AKE :;1
H W I E / Q C . O H K . Q C W I B I O C E H P 0 H W H D
Kcrbhs B. Cbdhesh
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB NQYWTIFME ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ C ;< cóhs. Gmgikcgh c bc ghtckiûe gm bc khramtc Numrrikh gm 39:1
K
hrrïc gikimoarm gm 39:3 kucegh mb suskripth rmkiaiû khe cbmnrïc bc ehtikic gm qum gurcetm 39:1 khetieucrïc khoh Khocegcetm gm bc khramtc Numrrikh. Khe mbbh khomezcac c tmemr mdmkth uec scaic gmkisiûe gm bc Crocgc0 qum bc gurckiûe gm cbnuehs Khoceghs pcscrce c smr gm ghs cóhs me buncr gm ue cóh h smis omsms, khoh hkurrïc me mshs timophs. [mnurcometm mb bmkthr sm prmnuetcrã qué rmbckiûe timem mbbh khe mb tmoc gm mstm crtïkubh, pmrh si timem ue phkh gm pckimekic y khetieðc bmymegh sm bh ckbcrcré oãs cac`h. Ietrhgukkiûe
Me memrh gm 39:1 bc ghtckiûe gm bc Numrrikh scbiû gm bikmekic ceucb me ue shbh trhzh (3) pcrc pmroitir cb rmnrmsh metrcr me ueh gm bhs pmrïhghs gm ocetmeioimeth prmvisths. Cb vhbvmr, y trcs uec armvm scbigc cb ocr gm trms gïcs, khomezcrhe bhs gmscroms prhpihs gm mshs pmrïhghs gm ocetmeioimeth pbceikcgh y bhs prmpcrctivhs pcrc metrcr c giqum smkh me mb oms gm ocrzh.
79
Mb Tikmcboircetm TNO (Q) Kcrbhs Buis Cbdhesh ms mnrmscgh gm bc Mskumbc Ecvcb Oibitcr khoh ietmnrcetm gm bc prhohkiûe := c diems gm 39=:. \rmstû smrvikihs me mb krukmrh Nmemrcb Ambnrceh, me bhs gmstrukthrms Aumehs Cirms y Qhscbms y me bc Mskucgribbc gm Cetioiecgh. Dum Khocegcetm gmb kczcoiecs Kjckh me 39>> y gm bc khramtc Numrrikh me bhs cóhs 39:3 y 39:1. Khe gikjh auqum pcrtikipû cktivcometm me bc rmkupmrckiûe gm bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur y me thgh mb khedbikth gmb Ctbãetikh [ur. Kursû bc Mskumbc \hbitékeikc Ecvcb, bc Mskumbc gm Numrrc Ecvcb Crnmetiec y bc gmb Arcsib, y mb Kursh [upmrihr gm Gmdmesc Khetiemetcb me mb Khbmnih Ietmrcomrikceh gm Gmdmesc me ^csjienthe GK. Girmkthr gm bc Mskumbc gm Numrrc Ecvcb Crnmetiec me bhs cóhs [inum me bc sinuimetm pãniec.
(3) Bcs bikmekics, khoh csï tcoaiée cbnuecs cktivigcgms sm m`mkutce phr turehs. Mshs turehs she bbcocghs trhzhs.
Ahbmtïe gmb Kmetrh Ecvcb Eðomrh :;1 MEM / CAQ 1<31
=<
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
Timem gm bc pãni pãniec ec cetmrih cetmrihr.r.
39:: y 39:9 y gm bc Mskumbc gm Gmdmesc Eckihecb me mb cóh 399>. Girmkthr Nmemrcb gmb Octmricb Ecvcb gurcetm bhs cóhs 39:9 c 1<<;. [uasmkrmtcrih gm \hbïtikc y Mstrctmnic gmb Oieistmrih gm Gmdmesc me mb cóh 399:. Gm 399> cb 1<<9, Girmkthr Ckcgéoikh gmb Kmetrh gm Mstugihs Mstrcténikhs gm bc Crocgc Crnmetiec y, pcrcbmbcometm, @umz Oibitcr Mspmkicb gm bc Crocgc. Khegmkhrcgh phr bhs nhaimrehs y Crocgcs gmb Arcsib y Tmemzumbc, phr bc @uetc Ietmrcomrikcec gm Gmdmesc, y gistienuigh phr su pcrtikipckiûe me mb khedbikth gmb Ctbãetikh [ur phr mb jhehrcabm Khenrmsh gm bc Eckiûe y bc Omgcbbc cb Oérith Ecvcb hthrncgc phr bc Crocgc Crnmetiec. Me mb cóh 1<<4 kuopbiû sus ahgcs gm hrh gm smrvikihs cktivhs me bc Crocgc Cr nmetiec. \rmsigmetm gmb Khoité Mgithricb gmb Ahbmtïe gmb Kmetrh Ecvcb.
;:° ;<
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Is. \ã`crh t c r m Is. ^ibbis t m w h k j [ Q j h c m k h B r t j M s t r m k M s
;>° ;<
Acjïc Inbmsic
;>° <<
Acjïc Iejûspitc
Acjïc gm bcs Isbcs
Dihrgh Jmbcgh
;4° ;<
;4° <<
=7° <<
Acjïc \hsmsiûe Acjïc Cetcrtik Acjïc Dhrtuec
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3<
1<
;<
7< Fo
\umrth Bmitj \umrth [trhoemss \umrth Jusvif
[. [ughmstm
Acjïc
Acjïc Kuoamrbceg I[BC Nrcegm [CE \MGQH Acjïc A. Jhbomstrceg Nrytvifme Nucrgic
=7° 1<
Eckihecb
A. Bceif \umrth Bmitj
Acjïc [ce Cegrés I. Cee Ceeme mefh fhv v
\umrth [trhoemss \umrth Jusvif
Acjïc @hrnm
Acjïc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg Nrcegm
Mstrmk Mstr mkjh jh Jcunm Acjïc Nmemrcb \cz
Ocr gmb [khtic =7° 7<
Acjïc [cegwikj
Nrytvifme
Acjïc Nucrgic Eckihecb
Hkéceh Ctbãetikh [ur
Is. Khhpmr Acjïc gmb Nbckicr
Isbc [ce \mgrh, Crkjipiébcnh Nmhrnics gmb [ur.
[i aime \umrth Ambnrceh smnuïc khe bc bcsitug prhpic gm thgh pmrïhgh gm vmrceh. bc ghtckiûe gm bc Numrrikh hasmrvcac, kcsi khe cshoarh, mspmkicbometm pcrc quimems bbmvãacohs vcrihs cóhs me bc Dbhtc gm Ocr, ue gmspbimnum phkh khoðe, prmvih c bc priomrc mtcpc gm ocr, qum hkurrïc me kcsi thghs bhs oumbbms gm bc gãrsmec gm bc Acsm Ecvcb. Mstcs ietmescs cktivigcgms dumrhe iekrmometãeghsm khe mb trceskurrir gm bhs gïcs gmb oms gm ocrzh, jcstc qum ue gïc bc Dbhtc y bhs Iedcetms gm Ocriec, sus mquiphs y vmjïkubhs gms cpcrmkimrhe gm bc gãrsmec. ]ec iesûbitc m iequimtcetm kcboc bc ieuegû eumvcometm. Bh kimrth ms qum, sie khehkmr mxcktcometm qué iac c hkurrir, khrrïce phr ghquimr ruohrms gm qum cbnh iophrtcetm sm mstcac nmstcegh. Oimetrcs tceth, bc Numrrikh khetieucac me su pmrïhgh gm ocetmeioimeth prhnrcocgh. Metrcghs c giqum smkh mb 14 gm ocrzh, khetieucrhe bhs gmscroms qum mrce ohemgc khrrimetm me thghs bhs kcrnhs gmb auqum pcrc ghbhr gm kcamzc gmb 1.gh Khocegcetm, bhs @mdms y [uahkicbms gm Kcrnh. Me mscs kirkuestcekics, y sie omgicr mxpbikckiûe cbnuec, rmkiaï bc hrgme gm suspmegmr mb ocetmeioimeth prhnrcocgh, rmcrocr mb auqum, y prmsmetcrom cb @mdm gm Hpmrckihems gmb Mstcgh Ocyhr Nmemrcb gm bc Crocgc me mb Mgikih Biamrtcg.
