La Entrada Pasodoble compuesto por Quintín Esquembre Guión en Do y Partes para banda (falta parte de Oboe)Description complète
PASODOBLE
La Entrada Pasodoble compuesto por Quintín Esquembre Guión en Do y Partes para banda (falta parte de Oboe)Descripción completa
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Descripción: II TRABAJO EN LA LOGIA VIRTUD Y ORDEN NO.22, CARUPANO EDO.SUCRE.
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Shavuot Durante la época del Segundo Templo. Source: Instituto del Templo. Trad&ed por G.Corpus
AURORA DIGITAL - 04/08/2008 Según el calendario litúrgico judío, en el día noveno del mes de Av (en hebreo, Tishá Beav) se conmemora la destrucción del Primer y del Segundo Templo de Jerusalén.
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Evaluacion de EntradaDescripción completa
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PRUEBAS PARA NIÑOSDescripción completa
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BC_ KBK@KE^C_ KE KB ^K@]BC Ks~k ~wlgljc ks {e }k|{küc leìbisis scgwk bl si~{loiÿe y kb siaeifiolnc nk lba{ecs kbk`ke~cs |{k oc`}ceke kb ^k`}bc "`ls oceowk~l`ke~k bl ke~wlnl ke kb ~k`}bc" ~l`gike y l oce~ie{loice nkfieiwk`cs bcs wks{b~lncs nk bl cgwl slowl `knile~k {el sàe~ksis nk bl his~cwil nk bcs ^k`}bcs KB ]CW^IOC NK BL KE^WLNL KE^WLNL KE KB ^K@]BC Oce f{kwzl "ks~lgbkokwé y wkecvlwé Ke bc }wi`kwc |{k nkgk`cs fijlwecs "ks bl fwlsk ke si" }cnk`cs ol`gilw oc`c |{kwl`cs kb cwnke nk s{s ~wks }lblgwls" |{k sik`}wk siaeifiolgl bc `is`c" sce bls ~wks nk ia{lb i`}cw~leoil% <%-Bl _i`gcbcail fisiol fisiol nk bl ke~wlnl (BL_ ^WK_ OCB[@EL_: OCB[@EL_: GCLZ" JL\[IE Y [EC @I_@C) Oce f{kwzl" ks~lgbkokwé y wkecvlwé BL KE^WLNL KE KB ^K@]BC _i ecs nl`cs o{ke~l bl }{kw~l nk ke~wlnl ke kb ~k`}bc ks~l fble|{klnc }cw ncs ocb{`els" ks~k sà`gcbc vikek nksnk kb }wi`kw^k`}bc nk _lbc`ce% y f{kwce f{eninls }cw kb lw|{i~ko~c kai}oic ocecoinc oc`c Hiwl` Hlnin"ks~ls ocb{`els siaeifiolwce ke kb lw|{i~ko~c s{ l}wkenizljk ie~kwec `knile~k bl l}kw~{wl nk bls }{kw~ls nk bl }kwok}oiÿe Lbnc{s H{xbky (<)y Qibbil` Gbldk(7)(ks}iwi~{-f{kac) Vcbvikenc l bl ke~wlnl nkb ~k`}bc"ks~l fwlsk oc`c sk hl niohc si`gÿbiol`ke~k sk vk wkfbkjlnc fàsiol`ke~k ke bls ncs ocb{`els Bl ocb{`el iz|{ikwnl nk bl ke~wlnl ‐Gclz‐Oce bl }lblgwl :Oce f{kwzl-Ocb{`el nkb l}wkeniz Bl ocb{`el nkwkohl nk bl ke~wlnl‐Jl|{ie‐- Oce bl }lblgwl :Ks~lgbkokwkOcb{`el nkb oc`}lükwc Vk`cs |{k }lwl oc`}bk~lw bl fwlsk"hlok flb~l bl ~kwokwl ocb{`el"(bl nkb `lks~wc) |{k ks bl }kwscel |{k ke~wl ke kb ^k`}bc- Oce bl }lblgwl :Wkecvlwé B{kac o{lenc ke~wls lb ^k`}bc"~k hls nk wkecvlw" ks nkoiw"`cwiw fisiol`ke~k }lwl vcbvkw l wkelokw ks}iwi~{lb`ke~k % <
7%-Bl Lb|{i`il ke bl ke~wlnl%BL ^WLE_FCW@LOICE ^WLE_FCW@LOICE IE^KWEL Oce f{kwzl" wkecvlwé y ks~lgbkokwk (o{` vis wkecvlwé i~l|{k ks~lgbkokwé) K`}kzlwk`cs oce s{ nkfieioice-_k niok |{k kb cgjk~c nk bl Lb|{i`il ks ~wles`{~lw ke Cwc }{wc bcs `k~lbks awcskwcs" }kwc s{ siaeifiolnc siaeifiolnc ks }{wl`ke~k }sà|{ioc y ks}iwi~{lb4 kb lb|{i`is~l lb|{i`is~l oceoke~wl ~cncs s{s ksf{kwzcs ke bl ~wles`{~loiÿe nkb o{l~kwelwic iefkwicw c }kwscelbinln nkb Hc`gwk ke bl niviel ^wieinln s{}kwicw(Ks}iwi~{"o{kw}c y lb`l)" kb vkwnlnkwc Ienivin{c ks}iwi~{lb% Hlok g{kec lb hc`gwk }cw|{k lwwleol nk éb s{s i`}kwfkooiceks" ~cweìencbk akekwcsc" `lesc" j{s~c" }w{nke~k" wko{}kwlenc bl ecgbkzl cwiaielb nk bl ocenioiÿe h{`lel y nkvcbviéencbk l s{ niaeinln }wi`cwnilb% @cwi`cs y elok`cs olnl vkz |{k LB\[I@IOC_ lsis~i`cs oce oceoikeoil l {el ^keinl" BC_ ]WCOK_C_ LB\[I@IOC_ nks}cjìencecs }cw ~le~c ke s{ ke~wlnl nk ~cnc gike `l~kwilb%Hly |{k nkjlw bcs `k~lbks l bl ke~wlnl nkb ^k`}bc Vk`cs |{k bls siabls IEWI |{k l}lwkoke scgwk bl ow{z ‟Iaekl El~{wl Wkecvl~{w Ie~kawl (Bl el~{wlbkzl sk wke{kvl }cw f{kac)" locwnlwcs ke ks~ls siabls y bl wkbloice oce kb Ni%s Lgwlxls (Lgwlxls ks kb Nics |{k wk}wkske~l bc 'g{kec' y bc '`lbc' lb `is`c ~ik`}c) Kb }ìjlwc wc`}k kb olsolwÿe% Kb h{kvc ks kb `{enc% \{ike |{ikwk elokw ~ikek |{k wc`}kw {e `{enc% Kb }ìjlwc v{kbl hloil Nics% Kb Nics ks Lgwlxls%%%' Nk`iìe (Hkw`le Hkssk)%-B{kac ~kek`cs bl nksowi}oiÿe nk {e }wcoksc nk Olboieloice Ks~l lvk |{k `{kwk kev{kb~l ke f{kac y wkelok nk s{s }wc}ils okeizls "ks kb lvk fkeix ‟ Bl Bl Vàl nkb Féeix c Lb|{i`il Oce bc kx}{ks~c le~kwicw`ke~k "sk hl ie~{inc kb }wcoksc nk ~wlesfcw`loiÿe ie~kwel |{k sk }wcn{ok ke bl Ke~wlnl nkb ^k`}bc y |{k l oce~ie{loiÿe ie~ke~lwk`cs nk~lbblw" }lwl bc o{lb }lw~iwk`cs nk {el }k|{kül ie~wcn{ooiÿe ke bl Lb|{i`il Oceska{iw bl ]iknwl Fibcscflb ks kb cgjk~c y fie nkb lb|{i`is~l% KB CWIAKE% BL @L^KWIL ]WI@L -Oc`c hk`cs niohc le~ks lb ke~wlw ke kb ~k`}bc ecs wkecvl`cs" ks nkoiw }lw~i`cs c ks~l`cs oc`}{ks~cs nk bcs 7
~wks kbk`ke~cs: lz{fwk" `kwo{wic y slb "Bl @l~kwil ]wi`l ks~ì ke ~cnls bls ocsls y ~cnls bls ocsls ke bl @l~kwil ]wi`l% Bl `l~kwil cwiaielb ks si`iblw ke ~cnc kb [eivkwsc% Bl `l~kwil ks {el% Lz{fwk%- ]wieoi}ic `lso{biec" `lso{b iec" lo~ivc" viwib y b{`iecsc nk bl @l~kwil @l~ kwil ]wi`l% _à`gcbc nkb Ks}àwi~{" Ks bc ks}iwi~{lb ke bls ocsls% Nk~kw`iel bl olboieloiÿe ke kb }wcoksc lb|{à`ioc% @kwo{wic%- ]wieoi}ic fk`keiec" }lsivc y fcw`lb fcw` lb nk bl @l~kwil ]wi`l% _à`gcbc nkb lb`l Nksk`}kül kb }l}kb nk kbk`ke~c niscbvke~k y vivifiolncw% Ks bl s{s~leoil |{k fb{yk ke ~cnls bls fcw`ls }sà|{iols y nkb }kesl`ike~c4 k`coiceks" }lsiceks" ske~i`ike~cs" ske~ i`ike~cs" vi~lbinln _lb%- Ksblgÿe nk {eiÿe ke~wk kb lz{fwk y kb `kwo{wic% Ks bl @l~kwil% Bl slb l}lwkok ke ~wks fcw`ls: f cw`ls: w{~ible~k" gbleol gb leol y wcjl% Ks~lncs nk bl `l~kwil c slb%% ^ikwwl: Kbk`ke~c k~kwc-fàsioc " visigbk% @l~kwil nkesl% La{l: Kbk`ke~c }wìeioc " nk bl b l vi~lbinln c kekwaé~ioc% Liwk: Kbk`ke~c ls~wlb" nk bcs nkskcs c nk bls skesloiceks% Bl }si|{k% F{kac: Kbk`ke~c `ke~lb " `ke~k |{k l}cyl l bcs c~wcs kbk`ke~cs" `ke~k oceowk~l c kacàs~l% Wlzÿe y }kesl`ike~c% KB ]WCOK_C% BL AWLE CGWL -Bl cg~keoiÿe nk bl ]iknwl Fibcscflb l }lw~iw nk bl @l~kwil @l~kwi l ]wi`l ks kb `lais~kwic" `lais~k wic" bl @ìae{` C}{s nkb lb|{i`is~l% Ks kb cgjk~ivc fielb nk bls c}kwloiceks lb|{à`iols o{yl }wi`kwl k~l}l ks bl cg~keoiÿe nk bl ]iknwl Fibcscflb% ^l`giée sk bk ocecok oce kb ec`gwk nk @lais~kwic % KB FIE%BL ]IKNWL FIBC_CFLB%- Bl}is ]hibcsc}hcw{`% Ks bl Awle Cgwl nk bcs lb|{i`is~ls" kb cgjk~c |{k nkskle lbolezlw l ~cnl ocs~l" }cw|{k ks~l s{s~leoil ~ikek ~ ikek bl viw~{n nk ~wles`{~lw ~wles `{~lw ke Cwc }{wc bcs `ìs vibks `k~lbks"% Nl bl fkbioinln }kwfko~l" bl iefb{keoil ke kb [eivkwsc y bl Oc`{eiÿe oce bl Ol{sl ]wi`kwl " oce kb Lgscb{~c% @às~iol`ke~k siaeifiol siaei fiol bl ~wles`{~loiÿe nk bl el~{wlbkzl lei`lb c iefkwicw nkb hc`gwk" ke bl el~{wlbkzl niviel y `ìs kbkvlnl% Ks bl o{b`ieloiÿe nk bl Cgwl _kowk~l ke kb }kwfko~c hc`gwk ks}iwi~{lb% Kb sà`gcbc nk bl ]iknwl fibcscflb ks kb }kbàolec% Nks}{ks nk ks~l }k|{kül ie~wcn{ooiÿe" ie~ wcn{ooiÿe" ]lsk`cs l lelbizlw kb }wcoksc lb|{à`ioc" bl `ìs akekwlbizlnl nivisiÿe ke sik~k }lw~ks" "y sikenc: Bl Olboieloiÿe" Bl ]{~wkflooiÿe "Bl _cb{oiÿe" Bl Nks~ibloiÿe" Bl _{gbi`loiÿe" _{gbi` loiÿe" Bl [eiÿe y Bl Ocla{bloiÿe Ocla{b loiÿe Bl fwlsk lb|{i`iol sk bkkwil l bl ievkwsl Oce f{kwzl" wkecvlwé y ks~lgbkokwk : Nksoc`}csioiÿe `knile~k - Bl Olboieloiÿe y ]{~wkflooiÿe- BL BL @[KW^K Ks~l c}kwloiÿe bl wklbizl`cs iesocesike~k`ke~k l{`ke~lenc bl ?
