to be "(&$' %(s ( )!ocee'$ $ !e/0 It $s %e&& est(b&$she' th(t $ !e/ )!ocee'$s such (s &(' !e$st!(*o cos*tute cost!uc*"e o*ce to the %ho&e %o!&'0 The )e**oe!s c(ot o% c&($/ th(t the# %e!e ot o*>e' of the !ecos*tu*o )!ocee'$s o"e! s($' &ot, hece, the *t&e $ the (/e of Luc$( 'e&( h(s beco/e $'efe(s$b&e (' $cot!o"e!*b&e0 L$4e%$se, the IN %(s (&so $ssue' ( To!!es T$t&e o"e! Lot -1 (s ( !esu&t of the s(&e /('e to $t b# the !$hu& o%e!, Luc$( 'e&( C!u8 $ 19-50 K'e! the To!!es S#ste/ of !e$st!(*o, the To!!es T$t&e bec(/e $'efe(s$b&e (' $cot!o"e!*b&e oe #e(! f!o/ $ts >(& 'ec!ee0 It $s, the!efo!e, too &(te $ the '(# fo! the )e**oe!s to !eo)e o! Fues*o the &e(&$t# of INs *t&e o"e! Lot -1 (t th$s */e0 To !eo)e o! to Fues*o the &e(&$t# of INs *t&e %ou&' 'efe(t the )u!)ose of ou! To!!es s#ste/ %h$ch see4s to $su!e st(b$&$t# b# Fu$e* *t&e' &('s (' )u to ( sto) fo!e"e! (# Fues*o of the &e(&$t# of the !e$st!(*o $ the ce!*>c(te o! Fues*os %h$ch /(# (!$se the!ef!o/0
Isse hethe! o! ot the !u&$ $ the 'e&( C!u8 c(se shou&' (&so ())&# to the )e**oe!s0 Rlin Coso&$'(te' )e**os %e!e '$s/$sse' fo! &(c4 of /e!$t0 The )e**oe!s (!ue th(t the 'e&( C!u8 c(se cou&' ot be ())&$e' to the/ s$ce the# %e!e ot )(!*es $ th(t c(se o! %e!e %e!e the# e"e! o*>e' of such c(se )e'$ bet%ee bet%ee the )(!*es0 The )e**oe!s e)&($e' th(t the 'e &( C!u8 c(se %(s ( c(se (/o the he$!s of Po&$c(!)$o 'e &( C!u80 S$ce the#
I "$e% of (&& the fo!eo$, $t %ou&' be fo! the )ub&$c $te!est (' the /($te(ce of the $te!$t# (' st(b$&$t# of the To!!es s#ste/ of &(' !e$st!(*o th(t (&& t!(sfe! ce!*>c(tes of *t&e 'e!$"e' f!o/ the !ecos*tut !ecos*tute' e' *t&e of Eue$( 'e&( P(8 (' Do!ote( 'e&( C!u8 be (u&&e' $ o!'e! o!'e! to )!e"et the )!o&$fe!(*o of 'e!$"(*"e *t&es %h$ch (!e u&& (' "o$'0 The &e(&$t# o! "(&$'$t# of INs *t&e o"e! Lot -1 h(s bee seJ&e'0
DECREE BINDS THE LAND SECTION 31, PD1529
G.R. No. 19226+ 'n'r8 27, 2-16 !E/ART&ENT O E!#CATION, represen*e( 8 i*s Reion'l !ire4*or, /ettoner, vs. !ELINA C. CASI0ANG, ANGELINA C. CANA/I, ERLIN!A C. 0AAN, LORNA G. G#&A0A%, !IONISIA C. ALON$O, &ARIA C. 0ANGA %AN 'n( !IGNA C. 0INA%#G, Respon(en*s.
O (u(!# 1, 2;, RTC !u&e' $ f("o! of the !es)o'ets0 It 'ec&(!e' !es)o'ets (s o%e!s of s($' &ot (' )(#/et of just co/)es(*o0 De)e', th!ouh OS@, ())e(&e' the c(se befo!e the CA0 De)e' $s$ste' th(t !es)o'ets (!e b(!!e' b# &(ches0 Ho%e"e!, CA (!/e' the 'ec$s$o of RTC $ toto0
Isse hethe! o! ot CA e!!e' $ (!/$ RTCQs 'ec$s$o th(t the !es)o'etQs !$ht to !eco"e! the '4*s The )!o)e!t# $ cot!o"e!s# $s ( -,532 sFu(!e /ete! )o!*o of Lot 115 co"e!e' b# OCT No0 .2-
)ossess$o of the &(' $s ot b(!!e' b# )!esc!$)*o ('o! &(ches0
!e$ste!e' u'e! the (/e of u( Ce)e'(, the !es)o'ets &(te f(the!0
Rlin Pe**o h(s o /e!$t0 So/e*/e $ 195, u)o the !eFuest of the the M(#o! usto Ces(! C(!o(, Ce)e'( (&&o%e' the cost!uc*o (' o)e!(*o of ( schoo& o the %este! )o!*o of h$s )!o)e!t#0 The schoo& $s o% 4o% (s So&(( No!th Cet!(& Schoo&, o)e!(* u'e! the cot!o& (' su)e!"$s$o of the )e**oe! De)E'0 Des)$te Ce)e'(s 'e(th $ 19;3, the !es)o'ets (' othe! 'esce'(ts of Ce)e'( co*ue' to to&e!(te the use (' )ossess$o of the )!o)e!t# b# the schoo&0 So/e*/e bet%ee Octobe! 31, 2 (' No"e/be! 2, 2, the !es)o'ets ete!e' (' occu)$e' ( )o!*o of the )!o)e!t#0 K)o '$sco"e!# of the s($' occu)(*o, the te(che!s of the schoo& b!ouht the /(Je! to the (Je*o of the b(!((# c()t($0 The schoo& oc $(&s 'e/('e' the !es)o'ets to "(c(te the )!o)e!t#0 Ho%e"e!, the !es)o'ets !efuse' (' (sse!te' Ce)e'(s o%e!sh$) of the &ot O ue 21, 21, the De)E' >&e' ( Co/)&($t fo! o!c$b&e Et!# (' D(/(es (($st !es)o'ets befo!e the MCTC of So&((.E!$&e0 The MCTC !u&e' $ f("o! of the )e**oe! (' '$!ecte' !es)o'ets to "(c(te the )!e/$ses0 O ())e(&, the R TC (!/e' the 'ec$s$o of the MCTC0 The!e(e!, !es)o'ets 'e/('e' the )e**oe! to e$the! )(# !et, )u!ch(se the (!e( occu)$e', o! "(c(te the )!e/$ses0 De)E' '$' ot hee' the 'e/(' (' !efuse' to !eco$8e the o%e!sh$) of the !es)o'ets o"e! the )!o)e!t#0 O M(!ch 1, 2<, the !es)o'ets >&e' ( (c*o fo! Reco"e!# of Possess$o ('o! Su/ of Moe# (($st the De)E'0 Res)o'ets ("e!!e' th(t s$ce the$! &(te f(the! '$' ot h("e (# $//e'$(te ee' of the &(' $ 195, he cosete' to the bu$&'$ of the te/)o!(!# st!uctu!e (' (&&o%e' the co'uct of c&(sses $ the )!e/$ses0 The# c&($/e' th(t the# h("e bee 'e)!$"e' of the use (' the ejo#/et of the )o!*o of the &(' occu)$e' b# the schoo&, thus, the# (!e e*t&e' to just co/)es(*o (' !e(so(b&e !et fo! the use of )!o)e!t#0 I $ts As%e!, De)E' (&&ee' th(t $t o%e' the subject )!o)e!t# bec(use $t %(s )u!ch(se' b# c$"$c. /$'e' !es$'ets of So&((, C((#( f!o/ Ce)e'(0 It fu!the! (&&ee' th(t cot!(!# to !es)o'ets c&($/ th(t the occu)(*o $s b# /e!e to&e!(ce, the )!o)e!t# h(s (&%(#s bee occu)$e' (' use' ('"e!se&#, )e(cefu&&#, co*uous&# (' $ the coce)t of o%e! fo! (&/ost fo!t# 6<7 #e(!s0 It $s$ste' th(t the !es)o'ets h(' &ost %h(te"e! !$ht the# h(' o"e! the )!o)e!t# th!ouh &(ches 6(&&ee' th(t !es)o'ets f($&e' to (sse!t the$! !$ht fo! /o!e th( 3 #e(!s70 Du!$ the t!$(&, !es)o'ets )!esete' the OCT No0 O.2- !e$ste!e' $ the (/e of u( Ce)e'(G T( Dec&(!(*os (&so $ h$s (/e (' the t( !ece$)ts sho%$ th(t the# h(' bee )(#$ !e(& )!o)e!t# t(es o the )!o)e!t# s$ce 1950 The# (&so )!esete' the Tech$c(& Desc!$)*o of the &ot b# the De)(!t/et of E"$!o/et (' N(tu!(& Resou!ces L(' M((e/et Se!"$ces sho%$ th(t the subject )!o)e!t# %(s su!"e#e' $ the (/e of Ce)e'( (' ( ce!*>c(*o f!o/ the Mu$c$)(& T!$(& Cou!t of So&((, C((#( 'ec&(!$ th(t Lot 115 %(s the subject of C(' C(se No0 N.13 $ LRC C('0 Reco!' No0 N.2 %h$ch %(s ('ju'$c(te' to Ce)e'(0 Des)$te o*ce (' !eset of he(!$, De)e' f($&e' to )!eset $t e"$'ece (' subst(*(te $ts 'efese0