(1) Me hkcsihems cb gcrsm uec hrgme h uec mxpbikckiûe kho pbmtc, mb pcsm c bc ckkiûe ms gmtmroiecgh khe bc mxprmsiûe …‒c ustmgms‟ iopcrtigc c bhs qum jcarãe gm kuopbirbc, khe mb sineidikcgh iopbïkith metrm ocriehs ‒cjhrc crrénbmesm ustmgms pcrc m`mkutcrbc‟.
Tic`é c Aumehs Cirms, ghegm mb kitcgh @mdm om push cb tceth gm bc situckiûe. Me sïetmsis, gmaïcohs moacrkcr 7< Iedcetms gm Ocriec, trcsbcgcrbhs c bc Isbc [ce \mgrh me bcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur, metrmncrbhs cb auqum phbcr Acjïc \crcïsh, ghegm mecrahbcac su iesineic mb Khocegcetm gm bc Dumrzc Ecvcb Cetãrtikc y cphycr bc ckkiûe gm rmkupmrckiûe gm mscs isbcs mvitcegh bc ietmrvmekiûe gm ue ecvïh ienbés, mb cetmrihr Megurcekm, qum phgïc mstcr me bc zhec khe rmdumrzhs pcrc bc ghtckiûe gm Nrytvifme, ðeikh buncr jcaitcgh me bc isbc. Cbbï om prhymktcrhe uec kietc sharm bc isbc omekihecgc y ‒c ustmgms‟ (1). Cbnh gm nmhnrcdïc m jisthric
Kcarïc cquï jckmr uec armvm gmskripkiûe dïsikc m jistûrikc gm bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur, tce phkh khehkigcs phr bc ocyhrïc gm eumstrhs eu mstrhs khopctrihtcs.
AKE :;1
Izquimrgc, trcesphrtm phbcr CQC Acjïc \crcïsh dhegmcgh me bc Acjïc [trhoemss. Cac`h, bc khramtc khramtc Numrrikh cprhxioãeghsm cprhxioãeghsm cb Acjïc \crcïsh .
H W I E / Q C . O H K . Q C W I B I O C E H P 0 H W H D
Bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur she ue crkjipiébcnh suacetãrtikh, me gisputc, qum ac`h cgoieistrckiûe aritãeikc, dhroce pcrtm gmb Wmrrithrih Aritãeikh gm ]btrcocr me uec shbc ueigcg cgoieistrctivc khe bcs Isbcs [cegwikj gmb [ur. [he rmkbcocgcs phr bc Qmpðabikc Crnmetiec khoh pcrtm ietmnrcb gmb Gmpcrtcometh Isbcs gmb Ctbãetikh [ur, gm bc \rhviekic gm Wimrrc gmb Dumnh, Cetãrtigc m Isbcs gmb Ctbãetikh [ur.
Q C . O H K . Q C W I B I O C E H P 0 H W H D
Q C . O H K . W H \ [ N H B A . H E I W E M N Q C B C T C E Q M G H \ 0 H W H D
Mstãe c >1; oibbcs cb Mstm gm Ocbviecs, 9<< oibbcs (3.4>< fo) gm eumstrc Isbc gm bhs Mstcghs y c 3.;:< oibbcs cb [ugmstm gm Acjïc Abcekc-\umrth Ambnrceh. Mstãe, cgmoãs, cb ghabm gm msc gistcekic gmb Kcah gm Aumec Mspmrcezc, me Ãdrikc, sie eienuec khemxiûe nmhbûnikc khe éb. Mb kcoph gm jimbh ocrieh cbkcezc me ievimreh c bcs isbcs [ cegwikj pmrh eh c bcs isbcs Nmhrnics, bcs qum sûbh sm vme cdmktcgcs phr bhs téopcehs qum gmrivce gmb khetiemetm Cetãrtikh. Mb crkjipiébcnh mstã ietmnrcgh phr uec isbc ocyhr, [ce \mgrh y gm cbnuecs isbcs omehrms. Bc Isbc [ce \mgrh timem uecs 3<< oibbcs (3:= fo) gm bcrnh y 1< oibbcs gm cekjh (;> fo). \hsmm uec nrce kcgmec ohetcóhsc kmetrcb, khrhecgc phr eimvms mtmrecs, qum she bhs Ohetms [ce Wmboh pcrc ehshtrhs y qum bhs ienbmsms bbcoce Cbbcr, me jhehr c ue mx nhamrecghr gm OcbviOcbvi ecs. [u ckkmsh ms prãktikcometm iophsiabm phr bhs nbckicrms qum bbmnce jcstc mb ocr. Mb ehoarm gm [ce \mgrh prhvimem gmb jmkjh gm jcamr sigh gmskuaimrtcs, smnðe uec gm bcs vmrsihems oãs giduegigcs, phr bc ecvm mspcóhbc Bmûe mb 1: h 19 gm `ueih gm 3>=4, simegh mstm ðbtioh gïc mb qum sm kmbmarc bc mstc gmb cpûsthb c pûsthb [ce \mgrh. Nritvifme, situcgc me gikjc isbc [ce \mgrh, mrc ieikicbometm uec mstckiûe acbbmemrc gmsck tivcgc gmsgm 394=, uaikcgc me mb mxtrmoh Ehrhmstm gm bc Acjïc Nucrgic Eckihecb me bc Kcbmtc Kcpitãe Tcnh, me kuyh mxtrmoh Mstm sm mekumetrc bc gmehoiecgc puetc Fien Mgwcrg, ghegm sm mstcabmkiû ue khopbm`h gm kcscs gm octmricb, kjcpc y ocgmrc smgm gm bc cuthrigcg aritãeikc me mb crkjipiébcnh, m`mrkigc phr mb Aritisj Cetcrtik [urvmy (A.C.[.). [harmscbïc metrm bhs mgikihs ueh ocyhr ocyhr,, mb [jckfbmthe Jhusm, acutizcgh phr eumstrhs iedcetms khoh mb ‒Jhspitcb‟. Ms ue mgikih gm pimgrc y ocgmrc gm copbics giomesihems, gm ghs pbcetcs, qum jcaïc sigh mb cbh`coimeth priekipcb gmb pmrshecb gmb A.C.[.
=3
=1
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
Khe rmspmkth c su jisthric, kcam gmstckcr qum me mb cóh 39<7 sm duegû me Aumehs Cirms bc Khopcóïc Crnmetiec gm \mskc, pcrc hpmrcr me bc kczc gm acbbmecs me bcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur. \crc msm methekms mstm crkjipiébcnh mstcac gmsjcaitcgh, y bc khopcóïc khestituigc khe kcpitcbms crnmetiehs sm mstcabmkiû me Nrytvifme, me bc Acjïc gm Kuoamrbceg. Gmsgm cbbï, khe trms ecvms ieikiû bc kczc gm acbbmecs. Mb nmrmetm gm bc khopcóïc mrc Kcr bhs [. Bcrsme, mb oisoh qum visitû me 3:91 mb Ocr gm ^mggmbb y qum me 39<3 mekcamzû bc mxpmgikiûe cetãrtikc sumkc khe mb Cetcrtik, qum iekbuyû cb Cbdérmz [harcb [harcb y qum tmroieû simegh rmskctcgh bumnh gm ue cóh phr eumstrc khramtc ]runucy .
Q C . O H K . Q C W I B I O C E H P 0 H W H D
Bc khramtc Numrrikh scbimegh gm \umrth Bmitj.
(;) ]e kucrtmrûe ms uec kcrtc eãutikc (ocpc) gm omehr mskcbc.