vigwloice ie~kwel-_k}lwl`cs ie~kwicw`ke~k -Ks}iwi~{ (Lz{fwk) nk o{kw}c fisioc (_lb) y nk lb`l(@kwo{wic) [eiÿe y _k}lwloiÿe `knile~k- _cb{oiÿe "Nks~ibloiÿe y _{gbi`loiÿe WK_[WKOOICE Ks~l c}kwloiÿe bl wklbizl`cs {eikenc e{ks~wc ks}iwi~{ (lz{fwk) lb la{l nk e{ks~wc o{kw}c `knile~k kb olbcw ie~kwec Nks~ibl`cs ie~kwicw `ke~k vlwils vkoks y bc |{k sk s{gbi`l ks kb ks}iwi~{ ‒lz{fwk vcbì~ib‐" |{k ks y oce~ikek kb olbcw el~{wlb% @cnifioloiÿe `knile~k- [eiÿe c Fijloiÿe y Ocla{bloiÿe K_^LGBKOI@IKE^C L|{à sk }ikwnk s{ f{kwzl el~{wlb y sk wkoigke e{kvls f{kwzls ie~kwels Ks bl {eiÿe `ìs c `kecs f{kw~k B{kac wklbizl`cs ie~kwicw`ke~k ks~ls c}kwloiceks o{lenc ke~wl`cs ke kb ^k`}bc Ecs nksoc`}cek`cs"ecs {ei`cs y ecs sk}lwl`cs y }cw {b~i`c ecs `cnifiol`cs BL @[KW^K Y BL BL WK_[WKOOICE
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?%-Bl _i`gcbcail nk Ni%s F{kwzl"ks~lgbkoi`ike~c y wkecvloiÿe BL_ KEKWAIL_ KE KB ^WILEA[BC ]lnwk"Hijc y Ks}iwi~{ _le~c Vk`cs |{k ks~l fwlsk oc`}{ks~l }cw bls ~wks }lblgwls nkfiek bcs l~wig{~cs nk bls ~wks }kwscels nis~ie~ls |{k ocefia{wle kb ~wilea{bc nk Ni%s"ks~ls ~wks }kwscels sk si~{le f{kwl nk bl akc`k~wàl kb ks}loic y kb ~ik`}c" ocefia{wlenc kb ~wilea{bc s{}kwicw nkb ìwgcb olglbàs~ioc% KB VKW^IOK _[]KWICW-Bl _kfiwl nk Dk~hkw-Bl Ocwcel-KB ]LNWK (Ocefia{wl kb Kbk`ke~c ^ikwwl-O{kw}c fisioc-BL F[KWZL) KB VKW^IOK NKWKOHC -Bl _kfiwl nk Ohcd`lh‐-_lgin{wil-KB HIJC (Ocefia{wl kb Kbk`ke~c Liwk-Kb lb`l-K_^LGBKOI@IKE^C) KB VKW^IOK IZ\[IKWNC -Bl _kfiwl nk ‒Gielh‐-Ke~keni`ike~c-KB K_]IWI^[ _LE^C (Ocefia{wl kb Kbk`ke~c F{kac-Kb ks}iwi~{WKECVLOICE) Ks~l ~wilnl kx~kwicw "o{lenc sk keo{ke~wle "cwiaiele {e awle f{kwzl nk Owkloice nkb {eivkwsc |{k `knile~k {el oce~wloice nkb ~wilea{bc kx~kwicw ocefia{wlnc }cw bls ~wks }kwscels nk Ni-s "cwiaiel l oce~ie{loice {el kx}lesiÿe oke~wlb s{}kwicw nk wl`l nk ks}iwlb y |{k ocefia{wlenc ke kb oke~wc nkb ~wilea{bc y }kw}kenio{blw`ke~k hloil kb ie~kwicw bl c~wl wl`l nk bl ks}iwlb oce {e wlyc nk b{z ocefia{wlenc c kx}lenikenc kb wks~c nk skfiwls nkb ìwgcb olglbàs~ioc"ks nkoiw ~cnc kb [EIVKW_C "y ~cnc kb wks~c skfiwls nk bl skfiwl `ls s{~ib DK^HKW l bl skfiwl `ls nkesl-fisioc @LBD[^-KB WKIEC "siecs locwnl`cs ke kb Akeksis sk niok‐y kb ks}àwi~{ nk Nics (K_]IWI^[ _LE^C) sk si~{lgl scgwk bls la{ls nkb lgis`c (skfiwl nk Nll~ nkb ìwgcb olglbàs~ioc si~{lnl ke kb lgis`c) Vk`cs }cw ~le~c |{k f{kwl nkb ^k`}bc ke bl slbl nk bcs ]lscs }kwnincs sk si~{le bls ~wks }kwscels-]LNWK" HIJC Y K_]IWI^[ y }cw ~le~c kb {eioc }{e~c nk ke~wlnl ks }cw bl }{kw~l ncenk sk si~{l bl skfiwl nk Nll~OCECOI@IKE^C IE^KWEC "kb wks~c nk }lwkn kx~kwel nkb ^k`}bc ks kb la{l si~{lnl scgwk kb lgis`c "kb ~k`}bc wk}wkske~lwl kb Ocs`cs" ~cnc kb [eivkwsc% O{lbks wk}wkske~l~ivl`ke~k bls `kninls nkb ^k`}bc: nksnk kb elniw hls~l kb zkei~ ;
>%-Bls le~ia{ls ksowi~{wls _i~{lenc ke {e ~wilea{bc Bl f{kwzl ke kb véw~iok s{}kwicw "l bl nkwkohl iefkwicw kb ks~lgbkoi`ike~c y l bl iz|{ikwnl iefkwicw Wkecvlwk" nk ks~l fcw`l bkk`cs Wkecvloiÿe oce F{kwzl y ks~lgbkoi`ike~c ks~lgbkoi` ike~c Oc`c hk`cs vis~c le~kwicw`ke~k y wkfbkjlenc ks~cs hkohcs ke bls slawlnls ksowi~{wls"}cnk`cs ks~lgbkokw ~wks }lw~ks"ke bcs ksowi~cs gigbiocs ]wi`kwl }lw~k- WKECVLOICE (véw~iok iefkwicw iz|{ikwnc) -Kb ks}àwi~{ _le~c -Kb aéeksis-kb kbk`ke~c f{kac nk bl Owkloice Bl owkloiÿe nkb [eivkwsc"vk`cs |{k kb {eivkwsc sk akekwl ieioilb`ke~k l ~wlvés nkb ks}àwi~{ "wkocwnlw bcs ~kx~cs nk bls }wi`kwls wlzls nkb }blek~l Bcs Hi}kwgcbkcs"bcs bé`{wks y bcs l~ble~ks kwle skwks ks}iwi~{lbks" Lsi oc`c kb bigwc nk Kecoh %B{kac ~kek`cs {e {eivkwsc cwiaielwil`ke~k nk Ks}iwi~{s ‟ _kwl bl ^ikwwl {e }blek~l nk Kx}iloice3(Lbble Dlwnko) (?)LEAKBIOC "sikenc ks~l }cw ~le~c e{ks~wl }wi`kwl }lw~k nk oces~i~{oiÿe "bl }lw~k-NKB K_]IWI^[% Ks~l k~l}l wkocjk nksnk kb cwiake nkb ocs`cs hls~l bl kx}{bsiÿe nkb }lwlàsc ~kwwkelb"ncenk sk }lsl nkb `{enc k~kwioc-ks}iwi~{lb lb fisioc -~ikwwl Vl`cs l vkw ncenk"c ke |{k oiwo{es~leoils l}lwkok kb Ks}iwi~{ _le~c J{e~c l bls la{ls nkb lgis`c ke bl Owkloice #ke kb gl{~is`c nk Jks{owis~c" nks}{és nk bl `{kw~k nk Jksús ke kb ohldwl c}oi}i~lb nk bcs nisoi}{bcs oc`c {el bkea{l nk f{kac _ka{enl }lw~k-BL F[KWZL (véw~iok s{}kwicw)-Kb ]lnwk-Kb le~ia{c ~ks~l`ke~c-Kb kbk`ke~c ^ikwwl Ks bl his~cwil nk bl H{`leinln nksnk bl kx}{bsiÿe nkb ]lwlisc hls~l kb Lüc okwc(kb eloi`ike~c nk Jks{s) Bl Gigbil ke s{s ~kx~cs wkfbkjl lb Nics ]lnwk-FI_IOC Y @L^KWILB ^kwokwl }lw~k-K_^LGBKOI@IKE^C (véw~iok iefkwicw nkwkohc) -Kb hijc-Kb e{kvc ^ks~l`ke~c(Bl vinl nk Jks{-Owis~c) -Kb kbk`ke~c Liwk Jks{owis~c vikek l ieniolwecs |{k ~kek`cs LB@L IE@CW^LB Ocwwks}cenk lb }kwicnc nksnk kb e{kvc ~ks~l`ke~c hls~l e{ks~wcs nils [E NIS_#^WK_ ]KW_CEL_#^WK_ HI_^CWIL_#^WK_ KBK@KE^C_#^WK_ ]LW^K_ NKB _KW H[@LEC
6
LWGCB OLGLBL
1
;%-Bcs Kbk`ke~cs ;%<%-Ie~wcn{ooice Le~ks nk ke~wlw l lelbizlw bcs kbk`ke~cs" vl`cs l wklbizlw {el }k|{kül sàe~ksis nk bcs ; kbk`ke~cs BC_ OIEOC KBK@KE^C_ KBK@KE^C_ KB ]KE^LAWL@L ]KE^LAWL@L
Kb é~kw sk ocwwks}cenk oce kb ks}loic% Kb liwk oce kb cxiakec y kb ks~lnc alskcsc% Kb f{kac oce ~cnc bc |{k i`}biol olbcw% Kb la{l oce kb ks~lnc bà|{inc% Bl ~ikwwl oce bcs `iekwlbks ` iekwlbks y kb ks~lnc sÿbinc% s ÿbinc%
;%7%-Kb kbk`ke~c k~kw y kb kbk`ke~c la{l _i ecs nl`cs o{ke~l ks~k kbk`ke~c" kb k~kw "ks~k kbk`ke~c f{k kb \{ie~c kbk`ke~c nkfieinc }cw Lwis~c~kbks" sk si~{lwil f{kwl nkb {eivkwsc y ocwwks}cenkwil lb ks}loic ncenk sk si~{le bl ~wilnl nk }kwscels |{k oc`}ceke l NiSs ks nkoiw ke bl _lbl nk bcs }lscs }kwnincs y kb kbk`ke~c la{l sk si~{lgl scgwk bl flz nkb lgis`c" ke bls }lwknks kx~kwicwks nkb ^k`}bc yl |{k sik`}wk l}lwkok lscoilnc lb kbk`ke~c f{kac" wkn{oikenc c k|{ibigwlenc kb `is`c 8
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BL IABK_IL AC^IOL AC^IOL -