L(ches, $ ( ee!(& sese, $s the f($&u!e o! e&ect fo! ( u!e(so(b&e (' ue)&($e' ð of */e, to 'o th(t %h$ch, b# ee!c$s$ 'ue '$&$ece, cou&' o! shou&' h("e bee 'oe e(!&$e!G $t $s e&$ece o! o/$ss$o to (sse!t ( !$ht %$th$ ( !e(so(b&e */e, %(!!(* ( )!esu/)*o th(t the )(!t# e*t&e' to (sse!t $t e$the! h(s (b('oe' $t o! 'ec&$e' to (sse!t $t0 The!e $s o (bso&ute !u&e (s to %h(t cos*tutes &(ches o! st(&eess of 'e/('G e(ch c(se $s to be 'ete!/$e' (cco!'$ to $ts )(!*cu&(! c$ !cu/st(ces0 L(ches $s e"$'e*(!# $ (tu!e, ( f(ct th(t c(ot be est(b&$she' b# /e!e (&&e(*os $ the )&e('$s0 C$* Go Chi Gun, et al. v. Co Cho, et al , SC eu/e!(te' the e&e/ets of &(ches? 617 co'uct o the )(!t of the 'efe'(t, o! of oe u'e! %ho/ he c&($/s, $"$ !$se to the s$tu(*o of %h$ch co/)&($t $s /('e fo! %h$ch the co/)&($t see4s ( !e/e'#G 627 'e&(# $ (sse!* the co/)&($(ts !$hts, the co/)&($(t h("$ h(' 4o%&e'e o! o*ce, of the 'efe'(ts co'uct (' h("$ bee (o!'e' ( o))o!tu$t# to $s*tute ( su$tG 637 &(c4 of 4o%&e'e o! o*ce o the )(!t of the 'efe'(t th(t the co/)&($(t %ou&' (sse!t the !$ht o %h$ch he b(ses h$s su$tG (' 6<7 $ju!# o! )!eju'$ce to the 'efe'(t $ the e"et !e&$ef $s (cco!'e' to the co/)&($(t, o! the su$t $s ot he&' to be b(!!e'0 De)E' ("e!!e' th(t $t o%e' the subject )!o)e!t# bec(use the &(' %(s )u!ch(se' b# the c$"$c./$'e' !es$'ets of So&((0 It fu!the! (&&ee' th(t s$ce $t %(s the the M(#o! %ho co"$ce' Ce)e'( to (&&o% the schoo& to occu)# the )!o)e!t# (' use the s(/e, $t be&$e"e' $ oo' f($th th(t the o%e!sh$) of the )!o)e!t# %(s (&!e('# t!(sfe!!e' to $t0 Ho%e"e!, the De)E' '$' ot )!eset, $ (''$*o to the 'ee' of s(&e, ( 'u&#.!e$ste!e' ce!*>c(te of *t&e $ )!o"$ the (&&ee' t!(sfe! o! s(&e of the )!o)e!t#0 As$'e f!o/ $ts (&&e(*o, the De)E' '$' ot (''uce (# e"$'ece to the t!(sfe! of o%e!sh$) of the &ot, o! th(t Ce)e'( !ece$"e' (# cos$'e!(*o fo! the )u!)o!te' s(&e0 Res)o'etsQ, o the othe! h(', )!esete' suc$et e"$'ece to )!o"e the$! c&($/0 Th(t be$ the c(se, $t $s the bu!'e of De)E' to )!o"e othe!%$se0 Kfo!tu(te&#, the De)E' f($&e' to )!eset (# e"$'ece0 As (($st the De)E's usubst(*(te' se&f.se!"$ c&($/ th(t $t (cFu$!e' the )!o)e!t# b# "$!tue of ( s(&e, the To!!es *t&e of !es)o'ets /ust )!e"($&0 As !e$ste!e' o%e!s of the &ots $ Fues*o, the !es)o'ets h("e ( !$ht to eject (# )e!so $&&e(&&# occu)#$ the$! )!o)e!t#0 Th$s !$ht $s $/)!esc!$)*b&e0 Th$s !$ht $s e"e! b(!!e' b# &(ches0 Cos$'e!$ th(t the occu)(*o of the subject &ot $s b# /e!e to&e!(ce o! )e!/$ss$o of the !es)o'ets, the De)E', %$thout (# cot!(ct bet%ee the/, $s bou' b# ( $/)&$e' )!o/$se th(t $t %$&& "(c(te the s(/e u)o 'e/('0 Hece, u*& such 'e/(' to "(c(te %(s co//u$c(te' b# the !es)o'ets to the De)E', !es)o'ets (!e ot !eFu$!e' to 'o (# (ct to !eco"e! the subject &(', )!ec$se&# bec(use the# 4e% of the (tu!e of the De)E's )ossess$o %h$ch $ s b# /e!e to&e!(ce0 The!efo!e, !es)o'ets (!e ot u$&t# of f($&u!e o! e&ect to (sse!t ( !$ht %$th$ ( !e(so(b&e */e0 SC (&so !u&e' th(t C $ th$s c(se shou&' be b(se' o the )!e"($&$ /(!4et "(&ue0 The !ec4o$ )e!$o' fo! "(&u$ the )!o)e!t# $ c(se the &('o%e! ee!c$se' h$s !$hts $ (cco!'(ce %$th A!*c&e <<; 6De)e' bu$&'e! $ oo' f($th7 sh(&& be (t the */e the &('o%e! e&ecte' h$s cho$ce0
ONERQS DKPLICATE CERTIICATE
G.R. Nos. L217--: As* 1, 1966 &ATEO . RE%ES 'n( #AN . RE%ES, pettoners 'n( 'ppell'n*s, vs. &ATEO RAVAL RE%ES, respon(en* 'n( 'ppellee. '4*s Th$s c(se $s ( '$!ect ())e(& f!o/ CI I&ocos No!te o )u!e Fues*os of &(% $ $ts $ $ts C('(st!(&
Issue? hethe! o! ot )e**oe!s h("e ( beJe! !$ht to the )ossess$o o! custo'# of the '$s)ute' o%e!s 'u)&$c(tes of ce!*>c(tes of *t&e0 Ru&$? The Cou!t sees o "(&$' (' )&(us$b&e !e(so to jus*f# the %$thho&'$ f!o/ the !e$ste!e' o%e!s, such (s the )e**oe!s.())e&&(ts he!e$, the custo'# (' )ossess$o of the o%e!s 'u)&$c(tes of ce!*>c(tes of *t&e0