[ûbh me 39<4 y 39<> sm mstcabmkimrhe ghs dckthrïcs h tcetms oãs me bcs isbcs y, phstmrihrometm, htrcs gm hrinme ehrumnh, sugcdrikceh m ienbés. Me 39<:, uec rmcb pctmetm ienbmsc gmkbcrû bc shamrceïc aritãeikc sharm ue mehrom smkthr qum bbmncac cb \hbh [ur y khoprmegïc c bcs Ocbvi ecs, Nmhrnics y [cegwikj gmb [ur. Wcoaiée, phr uec ‒bi‒bi nmrmzc‟ aritãeikc sm jcaïc iekbuigh pcrtms gm Wimrrc gmb Dumnh, [cetc Kruz y bc prhviekic kjibmec gm Ocncbbcems, bh qum dum rmktikcgh rmkiée me 393>. Gmsgm methekms eums trc khopcóïc sm vih habincgc c pcncr gmrmkjhs c bhs aritãeikhs, cuequm sinuimrhe ac`h eumstrh \cambbûe. C pcrtir gm bc iestcbckiûe gm bc Khopcóïc Crnmetiec gm \mskc, bc Crocgc Crnmetiec bm prmstû cphyh bhnïstikh, y phr m`mopbh, mb 3.rh gm dmarmrh gm 39<=, mb trcesphrtm Nucrgic Eckihecb gmskcrnû givmrshs pmrtrmkjhs y 3.<<< thembcgcs gm kcraûe, cprhvmkjcegh, cgmoãs, pcrc rmcbizcr ue kucrtmrûe (;) gm bc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg khe bc khbcahrckiûe gm bc ecvm Dhrtuec gm gikjc Khopcóïc gm \mskc, dckibitcgh phr Bcrsme c tcb mdmkth. Khe phstmrihrigcg, bc khramtc ]runucy rmcbizû rmcbizû htrhs vic`ms bbmvcegh iekbusivm rmbmvhs pcrc bc Khopcóïc. Cbistcoimeth y trcvmsïc
Thbvimegh c eumstrh rmbcth hriniecb, bc gmkisiûe gm Khocegh, drmetm c bcs ûrgmems rmkiaigcs, dum0 c. a. k. g. g.
Diecbizcr mb pmrïhgh gm ocetmeioimeth. Cbistcrsm pcrc zcrpcr me mb omehr timoph phsiabm. Moacrkcr uec smkkiûe gm Iedcetms gm Ocriec. Moacrkcr mquiphs, crocs y oueikiûe pcrc =< jhoarms moacrkcghs me mb Acjïc \crcïsh . Kuopbigh, gmstckcrsm c Nmhrnics me gmrrhtc girmktc, mvitcegh khetckths khe kucbquimr ueigcg gm supmrkim, rmueirsm khe mb trcesphrtm phbcr Acjïc \crcïsh y cphycrbh me sus hpmrckihems.
C pcrtir gm cbbï khomezû uec bhkc kcrrmrc pcrc phgmr kuopbir bc girmktivc rmkiaigc. Me sioubtãemh khe bc pumstc me smrvikih eumvcometm gm bhs sistmocs qum jcaïce sigh gmscrocghs pcrc mb ocetmeioimeth y mb moacrqum gm bhs pmrtrmkjhs pcrc bcs hpmrckihems, cpcrmkimrhe bhs Iedcetms gm Ocriec. Y mstm sï rmprmsmetû pcrc mb auqum ue prhabmoc cgikihecb eh prmvisth me eienðe oc eucb gm cbistcoimeth gm khramtcs. Suimems bcs khehkme scame qum eh gispheme gm buncr dïsikh pcrc cbh`cr pmrshecb cgikihecb y omehs, Iedcetmrïc gm Ocriec khe mquiphs gm msc ocneitug. Mb 1.gh Khocegcetm, khe su jcaibigcg y bc khbcahrckiûe y pckimekic gm bhs ietmnrcetms gm bc \bcec Ocyhr, gm kcgc ueh gm bhs oimoarhs gm bc ghtckiûe y gm bhs metusicstcs Iedcetms, pugh rmshbvmr mb prhabmoc khbhkcegh kctrms gm kcopcóc qum, cb gïc gm jhy, ecgim scam kûoh dumrhe uaikcghs y htrcs ‒crtiocócs‟. Dumrhe iekhrphrcghs c bc ghtckiûe ue oégikh kiru`ceh y ue ienmeimrh mbmktrûeikh, bh qum tcoaiée rmsubtû thgh ue gmscdïh, phrqum bhs mspckihs gispheiabms tcophkh bhs prmvée c ahrgh.
=;
AKE :;1
Diecbometm, y kcsi sie gcrehs kumetc, bumnh gm prumacs me pumrth gm thghs bhs mquiphs y rmkiaigc bc visitc gmb Khocegcetm gm Hpmrckihems Ecvcbms, mstãacohs me mb ocr. Gmaïcohs tmetcr bbmncr c bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur mb 1 gm carib y ecvmncr me sibmekih thtcb. Bcometcabmometm, cb smnuegh gïc gm ecvmnckiûe, sm gmsctû ue tmophrcb qum, khoh khrrmsphegm c bcs bmyms eh mskritcs, jcaïc gmkigigh cvcezcr me smetigh hpumsth 3:<¼ c eumstrh ruoah, iophsiabm gm kcoaicr phr bh pmrmethric gm bc dmkjc gm crriah iopumstc. Mb ocb timoph ehs ckhopcóû thgc eumstrc trcvmsïc, phr bh qum bc ocyhrïc gm bhs sudrighs Iedcetms gm Oc riec gmaimrhe caceghecr mb kctrm y ghroir khoh pugimrce me mb sumbh h tureãeghsm khe bhs gm bc ghtckiûe gmb auqum qum mstcace gm nucrgic.
[ M I Q C / Q C . O H K . Q C W I B I O C E H P 0 H W H D
Mb eivmb gm cgimstrcoimeth gm bc ghtckiûe mrc, me bïemcs nmemrcbms, omehr gmb ehrocb, prhgukth gm bhs rmbmvhs hkurrighs c e gm cóh (metrm mb 7; y 4<%, gmpmegimegh gm bcs `mrcrquïcs y bcs mspmkicbigcgms), gm eh jcamr gispumsth gmb cphyh gm bhs Kme trhs gm Cgimstrcoimeth phr bikmekics, y phr khetcr sûbh khe trms gïcs gm ecvmnckiûe cetms gm metrcr me mb pmrïhgh gm ocetmeioimeth. Mstc kirkuestcekic6 bc prmsmekic gm bhs Iedcetms gm Ocriec moacrkcghs khe su mquimqui ph iegivigucb6 mb mquipcoimeth cgikihecb emkmscrih pcrc bhs =< jhoarms qum moacrkcohs smnðe bh hrgmecgh, qum habinû c hkupcr mspckihs prmvisths phr gismóh pcrc bc hpmrckiûe gmb auqum6 y mb armvïsioh timoph gm rmcrocgh gm bhs sistmocs gmb auqum qum, rmkhrgcohs, sm mekhetrcac me giqum smkh khe pmrïhgh gm ocetmeioimeth ieikicgh, jizh qum bm oceidmstcrc cb [móhr Khocegcetm gm Hpmrckihems Ecvcbms, prmvih c bc zcrpcgc, ois rmpcrhs sharm bc khecaibigcg gm bhs gistieths sistmocs gm c ahrgh. \crc bhs qum ecvmncohs me msths mxkmbmetms auqums, scamohs qum khe sûbh ue phkh gm ocr prmsmetm, tce khoðe me eumstrh Ctbãetikh [ur, sm khophrtce khoh ue suaocrieh me supmrkim, eh pmroitimegh cktivigcg cbnuec dumrc gm bc supmrmstrukturc, iekbuymegh bhs ocetmeioimeths emkmscrihs, y jckme ouy phkh prhpikic kucbquimr cktivigcg qum rmquimrc ocetmemrsm vmrtikcb. Csï trceskurriû eumstrc trcvmsïc, pcrc prmhkupckiûe gm bhs @mdms y [uahkicbms gm Kcrnh, mspmkicbometm bhs gmb Gmpcrtcometh Crocometh, qum qumrïce c`ustcr sus mquiphs m iekrmometcr mb cgimstrcoimeth gmb pmrshecb, y pcrc bhs `mdms gm bhs 7< Iedcetms moacrkcghs, qum eh phgïce ocetmemrbhs cktivhs6 y bc gmsvmeturc gm bc ocyhrïc gm bhs sudrighs Iedcetms gm Ocriec, qum gmaimrhe caceghecr mb kctrm kc trm y ghroir khoh pugimrhe. Kcsi mb ðeikh prmpcrctivh pcrc bc ckkiûe qum pugiohs mekcrcr gurcetm bc trcvmsïc dum bc khhrgieckiûe khe mb Wtm. Buec, @mdm gm bc [mkkiûe gm IO moacrkcgc, gm bcs khoueikckih ems auqum-cphyh khe pmrshecb me timrrc, gcgh qum jcaïcohs khoprhacgh qum mb ðeikh mquiph gm khoueikckihems gmb auqum khopctiabm khe bhs gispheiabms phr bc smkkiûe gm IO mrc ueh uaikcgh me mb \umetm gm Khocegh, y me bc gmeikiûe gmb kûginh c utibizcr pcrc igmetikcr pueths gm rmdmrmekic me bc pharm kcrthnrcdïc mxistmetm pcrc ue mvmetucb tirh gm ahoacrgmh. Bc ckkiûe
Mb 3.rh gm carib, oimetrcs ecvmnãacohs jckic bcs isbcs, rmkiaiohs bc Hrgme gm Hpmrckihems gmb @mdm gmb Mstcgh Ocyhr Nmemrcb gm bc Crocgc, qum gispheïc bc hkupckiûe gm Nrytvifme y phr megm, gm bcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur.