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Gls~l wkocwnlw bls okwk`ceils nk ocbcoloiÿe nk bl }wi`kwl }iknwl nkb ^k`}bc" ncenk sk okbkgwlgle slowifioics y cfwkoi`ike~cs" }lwl |{k bl cgwl l nkslwwcbblw skl lawlnlgbk l bcs cjcs nk NScs" siecs nl`cs o{ke~l ks~l }wi`kwl }iknwl ks nk bl oi`ke~loiÿe y sie bcs ocecoi`ike~cs ocecoi`ike~ cs ~koeiocs lo~{lbks"³|{k ~l`lüc nkgàle ~kekw bls zl}l~ls nkb knifioic3" ks~cs ocecoi`ike~cs ec sk ~wles`i~àle siec kwls {e l{~ke~ioc ieioilnc%
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<8
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Lbnc{s Bkcelwn H{xbky (76 nk j{bic nk <89>" ke Acnlb`iea" _{wwky" Ieabl~kwwl ‟ 77 nk ecvik`gwk nk <96?" ke Bcs Ìeakbks" Olbifcweil" Ks~lncs [eincs)" o{yc ec`gwk sk }wce{eoil Tˈɗbnəs ˈbkeən ˈhʂdsbiP" f{k {e ksowi~cw lelw|{is~l gwi~ìeioc |{k k`iawÿ l bcs Ks~lncs [eincs% @ik`gwc nk {el wkocecoinl fl`ibil nk ie~kbko~{lbks" H{xbky ks ocecoinc }cw s{s ecvkbls y keslycs" }kwc }{gbioÿ wkbl~cs ocw~cs" }cksàls" bigwcs nk viljk viljk y a{iceks% @knile~k s{s s{s ecvkbls y keslycs" keslycs" H{xbky kjkwoiÿ oc`c oc`c owà~ioc nk bcs wcbks scoilbks" scoilbks" bls ecw`ls y bcs inklbks% _k ie~kwksÿ" lsi`is`c" }cw bcs ~k`ls ks}iwi~{lbks" oc`c bl }lwl}siocbcaàl y kb `is~iois`c" lokwol nk bls o{lbks ksowigiÿ vlwics bigwcs% Lb fielb nk s{ vinl ks~{vc ocesinkwlnc oc`c {e bànkw nkb }kesl`ike~c `cnkwec% Gicawlfàl ]cw }lw~k }l~kwel" s{ lg{kbc f{k kb oébkgwk giÿbcac gwi~ìeioc ^hc`ls Hkewy H{xbky% _{ }lnwk" Bkcelwn H{xbky" giÿbcac ~l`giée" niwiaiÿ bl wkvis~l Ocwehibb @lalziek% Bl `lnwk nk Lbnc{s" J{bil Lwecbn" {el nk bls }wi`kwls `{jkwks |{k ks~{nilwce ke Cxfcwn" kwl eik~l nkb }ck~l @l~~hkq Lwecbn y hkw`lel nk bl ecvkbis~l H{`}hwky Qlwn" bl o{lb f {k bl }wc~ko~cwl nk Lbnc{s o{lenc" lb oce~lw és~k ol~cwok lücs" sk }wcn{jc bl `{kw~k nk s{ `lnwk nkginc l {e ~{`cw% ~{`cw% Kb `l~wi`ceic nk Bkcelwn H{xbky y J{bil Lwecbn ~{vc o{l~wc hijcs: J{bile (<881)" ^wkvkele (<889)" Lbnc{s (<89>) y @lwalwk~ (<899)% _{ hkw`lec" siw J{bile _% H{xbky" k`ieke~k giÿbcac" sk ocevkw~iwàl ke {e nks~lolnc niv{balncw oike~àfioc% ^cnl ks~l hkwkeoil fl`ibilw }kslwì ke s{ }wcn{ooiÿe ie~kbko~{lb k ies}iwlwì lba{ecs nk s{s }kwsceljks% Lbnc{s H{xbky sk kn{oÿ ke bl `ìs }wks~iaicsl nk bls kso{kbls gwi~ìeiols" K~ce" okwol nk Qienscw (<9=8-<97 Kb lw~k nk vkw (^hk Lw~ cf _kkiea)" ncenk wkbl~l bl his~cwil nk oÿ`c sk wko{}kwÿ nk s{ olsi oc`}bk~l oka{kwl% Ke <9<7" s{ }lnwk sk olsl oce Wcslbien Gw{ok" nk |{ike ~kenwì ncs hijcs" {ec nk kbbcs f{~{wc ]wk`ic Ecgkb nk @knioiel" Lenwkq H{xbky% Nkginc l s{ nkfioike~k visiÿe" Lbnc{s lglencel bl inkl nk ks~{nilw `knioiel y sk awlnúl ke bi~kwl~{wl ieabksl ke kb Glbbicb Ocbbkak nk Cxfcwn (<9" s{ hkw`lec ^wkvkele s{fwk {el awlvk nk}wksiÿe ekwvicsl" h{yk nk bl obàeiol ncenk ks~ì ie~kwelnc y sk s{ioinl% Lb o{`}biw bcs vkie~inÿs lücs }{gbiol s{ }wi`kw bigwc" ^hk G{weiea Qhkkb (<9<6)" {el ocbkooiÿe nk }ck`ls" lb o{lb ska{iwàle ~wks vcbú`keks `ìs nk }cksàl: Jcelh (<9<1)"^hk Nkfkl~ cf Yc{~h(<9<8) y Bknl (<97=)" eiea{ec nk bcs o{lbks sk hl kni~lnc ke ks}lücb% _{ }wi`kw ~wlgljc f{k oc`c }wcfkscw ke kb ocbkaic ncenk sk hlgàl kn{olnc" K~ce% Ks~k ~wlgljc ec lolglgl nk sl~isflokwbc y ec ~lwnÿ ke lglencelwbc% Ke <9<9 oce~wlk `l~wi`ceic oce @lwik Eys" {el `{jkw gkbal wkf{ailnl ke Ieabl~kwwl n{wle~k bl ]wi`kwl A{kwwl @{enilb% ^wls bl gcnl" kb `l~wi`ceic sk ks~lgbkok ke kb glwwic nk Hl `}s~kln" ke Bcenwks% [e lüc `ìs ~lwnk elokwàl s{ úeioc hijc" @l~~hkq% Ke <9<9 }lsl l fcw`lw }lw~k nkb k|{i}c nk wknlo~cwks nk bl }wks~iaicsl wkvis~l L~hkelk{` (<9<9-<97<)" ncenk ksowigk oce kb sk{nÿei`c nk Le~cbyo{s" y l }lw~iw nk <97= ocblgcwl oc`c owà~ioc nk ~kl~wc ke bl Qks~`ies~kw Alzzk~~k% Ke ks~ls wkvis~ls wklbizl awle vlwiknln nk ~wlgljcs: owà~iols nwl`ì~iols" nk lw~k y nk `úsiol" wksküls nk bigwcs y keslycs nivkwscs% Lba{ecs nk ks~cs lw~ào{bcs ks~ìe wkocaincs ke s{ bigwc Lb `lwake (Ce ~hk `lwaie: ec~ks len ksslys" <97?)% Bl wkvis~l L~hkelk{` bl niwiak J% @innbk~ce @{wwly" ks}csc nk Dl~hkwiek @lesfikbn y awle l`iac nkb ksowi~cw N% H% Blqwkeok% Ke ks~l é}col elok {el }wcf{enl l`is~ln ke~wk H{xbky y Blqwkeok" |{ike |{knlwàl wk~wl~lnc ke kb }kwsceljk Wl`}ice nk Oce~wl}{e~c (]cie~ Oc{e~kw ]cie~)% L bl `{kw~k nk Blqwkeok" ke <9?=" Lbnc{s wklbizl {el wkoc}ibloiÿe nk s{s olw~ls" |{k }{gbiol j{e~c oce {e keslyc ie~wcn{o~cwic% Ke <97= }{gbiol s{ }wi`kwl cgwl ke }wcsl" Bi `gc (Bi`gc)" {e bigwc nk o{ke~cs% Ke bcs sik~k lücs sia{ike~ks }{gbiolwì c~wls o{l~wc ocbkooiceks nk o{ke~cs: Bl kevcb~{wl h{`lel (@cw~lb Ocibs: fivk s~cwiks" <977)" @i ~àc _}keokw ( Bi~~bk @kxiole" <97>)" Ncs c ~wks awloils (^qc cw ^hwkk awlokw: fc{w s~cwiks" <976) y Fcacelzcs (Gwikf Olenbks" <971)% Kb `l~wi`ceic sk ~wlsblnl l I~lbil ke <97<4 ke {e }wieoi}ic ks~lgbkok s{ wksinkeoil ke Fbcwkeoil y oce }cs~kwicwinln ke Fcw~k nki @lw`i" lb ecw~k nk ]isl" ncenk H{xbky ksowigk s{ }wi`kwl ecvkbl" Bcs ksoìenlbcs nk Owc`k (Ohwc`k Ykbbcq" <97<)" |{k bk vlbiÿ {el sÿbinl wk}{~loiÿe oc`c ksowi~cw% Ke ks~l cgwl nksowigk l {e aw{}c nk ie~kbko~{lbks ksecgs" skes{lbks y oàeiocs |{k }lsle {e fie nk sk`lel ke Owc`k" bl olsl nk ol`}c nk Hkewy y ]wisoibbl Qi`g{sh" {el }lwkjl ~à}iol nk bl scoiknln ieabksl nk ke~ceoks% Hly `{y }col looiÿe ke bl ecvkbl y sà `{ohls nis|{isioiceks nis|{isioiceks bi~kwlwils y fibcsÿfiols% Ke kbbl l}lwkoke bcs ie~kbko~{lbks oce~wl bcs |{k H{xbky niwiaiÿ bls sì~iwls `ìs lfiblnls nk s{ }wi`kwl é}col% L }lw~iw nk ks~l fkohl" y n{wle~k kb }kwicnc nk ke~wka{kwwls" }lw~ioi}l lo~ivl`ke~k ke bl vinl bi~kwlwil ieabksl" oceviw~iéencsk ke {e awle hcs~ialncw nk bl g{wa{ksàl gwi~ìeiol y s{s ocs~{`gwks" bc |{k bk vlbiÿ kb l}kbl~ivc nk kefle~ ~kwwigbk nk bls bk~wls ieabksls% H{xbky f{k {e viljkwc k`}knkweinc% ^wls kb éxi~c nk Bcs ksoìenlbcs nk Owc`k y nk s{ ska{enc vcb{`ke nk o{ke~cs" Bl kevcb~{wl h{`lel" kb `l~wi`ceic ln|{ikwk {e Oi~wcäe |{k" ocen{oinc }cw @lwik" bcs bbkvlwì l bc blwac nk `{ohls olwwk~kwls k{wc}kls% Lba{els nk ks~ls vivkeoils |{knlwìe wk~wl~lnls ke L bc blwac nkb ol`iec (Lbcea ~hk wcln: ec~ks len ksslys cf l ~c{wis~" <97;)% Ke <97? }{gbiol s{ ska{enl ecvkbl" Nlezl nk _ì~iwcs (Le~io Hly" <97?)" {el cgwl nivkw~inl" oce kb h{`cw y bl jcocsinln }wc}ics nk bcs ksowi~cwks ieabksks nk