C(ses Nos0 31, L0 R0 C0 Rec0 No0 11;;, (' <2, L0 R0 C0 Rec0 No0 199< 0 Th!ee b!othe!s , M(teo H, u( H, (' !(c$sco H 6(&& su!(/e' Re#es7 (!e the !e$ste!e' o%e!s of se"e!(& )(!ce&s of &(' co"e!e' b# OCT T$t&e No0 2211 6Lots Nos0 15;91, 15;9, 1592 (' 15912, of L(o( C('(st!e7 (' OCT T$t&e No0 ; 6Lots Nos0 2<;1 (' 2<;<, of the s(/e c('(st!(& c(ses70 These *t&es, both $ssue' $ ROD I&ocos No!te, %e!e $ssue' )u!su(t to ( 'ec!ee of !e$st!(*o, '(te' 31 M(# 19<0 O 1- u&# 192, )e**oe!s M(teo H0 Re#es (' u( H0 Re#es >&e' ( /o*o fo! $ssu(ce of %!$ts of )ossess$o o"e! (&& the &ots co"e!e' b# both C e!*>c(tes of T$t&e (bo"e !efe!!e' to0 Res)o'et M(teo R("(& Re#es o))ose' the /o*o, ('/$ th(t he $s o&# $ )ossess$o of the &ots co"e!e' b# OCT No0 2211, but 'e#$ th(t he )ossesses the &ots co"e!e' b# OCT No0 ;G ho%e"e!, he c&($/e' th(t he h(s bee $, (' $s e*t&e' to, the )ossess$o the!eof 6$0e0, Lots Nos0 2<;1 (' 2<;<7, h("$ (cFu$!e' b# %(# of (bso&ute s(&e 6ot !eco!'e'7 f!o/ )e**oe!s b!othe!, !(c$sco H0 Re#es, the &(Je!s u'$"$'e' oe.th$!' 6137 sh(!e, $te!est (' )(!*c$)(*o to these '$s)ute' &ots0 O Dece/be! 2, 192, the cou!t ( Fuo $ssue', (e! 'ue he(!$, the %!$t of )ossess$o %$th !es)ect to Lot Nos0 15;91 (' 15;90 O (u(!# -, 193, such %!$t %(s (/e'e' 6u)o )e**oe!Qs MR7 to $c&u'e (&& the othe! &ots co"e!e' b# both *t&es0 Res)o'et '$' ot ())e(&0 O (u(!# 15, 193, )e**oe!s co//ece', o the s(/e cou!t, ( o!'$(!# c$"$& (c*o see4$ to !eco"e! the )!o'ucts of the '$s)ute' &ots, o! the$! "(&ue, (' /o!(& '(/(es (($st !es)o'et M(teo R("(& Re#es, (s 'efe'(t0 Th$s c(se %(s 'oc4ete' (s $ts C$"$& C(se No0 3590 M(teo R("(& Re#es (s%e!e' the co/)&($t (' )&e('e' ( coute!c&($/ fo! )(!**o of (&& the '$s)ute' &ots, (&&e$ the s(/e !ou' he h(' he!etofo!e !($se' $ h$s (s%e! ('o! o))os$*o to the /o*o fo! $ssu(ce of %!$t of )ossess$o (&&e$ he $s the$! 6)&($*s7 co.o%e!0 Pe'$ t!$(& of C$"$& C(se No0 359, )e**oe!s )!esete', o eb!u(!# 25, 193, $ the c('(st!(& c(ses (fo!e/e*oe', ( /o*o to co/)e& !es)o'et M(teo R("(& Re#es to su!!e'e! (' 'e&$"e! to the/ the o%e!s 'u)&$c(tes of O!$$(& Ce!*>c(tes of T$t& e Nos0 2211 (' ;0 The cou!t ( Fuo 'e$e' )e**oe!s /o*o, o the !ou' th(t the )(!ce&s of &(' co"e!e' b# both *t&es (!e subjects of &$*(*o $ C$ "$& C(se No0 359 (' the s(/e h(s ot #et bee 'ec$'e' o the /e!$ts b# $t0 The /o*o fo! cos$'e!(*o %(s &$4e%$se 'e$e', hece, ())e(& %(s souht '$!ect&# to SC0 Pe**oe!s cote' th(t s$ce the subject /(Je! of C$"$& C(se No0 359 (!e ot the &ot s co"e!e' b# the *t&es $ Fues*o but the$! )!o'ucts o! "(&ue, (' /o!(& '(/(es, these &ots (!e ot $ &$*(*o $ th$s o!'$(!# c$"$& c(seG (' th(t s$ce !es)o'et h(' (&!e('# !($se' the $ssue of o%e!sh$) (' )ossess$o of these &ots $ h$s o))os$*o to the )e**oe!s /o*o fo! $ssu(ce of %!$t of )ossess$o (' %$thout (# ())e(& be$ t(4e, !es)o'et $s b(!!e' (' esto))e' f!o/ !($s$ the s(/e $ssue $ the o!'$(!# c$"$& c(se, u'e! the )!$c$)&e of !es ju'$c(t(0
C$* ( o&' ju!$s)!u'ece 6E& D$!ecto! 'e Te!!eos cot!( Ab(c(h$ -2 Ph$&0 327, the Cou!t h(s he&' th(t the o%e! of the &(' $ %hose f("o! (' $ %hose (/e s($' &(' $s !e$ste!e' (' $sc!$be' $ the ce!*>c(te of *t&e h(s ( /o!e )!efe!e*(& !$ht to the )ossess$o of the o%e!s 'u)&$c(te th( oe %hose (/e 'oes ot ())e(! $ the ce!*>c(te (' h(s #et to est(b&$sh h$s !$ht to the )ossess$o the!eto0 It be$ u'$s)ute' th(t !es)o'et h(' (&!e('# ("($&e' of ( $'e)e'et c$"$& (c*o to !eco"e! h$s (&&ee' co.o%e!s sh(!e $ the '$s)ute' &ots b# >&$ ( coute!c&($/ fo! )(!**o $ s($' C$"$& C(se No0 359, h$s !$hts ())e(! to be (/)&# )!otecte'G (' cos$'e!$ th(t he /(# (&so ("($& of, to beJe! )!otect h$s !$hts the!eto, the )!o"$s$o o o*ce of &$s )e'es u'e! Sec*o 2<, Ru&e 1<, of the Re"$se' Ru&es of Cou!t, fo! the )u!)ose of !eco!'$ the f(ct th(t the &ots co"e!e' b# the *t&es $ Fues*o (!e &$*(te' $ s($' C$"$& C(se No0 359, %e (($ see o jus*>(b&e !e(so fo! !es)o'et to !et($ the custo'# of the o%e!s 'u)&$c(tes of ce!*>c(tes of *t&es0 he!efo!e, !es)o'et M(teo R("(& Re#es %(s o!'e!e' to 'e&$"e! to )e**oe!s the o%e!s 'u)&$c(tes of O!$$(& Ce!*>c(tes of T$t&e No0 2211 (' ;0
ONERQS DKPLICATE CERTIICATE
G.R. No. 15::-9 ne 21, 2--: Sposes NOEL 'n( #LIE A0RIGO, pettoners, vs. RO&ANA !E VERA, respon(en*. '4*s O M(# 2-, 1993, @&o!$( $&&(f($( so&' ( house (' &ot &oc(te' (t B((o(, M((&'(, P((s$( 6co"e!e' b# ( T( Dec&(!(*o7 to Rose'( T$o.S(&(8(! (' Ros$t( C("e.@o0 The s($' s(&e bec(/e ( subject of ( su$t fo! (u&/et of 'ocu/ets bet%ee the "e'o! (' the "e'ees0 O Dece/be! -, 1993, the )(!*es eete!e' $to ( Co/)!o/$se A!ee/et 6'u&# ())!o"e' b# RTC7 th(t @&o!$( $&&(f($( %(s $"e oe #e(! f!o/ the '(te of the Co/)!o/$se A!ee/et to bu# b(c4 the house (' &ot, (' f($&u!e to 'o so %ou&' /e( th(t the )!e"$ous s(&e $ f("o! of Rose'( T$o.S(&(8(! (' Ros$t( C("e.@o sh(&& !e/($ "(&$' (' b$'$ (' the )&($* sh(&& "o&ut(!$&# "(c(te the )!e/$ses %$thout ee' of (# 'e/('0 L(te! o, @&o!$( $&&(f($( f($&e' to bu# b(c4 the house (' &ot, so the :"e'ees= 'ec&(!e' the &ot $ the$! (/e0 K4o% ho%e"e! to Rose'( T$o.S(&(8(! (' Ros$t( C("e.@o, @&o!$( $&&(f($( obt($e' ( f!ee )(tet o"e! the )(!ce& of &(' $"o&"e' :o M(!ch 15, 19;; (s e"$'ece' b# OCT No0 P.3522=0 The s($' f!ee )(tet %(s &(te! o c(ce&&e' b# TCT No0 21259; o A)!$& 11, 1990 O Octobe! 1, 199-, Rose'( T$o.S(&(8(! (' Ros$t( C("e.@o, so&' the house (' &ot to the Pe**oe!.S)ouses Noe& (' u&$e Ab!$o0 O Octobe! 23, 199-, @&o!$( $&&(f($( so&' the s(/e house (' &ot to Ro/(( 'e e!(0 Ro/(( 'e e!( !e$ste!e' the s(&e (' (s ( coseFuece, TCT No0 22515 %(s $ssue' $ he! (/e0 O No"e/be! 12, 199-, Ro/(( 'e e!( >&e' ( (c*o fo! o!c$b&e Et!# (' D(/(es )e**oe! s)ouses befo!e the MTC of M((&'(, P((s$(0 O eb!u(!# 25, 199;, De e!( (' S)ouses Ab!$o (!ee' th(t e$the! of the/ c( )h#s$c(&&# t(4e )ossess$o of the )!o)e!t# $ Fues*o u*& the $st(t c(se $s te!/$(te'0 Hece the eject/et c(se %(s '$s/$sse'0 Thus, o No"e/be! 21, 199-, S)ouses Ab!