Khramtc Numrrikh cocrrcgc cb Acjïc \crcïsh .
=7
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
Q C . O H K . W H \ [ N H B A . [ H T I J K Q C H Q M \ O C \ H I Q C I G / / 0 \ W W J 0 H W H D
Iestcbckihems gm bc A.C.[. me \uetc Fien Mgwcrg y vistc gm bc Acjïc Nucrgic Eckihecb.
Mb Nruph gm Wcrmcs qum gmaïc kuopbir bc hpmrckiûe, cb ocegh gmb Khocegcetm Ecvcb CetãrtiCetãrti kh, Kcpitãe gm Ecvïh G. Késcr Wrhoamttc, Wrhoamttc, y khoh @mdm gm Mstcgh Ocyhr, Ocyhr, mb Kcpitãe gm Ecvïh G. Buis @hrnm \rcgh, coahs yc dcbbmkighs, qumgû khestituigh phr0 c. a. k. g.
Bc khramtc CQC Numrrikh, khocegcgc phr mb suskripth. Mb trcesphrtm phbcr CQC Acjïc \crcïsh, khocegcgh phr mb Kcpitãe gm Drcnctc G. Isocmb Ncrkïc, tcoaiée dcbbmkigh. Mb Nruph Cbdc, khocegcgh phr mb Wmeimetm gm Ecvïh G. Cbdrmgh Cstiz. Mb Nruph gm Gmsmoacrkh, cb khocegh gmb Wmeimetm gm Ecvïh gm IO G. Nuibbmroh @hrnm Buec.
Bbmncohs c bc Isbc [ce \mgrh mb gïc 1 carib, sûbh uecs jhrcs oãs tcrgm gm bh ieikicbometm pbcemcgh, phr mb tmophrcb qum ehs jcaïc ckhopcócgh, kucegh yc bcs khegikihems gm visiaibigcg eh pmroitïce rmcbizcr bcs oceiharcs gm rmcprhvisihecoimeth rmcprhvisihecoimeth y trcspcsh gm pmrshecb gm Iedcetmrïc gm Ocriec y pmrtrmkjhs cb CQC Acjïc \crcïsh, phr bh qum mbbcs dumrhe phspumstcs pcrc mb gïc sinuimetm . \hr hrgme gmb Khocegcetm gmb Nruph gm Wcrmcs, pctrubbcohs thgc bc ehkjm drmetm cb ienrmsh c bc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg, me bc qum sm mekumetrc Nrytvifme, c bhs mdmkths gm prmvmeir mb phsiphsi abm ienrmsh gmb Megurcekm u htrc ecvm. Gurcetm msc ehkjm sm jizh mspmkicbometm mskukjc mbmktrûeikc y gm khoueikckihems, bhnrcegh ietmrkmptcr uec metrm mb Megurcekm y bc mstckiûe me bc isbc ghegm sm mevicace iestrukkihems cb pmrshecb me timrrc. Kcam cpuetcr qum, prmvih cb crriah gm bc khramtc cb ãrmc gm hpmrckihems, mb gïc 1 gm carib, mb Acjïc \crcïsh sm jcaïc cprhxiocgh c bc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg y khestctcgh bc cusmekic gmb ie nbmsc pcrc iegikcrbm qum Megurcekm, prhkmgimegh methekms c khoueikcrsm khe bc mstckiûe ienbmsc gmaïc mstcr ctmetc cb Kcecb 4> gm khoueikckihems ietmreckihecbms c pcrtir gm bcs 33 j gmb gïc ; gm carib pcrc rmkiair iestrukkihems. Mb ; gm carib c <4<< j, mb jmbikûptmrh ecvcb gmb Acjïc \crcïsh ehs prhvmyû gm kcrthnrcdïc gm bc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg, ghegm sm mekumetrc Nrytvifme, y gm Acjïc [trhoems, khetinuc c cqumbbc, y c bc kucb gmaiohs ckkmgmr pcrc cocrrcrehs cb khstcgh gm acahr gmb Acjïc \crcïsh . Me ghs jhrcs sm trcspcsû mb pmrshecb gm bc smkkiûe gm Iedcetmrïc gm Ocriec, su mquiph, mb mquiph cgikihecb pcrc =< jhoarms y ehs rmcprhvisihecohs gm khoaustiabm. [ioubtãemc ometm, sm rmcbizû uec rmueiûe gm Khocegcetms pcrc c`ustcr gmtcbbms gm bc tcrmc c rmcbizcr qum, me armvm rmsuome, khesistïc me0 c.
\rmkmgmr cb auqum phbcr me su metrcgc me bc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg y Nucrgic Ecki hecb pcrc vmrikcr bc prmsmekic h eh gm ueigcgms aritãeikcs, y
==
AKE :;1
Iestcbckihems me \uetc Fien Mgwcrg.
Q C . O H K . W H \ [ N H B A . H E I W E M N Q C B C T C E Q M G H \ 0 H W H D
a.
cphycr mb jmbigmsmoacrkh gm bhs Iedcetms gm Ocriec, hpmrcegh bc khramtc gmsgm bc Kcbm Kcbm-tc Kcpitãe Tcnh.
Me msm ohometh, mb suskripth gmskhehkïc si me Nrytvifme jcaïc h eh pmrshecb oibitcr aritãei kh. Me msc rmueiûe prmkisé qum bc metrcgc y pmrocemekic gmetrh gm cnucs tce rmstrienigcs, khoh mrc bc Kcbmtc Kcpitãe Tcnh, bc gmkigirïc me mb ohometh, gm ckumrgh khoh cprmkicrc bc situckiûe tãktikc rmcb. C bcs 33 j gm bc ocócec gmb ; gm carib, y gm ckumrgh khe bh pbcemcgh, sm prmkmgiû cb Acjïc \crcïsh me mb ienrmsh c bc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg, mdmktucegh uec mxjcustivc aðsqumgc mbmktrûeikc y khoprhacegh bc cusmekic gmb Megurcekm u htrc ueigcg gm supmrdikim aritãeikc. Ienrmscegh c bc Kcbmtc Kcpitãe Tcnh, sm hasmrvc bc prmsmekic gm pmrshecb oibitcr crocgh gmspbczãeghsm khe prmstmzc me mvigmetm mvigmetm cktitug gm girinirsm c hkupcr phsikihems gm khoactm, situckiûe qum sm iedhroc cb Khocegh gmb Nruph gm Wcrmcs. Yc me mb pumrth gm Nrytvifme, sm hasmrvc qum bc prmsmekic gm nrce kcetigcg gm kckjiyuyhs y gm ue nrce ahyûe gm cocrrm rmgukïce oãs gm bh iocniecgh mb mspm`h gm cnuc gispheiabm pcrc bc oceiharc gmb auqum6 habinc mb ush gm oãquiecs y tioûe pcrc vircr khe smnurigcg y ecvmncr timoph prhbhencgh c ac`cs vmbhkigcgms, bh kucb, phr gismóh gm b cs khramtcs ms uec gikubtcg cgikihecb. [m cprmkic csï bc iophsiaibigcg gm ocetmemrsm gmetrh gm bc kcbmtc me phsikiûe dcvhrcabm pcrc uscr bcs crocs, cb timoph qum bc ueigcg qumgcrïc pmrocemetmometm me khegikihems gm smr actigc gmsgm timrrc me virtug gm b c gistcekic y bc cbturc gm bc khstc. \hr htrh bcgh, mrc phkh khevmeimetm dhegmcr cbbï cgmetrh gcgc bc bmetitug gm bc oceiharc gm zcrpcgc cetm uec momrnmekic. Gmkisiûe0 Metrcr y scbir
gm bc gãrsmec bcs vmkms qum smce emkmscrics me buncr b uncr gm pmrocemkmr gmetrh gm mbbc. [m iedhroc cb Khocegcetm gmb Nruph. ]ec vmz dumrc gm bc oisoc, oimetrcs sm vircac mb auqum pcrc uec eumvc metrcgc, sm prhgu `mrhe bhs sinuimetms jmkjhs0 jmkjhs0 c.