bl é}col y {el nk bls `ìs iwÿeiols nkb l{~cw% L ks~l ecvkbl ska{iwì bl }{gbioloiÿe nk Lw~k" l `cw y ~cnc bc nk`ìs (^hcsk Glwwke Bklvks" <97;)% Ke <97; hloke {el gwkvk ksol}lnl l ^úekz" }lwl k`}wkenkw b{kac {e viljk lbwknkncw nkb `{enc% K`glwole hloil bl Ienil" ncenk kb `l~wi`ceic }kw`lekok o{l~wc `ksks visi~lenc kb }làs4 oce~ieúle hloil _ieal}{w" Giw`leil" @lblsil" Fibi}iels" Ohiel" Jl}ÿe y fielb`ke~k Ks~lncs [eincs% Bls i`}wksiceks nk ks~k viljk |{knlwàle wkocainls ke kb bigwc Jks~iea ]ibl~k: Le Ie~kbbko~{lb Hcbinly" }{gbiolnc {e lüc `ìs ~lwnk% L s{ wkawksc" ke kb vkwlec nk <976" kb `l~wi`ceic sk ks~lgbkok ke Ocw~iel (I~lbil)" ncenk Lbnc{s ieioil {el e{kvl ecvkbl" Oce~wl}{e~c (]cie~ Oc{e~kw ]cie~" <978)" {e lblwnk nk viw~{csis`c ~éoeioc" oc`}bkjinln y wi|{kzl nk }kwsceljks% Ks~l ecvkbl skwàl {ec nk s{s `lycwks éxi~cs% Ke co~{gwk nk <978 ~wlsblnle s{ wksinkeoil l Fwleoil" ieioilb`ke~k ke _{wkseks" l }cocs dibÿ`k~wcs nk ]lwàs" ncenk }kw`lekokwìe n{wle~k {e lüc y `knic" ie~kww{`}inc }cw lba{ecs viljks l Ieabl~kwwl" I~lbil y Ks}lül% Kb }wi`kw viljk l Ks}lül" ke lgwib nk <979" bc wklbizle ke ocohk nksnk _{wkseks" oce cgjk~c nk visi~lw kb @{skc nkb ]wlnc ke @lnwin% [ecs `ksks nks}{és wkawksle l Ks}lül oce `c~ivc nkb Oceawksc nk Occ}kwloiÿe Ie~kbko~{lb nk Glwokbcel" lb |{k H{xbky hl sinc ievi~lnc% ^wls {el sk`lel ke Glwokbcel" wklbizle {e wkocwwinc }cw Ks}lül ke kb |{k visi~le bls oi{nlnks nk ^lwwlacel" Vlbkeoil" Lb`kwàl" Awlelnl" Wcenl" Jkwkz" Oìniz" _kvibbl" @lnwin" G{wacs y fielb`ke~k wkawksle l Fwleoil }cw _le _kgls~iìe% _{ úb~i`c viljk l Ks}lül" ke <9??" bcs bbkvlwàl l @lnwin" ^cbknc" Ìvibl y _kacvil% Ke <9?= ln|{ikwk {el skeoibbl olsl j{e~c l bl }blyl ke kb s{w nk Fwleoil" }wÿxi`l l bl oi{nln nk ^cbce" ncenk sk lfioicel l bl }ie~{wl y }lsl `{ohls hcwls }ie~lenc wk~wl~cs nk s{ `{jkw" s{ hijc c lba{el nk s{s visi~ls% Ke~wk és~ls sk o{ke~l bl ksowi~cwl lwake~iel Vio~cwil Col`}c" oce bl |{k `le~kenwàl {el awle l`is~ln% Ke <9?< ieioil {el ocblgcwloiÿe ke kb Ohiolac Hkwlbn" l wlzÿe nk {e lw~ào{bc sk`lelb% Ksk lüc }{gbiol {e bigwc nk }ck`ls" ^hk Oiolnls" y {el ocbkooiÿe nk keslycs scgwk ~k`ls `{y nivkwscs" @úsiol ke bl ecohk (@{sio l~ ~hk Eiah~" <9?<)% 7
N{wle~k kb vkwlec nk <9?7 }wk}lwl ^kx~s len ]wk~kx~s" {el le~cbcaàl nk }cksàls" bl `lycwàl }kw~kekoike~ks l }ck~ls ieabksks" oblsifiolnls }cw ~k`ls y loc`}lülnls nk gwkvks oc`ke~lwics% Lb lüc sia{ike~k" kb `l~wi`ceic sk k`glwol ke kb Gwi~leeio w{`gc l L`éwiol Oke~wlb% Visi~le kb Olwigk" A{l~k`lbl" Hcen{wls y @éxioc% Bls i`}wksiceks nk ks~k viljk |{knlwìe }bls`lnls ke {e bigwc @ìs lbbì nkb acbfc nk @éxioc (Gkycen ~hk @kxi|{k Gly" <9?>)% L s{ wkawksc l Fwleoil" H{xbky wkle{nl bl ksowi~{wl nk {el ecvkbl scgwk bl |{k bbkvlgl ~wks lücs ~wlgljlenc" Oikac ke Alzl (Kykbkss ie Alzl" <9?6)% Ks~l ecvkbl" }kwscelb k àe~i`l" ~wl~l kb ocefbio~c ke~wk bc ie~kbko~{lb y bc skx{lb" y s{ wkscb{oiÿe l ~wlvés nkb `is~iois`c% Oce ks~l cgwl oceob{yk {el k~l}l ke bl |{k }wknc`iel kb ksok}~iois`c" y s{wak {e ie~kwés owkoike~k }cw kb `is~iois`c" ie~kwés |{k bc loc`}lülwàl hls~l s{ `{kw~k% 'Kb ie~kwés ekal~ivc sk ~cweÿ }csi~ivc" ec l wks{b~ls nk {e scbc s{oksc" siec `ìs gike }cw|{k ~cnc bc nk`ìs -kb lw~k" bl oikeoil" bl bi~kwl~{wl" bcs }blokwks nkb }kesl`ike~c }kesl`ike~c y nk bls skesloiceksskesloiceks- ~kw`ielwce }cw }lwkokw`k }lwkokw`k ies{fioike~ks% [ec bbkal bbkal l {e }{e~c ke kb |{k |{k sk niok" ieob{sc lb }keslw ke Gkk~hcvke" Gkk~hcvke" lb }keslw ke _hldks}klwk: ³Ksc ³Ksc ks ~cnc3' Ksk `is`c lüc }{gbiol {e e{kvc vcb{`ke nk keslycs" ^hk Cbivk ^wkk (<9?6)" y l }lw~iw nk ke~ceoks l{`ke~lwì ocesinkwlgbk`ke~k bl }wcn{ooiÿe nk keslycs" keslycs" `knic nk kx}wksiÿe kx}wksiÿe ke kb |{k sk ske~àl `ìs `ìs oÿ`cnc% Ke kbbcs kbbcs lgcwnl {e siefàe nk nk ~k`ls: lw~k" `úsiol" bi~kwl~{wl" his~cwil" }siocbcaàl" }knlacaàl" }cbà~iol" oikeoil" k~o% Ke lgwib nk <9?1" bcs H{xbky lglencele s{ wksinkeoil ke Fwleoil y" ke oc`}lüàl nk s{ l`iac Akwlbn Hklwn" }lw~ke hloil bcs Ks~lncs [eincs ke g{sol nk {el {eivkwsinln ke bl |{k }{knl ks~{nilw s{ hijc% ]wkvée }kw`lekokw e{kvk `ksks ke kb }làs" }kwc skwì {el ks~leoil }lwl ~cnl bl vinl% L s{ bbkalnl wklbizle {e viljk ke ocohk }cw vlwics ks~lncs ecw~kl`kwiolecs" }lwl lolglw ke bl fieol |{k kb nif{e~c Blqwkeok }cskàl ke E{kvc @éxioc" ncenk ncenk }lsle kb vkwlec y ncenk ncenk H{xbky oceob{yk oceob{yk Kb fie y bcs `knics `knics (Kens len @kles" <9?1)" <9?1)" ìaibks keslycs ke bcs bcs |{k nksowigk s{ owknc }loifis~l" |{k yl hlgàl nkfkeninc ke bl úb~i`l }lw~k nk Oikac ke Alzl% Ke sk}~ik`gwk wkle{nle s{ `lwohl w{`gc l Olbifcweil" y sk ks~lgbkoke ke Bcs Ìeakbks% Ke Hcbbyqccn ~wlgle l`is~ln oce lo~cwks oc`c Ohlwbik Ohl}bie y Awk~l Alwgc y niwko~cwks nk oiek oc`c O{dcw y Dcwnl% Ke s{s }wi`kwcs lücs ke Ks~lncs [eincs" ksowigk a{iceks }lwl bl ien{s~wil oiek`l~cawìfiol% Kb `{enc nk Hcbbyqccn |{knlwì wk~wl~lnc ke s{ sia{ike~k ecvkbl" Vikjc `{kwk kb oisek (Lf~kw `ley l s{``kw niks ~hk sqle" <9?9)% Ncs lücs `ìs ~lwnk }{gbiol {el gicawlfàl" K`iekeoil awis (Awky K`iekeok: l s~{ny ie wkbiaice len }cbi~ios ‟ l gicawl}hy cf fl~hkw Jcsk}h" <9><) |{k fl`ibilwizl lb bko~cw oce bl vinl nkb }lnwk Jcsé" }wieoi}lb oceskjkwc y k`islwic nkb olwnkelb Wiohkbik{ ke bl Fwleoil nkb siabc XVII% Oce ln`iwlgbk ol}loinln nk sàe~ksis y nk fcw`l `{y nieì`iol" kb l{~cw vl kx}ceikenc bl oc`}bkjl his~cwil k{wc}kl |{k siwvk nk fcenc l bls lo~ivinlnks nk ks~k `cejk ol}{ohiec% Ksk lüc" <9><" sk ie~wcn{ok nk bbkec ke bl bi~kwl~{wl `às~iol nk bl Ienil }cw ie~kw`knic nk s{ l`iac" kb ksowi~cw Ohwis~c}hkw Ishkwqccn4 ocecok l _ql`i ]wlghlvlelenl y bl _coiknln Vkenl~l nk Bcs Ìeakbks" y k`}ikzl l ocblgcwlw ke s{ wkvis~l gi`kes{lb Vkenl~l len ~hk qks~" ocblgcwloiÿe |{k sk }wcbcealwàl hls~l <96=% Ke <9>7" bcs H{xbky lglencele Bcs Ìeakbks y sk wk~iwle l viviw l Bblec" }k|{kül bcolbinln olbifcweilel si~{lnl lb gcwnk nkb nksikw~c nk @cjlvk% H{xbky l`lgl kb nksikw~c }cw s{ }cnkw si`gÿbioc y bk a{s~lgl }lsklw }cw éb% _{s bko~{wls y `kni~loiceks ke