$o >&e' I RTC D(u( fo! the (u&/et of 'ocu/ets, $juc*o, )!e&$/$(!# $juc*o, !est!($$ o!'e! (' '(/(es (($st @&o!$( $&&(f($(0 Ae! the t!$(& o the /e!$ts, the &o%e! cou!t !e'e!e' ( 'ec$s$o (%(!'$ the )!o)e!*es to S)ouses Ab!$o (s %e&& (s '(/(es0 Mo!eo"e!, @&o!$( $&&(f($( %(s o!'e!e' to )(# S)ouses Ab!$o (' De e!( '(/(es (' (Jo!e#Qs fees0 S)ouses Ab!$o (' De e!( both ())e(&e'0 The CA '$s/$sse' the ())e(& of Pe**oe!.S)ouses Ab!$o (' fou' o suc$et b(s$s to (%(!' the/ /o!(& (' ee/)&(!# '(/(es (' (Jo!e#Qs fees0 The ())e(& of De e!( %(s &$4e%$se '$s/$sse'0 CA he&' th(t ( "o$' *t&e cou&' ot $"e !$se to ( "(&$' oe hece, $t '$s/$sse' the ())e(& of Ro/(( 'e e!(0 S$ce @&o!$( $&&(f($( h(' (&!e('# t!(sfe!!e' o%e!sh$) to Rose'( T$o.S(&(8(! (' Ros$t( C("e.@o, the subseFuet s(&e to De e!( %(s 'ee/e' "o$'0 K)o MR of De e!(, CA (/e'e' $ts Dec$s$o >'$ Res)o'et De e!( to be ( )u!ch(se! $ oo' f($th (' fo! "(&ue0 The ())e&&(te cou!t !u&e' th(t she h(' !e&$e' $ oo' f($th o the To!!es *t&e of he! "e'o! (' /ust thus be )!otecte'0
Isse hethe! o! ot S)ouses Ab!$o h(s ( beJe! to the )!o)e!t#0 Rlin Pe**o h(s o /e!$t0 The )!eset c(se $"o&"es %h(t $ &e(& cote/)&(*o %(s ( 'oub&e s(&e0 A!*c&e 15<< of the C$"$& Co'e )!o"$'es ( 'oub&e s(&e of $//o"(b&es t!(sfe!s o%e!sh$) to 617 the >!st !e$st!(t $ oo' f($thG 627 the,
the >!st )ossesso! $ oo' f($thG (' 637 >(&&#, the bu#e! %ho $ oo' f($th )!esets the o&'est *t&e0 The!e $s o (/b$u$t# $ the ())&$c(*o of th$s &(% %$th !es)ect to &('s !e$ste!e' u'e! the To!!es s#ste/0 Th$s )!$c$)&e $s $ fu&& (cco!' %$th Sec*o 51 of PD 15291< %h$ch )!o"$'es th(t o 'ee', /o!t(e, &e(se o! othe! "o&ut(!# $st!u/et .. ece)t ( %$&& .. )u!)o!* to co"e# o! (ect !e$ste!e' &(' sh(&& t(4e eect (s ( co"e#(ce o! b$' the &(' u*& $ts !e$st!(*o0 Thus, $f the s(&e $s ot !e$ste!e', $t $s b$'$ o&# bet%ee the se&&e! (' the bu#e! but $t 'oes ot (ect $ocet th$!' )e!sos0 I the $st(t c(se, both Pe**oe!s Ab!$o (' !es)o'et !e$ste!e' the s(&e of the )!o)e!t#0 S$ce e$the! )e**oe! s)ouses o! the$! )!e'ecesso!s 6T$o.S(&(8(! (' C("e.@o7 4e% th(t the )!o)e!t# %(s co"e!e' b# the To!!es s#ste/, the# !e$ste!e' the$! !es)ec*"e s(&es u'e! Act 33<<0 o! he! )(!t, !es)o'et !e$ste!e' the t!(s(c*o u'e! the To!!es s#ste/ bec(use, 'u!$ the s(&e, $&&(f($( h(' )!esete' the t!(sfe! ce!*>c(te of *t&e 6TCT7 co"e!$ the )!o)e!t#0 Res)o'et De e!( cote's th(t he! !e$st!(*o u'e! the To!!es s#ste/ shou&' )!e"($& o"e! th(t of )e**oe!s %ho !eco!'e' the$!s u'e! Act 33<<0 De e!( !e&$es o the fo&&o%$ $s$ht of us*ce E'(!'o L0 P(!(s? "x x x f the land is registered under the !and egistraon #ct $and has therefore a %orrens %itle&, and it is sold but the subse'uent sale is registered not under the !and egistraon #ct but under #ct (()), as amended, such sale is not considered *G+%**, as the term is used under #rt. -)) x x x."
e (!ee %$th !es)o'et0 It $s u'$s)ute' th(t $&&(f($( h(' bee $ssue' ( f!ee )(tet0 The OCT %(s &(te! c(ce&&e' b# TCT No0 21259;, (&so $ $&&(f($(Qs (/e0 As ( coseFuece of the s(&e, TCT No0 21259; %(s subseFuet&# c(ce&&e' (' TCT No0 22515 the!e(e! $ssue' to !es)o'et De e!(0 +oriano v. /eirs of 0agali he&' th(t !e$st!(*o /ust be 'oe $ the )!o)e! !e$st!# $ o!'e! to b$' the &('0 S$ce the )!o)e!t# $ '$s)ute $ the )!eset c(se %(s (&!e('# !e$ste!e' u'e! the To!!es s#ste/, )e**oe!sQ !e$st!(*o of the s(&e u'e! Act 33<< %(s ot eec*"e fo! )u!)oses of A!*c&e 15<< of the C$"$& Co'e0 Pe**oe!s c(ot "(&$'&# (!ue th(t the# %e!e f!(u'u&et&# /$s&e' $to be&$e"$ th(t the )!o)e!t# %(s u!e$ste!e'0 A To!!es *t&e, oce !e$ste!e', se!"es (s ( o*ce to the %ho&e %o!&'0 A&& )e!sos /ust t(4e o*ce, (' o oe c( )&e(' $o!(ce of t he !e$st!(*o0
Mo!eo"e!, the Su)!e/e Cou!t h$h&$hte' th(t A!*c&e 15<< !eFu$!es the seco' bu#e! to (cFu$!e the $//o"(b&e $ oo' f($th (' to !e$ste! $t $ oo' f($th0 Me!e !e$st!(*o of *t&e $s ot eouhG oo' f($th /ust cocu! %$th the !e$st!(*o0 EFu(&&# $/)o!t(t, u'e! Sec*o << of PD 1529, e"e!# !e$ste!e' o%e! !ece$"$ ( ce!*>c(te of *t&e )u!su(t to ( 'ec!ee of !e$st!(*o, (' e"e!# subseFuet )u!ch(se! of !e$ste!e' &(' t(4$ such ce!*>c(te fo! "(&ue (' $ oo' f($th sh(&& ho&' the s(/e f!ee f!o/ (&& ecu/b!(ces, ece)t those ote' (' eu/e!(te' $ the ce!*>c(te0 o&&o%$ th$s )!$c$)&e, th$s Cou!t h(s cos$stet&# he&' (s !e(!'s !e$ste!e' &(' th(t ( )u!ch(se! $ oo' f($th (cFu$!es ( oo' *t&e (s (($st (&& the t!(sfe!ees the!eof %hose !$hts (!e ot !eco!'e' $ the Re$st!# of Dee's (t the */e of the s(&e0 SC (!ee' %$th CA th(t !es)o'et %(s ( $ocet )u!ch(se! fo! "(&ue0 Its f(ctu(& >'$s !e"e(&e' th(t !es)o'et $s $ oo' f($th? I CA 'ec$s$o, $t e)&($e' th(t she tes1ed clearly and posively, without any contrary evidence presented by the 2peoners3, that she did not 4now anything about the earlier sale and claim of the spouses #brigo, unl a5er she had bought the same, and only then when she bought the same, and only then when she brought an ejectment case with the 0%C. %o e 6era, the only legal truth upon which she had to rely was that the land is registered in the name of Gloria 6illafania, her vendor, and that her tle under the law, is absolute and indefeasible.