[m rmkiam bc hrgme gm vinibcr cb pmrshecb ienbés me timrrc y actirbh khe bcs crocs me kcsh gm qum hdrmzkc rmsistmekic.
=4
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
Nrytvifme
Kcbmtc Kcpitãe Tcnh
\uetc Fien Mgwcrg
Ieikickiûe gm bcs pmemtrckihems
Acjïc Nucrgic Eckihecb Phec gm mstckiûe
Jmbikûptmrh \uoc gmb M`érkith Crnmetieh
Gãrsmec gm Nrytvifme. Gmrrhtc smnuigc phr bc khramtc Numrrikh .
a.
<
3<<
1<<
;<<
7<<
=<< o
[m thoc khehkioimeth gm qum ue pmqumóh nruph gm Iedcetms gm Ocriec prhpihs, kh ocegcghs phr mb Wmeimetm Buec, jcaïce sigh yc jmbigmsmoacrkcghs phr omgih gm ue jmbikûptmrh ecvcb Cbhjumtm gmsgm mb Acjïc \crcïsh, sie qum mb memoinh juaimsm hpumsth rmsistmekic, inehrãeghsm su phsikiûe me timrrc.
Khesmkutivcometm khe msth, cb khomezcr bc smnuegc pmemtrckiûe, sm vmrikce bhs sinuimetms ckhetmkioimeths0 c.
[m hasmrvc cb jmbikûptmrh \uoc gmb M`érkith Crnmetieh, moacrkcgh me mb Acjïc \crcïsh, girinirsm me vumbh girmkth jckic mb pumrth y qum cb cprhxiocrsm cb oisoh rmkiam dumnh gmsgm timrrc, gmaimegh cahrtcr bc oceiharc cvmricgh, khe uec mstmbc gm juoh trcs éb6 sm girinm c phscrsm me bc khstc hpumstc gm bc kcbmtc, m iedhroc tmemr ac`cs me mb pmrshecb gm Iedcetms qum trcïc c ahrgh.
a.
Mb Wmeimetm Buec, gmsmoacrkcgh me bc priomrc hbc, iedhroc c trcvés gmb ðeikh mquiph gm khoueikckihems khopctiabm metrm mb pmrshecb gmsmoacrkcgh y bc khramtc ‛hpmrcabm gmsgm mb \umetm gm Khocegh gm bc oisoc, y eh gispheiabm me mb auqum khocegh‛, qum mstã simegh actigh phr dumnh ietmesh, sie jcamr bhnrcgh hkupcr uec phsikiûe smnurc, sie kcpckigcg gm rmsphegmr khe dumnh prhpih y sie bhnrcr trcesoitir kucb mrc su phsikiûe mxcktc me bc khstc.
Gmkisiûe0 Khetieucr
bc pmemtrckiûe c bc gãrsmec pcrc ctrcmr bc ctmekiûe gmb dumnh gmb memoinh jckic mb auqum y, c bc vmz, trctcr gm actirbh khe dumnh prhpih pcrc pmroitir csï qum mb nruph gmb Wmeimetm Buec pugimrc kheshbigcr su phsikiûe me timrrc c bc vmz qum mb rmsth gmb pmrshecb gmb jmbikûptmrh cvmricgh, qum sm mekhetrcsm me khegikihems, pugimrc gmspbczcrsm c Nrytvifme.
=>
AKE :;1
W M E . C N E I Q C W 0 H W H D
[m metrc methekms eumvcometm c bc gãrsmec, sm virc mb auqum me mbbc y sm vumbvm c scbir. Gurcetm bc metrcgc y cetms gm khomezcr c rmkiair dumnh memoinh sharm mb auqum, sm visucbizcrhe euomrhshs piqums me mb cnuc, kmrkc gm bc pbcyc, cprmkiãeghsm qum mb nruph prhpih gm Iedcetms gm Ocriec mstcac simegh actigh phr mb dumnh ienbés, jmkjh qum dum kherocgh phr rcgih phr mb Wmeimetm Buec me dhroc kcsi ieomgictc. [m bm pigiû qum rmrimrc visucbometm bc phsikiûe gmb memoinh yc qum eh sm qumrïc actir khe dumnh prhpih c eumstrhs iedcetms. Mb Wmeimetm Buec iedhroû qum mb dumnh prhvmeïc gmb mgikih nrcegm qum pcrmkïc ue jhspitcb. ]ehs smnueghs gmspués, y cetms gm qum sm hrgmecrc carir mb dumnh, mb Wmeimetm oceimstc qum jcaïc kmscgh gm rmkiair dumnh memoinh. ]ehs iestcetms bumnh gm msc khoueikckiûe, bhs Qhycb Ocriems kcoaicrhe gm abcekh, khekmetrãeghbh sharm bc khramtc, qum khomezû c rmkiair dumnh khestcetm gurcetm thgc su oceiharc me bc kcbmtc, iopcktcegh sharm su supmrmstrukturc, me pcrtikubcr me bc zhec gmb \umetm gm Khocegh, qum rhopimrhe bhs vigrihs gm mstriahr y pmrdhrcrhe bc phrtc (7) gm scbigc cb cbmrûe, bc mstckiûe gm rcgih y bc Kmetrcb gm Hpmrckihems gm Khoactm. [m metrc methekms eumvcometm c bc gãrsmec, sm virc mb auqum me mbbc y sm vumbvm c scbir. [ioubtãemcometm, gmsgm bc khramtc sm carm dumnh, kuopbimegh khe bc girmktivc mxprmsc gm kcuscr mb omehr gcóh phsiabm cb hphemetm, phr bh kucb, mb ush gm bcs crocs gmaïc rmnubcrsm me kuceth c su kcpckigcg gm gcóh. \riomrh, cb ienrmsh, sm ieikiû khe bc comtrcbbcghrc gm 1< oo gm mstriahr, qum rmkiam gispcrhs gmsgm timrrc, jimrm cb @mdm gm Gmdmesc Cérmc, Nucr gicocriec Qikcrgh Cbm`cegrh \ienithrm (jhy Kcpitãe gm Ecvïh) y c ue pcr gm jhoarms oãs, pcrc rmkiair mbbc, c su vmz, ue iopckth sharm su sistmoc gm triekc gmb kcrncghr mxiabm, qum cdmktû cb rmshrtm, c bc triekc y pmrdhrû mb prhymktib qum mstcac simegh ctckcgh gm`ãeghbh ocb prmsmetcgh y phr megm, dumrc gm smrvikih. Gurcetm bc ckkiûe gm scbigc, bc comtrcbbcghrc gm 1< oo gm acahr, gmspués gm ghs gispcrhs, sm trcac y qumgc tcoaiée dumrc gm smrvikih. Me coahs kcshs sm hrgmec mb dumnh khe mb ohetc`m gm 7< oo qum tcoaiée sm trcac. Mb kcóûe gmrmkjh, gmspués gm kiekh gispcrhs, phr rhturcs gm bcs uócs gmb mxtrckthr6 y mb izquimrgh, bumnh gm kuctrh gispcrhs, cb dcbbcr su omkceisoh gm kcrnc ietmrruopiû bc oisoc qumgcegh mb kimrrm caimrth caimr th khe ue prhymktib gmetrh gmb ohbiemtm, khoh prhgukth gm bc scbigc gmb m`m gm mxtrckthrms qum iopigiû bc vumbtc me actmrïc gmb kcóûe. C mbbh sm suoû bc oumrtm gmb cpuetcghr, Kcah gm Ocr \ctrikih Nucekc. Diecbometm, mb kcóûe gm 3<< oo, qum ietmetû utibizcrsm cetm bc dcbbc gmb kcóûe gm 7< oo, tcoaiée mrrc dumnh phr prhabmoc me bc kcrnc gmb prhymktib, gmaigh, metrm htrcs kcuscs, c bc ckuoubckiûe gm scb prhgukigc phr mb tmophrcb sudrigh gurcetm bc trcvmsïc. Me bc metrcgc, bumnh gm rmkiair ghs iopckths me mb \umetm gm Ocegh qum bh ctrcvmsû gm bcgh c bcgh, y mskukjcr mb rmpiqumtmh qum mb dumnh memoinh kcuscac me gidmrmetms pcrtms gm bc mstrukturc gmb pumetm hrgmeé, phr smnurigcg, bc rmtircgc gm thgh mb pmrshecb gmb ois-
C bc izquimrgc, bc Kcbmtc Tcnh y mb pumrth gm Nrytvifme. Nrytvifme. C bc gmrmkjc, dckthrïc gm Nryvifme.