kb nksikw~c bc bbkvle l ksowigiw s{ sia{ike~k ecvkbl" Kb ~ik`}c nkgk nk~kekwsk (^i`k `{s~ hlvk l s~c}" <9>>)" ies}iwlnl ke {el nk s{s bko~{wls }wkfkwinls" Bigwc ~igk~lec nk bcs `{kw~cs c Glwncb ^höncb4 y {el le~cbcaàl oc`ke~lnl nk ~kx~cs `às~iocs nk ~cncs bcs ~ik`}cs" Bl fibcscfàl }kwkeek (^hk ]kwkeeilb ]hibcsc}hy" <9>;)% Lsi`is`c" Lsi`is`c" ke <9>>" H{xbky k Ishkwqccn nkoinke ocblgcwlw ke {el ecvkbbl |{k }{nikwl skw lnl}~lnl }lwl Hcbbyqccn y ksowigke Jlocg!s Hlens" |{k ec bbkal l }{gbiolwsk% Ncok lücs nks}{és bc lnl}~lwce }lwl bl wlnic" < }kwc ec skwì hls~l <998 |{k sk }{gbiol oc`c bigwc% 7 Lb oceob{iw bl a{kwwl" kb `l~wi`ceic lglencel lglencel bl scbknln nkb nksikw~c }lwl ies~lblwsk ke Qwiah~qccn" {e olskwàc si~{lnc ke }bkec gcs|{k" ke bc lb~c nk bl sikwwl |{k sk}lwl Bcs Ìeakbks y @cjlvk y ncenk wksinke hls~l <9>9% L|{à ksowigk {e }k|{küc vcb{`ke nk keslycs" Oikeoil" bigkw~ln y }lz (_oikeok" Bigkw~y len ]klok" <9>6) y {el elwwloiÿe gwkvk ke fcw`l nk a{ice oiek`l~cawìfioc" @cec y kskeoil (L}k len Ksskeok" <9>8)% Ke <9>8 wkawksle l K{wc}l y visi~le ]lwàs" Wc`l y s{ le~ia{l wksinkeoil ke kb s{w nk Fwleoil% L s{ v{kb~l l Ks~lncs [eincs sk ~wlsblnle" {el vkz `ìs" l {el e{kvl olsl oce l`}bic jlwnàe ke Diea!s Wcln" ke bls lf{kwls nk Bcs Ìeakbks% Kb lüc <9;= skülbl {e lb~c ke bl blgcw bi~kwlwil nk Lbnc{s% Ke }wi`lvkwl lo{nk oce @lwik l E{kvl Ycwd" ncenk sk ks~wkel bl lnl}~loiÿe ~kl~wlb nk s{ o{ke~c Bl scewisl nk bl Aicocenl (^hk Aicocenl _`ibk" <9>8)" y lsis~ke l bl gcnl nk s{ hijc @l~~hkq" le~ks nk k`}wkenkw {e e{kvc viljk l K{wc}l% Ksk vkwlec visi~le bl }k|{kül oi{nln fwleoksl nk Bc{n{e" ksokelwic nk {e siea{blw olsc loce~koinc ke kb siabc XVII" ke kb |{k {e aw{}c nk `cejls f{kwce vào~i`ls nk {el }csksiÿe nk`ceilol% nk`ceilol% Ks~k hkohc his~ÿwioc bc bbkvl l wklbizlw {e ie~kwksle~k ks~{nic }siocbÿaioc nk ks~k hkohc ke {el nk s{s cgwls `ìs ec~lgbks" ec~lgbks" Bcs nk`ceics nk Bc{n{e Bc{n{e (^hk Nkvibs cf Bc{n{e) Bc{n{e) }{gbiolnl ke <9;7" <9;7" ke }bkel olzl nk gw{jls nkb skelncw Jcsk}h @oOlw~hy% Ke kekwc nk <9;7 c}kwle l @lwik nk {e |{is~k `lbiaec nk `l`l" }wi`kwl `leifks~loiÿe nkb oìeokw |{k bl nkvcwlwàl ke kb ~wleso{wsc nk bcs ~wks lücs sia{ike~ks% L }lw~iw nk ke~ceoks sk }wcn{ok {e ec~lgbk ol`gic nk lo~i~{n ke H{xbky" y sk ieioil {e }kwicnc nk l}lwioiceks }úgbiols oces~le~ks" |{k ke s{s úb~i`cs lücs sk }wcn{oke l {e wi~`c vkw~iaiecsc% Lsà" sce `{ohcs y vlwilncs bcs visi~le~ks wkoigincs ke s{ olsl" l}lwkok ke }wcawl`ls nk wlnic c ~kbkvisiÿe y scgwk ~cnc k`}ikzl l nlw ocefkwkeoils ke {eivkwsinlnks nk Ks~lncs [eincs olnl vkz oce `lycw fwko{keoil% Ke <9;?" Lbnc{s bkk {e lw~ào{bc scgwk kb k`}bkc nk bl `ksolbiel ke kb ~wl~l`ike~c nk bl ks|{izcfwkeil y" bbkvlnc }cw s{ ie~kwés" ocecok l {ec nk s{s l{~cwks" kb Nw% H{`}hwy Cs`cen" oce kb |{k ks~lgbkokwàl {el i`}cw~le~k l`is~ln% Ke bl }wi`lvkwl nk <9;?" gljc bl s{}kwvisiÿe nkb Nw% Cs`cen y nk s{ `{jkw" nkoink kx}kwi`ke~lw }cw sà `is`c ks~l nwcal k ieaikwk o{l~wc nkoiawl`cs nk `ksolbiel% H{xbky nksowigk ks~l }wi`kwl kx}kwikeoil oce {el {el s{s~leoil }siocnébiol }siocnébiol ke {e gwkvk vcb{`ke" vcb{`ke" Bls }{kw~ls nk bl }kwok}oiÿe }kwok}oiÿe (^hk Nccws cf ]kwok}~ice" ]kwok}~ice" <9;>)" ncenk kx}biol }lsc l }lsc bls i`}wksiceks nk l|{kb nàl% Ke~wk bcs lücs <9;? y <96? kx}kwi`ke~ÿ {el ncokel nk vkoks oce s{s~leoils }siocnébiols (`ksolbiel" B_N y }sibcoigiel) bbkvlnc }cw {e ie~kwés nk àencbk ie~kbko~{lb% Ke <9;6 }{gbiol {e ska{enc bigwc scgwk ks~ls nwcals" Oikbc k iefikwec (Hklvke len Hkbb)" {e bigwc ncenk cfwkok {el l`}bil }lecwì`iol nk bl oikeoil" kb lw ~k y bl wkbiaiÿe l glsk nk }k|{kücs ksgczcs% Ke <9;> kb `l~wi`ceic wklbizl {e e{kvc viljk l K{wc}l% ]lwl @lwik" kb viljk skwì s{ nks}kninl nk s{s fl`ibilwks" }{ks ~le sÿbc bk wks~l {e lüc nk vinl% ]wi`kwc viljle l Fwleoil y nk lbbà visi~le Kai}~c" Bàglec" ]lbks~iel" Ohi}wk" Awkoil y lolgle wkawkslenc l bl I~lbil nk s{s }wi`kwcs lücs nk `l~wi`ceic% Nk v{kb~l ke Olbifcweil" H{xbky nl fie l {el e{kvl ecvkbl" Kb akeic y bl nicsl (^hk Akei{s len ~hk Acnnkss" <9;;)% L bc blwac nkb ievikwec bl slb{n nk @lwik" l|{kjlnl nk {e oìeokw nk hàalnc" k`}kcwl y kb <7 nk fkgwkwc nk <9;;" ~wls ?; lücs nk `l~wi`ceic" `{kwk ke s{ olsl loc`}lülnl hls~l kb úb~i`c ies~le~k }cw s{ `lwinc% ^wls ncs `ksks nk scbknln" kb ksowi~cw k`}wkenk {e blwac viljk }cw olwwk~kwl hloil Lwizcel" ^kxls" Fbcwinl" Olwcbiel y fielb`ke~k E{kvl Ycwd" ncenk wkle{nl s{ vinl oce {el lo~ivinln ie{si~lnl% ^wls kb vkwlec" wkawksl l Bcs Ìeakbks" ncenk wk~cwel l s{ vinl hlgi~{lb% Kb <9 nk `lyc nk <9;6" ke Y{`l" Lwizcel" oce~wlk `l~wi`ceic oce bl vicbieis~l y }sioc~kwl}k{~l i~lbilel Bl{wl Lwohkwl" o{yl vi~lbinln y niel`is`c skwìe {e }cnkwcsc ks~à`{bc }lwl bls lo~ivinlnks k`}wkeninls k`}wkeninls n{wle~k bcs úb~i`cs lücs nk s{ vinl% ]coc nks}{és nk olslwsk" sk ~wlsblnle l {el olsl ke {el nk bls ocbiels nk Hcbbyqccn%
77
Kscs lücs }{gbiol ncs e{kvls ocbkooiceks nk keslycs" Lnceis y kb lbflgk~c (Lnceis len ~hk Lb}hlgk~" <9;6) y E{kvl visi~l l {e `{enc fkbiz (Gwlvk Ekq Qcwbn Wkvisi~kn" <9;8) k ieioil {e }kwi}bc nk blwacs viljks: ]kwú" Gwlsib (ievi~lnc }cw kb acgikwec nk ks~k }làs)" I~lbil (ncenk k`}wkenk {e oiobc nk ocefkwkeoils }cw nifkwke~ks oi{nlnks)" Ieabl~kwwl (ncenk visi~l l s{ fl`ibil)" _{izl (ncenk lsis~k l bls ocefkwkeoils nk Dwisel`{w~i) y Niel`lwol (ievi~lnc l {e oceawksc nk }siocbcaàl l}biolnl) y fielb`ke~k" ke <96<" wkawksl l bl Ienil }lwl kb oke~kelwic nk ^lacwk ke E{kvl Nkbhi% ]kwc bcs viljks `ìs siaeifiol~ivcs }lwl Lbnc{s ke ks~cs úb~i`cs lücs bcs wklbizl }cw Ks~lncs [eincs" nk {eivkwsinln ke {eivkwsinln" i`}lw~ikenc ocefkwkeoils y o{wscs: _le Fwleoisoc" _~lefcwn" Gkwdkbky" _le~l Gìwglwl" @lssloh{sk~~s" E{kvl Ycwd" k~o% Kb <7 nk `lyc nk <96<" {e ieokenic nks~w{yk oc`}bk~l`ke~k s{ olsl ke Hcbbyqccn" y }ikwnk ~cnls s{s }kw~kekeoils y wko{kwncs" l kxok}oiÿe nk {ecs }cocs cgjk~cs |{k bcawl wksol~lw" ke~wk bcs |{k sk keo{ke~wl kb vicbàe nk Bl{wl ({e A{lweikwi oces~w{inc ke Owk`cel ke <1=1) y kb `le{sowi~c nk s{ úb~i`l ecvkbl" Bl isbl (Isblen" <967)" ke bl |{k bbkvlgl ~wlgljlenc oieoc lücs% Bl isbl oces~i~{yk {el ks}koik nk ~ks~l`ke~c bi~kwlwic" ncenk kb l{~cw wkowkl {e cwnke scoilb |{k gike }cnwàl ocesinkwlwsk oc`c bl oce~wl}lw~k nk [e `{enc fkbiz% Ke <96= bk hlgàle nilaecs~iolnc {e ~{`cw ke bl bkea{l" |{k bcawl oce~kekw n{wle~k ncs lücs l glsk nk wlnic~kwl}il% L }kslw nk s{ kx~wk`l nkgibinln }cw bcs n{wcs ~wl~l`ike~cs" oce~ieúl oce bcs oc`}wc`iscs ln|{iwincs i`}lw~ikenc i`}lw~ikenc ocefkwkeoils y lsis~ikenc l oceawkscs% ^kw`iel s{ úb~i`c bigwc" Bi~kwl~{wl y oikeoil (Bi~kwl~{wk len _oikeok" <96?)" }{gbiolnc ncs `ksks le~ks nk s{ `{kw~k y ke kb |{k ~wl~l nk l}wcxi`lw kb `{enc nkb lw~k y kb nk bl oikeoil% Ke <96? lsis~k ke Wc`l l {e oceawksc `{enilb scgwk lawio{b~{wl y ks wkoiginc }cw kb }l}l J{le XXIII" wkawksl l Ks~lncs [eincs l oce~ie{lw oce kb ~wl~l`ike~c y oce wkecvlnls f{kwzls viljl l _{koil" ncenk lsis~k l bl Lolnk`il @{enilb nk bls Lw~ks y bls Oikeoils% Ksk vkwlec bc }lsl ke Ieabl~kwwl oce s{s fl`ibilwks y l`iacs% Kb 77 nk ecvik`gwk nk <96?" kb `is`c nàl nkb lsksiel~c nkb }wksinke~k Jche F% Dkeekny" `{kwk l bcs skske~l y e{kvk lücs% L s{ `{kw~k bk f{k bkànc lb cànc" skaúe s{ }wc}ic nkskc" kb Bigwc ~igk~lec nk bcs `{kw~cs% F{k ieoiekwlnc y s{s okeizls f{kwce ~wlsblnlnls cohc lücs `ìs ~lwnk l Ieabl~kwwl" ncenk nksolesle j{e~c oce bls nk s{ fl`ibil% Lbnc{s H{xbky ~keàl {e slgkw keoiobc}énioc" fw{~c nk {el awle o{wicsinln ie~kbko~{lb% Kwl {e hc`gwk nk ieakeic ieoisivc y }kesl`ike~c lgikw~c |{k" lnk`ìs nk ie~kwkslwsk }wcf{enl`ke~k }cw kb `is~iois`c" bc hizc ~l`giée }cw kb `{enc oc~inilec y s{s kxiakeoils: bl }lz" bl oikeoil" bl oceskwvloiÿe nk bcs wko{wscs el~{wlbks" k~o% _{ `ke~lbinln ec lok}~ÿ e{eol kb j{kac awl~{i~c nk bls inkls y ke s{ }kesl`ike~c keoce~wl`cs bl ekoksinln nk l}cw~lw lb `{enc {el ks~w{o~{wl ú~ib%
Cgwl Ecvkbls Bcs ksoìenlbcs nk Owc`k (Owc`k Ykbbcq) (<97<) Nlezl nk sì~iwcs (Le~io Hly) (<97?) Lw~k" l`cw y ~cnc bc nk`ìs (^hcsk Glwwke Bklvks) (<97;) Oce~wl}{e~c (]cie~ Oc{e~kw ]cie~) (<978) [e `{enc fkbiz (Gwlvk Ekq Qcwbn) (<9?7) Oikac ke Alzl (Kykbkss ie Alzl) (<9?6) Vikjc `{kwk kb oisek (Lf~kw @ley l _{``kw" Niks ~hk _qle) (<9?9) Kb ~ik`}c nkgk nk~kekwsk (^i`k @{s~ Hlvk l _~c}) (<9>>) @cec y kskeoil (L}k len Ksskeok) (<9>8) Kb akeic y bl nicsl (^hk Akei{s len ~hk Acnnkss) (<9;;) Bl isbl (Isblen) (<967)
7?
Qibbil` Gbldk (Bcenwks (Ieabl~kwwl)4 78 nk ecvik`gwk nk <1;1 ‟ igànk`4 <7 nk lacs~c nk <871) f{k {e }ck~l" }ie~cw" awlglncw y `às~ioc Toi~l wk|{kwinlP
ieabés% L{e|{k }kw`lekoiÿ ke awle }lw~k nksocecoinc n{wle~k kb ~wleso{wsc nk s{ vinl" lo~{lb`ke~k kb ~wlgljc nk Gbldk o{ke~l oce {el lb~l ocesinkwloiÿe% ]cw bl wkbloiÿe |{k ke s{ cgwl ~ikeke bl }cksàl y s{s awlglncs wks}ko~ivcs s{kbk }cekwsk l Gbldk oc`c kjk`}bc nkb ¤lw~is~l ~c~lb´% _kaúe kb }kwiÿnioc ^hk A{lwnile" ¤Qibbil` Gbldk ks oce awle `lwake kb `lycw lw~is~l |{k Awle Gwk~lül hl }wcn{oinc´%< Ocesinkwlw bcs bcawcs nk Gbldk ke }cksàl c ke bls lw~ks vis{lbks }cw sk}lwlnc skwàl }kwj{nioilb }lwl ke~kenkw bl `laei~{n nk s{ cgwl: Gbldk vkàl ks~ls ncs nisoi}biels oc`c ncs `knics nk {e ksf{kwzc ks}iwi~{lb {eifiolnc" y sce iesk}lwlgbks }lwl l}wkoilw ocwwko~l`ke~k s{ ~wlgljc% ]cw ks~l wlzÿe" bls knioiceks ib{s~wlnls nk bl cgwl nk Gbldk ec hlgàle sinc ks}koilb`ke~k vlbcwlnls ke kb }lslnc" hls~l |{k bcs lvleoks ke bls ~éoeiols nk i`}wksiÿe hle }kw`i~inc {el `lycw nif{siÿe" lb hlokwsk és~ls `ìs looksigbks% 7 Iefleoil y fl`ibil Gbldk eloiÿ ke kb 78 nk Gwcln _~wkk~" Acbnke _|{lwk" Bcenwks" ke {el fl`ibil nk oblsk `knil e{kvl" ke kb lüc <1;1% _{ }lnwk kwl olbok~kwc% _k owkk |{k }kw~kekoikwce l {el sko~l wkbiaicsl wlniolb nkec`ielnl Nisske~kws% Bl `lnwk nk Gbldk" Ol~hkwiek Qwiah~" y s{ }wi`kw `lwinc hlgàle }kw~kekoinc l bl Iabksil nk @cwlvil" @cwlvil" y lba{ecs owà~iocs owà~iocs lnvikw~ke oikw~cs kocs `cwlvilecs `cwlvilecs ke bl }cksàl }cksàl nk Gbldk% Bl Gigbil f{k {el {el iefb{keoil ~k`}wlel y }wcf{enl ke Gbldk" y ska{iwàl sikenc {el f{ke~k nk ies}iwloiÿe ow{oilb n{wle~k ~cnl s{ vinl% Nksnk {el knln ~k`}wlel Gbldk ~{vc visiceks" bl `ìs }wkocz f{k o{lenc" ke ]kodhl` Wyk" ~keikenc lbwknkncw nk e{kvk lücs vic {e ìwgcb bbkec nk ìeakbks ¤lncwelenc oce nks~kbbcs" oc`c ks~wkbbls" olnl wl`l´% Nk lo{kwnc oce kb giÿawlfc vio~cwilec nk Gbldk" Lbkxlenkw Aibohwis~" nks}{és nk ~kekw bl visiÿe wkawksÿ l s{ olsl y bc oc`ke~ÿ" ksol}lenc nk {el }lbizl nk s{ }lnwk }cw bl ie~kwvkeoiÿe nk s{ `lnwk% L{e|{k ~cnls bls kvinkeoils s{aikwke |{k bcs }lnwks l}cylgle l Gbldk y kwle nk ~kenkeoil `{y bigkwlb" s{ `lnwk }lwkok |{k f{k ks}koilb`ke~k nkfkescwl4 vlwics nig{jcs y }ck`ls }wi`kwizcs }wi`kwizcs nk Gbldk nkocwlgle bls }lwknks }lwknks nk s{ hlgi~loiÿe% Ke c~wl colsiÿe" Gbldk cgskwvÿ l bcs skalncwks ~wlgljlenc" y vic ¤fia{wls leakbiolbks ol`ielenc ke~wk kbbcs´% Ks }csigbk |{k c~wls visiceks co{wwikwle le~ks nk ks~cs ieoinke~ks: `ìs lnkble~k ke s{ vinl" bl ks}csl nk Gbldk" Ol~hkwiek" bk wkocwnlwàl bl vkz |{k vic bl olgkzl nk Nics ¤ocbcolnl ke bl vke~lel´% Bl visiÿe" wkocwnlgl Ol~hkwiek l s{ `lwinc" bk nkjÿ awi~lenc%? Gbldk oc`kezÿ l awlglw oc}ils nk nig{jcs nk le~iaòknlnks awikals" bbkalenc s{ }lnwk l oc`}wlwbk lba{els ({el ienioloiÿe `ìs nkb l }cyc |{k s{s }lnwks bk nikwce)% Gbldk }wkfkwàl wklbizlw ks~ls oc}ils l ievke~lw s{s }wc}ics }wc}ics nig{jcs% nig{jcs% L }lw~iw nk ks~cs nig{jcs" nig{jcs" Gbldk keoce~wÿ s{ }wi`kwl kx}csioiÿe l bls fcw`ls obìsiols" l ~wlvés nkb ~wlgljc nk Wlflkb" @ia{kb Ìeakb c Lbgkw~c N{wkwc" lw~is~ls |{k ec aczlgle ke~ceoks nk ia{lb wkocecoi`ike~c" }kwc |{k Gbldk owkàl s{}kwicwks l l|{kbbcs nk bls kso{kbls f bl`keols y vkekoilels% Bl iefb{keoil nk ks~ls cgwls obìsiols ke s{s }ie~{wls }{knk l}wkoilwsk l}wkoilwsk ke s{ cgwl }cs~kwicw%> _{s }lnwks ocecoàle s{ ~k`}kwl`ke~c ~ks~lw{nc y ec bk kevilwce l bl kso{kbl siec |{k bk }kw`i~ikwce looknkw l bl kso{kbl nk nig{jc nk Hkewy ]lws" ncenk l}wkeniÿ bcs f{enl`ke~cs nk ks~k lw~k% Bkàl ìvinl`ke~k bcs ~k`ls |{k éb `is`c kbkaàl% N{wle~k ks~k }kwàcnc" Gbldk ~l`giée hloàl kx}bcwloiceks ke bl }cksàl4 s{s }wi`kwcs ~wlgljcs `cs~wlgle kb ocecoi`ike~c nk Gke Jcesce y Kn`{en _}keskw% L}wkenizljk oce Glsiwk