)(sse' to the RTC u)o ())e(&0 :1= L(te!, the RTC !e/('e' the c(se b(c4 to the MTCC, :11= %h$ch the '$s/$sse' the c(se fo! $suc$ec# of e"$'ece0:12= CoseFuet&#, the Me'o8(s oce (($ ())e(&e' to the RTC $ C$"$& C(se 21.230
Repli4 vs. &en(o;' A0A!, J 0? Th$s c(se $s (bout the )!o)!$et# of >&$ ( eject/et su$t (($st the @o"e!/et fo! $ts f($&u!e to (cFu$!e o%e!sh$) of ( )!$"(te&# o%e' )!o)e!t# th(t $t h(' &o use' (s ( schoo& s$te (' to )(# just co/)es(*o fo! $t0
T
P($s$$ P!$/(!# Schoo& 6PPS7 $s ( )ub&$c schoo& o)e!(te' b# )e**oe! Re)ub&$c of the Ph$&$))$es 6the Re)ub&$c7 th!ouh the De)(!t/et of E'uc(*o0 PPS h(s bee us$ 1,1<9 sFu(!e /ete!s of &(' $ L$)( C$t#, B(t((s s$ce 195- fo! $ts schoo&0 But the )!o)e!t#, ( )o!*o of Lots 1923 (' 1925, %e!e !e$ste!e' $ the (/e of !es)o'ets P!$/o (' M(!$( Me'o8( 6the Me'o8(s7 u'e! T!(sfe! Ce!*>c(te of T $t&e 6TCT7 T.11<10:1= O M(!ch 2-, 192 the Me'o8(s c(use' Lots 1923 (' 1925 to be coso&$'(te' (' sub'$"$'e' $to fou! &ots, (s fo&&o%s? Lot 1 292 sFu(!e /ete!s $ f("o! of C&(u'$( D$/(#u( Lot 2 292 sFu(!e /ete!s $ f("o! of the Me'o8(s Lot 3 5<3 sFu(!e /ete!s $ f("o! of @e!"(c$o RoFu$&&oG (' Lot < 1,1<9 sFu(!e /ete!s $ f("o! of the C $t# @o"e!/et of L$)(:2= As ( !esu&t of sub'$"$s$o, the Re$ste! of Dee's )(!*(&&# c(ce&&e' TCT T.11<1 (' $ssue' e% *t&es fo! Lots 1 (' 3 $ f("o! of D$/(#u( (' RoFu$&&o, !es)ec*"e� Lot 2 !e/($e' $ the (/e of the Me'o8(s but o e% *t&e %(s $ssue' $ the (/e of the C$t# @o"e!/et of L$)( fo! Lot <0 :3= Me(*/e, PPS !e/($e' $ )ossess$o of the )!o)e!t#0 The Re)ub&$c c&($/e' th(t, %h$&e o *t&e %(s $ssue' $ the (/e of the C$t# @o"e!/et of L$)(, the Me'o8(s h(' !e&$Fu$she' to $t the$! !$ht o"e! the schoo& &ot (s e"$'ece' b# the coso&$'(*o (' sub'$"$s$o )&(0 u!the!, the )!o)e!t# h(' &o bee t(.'ec&(!e' $ the (/e of the C$t# @o"e!/et (' PPS bu$&t s$$>c(t, )e!/(et $/)!o"e/ets o the s(/e0 These $/)!o"e/ets h(' (&so bee t(.'ec&(!e'0:<= The Me'o8(s c&($/, o the othe! h(', th(t (&thouh PPS souht )e!/$ss$o f!o/ the/ to use the )!o)e!t# (s ( schoo& s$te, the# e"e! !e&$Fu$she' the$! !$ht to $t0 The# (&&o%e' PPS to occu)# the )!o)e!t# s$ce the# h(' o ee' fo! $t (t th(t */e0 Thus, $t h(s !e/($e' !e$ste!e' $ the$! (/e u'e! the o!$$(& *t&e, TCT T.11<1, %h$ch h(' o&# bee )(!*(&&# c(ce&&e'0 O No"e/be! , 199; the Me'o8(s %!ote PPS, 'e/('$ th(t $t "(c(te the '$s)ute' )!o)e!t#0 :5= he PPS 'ec&$e' to 'o so, o (u(!# 12, 1999 the Me'o8(s >&e' ( co/)&($t %$th the Mu$c$)(& T!$(& Cou!t $ C$*es 6MTCC7 of L$)( C$t# $ C$"$& C(se 2.99 (($st PPS fo! u&(%fu& 'et($e! %$th ())&$c(*o fo! te/)o!(!# !est!($$ o!'e! (' %!$t of )!e&$/$(!# $juc*o0:= O u&# 13, 1999 the MTCC !e'e!e' ( 'ec$s$o, '$s/$ss$ the co/)&($t o !ou' of the Re)ub&$cs $//u$t# f!o/ su$t0:-= The Me'o8(s ())e(&e' to the Re$o(& T!$(& Cou!t 6RTC7 of L$)( C$t# %h$ch !u&e' th(t the Re)ub&$cs coset %(s ot ecess(!# s$ce the (c*o befo!e the MTCC %(s ot (($st $t0:;= I &$ht of the RTCs 'ec$s$o, the Me'o8(s >&e' %$th the MTCC ( /o*o to !e'e! ju'/et $ the c(se befo!e $t0 :9= The MTCC 'e$e' the /o*o, ho%e"e!, s(#$ th(t ju!$s'$c*o o"e! the c(se h('
O ue 2-, 2 the RTC fou' $ f("o! of the Me'o8(s (' o!'e!e' PPS to "(c(te the )!o)e!t#0 It he&' th(t the Me'o8(s h(' the beJe! !$ht of )ossess$o s$ce the# %e!e $ts !e$ste!e' o%e!s0 PPS, o the othe! h(', cou&' ot )!o'uce (# 'ocu/et to )!o"e the t!(sfe! of o%e!sh$) of the &(' $ $ts f("o!0:13= PPS /o"e' fo! !ecos$'e!(*o, but the RTC 'e$e' $t0 The Re)ub&$c, th!ouh the Oce of the So&$c$to! @ee!(& 6OS@7, ())e(&e' the RTC 'ec$s$o to the Cou!t of A))e(&s 6CA7 $ CA.@0R0 SP 9< o the !ou's th(t? 617 the Me'o8(s %e!e b(!!e' b# &(ches f!o/ !eco"e!$ )ossess$o of the schoo& &otG 627 suc$et e"$'ece sho%e' th(t the Me'o8(s !e&$Fu$she' o%e!sh$) of the subject &ot to the C$t# @o"e!/et of L$)( C$t# fo! use (s schoo&G (' 637 Lot <, Pcs.519 h(s &o bee 'ec&(!e' $ the (/e of the C$t# @o"e!/et s$ce 195- fo! t((*o )u!)oses0:1<= I ( 'ec$s$o '(te' eb!u(!# 2, 2;, the CA (!/e' the RTC 'ec$s$o0:15= K)ho&'$ the To!!es s#ste/, $t e/)h(s$8e' the $'efe(s$b$&$t# of the Me'o8(s !e$ste!e' *t&e (' the $/)!esc!$)*b&e (tu!e of the$! !$ht to eject (# )e!so occu)#$ the )!o)e!t#0 The CA he&' th(t, th$s be$ the c(se, the Re)ub&$cs )ossess$o of the )!o)e!t# th!ouh PPS shou&' be 'ee/e' /e!e&# ( to&e!(te' oe th(t cou&' ot !$)e $to o%e!sh$)0 The CA (&so !ejecte' the Re)ub&$cs c&($/ of o%e!sh$) s$ce $t )!esete' o 'ocu/et(!# e"$'ece to )!o"e the t!(sfe! of the )!o)e!t# $ f("o! of the o"e!/et0Mo!eo"e!, e"e (ssu/$ th(t the Me'o8(s !e&$Fu$she' the$! !$ht to the )!o)e!t# $ 195- $ the o"e!/ets f("o!, the &(Je! e"e! too4 ste)s to h("e the *t&e to the )!o)e!t# $ssue' $ $ts (/e o! h("e $ts !$ht (s o%e! (ot(te' o the Me'o8(s *t&e0 The CA he&' th(t, b# $ts o/$ss$os, the Re)ub&$c /(# be he&' $ esto))e& to c&($/ th(t the Me'o8(s%e!e b(!!e' b# &(ches f!o/ b!$$ $ts (c*o0 $th the 'e$(& of $ts /o*o fo! !ecos$'e!(*o, the Re)ub&$c h(s t(4e !ecou!se to th$s Cou!t via )e**o fo! !e"$e% o cerorari u'e! Ru&e <50