(7) \hrtc ms sieûeioh gm pumrtc.
=:
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
oh, iekbuymegh cb `mdm gm Crocs [uaocriecs, Wmeimetm gm Drcnctc Cbm`cegrh \cbmt ‛qum hpmrcac mb mquiph gm khoueikckihems pcrc ocetmemr mebckm khe bc Iedcetmrïc gm Ocriec me timrrc‛ y cb @mdm gm Ecvmnckiûe y Hkicb gm Nucrgic me khoactm, Wmeimetm gm Khramtc Mgucrgh Jinc, qumgcegh me mb \umetm gm KhoceKhoce gh sûbh mb suskripth, mb tiohemb y mb suahkicb pcrc bcs ûrgmems c oãquiecs. Cpmecs scbiohs gm bc gãrsmec, y cðe kucegh eh mstãacohs thtcbometm dumrc gmb cbkcekm gmb dumnh memoinh, mb pmrshecb gmb ohetc`m gm 7< oo sm cahkû c gmstrcacr y rmpcrcr mb oisoh y c rmmopbczcr cb cpuetcghr cactigh. Q C . O H K . Q C W I B I O C E H P 0 H W H D
Bc khramtc Numrrikh y mb jmbikûptmrh jmbikûptmrh ecvcb Cbbhumttm me Acjïc Acjïc Kuoamrbceg.
Cetm msc situckiûe, bumnh gm caceghecr bc gãrsmec, sm gmkigm eh vhbvmr c ietmetcr htrc metrcgc y hkupcr uec phsikiûe me prhxioigcgms gm bc rhkc Jhacrt, c uehs =<
=9
AKE :;1
Me sïetmsis0 ghs nruphs gm tircghrms (-) (=), ue nruph gm comtrcbbcghrcs OCN c ghs pimzcs y ue nruph gm ohrtmrhs 4< c trms pimzcs, oãs kiekh jhoarms gm bhs smrvikihs. Me thtcb ;4 Iedcetms gm Ocriec y = [uahkicbms gm Ocriemrïc. Khopbmtcghs bhs cacstmkioimeths, coahs auqums prhkmgimrhe c girinirsm jckic mb khetiemetm. Bc Numrrikh, dum cuthrizcgc c girinirsm c bcs Isbcs gm bhs Mstcghs ghegm, me bc Acjïc gm [ce @uce gm [cbvcometh, sm khoaieû ue mekumetrh khe mb cvish Nurrukjcnc, qum ehs prhvmmrïc gmb ckmitm qum jcaïcohs pmrgigh. Csï hkurriû, mb Nurrukjcnc, dhegmcgh me mb dhegh gm bc Acjïc, khocegcgh me cqumb ohometh phr mb Kcpitãe Ãbvcrh Tãsqumz, bcrncac cb cnuc bhs tcoahrms gm ckmitm qum mrce rmkhnighs phr ehshtrhs dhegmcghs oãs cdumrc. Nrckics Nurrukjcnc phr bc tce ioprmskiegiabm y mkime mkime-tm cyugc.
Jmbikûptmrh \uoc gmb M`érkith Crnmetieh gmrriacgh drmetm c \uetc Fien Nmhrnm.
\hr supumsth, mrc ehkjm kmrrcgc y sm iac bmvcetcegh khe rcpigmz ue tmophrcb gmb [ughmstm. Jcaimegh ecbizcgh mb moacrqum gm ckmitm, zcrpcohs viéeghehs habincghs, phr mb dumrtm vimeth, c jckmr uec kupbc khe oãquiecs c thgc dumrzc pcrc vircr mb auqum y phgmr phemr bc prhc c bc scbigc.
(=) Khbhkcr mb sineh (-) gmtrãs gm cbnh iopbikc gmkir qum mb oisoh sm mekumetrc rmgukigh. Ms uec oumstrc gmb bmenuc`m oibitcr me nmemrcb, ue cvcekm gm bc ‒khe`uetms‟.
]ec vmz cdumrc gm bc Acjïc gm [ce @uce gm [cbvcometh, ehs thpcohs khe thgc bc dumrzc gmb tmophrcb, khe mstcghs gm ocr emtcometm supmrihrms c =, bbmncegh phr ohomeths c mstcgh 3<, qum eh ehs gm`û htrc cbtmrectivc qum khrrmrbh c ouy ac`c vmbhkigcg. Eumvcometm ue tmophrcb gmkigïc khetrcricr eumstrcs girmktivcs. Cb ieikih gm bcs hpmrckihems eh phgïcohs khrrmrbh (4) h eh kuopbirïcohs bc oisiûe, cuequm kcpmcrbh (>) trc`mrc khesmkumekics qum bumnh sm jikimrhe smetir. Cjhrc qum bc girmktivc mrc rmthrecr c \umrth \umr th Ambnrceh gmaïcohs khrrmrbh, cuequm trctcohs, sie rmsubtcgh, gm ir thrkimegh mb ruoah jckic mb Hmstm, gm ocemrc qum gmaïcohs smnuir khe mb ruoah qum ehs bbmvcac jckic bcs Isbcs Ocbviecs. \crc ‒cbmnrcrehs‟ y sckcrehs bcs prmhkupckihems havics gm quime mstã khrrimegh smom`cetm tmophrcb, rmkiaiohs msc ehkjm ue omesc`m gmb Khocegcetm gm Hpmrckihems Ecvcbms qum, pcbcarcs oãs h omehs, gmkïc0 ‒Csuoir prmsmekic gm suaocrieh eukbmcr aritãeikh me bc zhec‟. Me bhs gïcs sinuimetms, mb timoph khomezû c om`hrcr bmetcometm, phr bh qum phkh c phkh pugiohs ir kcoaicegh mb ruoah jckic bc khstc crnmetiec pcrc crriacr ecbometm, khe mb auqum jmkjh ue ‒khbcghr‟ c bc Acsm Ecvcb \umrth \umr th Ambnrceh ghegm me mb oumbbm ehs mspmrcac mb [r. Khocegcetm gm bc Dbhtc gm Ocr y nrce pcrtm pcr tm gm su Mstcgh Ocyhr. Khe ue cphyh ocsivh gm bhs Wcbbmrms Nmemrcbms y gmb Wcbbmr gm Oisibms, prhetcometm mstu viohs me khegikihems gm vhbvmr c hpmrcr khe mb rmsth gm bc Givisiûe Khramtcs c bc qum ehs ueiohs uec vmz khopbmtcgh mb cbistcoimeth. Khoh ietmnrcetms gm bc oisoc pcrtikipcohs, jcstc mb ecb gmb kheikth me gidmrmetms tcrmcs. Mb ctcqum dcbbigh c bc Mskucgrc Aritãeikc y mb khetrhb gmb ocr
Yc ietmnrcghs c bc Dbhtc gm Ocr me hpmrckihems, khoh pcrtm gmb nru ph gm tcrmcs qum khedhrkhedhr -
(4) ‒Khrrmr‟ ue tmophrcb sineidikc cghptcr bcs omgigcs emkmscrics pcrc trctcr gm eh smr cbkcezcgh phr mb oisoh, h siopbmometm eh medrmetcrbh. (>) ‒Kcpmcr‟ ue tmophrcb ms bh khetrcrih gm khrrmrbh, ms medrmetcrbh.