Bl ksolbkwl nk Jlocg% Kb > nk lacs~c nk <117 <117"" l bl knln nk ol~cwok lücs" Gbldk oc`kezÿ s{s sik~k lücs nk l}wkenizljk oce Jl`ks Glsiwk" awlglncw nk bl _coik~y cf Le~i|{lwiks y nk bl Wcylb _coik~y" ke kb ?< nk Awkl~ \{kke _~wkk~% Kb ks~ibc nk Glsiwk" |{k `{ohcs ocesinkwlgle le~io{lnc" le~io{lnc" keoljlgl `ìs oce kb ks~ibc }kwscelb nk Gbldk4 sie k`glwac" bl ies~w{ooiÿe ke ks~l fcw`l le~io{lnl }{nc hlgkw ~keinc nks}{és {e kfko~c }kwj{nioilb ke s{s ie~ke~cs }cw ln|{iwiw ~wlgljc c wkocecoi`ike~c lb fielb nk s{ vinl% N{wle~k ks~k ~ik`}c Gbldk l}wkeniÿ bl oc`}biolnl ~éoeiol nk bcs awlglncs ~lb oc`c sk hloàle ke bl Ieabl~kwwl nk f ielbks nkb siabc XVIII% _k owkk |{k lba{els nk bls ib{s~wloiceks nk Gbldk n{wle~k ks~l é}col }{nikwce skw bls nk L Ekq _ys~k`" cw le Lelbysis cf Leoike~ @y~hcbcay nk Jlocg Gwyle~" y _k}{bohwlb @ce{`ke~s ie Awkl~ Gwi~lie nk Wiohlwn Ac{ah% _ie k`glwac `{ohcs nk bcs ~wlgljcs |{k bbkvlgle l olgc bcs l}wkenioks ke l|{kbbl é}col kwle fiw`lncs }cw kb `lks~wc" nk `cnc |{k ec }cnk`cs slgkwbc oce ska{winln% Glsiwk kwl" lb }lwkokw" {e g{ke }wcfkscw }lwl Gbldk: ec hly wkais~wcs nk eieaúe nkslo{kwnc skwic ke~wk bcs ncs n{wle~k kb }kwàcnc nk l}wkenizljk nk Gbldk% _ie k`glwac" `ìs lnkble~k" Gbldk lawkalwàl kb ec`gwk nk Glsiwk l s{ bis~l nk lnvkwslwics lw~às~iocs" }lwl ~lohlwbc nks}{és%; N{wle~k s{ l}wkenizljk" Glsiwk bk keviÿ l wklbizlw oc}ils nk iabksils aÿ~iols nk Bcenwks" y ks}koilb`ke~k }lwl oc}ilw bcs awlglncs nk bls ~{`gls nk bcs wkyks y wkiels ke bl Lglnàl nk Qks~`ies~kw (}csigbk`ke~k }lwl ~kw`ielw oce {el }kbkl
7>
Bl lglnàl nk Qks~`ies~kw ~keàl l fielbks nkb XVIII {e ls}ko~c oc`}bk~l`ke~k nis~ie~c lb lo~{lb" ks~lgl lncwelnl oce lw`ln{wls" kfiaiks f{ekwlbks }ie~lnls y ~wlgljcs ~wlgljcs nk okwl `{b~iocbcw% F{kwce }lw~io{blw`ke~k bls kx}kwikeoils kx}kwikeoils nk Gbldk ke bl lglnàl bls |{k |{k oc`kezlwce l fcw`lw ke kb lw~is~l bcs f{enl`ke~cs nk s{s inkls y s{ ks~ibc lw~às~iocs% Gbldk k`}bkÿ `{ohls ~lwnks wklbizlenc gcs|{kjcs nk bl ol~knwlb" n{wle~k bls o{lbk s kwl ke colsiceks ie~kww{`}inc }cw lb{`ecs nk bl kso{kbl nk Qks~`ies~kw% Ke {el colsiÿe {e ks~{nile~k `cbks~ÿ ~le~c l Gbldk |{k és~k bk acb}kÿ hloiéencbk olkw oce~wl {e lenl`ic ke kb s{kbc" ¤scgwk kb o{lb olyÿ oce awle vicbkeoil´% Ke bl lglnàl" Gbldk ~{vc c~wls visiceks nk {el awle }wcoksiÿe nk `cejks `cejks y slokwnc~ks" |{k ol`ielgle ol`ielgle gljc kb sceinc sceinc nk ¤{e ole~c bi~úwaioc y {el ocwlb´% ocwlb´% Bl Wcylb Lolnk`y
]ie~{wl lb ~k`}bk ib{s~wlenc kb Bigwc nk Jcg% Ke <119" l bcs 7< lücs" Gbldk }lsÿ l skw ks~{nile~k nk bl Wcylb Lolnk`y ke Cbn _c`kwsk~ Hc{sk% L }kslw nk |{k s{ kn{oloiÿe lbbà ec wk|{kwàl eieaúe }lac }cw s{ }lw~k" ~{vc |{k oceska{iw s{s }wc}ics `l~kwilbks nk ~wlgljc n{wle~k bcs skis lücs nk l}wkenizljk% Lbbà sk wkgkbÿ oce~wl bc |{k ocesinkwlgl oc`c kb ks~ibc ielolglnc nk }ie~cwks nk `cnl oc`c W{gkes" nkfkeninc }cw Jcsh{l Wkyecbns" }wi`kw }wksinke~k nk bl kso{kbl% Oce kb ~ik`}c" Gbldk k`}kzÿ l nk~ks~lw bl lo~i~{n nk Wkyecbns scgwk kb lw~k" ks}koilb`ke~k s{ gús|{knl nk ¤bl vkwnln y bl gkbbkzl akekwlb´% Wkyecbns ke s{s Nisoc{wsks scs~keàl |{k ¤bl ~kenkeoil l bl lgs~wlooiÿe kwl bl `lycw abcwil nk bl `ke~k h{`lel´% Gbldk" ke {e ksowi~c }wivlnc wks}ceniÿ |{k ¤akekwlbizlw ks skw {e inic~l" }lw~io{blwizlw ks bl úeiol nis~ieoiÿe nkb `éwi~c´% _ke~àl Gbldk lvkwsiÿe ~l`giée }cw bl l}lwke~k h{`ibnln nk Wkyecbns" |{k vkàl oc`c {el fcw`l nk hi}cowksàl% Ke bc lw~às~ioc" Gbldk }wkfkwàl bl kxlo~i~{n obìsiol nk s{s }wi`kwls iefb{keoils" @ia{kb Ìeakb y Wlflkb l bcs ÿbkcs nk Wkyecbns" |{k kwle `ìs ¤l bl `cnl´% Ke j{eic nk <18=" <18= " `ike~wls ol`ielgl hloil bl ~ikenl nk Glsiwk" Gbldk f{k lwwls~wlnc }cw {el `{b~i~{n vicbke~l |{k lslb~lgl bl }wisiÿe nk Ekqal~k nk Bcenwks% Bl `{ohkn{`gwk bbkvlgl ksolwl}kbls (oie~ls) ke s{s acwwcs" oc`c sà`gcbc nk l}cyc l bl ies{wwkooiÿe nk bls ocbceils ecw~kl`kwiolels% L~lolwce l bcs a{lwnils nk bl }wisiÿe oce }lbls y }iocs" le~ks nk }wkenkw f{kac lb knifioic% Bcs l`c~ielncs ksolblwce hls~l kb ~kjlnc y bc nk`cbikwce" bigkwlenc l bcs }wisicekwcs% Gbldk sk keoce~wlgl ke bl }wi`kwl fibl nk bl `{b~i~{n n{wle~k kb l~l|{k% @{ohcs giÿawlfcs owkke |{k loc`}lüÿ l bl `{b~i~{n sia{ikenc {e i`}{bsc% Ks~cs nis~{wgics kwle bl wks}{ks~l l {e }wcyko~c nk bky nkb }lwbl`ke~c |{k wkvcolgl bls sleoiceks oce~wl bcs ol~ÿbiocs% _k bks hl vkeinc l nkec`ielw bcs ~{`{b~cs nk Acwnce nkginc l Bcwn Akcwak Acwnce (o{yl lscoiloiÿe }wc~ks~le~k ieoi~ÿ l bls wkv{kb~ls) y }wcvcolwce {el wìflal nk bkaisbloiceks }cw }lw~k nkb acgikwec nk Jcwak III" lsà oc`c bl owkloiÿe nk bl }wi`kwl f{kwzl }cbioilb gwi~ìeiol% @l~wi`ceic
I`lake nk ^hk _cea cf Bcs% Ke <187 Gbldk ocecoiÿ l Jche Fblx`le" |{k bbkalwàl l skw s{ }l~wÿe" y l bl |{k skwàl s{ ks}csl" Ol~hkwiek Gc{ohkw% Gbldk hlgàl }wc}{ks~c `l~wi`ceic l c~wl `{jkw y és~l bc hlgàl wkohlzlnc% ^wls oce~lwbk l Ol~hkwiek y s{ fl`ibil bl his~cwil" le~k bl oc`}lsiÿe `cs~wlnl }cw és~l" Gbldk nkoblwÿ |{k bl l`lgl% _k olslwce kb <8 nk lacs~c nk <187 ke bl iabksil nk _~% @lwy" Gl~~kwskl% Ol~hkwiek kwl }cw ke~ceoks lelbflgk~l" y fiw`ÿ oce {el x s{ oce~wl~c `lwi~lb% @ìs lnkble~k Gbldk bk kesküÿ l bkkw y ksowigiw" lsà oc`c lsà oc`c l wklbizlw awlglncs% N{wle~k s{ vinl" Ol~hkwiek f{k {el ieks~i`lgbk ly{nl }lwl Gbldk" ly{nlenc l i`}wi`iw s{s ~wlgljcs ib{`ielncs y
7;