T
T
o&# $ the (bsece of ( ce!*>c(te of *t&e0 :2= Othe!%$se, the# h("e &$J&e e"$'e*(!# %e$ht (s )!oof of o%e!sh$)0:21= The CA e!!e', ho%e"e!, $ o!'e!$ the e"$c*o of PPS f!o/ the )!o)e!t# th(t $t h(' he&' (s o"e!/et schoo& s$te fo! /o!e th( 5 #e(!s0 The e"$'ece o !eco!' sho%s th(t the Me'o8(s $te'e' to ce'e the )!o)e!t# to the C$t# @o"e!/et of L$)( )e!/(et� I f(ct, the# (&&o%e' the c$t# to 'ec&(!e the )!o)e!t# $ $ts (/e fo! t( )u!)oses0A' %he the# souht $ 192 to h("e the b$e! &ot sub'$"$'e' $to fou!, the Me'o8(s e(!/(!4e' Lot <, cot($$ 1 ,1<9 sFu(!e /ete!s, fo! the C$t# @o"e!/et of L$)(0K'e! the c$!cu/st(ces, $t /(# be (ssu/e' th(t the Me'o8(s (!ee' to t!(sfe! o%e!sh$) of the &(' to the o"e!/et, %hethe! to the C$t# @o"e!/et of L$)( o! to the Re)ub&$c, %(# b(c4 but e"e! ot (!ou' to 'o so (' the Re)ub&$c $tse&f (&toethe! fo!ot (bout $t0 CoseFuet&#, the Re)ub&$c shou&' be 'ee/e' e*t&e' to )ossess$o )e'$ the Me'o8(s fo!/(& t!(sfe! of o%e!sh$) to $t u)o )(#/et of just co/)es(*o0 The Cou!t ho&'s th(t, %he!e the o%e! (!ees "o&ut(!$&# to the t(4$ of h$s )!o)e!t# b# the o"e!/et fo! )ub&$c use, he the!eb# %($"es h$s !$ht to the $s*tu*o of ( fo!/(& e)!o)!$(*o )!ocee'$ co"e!$ such )!o)e!t#0 u!the!, (s the Cou!t (&so he&' $ *usebio v. !uis ,:22= the f($&u!e fo! ( &o */e of the o%e! to Fues*o the &(c4 of e)!o)!$(*o )!ocee'$s co"e!$ ( )!o)e!t# th(t the o"e!/et h(' t(4e cos*tutes ( %($"e! of h$s !$ht to ($ b(c4 )ossess$o0 The Me'o8(s !e/e'# $s ( (c*o fo! the )(#/et of just co/)es(*o, ot eject/et0
M(!cos( R$"e!( >&e' ( coute!.)e**o subst(*(&&# 'e#$ the (&&ee' /(!!$(e of the 'ece'et to S$( h$ (s %e&& (s the (&&ee' >&$(*o of the )e!sos (/e' $ the )e**o, (sse!* th(t the )!o)e!*es 'esc!$be' (!e he! )(!()he!(& )!o)e!*es (' )!(#$ th(t he! e)he%, A!/$$o R$"e!(, be ())o$te' ('/$$st!(to! of the $test(te est(te of the 'ece(se'0 The Cou!t !(te' M(!cos( R$"e!(Qs )e**o (' A!/$$o (ssu/e' (s ('/$$st!(to! of the est(te0 He sub/$Je' ( $"eto!# of the (&&ee' est(te of R(f(e& L$t(/ (' s($' $"eto!# '$' ot $c&u'e the )!o)e!*es /e*oe' $ the )e**o of @!eo!$o D# T(/ $ A)!$& 19520 @!eo!$o, o No"e/be! 1952, >&e' ( /o*o fo! the !e/o"(& of A!/$$o R$"e!( (s ('/$$st!(to! of the (fo!e/e*oe' est(te0 Me(%h$&e, Re/e'$os Es)$!$tu %(s ())o$te' (s u(!'$( of M(!cos( %ho %(s 'ec&(!e' $co/)etet0 @!eo!$o D# T(/ >&e' C$"$& C(se No0 2-1 of the s(/e cou!t (($st Es)$!$t# (' A!/$$o R$"e!(0 He !e)!o'uce' subst(*(&&# the (&&e(*os /('e $ h$s )e**o $ A)!$& 1952 st(* th(t the )!o)e!*es $ '$s)ute (!e coju(& (' (!e /o!e th( those s)ec$>e' $ the $"eto!#0 The t!$(& cou!t '$s/$sse' C$"$&C (se No0 2-10 Hece the ())e(&0
Isse
I epublic of the 7hilippines v. Court of #ppeals ,:23= the Cou!t (!/e' the RTCs )o%e! to (%(!' just co/)es(*o e"e $ the (bsece of ( )!o)e! e)!o)!$(*o )!ocee'$0 It he&' th(t the RTC c( 'ete!/$e just co/)es(*o b(se' o the e"$'ece )!esete' befo!e $t $ ( o!'$(!# c$"$& (c*o fo! !eco"e!# of )ossess$o of )!o)e!t# o! $ts "(&ue (' '(/(es0 As to the */e %he just co/)es(*o shou&' be >e', $t $s seJ&e' th(t %he!e )!o)e!t# %(s t(4e %$thout the bee>t of e)!o)!$(*o )!ocee'$s (' $ts o%e! >&e' ( (c*o fo! !eco"e!# of )ossess$o befo!e the co//ece/et of e)!o)!$(*o )!ocee'$s, $t $s the "(&ue of the )!o)e!t# (t the */e of t(4$ th(t $s cot!o&&$0 :2<=
A!e ())e&&(ts the &e$*/(te ch$&'!e of R(f(e& L$t(/
S$ce the MTCC '$' ot h("e ju!$s'$c*o e$the! to e"$ct the Re)ub&$c f!o/ the &(' $t h(' t(4e fo! )ub&$c use o! to he(! (' ('ju'$c(te the Me'o8(s !$ht to just co/)es(*o fo! $t, the CA shou&' h("e o!'e!e' the co/)&($t fo! u&(%fu& 'et($e! '$s/$sse' %$thout )!eju'$ce to the$! >&$ ( )!o)e! (c*o fo! !eco"e!# of such co/)es(*o0
SC s($' the ())e&&(ts f($&e' to )!o"e the$! (&&ee' st(tus (s ch$&'!e of R(f(e& L$t(/ b# /(!!$(e %$th S$(
=EREORE, the Cou!t )(!*(&&# GRANTS the )e**o, REVERSES the eb!u(!# 2, 2; 'ec$s$o (' the Octobe! 2, 2; !eso&u*o of the Cou!t of A))e(&s $ CA.@0R0 9<, (' OR!ERS the '$s/$ss(& of !es)o'ets P!$/o (' M(!$( Me'o8(s (c*o fo! e"$c*o befo!e the Mu$c$)(& T!$(& Cou!t $ C$*es of L$)( C$t# $ C$"$& C(se 2.99 %$thout )!eju'$ce to the$! >&$ ( (c*o fo! )(#/et of just co/)es(*o (($st the Re)ub&$c of the Ph$&$))$es o!, %he ())!o)!$(te, (($st the C$t# of L$)(0
Is M(!cos( R$"e!( the ec&us$"e o%e! of the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o o! 'o the s(/e cos*tute ( co//o )!o)e!t# of he! (' the 'ece'et
Rlin