4<
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
ocac bc Givisiûe Khramtcs, pcrtikipcohs gmb ietmeth gm ctcqum c bc Dumrzc Ecvcb ienbmsc, prmvisth pcrc mb ctcrgmkmr gmb 3.rh gm ocyh y bc ocgruncgc gmb 1 gm ocyh, qum sm mekhetrcac gmetrh gm ue rcgih gm 1<< oibbcs gm eumstrc Dbhtc gm Ocr. Bc igmc mrc rmcbizcr ue ctcqum ocsivh sharm bcs ueigcgms memoincs mopbmcegh ieikicbometm ue ctcqum cmrhecvcb c kcrnh gm bhs cvihems C7S gmb phrtccvihems 1= gm Ocyh smnuigh gm ue ctcqum khe oisibms Mxhkmt c rmcbizcr phr bcs khramtcs Gruooheg, Numrrikh y Nrcevibbm, qum sm ckmrkcrïce c bc gistcekic gm bcezcoimeth cprhvmkjcegh qum phr su mskcsc supmrmstrukturc phgrïce jckmrbh khe uec ouy ac`c h kcsi eubc prhacaibigcg gm smr gmtmktcgcs. Bcezcghs bhs oisibms trctcrïce gm cbm`crsm smpcrcgcometm. Bcometcabmometm, y me khetrc gm bh qum ms jcrth khoðe me eumstrhs ocrms gmb sur, mb ctcqum gmaiû smr suspmegigh me bc ocgruncgc mb gïc 1 phrqum mb vimeth mrc kcsi eubh y bhs cvihems gmb phrtccvihems eh phgïce gmkhbcr khe bc kcrnc emkmscric gm ahoacs. \crc mbbh khrriohs thgc bc ehkjm c cbtcs vmbhkigcgms jckic mb [ugmstm (ruoah 31<) pcrc sudrir ecbometm bc drustrckiûe gm eh jcamr phgigh cprhvmkjcr bc hphrtueigcg. Mb rmsth gm bhs gïcs gm ocyh y `ueih sm dumrhe me c vmkms bc tmgihsc aðsqumgc gm phsiabms suaocriehs aritãeikhs qum sm ckmrkcrce c bcs khstcs c bh bcrnh gm eumstrh ietmroiecabm bithrcb ocrïtioh, cbtmrcgc ðeikcometm phr bcs oceiharcs gm rmcacstmkioimeth gm khoaustiabm gmb pmtrhbmrh gm Yckioimeths Yckioimeths \mtrhbïdmrhs Diskcbms Kcoph Gurãe. Cbnuecs khekbusihems gm bc Kcopcóc c bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics
Tcrics pumgme smr bcs khekbusihems qum sm pumgme mxtrcmr gm bh ckhetmkigh me bc rmkupmrckiûe gm bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur0 c.
Emkmsigcg gm mvcbucr simoprm me gmtcbbm bc iophrtcekic gm hatmemr me bcs ckkihems oibitcrms mb dckthr shrprmsc, me mstm kcsh pmrgigc phr mb jmkjh gm mstcabmkmr prmvicometm uec khoueikckiûe khe bhs kimetïkhs aritãeikhs pcrc mxprmscrbms bcs ietmekihems prhpics.
a.
Ms kcsi ioprmskiegiabm, c pmscr gm eumstrc mxkmbmetm y ecturcb kcpckigcg pcrc ioprhviscr, khehkmr khe timoph bc hrgme gm hpmrckihems, y qum éstc khetmenc cbtmrectivcs, sukimetmometm mxiabms c cghptcr si eh sm kuopbm bh ieikicbometm prmvisth (phr m`mo pbh, bhs ocriems aritãeikhs yc mstcace me Nrytvifme), mspmkicbometm kucegh ietmrvimeme ueigcgms gm gidmrmetms kcpckigcgms, pmrshecb gm gidmrmetms khophemetms gm bc Crocgc y/h gm htrc Dumrzc, pmrtmemkimetms c hrnceizckihems cgoieistrctivcs cgoie istrctivcs gidmrmetms, y sharm thgh, si bc hpmrckiûe c rmcbizcr eh ms khoðe pcrc eienueh gm bhs qum ietmnrce mb Nruph gm Wcrmcs. \hr m`mopbh, y me pcrtikubcr me mstc hpmrckiûe, juaimrc pmroitigh mdmktucr uec smbmkkiûe cgmkucgc gm bc phsikiûe pcrc prmstcr mb cphyh sie emkmsigcg gm cvmeturcrsm c ãrmcs mxkmsivcometm rmstrienigcs, igmetikckiûe prmvic gm bhs phsiabms abcekhs y gm bhs pueths gm jmbigmsmoacrkh.
k.
Wmemr cashbutcometm me kbcrh qum rmcbizcr uec hpmrckiûe gm mstm tiph sie prhgukir gcóh cb memoinh iopbikc ckmptcr prhacabms h kcsi smnurcs ac`cs prhpics.
AKE :;1
43
O H K . B C W I N I G [ H G C G B H [ 0 H W H D
g.
Mbcahrckiûe gm ue cgmkucgh pbce gm khoueikckihems khe bc smbmkkiûe gm bhs mquiphs gm khoueikckihems oãs cpths metrm timrrc y mb auqum y metrm mb Hkicb me Khocegh y bcs ueigcgms pcrtikipcetms, gm ocemrc qum thghs pumgce rmkiair bcs ûrgmems m iedhrockihems emkmscrics me dhroc girmktc y hphrtuec, sie emkmsigcg gm rmtrcsoisihems.
m.
]e ioprmskiegiabm ocyhr khehkioimeth gmb ãrmc gm hpmrckihems y khetcr khe b c kcrthnrcdïc emkmscric y ðtib pcrc bc hpmrckiûe c gmscrrhbbcr. Mstc tcrmc gm khehkmr pcboh c pcboh eumstrcs khstcs, si aime pumgm smr oãs prhpic gm eumstrc \rmdmkturc, ms uec dcbmekic acstcetm nmemrcbizcgc metrm mb pmrshecb supmrihr gm eumstrc Crocgc. Krmh qum gmam smr khrrmnigc c thghs bhs eivmbms me timoph gm pcz, rmkhrrimegh bhs gistieths ckkigmetms nmhnrãkhs y mvitcegh csï c ue Khocegcetm bc iekmrtiguoarm qum krmc mb tmemr qum ococeiharcr su auqum me uec zhec qum bm ms thtcbometm gmskhehkigc. Me mstm cspmkth, khesigmrh khoh cbtcometm phsitivc bc gmkisiûe gmb [r. @mdm gm Hpmrckihems gmb Mstcgh Ocyhr Nmemrcb gm bc Crocgc Khetrccboircetm Mgncrgh Htmrh, gm jckmrom vmr mb vigmh gm bhs
Khrrimegh mb tmophrcb c bc scbigc gm [ce @uce gm [cbvcometh.
41
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
ckkmshs c Acjïc [trhoems y \umrth \umr th Bmitj. C mbbh gmam suocrsm ue khehkioimeth mxjcustivh gmb ocem`h gm bc ueigcg qum sûbh sm khesinum khe uec prãktikc khetieuc me mb timoph. \mrshecbometm, y copbicegh oi khometcrih gmb priomr pãrrcdh gm mstm crtïkubh, cr tïkubh, gmah cnrcgmkmr c bc scaic Crocgc mb gcrom mstc oisiûe c kuopbir bumnh gm jcamr sigh gurcetm thgh ue cóh Khocegcetm gm bc ueigcg y csï khehkmr kûoh rmckkihecac bc khramtc c kcgc hrgme gm oãquiecs h tioûe.
H W I E / H I A O C Q C O E Û I K C G E ] D C B M G B C I K I D H C E I N Ã \
d.
Me pcrtikubcr pcrc bc hpmrckiûe gm khramtcs kbcsm Gruooheg (C 49 smnðe bc gmehoieckiûe drcekmsc) me cnucs rmstrienigcs gmam tmemrsm me kumetc0
3.
[u ac`c kcpckigcg pcrc cashramr mb gcóh gmb dumnh gmb memoinh cðe gm crocs omehrms.
1.
Bc emkmsigcg gm oceiharcr pmrocemetmometm pmrocemetmometm khe oãquiecs, pcrc kheshbigcr bc smnurigcg eãutikc, givmrsikc me gmocsïc bc ctmekiûe qum gmam ocetmemr mb Khocegh khe rmbckiûe c bcs gmoãs ckkihems gmb khoactm, habinãeghbm c ietmrkcoaicr su pumsth gm khoactm khe mb 1.gh Khocegcetm (bc Kmetrcb gm Iedhrockihems gm Khoactm phr mb \ume tm gm Ocegh).
;.
Bhs ohvioimeths bioitcghs y prmvisiabms gm bc ueigcg dcvhrmkm bc ckkiûe gmb dumnh memoinh.
7.
Bcs crocs gm omehr kcbiarm, 1< oo y 7< oo, pimrgme mdmktivigcg cb mstcr sus hpmrcghrms ouy mxpumsths cb dumnh memoinh.
=.
Me mstm pcrtikubcr kcsh, si phr mdmkth gmb dumnh memoinh cb \umetm gm Khocegh, metrm bcs ac`cs phsiabms juaimrce mstcgh mb tiohemb, mb hpmrcghr gm oãquiecs h mb Khocegcetm, bc smnurigcg gmb auqum juaimrc mstcgh ouy khoprhomtigc.