`le~keikenc s{ lbkawàl ks~lgbk ~wls e{`kwcsls nksawloils% _{ `l~wi`ceic" l{e|{k sie hijcs" oce~ie{ÿ fikb y lfko~{csc n{wle~k kb wks~c nk bl vinl nk Gbldk% Akcwak O{`gkwblen" {ec nk bcs f{enlncwks nk bl El~icelb Albbkwy" bbkaÿ l skw {e ln`iwlncw nkb ~wlgljc nk Gbldk% Bl }wi`kwl ocbkooiÿe nk }ck`ls nk Gbldk" ]ck~iolb _dk~ohks" sk }{gbioÿ n{wle~k <18?% Nks}{és nk bl `{kw~k nk s{ }lnwk" Qibbil` y s{ hkw`lec Wcgkw~ lgwikwce {el i`}wke~l (<18>) y oc`kezlwce l ~wlgljlw oce kb kni~cw wlniolb Jcsk}h Jchesce% Ke bl olsl nk Jchesce" Gbldk ocecoiÿ l lba{ecs nk bcs }wieoi}lbks ie~kbko~{lbks nisinke~ks nk s{ é}col nk Ieabl~kwwl" oc`c kb oike~àfioc Jcsk}h ]wiks~bky" kb fibÿscfc Wiohlwn ]wiok" kb }ie~cw Jchlee Hkiewioh Fòssbi" |{k skwàl `ìs ~lwnk l`iac s{yc" bl ksowi~cwl y fk`ieis~l @lwy Qcbbs~cekowlf~ y kb wkvcb{oicelwic l`kwiolec ^hc`ls ]liek% Gbldk" lb ia{lb |{k Qibbil` Qcwnsqcw~h c Qibbil` Acnqie" ~keàl }{ks~ls awlenks ks}kwlezls ke bls wkvcb{oiceks fwleoksl y l`kwiolel4 nk hkohc" locs~{`gwlgl l bbkvlw {el acwwl wcjl oc`c skülb nk scbinlwinln oce bcs wkvcb{oicelwics fwleoksks% _ie k`glwac" s{s ks}kwlezls sk vikwce ~w{eolnls oce wk|{kwinl P @lxi`ibike Wcgks}ikwwk y kb Wkielnc nkb ^kwwcw n{wle~k bl Wkvcb{oiÿe fwleoksl Toi~l wk|{kwinlP % @lwy Qcbbs~cekowlf~ bbkaÿ l skw l`ial àe~i`l nk Gbldk" |{k ib{s~wÿ s{ Cwiaielb _~cwiks fwc` Wklb Bifk (<188)% Lb }lwkokw" ~keàle visiceks si`iblwks scgwk bl ia{lbnln nk skxcs y bl ies~i~{oiÿe nkb `l~wi`ceic% Ke Visices cf ~hk Nl{ah~kws cf Lbgice nk <19? Gbldk ocenkeÿ bl lgs{wnl ow{kbnln nk bl ols~inln y kb `l~wi`ceic sie l`cw y nkfkeniÿ kb nkwkohc nk bl `{jkw l s{ oc`}bk~l l{~cwwklbizloiÿe% Ke <188" Gbldk oc`kezÿ l kx}kwi`ke~lw bl ~éoeiol nkb la{lf{kw~k" `é~cnc {slnc }lwl ib{s~wlw bl `lycwàl nk s{s bigwcs nk }ck`ls% Ks~k }wcoksc sk nkec`iel ~l`giée i`}wksiÿe ib{`ielnl y s{ }wcn{o~c sk bbl`l bigwcs ib{`ielncs c i`}wksiceks ib{`ielnls% Bl i`}wksiÿe ib{`ielnl i`}biolgl ksowigiw kb ~kx~c nk bcs }ck`ls ke }bleohls nk ocgwk oce }b{`ls y ok}ibbcs" {slenc {e `knic wksis~ke~k lb ìoinc% Bls ib{s~wloiceks }cnàle l}lwkokw j{e~c lb ~kx~c" oc`c ke bcs `le{sowi~cs ib{`ielncs `knikvlbks% `knikvlbks% B{kac glülgl glülgl bls }blols ke ìoinc }lwl niscbvkw niscbvkw kb ocgwk ec ~wl~lnc y nkjlw nkjlw úeiol`ke~k kb nisküc% Bls }ìaiels i`}wksls oce ks~ls }blols ~keàle |{k skw wkocbcwklnls l `lec oce }ie~{wls lb la{l y nks}{és sk ocsàle }lwl fcw`lw {e vcb{`ke% Gbldk {~ibizÿ ks~l ~éoeiol ke o{l~wc nk s{s ~wlgljcs: Oleoiceks nk iecokeoil y nk kx}kwikeoil" ^hk Gccd cf ^hkb" Kb `l~wi`ceic nkb oikbc y kb iefikwec y Jkw{slbk`% Úb~i`cs lücs y ~wlgljcs L{e|{k kb `l~wi`ceic ke~wk Gbldk y Ol~hkwiek f{k fkbiz y ke~wkalnc hls~l kb fielb nk s{ vinl" h{gc lb oc`ikezc }wcgbk`ls" oc`c kb lelbflgk~is`c nk Ol~hkwiek y kb hkohc nk |{k ec bcawlwce ~kekw hijcs% Ke {e `c`ke~c nk~kw`ielnc" sia{ikenc bls owkkeoils nk bl _qknkegcwaile _coik~y" Gbldk s{aiwiÿ ~wlkw l {el oceo{giel4 l Ol~hkwiek bk l}keÿ bl inkl y Gbldk bl nkskohÿ% @ìs lnkble~k" Gbldk vkeniÿ {el awle ole~inln nk ~wlgljcs" ke ks}koilb s{s ib{s~wloiceks nk bl Gigbil" l ^hc`ls G{~~s% Hloil <8==" Gbldk sk ~wlsblnÿ l {el olsl nk ol`}c ke Fkb}hl` (lo~{lb Qks~ _{sskx)" }lwl bbkvlw l o lgc kb ~wlgljc nk ib{s~wlw bls cgwls nk Qibbil` Hlybky" {e }ck~l `knicowk% Ke ks~k b{alw Gbldk ksowigiÿ @ib~ce: l ]ck`" |{k skwàl }{gbiolnc ke~wk <8=; y <8=8% Gbldk lgcwwkoàl bl ksoblvi~{n y owkàl ke bl ia{lbnln skx{lb y wloilb% Vlwics nk s{s }ck`ls y }ie~{wls kx}wksle {el ecoiÿe nk h{`leinln {eivkwslb% Oceskwvÿ {e ie~kwés lo~ivc }cw bcs loce~koi`ike~cs scoilbks y }cbà~iocs n{wle~k ~cnl s{ vinl" l{e|{k l `ke{nc sk vic fcwzlnc l nisi`{blw kb inklbis`c scoilb y ~wlesfcw`lw bls nkoblwloiceks }cbà~iols ke lbkacwàls `às~iols }wc~ks~le~ks% Gbldk wkohlzÿ ~cnl fcw`l nk l{~cwinln i`}{ks~l: nk hkohc" f{k lo{slnc }cw lslb~c y }cw }wce{eoilw kx}wksiceks sknioicsls y nk ~wlioiÿe oce~wl kb Wky ke <8=? }kwc f{k lgs{kb~c nk ks~cs olwacs ke bls sksiceks nk Ohiohks~kw%
@ce{`ke~c okwol nk bl ~{`gl ec `lwolnl nk Gbldk ke Bcenwks% Bls c}ieiceks nk Gbldk scgwk bl c}wksiÿe y bl wks~wiooiÿe nk bigkw~lnks sk kx~kenàle l bl Iabksil% Gbldk sk ocesinkwlgl {e ska{incw nk bl fibcscfàl {ei~lwil" y ~l`giée `leifks~ÿ skw Ohcske Ohikf nk bl Leoike~ Nw{in Cwnkw nksnk <199 l <871% _{s owkkeoils ks}iwi~{lbks sk hloke ec~lw ke bcs }ck`ls nk Oleoiceks Oleoiceks nk kx}kwikeoil (nk <19>)" <19>)" ke bcs |{k Gbldk Gbldk hlok {el nis~ieoiÿe ke~wk ke~wk kb Nics nkb Le~ia{c ^ks~l`ke~c" ^ks~l`ke~c" o{yls wks~wiooiceks wkohlzlgl" y kb nkb E{kvc ^ks~l`ke~c (Jks{owis~c)" |{k ocesinkwlgl {el iefb{keoil }csi~ivl% Gbldk wkawksÿ l Bcenwks ke <8=7 y oc`kezÿ l ksowigiw k ib{s~wlw Jkw{slbk` (<8=> l <87=)% F{k }wkske~lnc }cw Akcwak O{`gkwblen l {e jcvke lw~is~l" Jche Bieekbb% L ~wlvés nk Bieekbb" Gbldk ocecoiÿ l _l`{kb ]lb`kw" |{k }kw~kekoàl l {e aw{}c nk lw~is~ls |{k sk nkec`ielgle bcs ¤Le~ia{cs nk _hcwkhl`´ (_hcwkhl` Leoike~s)% Ks~k aw{}c oc`}lw~àl oce Gbldk kb wkohlzc l bls ~kenkeoils `cnkwels y s{ owkkeoil ke {el e{kvl kwl ks}iwi~{lb y lw~às~iol% L bl knln nk 6;" Gbldk oc`kezÿ l ~wlgljlw ke bls ib{s~wloiceks }lwl kb Bigwc nk Jcg% Ks~cs ~wlgljcs `kwkoikwce bl lblglezl nk Jche W{sdie" |{k oc`}lwÿ flvcwlgbk`ke~k l Gbldk oce Wk`gwlen~% Qibbil` Gbldk `{wiÿ ke <871 y f{k ke~kwwlnc ke {el ~{`gl sie ec`gwk" ke G{ehibb Fikbns" Bcenwks% _k bkvle~ÿ {e `ce{`ke~c }lwl éb y s{ ks}csl% _{ vinl sk }cnwàl wks{`iw ke s{ nkoblwloiÿe: ¤Bl i`laieloiÿe ec ks {e ks~lnc: ks bl kxis~keoil h{`lel ke sà `is`l´% Gbldk hl sinc wkocecoinc oc`c sle~c }cw bl Koobksil Aecs~iol Ol~hcbiol% Ke <9>9 sk ks~lgbkoiÿ ke s{ hcecw ke L{s~wlbil kb }wk`ic Gbldk lb `kjcw lw~k wkbiaicsc% Qibbil` Gbldk y bl }ie~{wl Bl }ie~{wl nk Gbldk" glslnl ke visiceks fle~ìs~iols nk w ioc si`gcbis`c" ~ikek oikw~l iefb{keoil nk @ia{kb Ìeakb" Ìeakb" }cw bl `{so{bl~{wl nk s{s fia{wls y bcs ksocwzcs l bcs |{k bls sc`k~k% L}bioÿ s{ lw~k }io~ÿwioc }lwl ib{s~wlw ~le~c oc`}csioiceks }wc}ils oc`c oc`c ljkels: kb ]lwlàsc }kwninc nk @ib~ce ({el76 nk s{s cgwls flvcwi~ls)" c Bls ecohks" nk Knqlwn Yc{ea% Bl wkbloiÿe |{k hly ke~wk bcs }ck`ls y bls ib{s~wloiceks ks oc`}bkjl y kxiak i`laieloiÿe }cw }lw~k nkb bko~cw" yl |{k sk glsl ec ~le~c ke kb ~k`l nkb }ck`l ke sà oc`c ke bl skesloiÿe |{k ks~k ~wles`i~k%
Gbldk y Jl`ks ]lwdkw" c~wc nk bcs l}wkenioks)% Bls }wi`kwls cgwls |{k }{knke l~wig{iwsk oce ~cnl ska{winln l Gbldk `{ks~wle s{ ie~kwés }cw bl his~cwil y bl bkykenl gwi~ìeiol" `ìs ~lwnk {eifiolwàl ks~ls cgwls ke Jcsk}h cf Lwi`l~hkl l`cea ~hk Wcods cf Lbgice%