h$0 It ())e(!s f!o/ the e"$'ece )!esete' b# the 'efe'(ts th(t the!e %(s o such /(!!$(e bet%ee R(f(e& L$t(/ (' S$( h$ (' th(t the )&($*s (/e' (!e ot ch$&'!e of the 'ece(se'0 The "(!$ous oc$(& (' )ub&$c 'ocu/ets eecute' b# R(f(e& L$t(/ h$/se&f co"$c$&# sho% th(t he h(' ot cot!(cte' (# /(!!$(e %$th (# )e!so othe! th( M(!cos( R$"e!(, (' th(t he h(' o ch$&'0 I the /(!!($e ce!*>c(te, $t %(s c&e(!&# st(te' th(t he %(s s$&e %he he /(!!$e' M(!cos( R$"e!(0 I the s%o! ())&$c(*o fo! (&$e ce!*>c(te o! !e$st!(*o, R(f(e& L$t(/ ueFu$"oc(b&# 'ec&(!e' u'e! o(th th(t he h(' o ch$&'0 Pe**oe! '$' ot )!eset $ e"$'ece the /(!!$(e ce!*>c(te of R(f(e& L$t(/ (' S$( h$, %h$ch $ the
enr8 Li*'> vs. Espiri*
o)$$o of the Cou!t $s the co/)etet (' "est e"$'ece of the (&&ee' /(!!$(e bet%ee the/0 No e)&((*o h(s bee $"e fo! the o.)!eset(*o of s($' /(!!$(e ce!*>c(te, o! h(s the!e bee (# sho%$ of $ts &oss0
(cts? It $s the!efo!e the >'$ of th$s Cou!t th(t the P&($*s (/e' $ C$"$& C(se No0 2-1 (!e ot he$!s of the Th$s $s ( ())e(& f!o/ the 'ec$s$o of the CI of RI8(&0 O A)!$& 2<, 1952, @!eo!$o D# T(/ >&e' ( )e**o
s($' 'ece'et, h$s o&# he$! be$ h$s su!"$"$ %$fe0
st(* th(t the )e**oe! $s the so of R(f(e& L$t(/ (' the 'ece(se' %(s su!"$"e' b# ; ch$&'!e b# ( /(!!$(e ce&eb!(te' $ Ch$( $ 1911 %$th S$( h$, th(t (e! the 'e(th o f R(f(e& L$t(/, )e**oe! (' h$s
A))e&&(ts /($t($ th(t R(f(e& L$t(/ %(s u$&t# of the c!$/e of B$(/#, th(t he h(' %$&&fu&&# ('
co.he$!s c(/e to 4o% th(t the 'ece'et h(' cot!(cte' $ the Ph$&$))$es (othe! /(!!$(e %$th
/(&$c$ous&# f(&s$>e' )ub&$c (' oc$(& 'ocu/ets (' th(t (&thouh ())e&&(ts (' S$( h$ %e!e &$"$ $
M(!cos( R$"e!(, th(t the 'ece'et &e (s h$s )!o)e!t# (/o othe!s 12 sh(!e $ the )u!)o!te' coju(&
M($&( (' M(!cos( R$"e!(, the 'ece'et h(' succee'e' fo! 3 #e(!s $ 4ee)$ e(ch )(!t# $ co/)&ete
)!o)e!*es bet%ee h$/ (' M(!cos( R$"e!( (' th(t the 'ece'et &e e$the! %$&& o! 'ebt0 Pe**oe!
$o!(ce of the (tu!e of h$s (&&ee' !e&(*os %$th the othe!0 The Cou!t s($' the s(/e c(ot be
)!(#e' th(t (e! ())!o)!$(te )!ocee'$s, &eJe!s of ('/$$st!(*o be $ssue' to M(!cos( R$"e!(0
sust($e' u&ess the e"$'ece $ su))o!t the!eof $s of the st!oest )oss$b&e 4$', ot o&# bec(use $t
C'l'l'n/'rl'n vs. C'l'l'nG'r4i'
et($&s the co//$ss$o b# R(f(e& L$t( of !("e c!$/$(& oeses %h$ch (!e 'e!o(to!# to h$s hoo!, but (&so beec(use 'e(th h(s se(&e' h$s &$)s, thus 'e)!$"$ h$/ of the /ost eec*"e /e(s of 'efese0 The
GR. No. 1+:1:+
)!oof fo! the ())e&&(ts he!e$ 'oes ot s(*sf# the !eFu$!e/et0 It h(s bee est(b&$she' b# the e"$'ece th(t the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o %e!e bouht b# M(!cos( R$"e!( %$th he! se)(!(te (' ec&us$"e /oe#0 @!e(t $/)o!t(ce shou&' be $"e to the 'ocu/et(!# e"$'ece0 R(f(e& 'ec&(!e' u'e! o(th th(t the /oe# )($' b# M(!cos( R$"e!( fo! the )!o)e!*es %e!e he! ec&us$"e (' se)(!(te /oe#0 It %(s (&so (c4o%&e'e b# R(f(e& th(t he h(' ot $"e (# /oe# to h$s %$fe, ('
Topi4 Success$o, Success$o(& !$hts /rin4iple
th(t the# h("e (ctu(&&# ('o)te' ( s#ste/ of se)(!(*o of )!o)e!t#, e(ch of the/ ot h("$ (# $te!est o! )(!*c$)(*o %h(tsoe"e! $ the )!o)e!t# of the othe!0 These 'ec&(!(*os (' ('/$ss$o of the f(ct /('e b# R(f(e& L$t(/ (($st h$s $te!est (!e b$'$ u)o h$/, h$s he$!s (' successo!s $ $te!ests (' th$!' )e!sos (s %e&&0 The )!o)e!*es h("$ bee bouht b# M(!cos( %$th he! se)(!(te (' ec&us$"e /oe# $s fu!the! st!ethee' b# the f(ct th(t, (s $t $s c&e(!&# '$sc&ose' b# the e"$'ece %he M(!cos( %(s /(!!$e' to R(f(e& $ 1922, she %(s (&!e('# !$ch0 It (&so ())e(!s th(t she %(s bo! of ( !$c h f(/$� O the othe! h(', $t ())e(!s f!o/ the e"$'ece th(t %he R(f(e& /(!!$e' M(!cos(, he %(s )oo!0 Aothe! c$!cu/st(ce %h$ch c&e(!&# )!o"es th(t the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o be&o ec&us$"e&# to M(!cos( $s the est(b&$she' f(ct th(t befo!e she bec(/e $co/)etet, she h(s bee ('/$$ste!$ s($' )!o)e!*es to the ec&us$o of R(f(e&0 I f(ct, she (&oe &e(se' the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o (' the co!!es)o'$ &e(se cot!(ct %(s s$e' b# he! (s & esso!0 u!the!/o!e, the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o h("e bee 'ec&(!e' $ the (/e o! M(!cos( R$"e!( (&oe, (' she (&oe )(#s the !e(& est(te t(es 'ue the!eo0 u!the! st!o )!oofs th(t the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o (!e the )(!()he!(& )!o)e!*es of M(!cos( R$"e( , (!e the "e!# To!!es T$t&e co"e!$ s($' )!o)e!*es0 A&& the s($' )!o)e!*es (!e !e$ste!e' $ the (/e of
It $s ho!boo4 'oct!$e t h(t success$o(& !$hts (!e "este' o&# (t the */e of 'e(th0 A!*c&e --- of the Ne% C$"$& Co'e )!o"$'es th(t :t=he !$hts to the success$o (!e t!(s/$Je' f!o/ the /o/et of the 'e(th of the 'ece'et0 I BuJe "0 M(ue& K# (' Sos, Ic0, %e )!oc&($/e' the fu'(/et(& teets of success$o? The )!$c$)&e of t!(s/$ss$o (s of the */e of the )!e'ecesso!s 'e(th $s b(s$c $ ou! C$"$& Co'e, (' $s su))o!te' b# othe! !e&(te' (!*c&es0 Thus, the c()(c$t# of the he$! $s 'ete!/$e' (s of the */e the 'ece'et '$e' 6A!t0 13<7G the &e$*/e $ s to be co/)ute' (s of the s(/e /o/et 6A!t0 9;7, (' so $s the $ oc$ousess of the 'o(*o $te! "$"(s 6A!t0 --170 S$/$&(!&#, the &e(c$es of c!e'$t (' !e/$ss$o (!e "(&$' o&# $ the (/out 'ue (' outst('$ (t the 'e(th of the test(to! 6A!t0 9357, (' the f!u$ts (cc!u$ (e! th(t $st(t (!e 'ee/e' to )e!t($ to the & e(tee 6A!t0 9<;70
'4*s I ( Co/)&($t fo! Au&/et of S(&e (' Reco"e#(ce of P!o)e!t#, the !es)o'ets Ros(!$o C(&(&(. @(!c$(, Leoo!( C(&(&(S(b$&e, (' C(!&$to S0 C(&(&( (sse!te' the$! o%e!sh$) o"e! ( ce!t($ )(!ce& of &(' (($st the )e**oe!s No!( B0 C(&(&(P(!u&( (' E&"$!( B0 C(&(&(0 The s($' &ot %(s (&&ee'&# (cFu$!e' b# the !es)o'ets f!o/ the$! /othe! Ec(!(c$o S$&"e!$o, th!ouh success$o (s the &(Je!Qs co/)u&so!# he$!s0
M(!cos( R$"e!(, /(!!$e' to R(f(e& L$t(/0 Th$s c$!cu/st(ce $'$c(tes th(t the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o be&o to the !e$ste!e' o%e!, M(!cos( R$"e!(, (s he! )(!()he!(& )!o)e!*es, fo! $f the# %e!e coju(&, the *t&es co"e!$ the s(/e shou&' h("e bee $ssue' $ the (/es of R(f(e& L$t(/ (' M(!cos( R$"e!(0 The %o!'s /(!!$e' to R(f(e& L$t(/ %!$Je (e! the (/e of M(!cos( R$"e!(, $ e(ch of the *t&es (!e /e!e&# 'esc!$)*"e of the c$"$& st(tus of M(!cos( R$"e!(, the !e$ste!e' o%e! of the )!o)e!*es co"e!e'
Acco!'$ to the !es)o'ets, the$! f(the!, Pe'!o C(&(&( cot!(cte' t%o /(!!$(es 'u!$ h$s &$fe*/e0 The >!st /(!!$(e %(s %$th the$! /othe! Ec(!(c$o S$&"e!$o0 Du!$ the subs$stece of th$s /(!!$(e, the$! )(!ets (cFu$!e' the (bo"e/e*oe' )(!ce& of &(' f!o/ the$! /(te!(& !('/othe! !(c$sc( S$&"e!$o0 Des)$te ejo#$ co*uous )ossess$o of the &(', ho%e"e!, the$! )(!ets f($&e' to !e$ste! the s(/e0 O ue -, 19<2, the > !st /(!!$(e %(s '$sso&"e' %$th the 'e(th of Ec(!(c$o S$&"e!$o0
b# the s($' *t&es0 The '$s)ut(b&e )!esu/)*o of &(% th(t the )!o)e!*es (cFu$!e' 'u!$ the /(!!$(e (!e coju(& )!o)e!*es, u)o %h$ch &e(& )!esu/)*o s($' P&($*s (' Pe**oe! /($&# !e&# h(s bee 'ec$s$"e&# o"e!co/e b# the o"e!%he&/$ )!e)o'e!(ce of e"$'ece (''uce' $ these c(ses th(t the )!o)e!*es $ Fues*o (!e the )(!()he!(& )!o)e!*es of M(!cos( R$"e!(0 he!efo!e, the 'ec$s$o ())e(&e' f!o/ $s (!/e'0
O No"e/be! , 19-, Pe'!o C(&(&( ete!e' $to ( seco' /(!!$(e %$th E&"$!( B0 C(&(&( %ho the ("e b$!th to No!( B0 C(&(&(P(!u&( (' Ro&('o C(&(&(0 Acco!'$ to the !es)o'ets, $t %(s o&# 'u!$ th$s */e th(t Pe'!o C(&(&( >&e' ( ())&$c(*o fo! f!ee )(tet o"e! the )(!ce& of &(' %$th the Bu!e(u of L('s0 O eb!u(!# 1-, 19;<, Pe'!o C(&(&( so&' the s($' )(!ce& of &(' to No!( B0 C(&(&( P(!u&(0 T!(sfe! Ce!*>c(te of T$t&e 6TCT7 No0 2;3321 %(s $ssue' $ the (/e of No!( B0 C(&(&( P(!u&(0 O Dece/be! 2-, 19;9,- Pe'!o C(&(&( '$e'0 The !es)o'ets (ss($&e' the "(&$'$t# of TCT No0 2;3321 (!u$ th(t the s(&e of the &(' %(s "o$' bec(use Pe'!o C(&(&( f($&e' to obt($ the coset of the !es)o'ets %ho %e!e co o%e!s of the s(/e0
Isse hethe! o! ot the !es)o'ets %e!e 'e)!$"e' of the$! !es)ec*"e sh(!es b# !e(so of the s(&e0
Rlin No0 It $s ho!boo4 'oct!$e th(t success$o(& !$hts (!e "este' o&# (t the */e of 'e(th0 A!*c&e --- of the Ne% C$"$& Co'e )!o"$'es th(t :t=he !$hts to the success$o (!e t!(s/$Je' f!o/ the /o/et of the 'e(th of the 'ece'et0 I BuJe "0 M(ue& K# (' Sos, Ic0, %e )!oc&($/e' the fu'(/et(& teets of success$o? The )!$c$)&e of t!(s/$ss$o (s of the */e of the )!e'ecesso!s 'e(th $s b(s$c $ ou! C$"$& Co'e, (' $s su))o!te' b# othe! !e&(te' (!*c&es0 Thus, the c()(c$t# of the he$! $s 'ete!/$e' (s of the */e the 'ece'et '$e' 6A!t0 13<7G the &e$*/e $s to be co/)ute' (s of the s(/e /o/et 6A!t0 9;7, (' so $s the $ oc$ousess of the 'o(*o $te! "$"(s 6A!t0 --170 S$/$&(!&#, the &e(c$es of c!e'$t (' !e/$ss$o (!e "(&$' o&# $ the (/out 'ue (' outst('$ (t the 'e(th of the test(to! 6A!t0 9357, (' the f!u$ts (cc!u$ (e! th(t $st(t (!e 'ee/e' to )e!t($ to the &e(tee 6A!t0 9<;70 Thus, $t $s o&# u)o the 'e(th of Pe'!o C(&(&( o Dece/be! 2-, 19;9 th(t h$s he$!s (cFu$!e' the$! !es)ec*"e $he!$t(ces, e*t&$ the/ to the$! )!o $'$"$so sh(!es to h$s %ho&e est(te0 At the */e of the s(&e of the '$s)ute' )!o)e!t#, the !$hts to the success$o %e!e ot #et besto%e' u)o the he$!s of Pe'!o C(&(&(0 A' (bset c&e(! (' co"$c$ e"$'ece th(t the s(&e %(s f!(u'u&et o! ot 'u&# su))o!te' b# "(&u(b&e cos$'e!(*o 6$ eect ( $ oc$ous 'o(*o $te! "$"(s7, the !es)o'ets h("e o !$ht to Fues*o the s(&e of the '$s)ute' )!o)e!t# o the !ou' th(t the$! f(the! 'e)!$"e' the/ of the$! !es)ec*"e sh(!es0 e&& to !e/e/be!, f!(u' /ust be est(b&$she' b# c&e(! (' co"$c$ e"$'ece0 Me!e )!e)o'e!(ce of e"$'ece $s ot e"e ('eFu(te to )!o"e f!(u'02 The Co/)&($t fo! Au&/et of S(&e (' Reco"e#(ce of P!o)e!t# /ust the!efo!e be '$s/$sse'0