Khesigmrckihems mstrcténikcs
Khoh khometcrihs c eivmb mstrcténikh kcam gmstckcr qum pcrc bc Qmpðabikc Crnmetiec bc phsmsiûe gm bhs trms crkjipiébcnhs custrcbms, rmprmsmetc r mprmsmetc oukjh oãs qum phsmsihems iesubcrms. [he bc acsm gm eumstrh ghoieih ocrïtioh, jhy tce nrcegm khoh mb tmrrithrih khetiemetcb yc qum khe bcs eumvcs khekmpkihems gm ocr mkheûoikh h pctrioheicb, phgrãe smr iekhrphrcgcs y bh smrãe, sie gugc, me mb duturh. Wimeme me sï oisocs iophrtcekic mkheûoikc. Bc pmskc cktucb, ocs mb fribb, frib b, mb pmtrûbmh y bhs oiemrcbms gmb dhegh gmb ocr, ehs oumstrce uec mehrom zhec ocrïtioc virnme y rikc ri kc qum yc jc khomezcgh c smr mxpbhtcgc pmrh smnurcometm smnurcometm bh smrã oãs me mb duturh ieomgicth. Cetm thgh kcam rmkhrgcr sietétikcometm, qum bhs crkjipiébcnhs she crnmetiehs phr bcs sinuimetms rczhems0 c.
Nmhnrãkcs0 phr su prhxioigcg cb khetiemetm y phrqum bc khophsikiûe nmhbûnikc jckm gm Nmhnrãkcs0 su sumbh nrmghsh uec prhbhenckiûe gm bc omsmtc pctcnûeikc .
a.
Jistûrikcs0 pums mb gmskuarioimeth hdrmkm gistietcs vmrtimetms gmsgm Coérikh Tmspukih Jistûrikcs0 jcstc Ocncbbcems y htrhs ecvmncetms mspcóhbms.
k.
@urïgikcs0 phr cg`ugikckiûe pcpcb c Mspcóc, cgoitigc phr bcs phtmekics gm bc kristicegcg
AKE :;1
4;
y phr bc armvm khbheizckiûe drcekmsc, kuyh gmscbh`h phr Mspcóc sm rmcbizû me bc pbmec khoprmesiûe gmb gmrmkjh6 g.
m.
d.
Cgoieistrctivcs0 phrqum Mspcóc mstcabmkiû uec pmqumóc y prûspmrc khbheic y phrqum sus gmrmkjhs, trcs bc Qmvhbukiûe gm Ocyh gm 3:3<, 3:3 <, dumrhe trcesoitighs c su sukmshrc, bc Qmpðabikc Crnmetiec. Ms pumrtc gm ckkmsh c bc Cetãrtigc y `ustikce eumseumstrhs rmkbcohs me msm tmrrithrih y mb bïoitm Mstm qum jmohs smbmkkihecgh.
[ M I Q C / H I A O C Q C O E Û I K C G E ] D C B M G B C I K I D H C E I N Ã \
Ms tcoaiée pumrtc gm ckkmsh cb Ctbãetikh [ur gmsgm bc Cetãrtigc y mb Hkéceh \ckïkh.
Khometcrihs decbms
Ieeuomrcabms mxpmrimekics ehs gm`û c thghs bhs qum dhrocohs pcrtm gm bc ghtckiûe gm msm cóh gm bc khramtc Numrrikh, pmrh quisimrc rmscbtcr qum mb sukmsh gm Nrytvifme ehs gih bc phsi phsi-aibigcg c thghs, gm khevmekmrehs gm eumstrc kcpckigcg pcrc medrmetcrehs c bc cgvmrsigcg. Mb smr juoceh prmsuom ehrocbometm qum cetm uec situckiûe gm rimsnh vc c rmckkihecr me dhroc phsitivc, pmrh bms csmnurh qum sûbh drmetm c sukmshs khoh mb qum viviohs phgmohs tmemr bc kmrtmzc gm qum mbbh ms rmcbometm csï. Mstuvm y msthy ouy hrnubbhsh gmb khophrtcoimeth gm kcgc ueh gm bhs oimoarhs gm bc ghtckiûe me mscs kirkuestcekics y csï bh puetucbiké me kcgc dh`c gm khekmpth qum bms mbcahré bumnh gmb kheikth. Msthy khevmekigh qum bc cgmkucgc dhrockiûe ecvcb qum rmkiaiohs duegcgc me bhs vcbhrms qum jmrmgcohs gm eumstrhs ocyhrms, suocgh c ue mxinmetm y khetieucgh cgimstrcoimeth ecvcb she bhs pibcrms qum ehs prmpcrce pcrc scbir scb ir cirhshs me msths mvmeths. Qmsuoimegh bh ckhetmkigh kcam rmkhrgcr, c pmscr gm bhs qum prhpcnce bh khetrcrih, qum pcrc bhs qum ietmnrcohs uec Dumrzc Crocgc eumstrc rczûe ðbtioc ms mstcr prmpcrcghs pcrc bc numrrc, cuequm éstc eh ehs nustm. Sum mb kheikth ms ietrïesmkh gmb jhoarm, qum bhs Mstcghs cktðce pcrc bhnrcr khekrmtcr sus ietmrmsms eckihecbms, qum me cbnðe ohometh mshs ietmrmsms pumgme metrcr me khbisiûe khe ietmrmsms gm htrhs Mstcghs y qum gmetrh gm bc copbic pcehpbic gm shbukihems phsiabms pumgm, kucegh msm ietmrés ms vitcb pcrc ueh gm bhs khetmegimetms, bbmncrsm, bcometcabmometm, cb kheikth crocgh. \crc mbbh sm rmqumrirã simoprm gm Dumrzcs Crocgcs ckhrgms c bcs kirkuestcekics, iophsiabm gm khoprcrsm h dhrocrsm me msm ohometh, sieh qum bbmvc, mspmkicbometm pcrc mb kcsh gm b c Crocgc, kcsi uec nmemrckiûe me bc dhrockiûe gm su pmrshecb y kmrkc gm kiekh c gimz cóhs me khetcr khe mb octmricb cgmkucgh. Aime mstã gikjh pcrc eumstrh kcsh ‒si quimrms bc pcz prmpãrctm pcrc bc numrrc‟. Ecgim pumgm csmnurcr qum me mb duturh mbbh eh pumgc hkurrir, mspmrmohs qum eh, pmrh gmamohs mstcr simoprm bisths khe ue oïeioh gm cvish. Eh pumgh kmrrcr mstm crtïkubh sie rmegir oi kãbigh jhomec`m c quimems msm ; gm carib, kuopbimegh kcacbometm khe bh qum bc Eckiûe Eck iûe ehs rmkbcoc, metrmncrhe su oãs prmkicgh tmshrh,
\bckc rmkhrgcthric gmb K\ \ctrikih Nucekc me bc khramtc Numrrikh .
47
BC KHQAMWC CQC N]MQQIKH Y MB KHEDBIKWH C][WQCB ∑NMHQNIC[ GMB []Q∑, MB ‒CWCS]M DQ][WCGH‟ Y MB KHEWQHB GMB OCQ
bc prhpic vigc. Mb kcah gm ocr \ctrikih Nucekc qum kcyû me su pumsth gm khoactm khoh cpuetcghr me mb kcóûe gm 7< oo y bhs kheskripths gm Iedcetmrïc gm Ocriec @hrnm Eésthr Ãnuibc y Ocrih Cboheckig, qum dcbbmkimrhe c rcïz gm bcs jmrigcs sudrigcs kucegh dum cbkcezccbkcezcgh phr mb dumnh ienbés mb jmbikûptmrh qum bhs trcesphrtcac dhrocegh pcrtm gm bc smnuegc hbc gm gmsmoacrkh jmbitrcesphrtcgc. Wcoaiée gmah iekbuir me mstm jhomec`m c quimems dumrhe jmrighs c ahrgh h dhrocegh pcrtm gmb nruph gm Iedcetms gm Ocriec, cbnuehs gm bhs kucbms cðe jhy, c trmietc cóhs, sm timeme qum sharmphemr gïc c gïc c mscs khesmkumekics, y c thghs bh qum dhrocrhe pcrtm gm oi ghtckiûe me msc hphrtueigcg phr su vcbhr vcbhr,, crrh`h y msdumrzh pcrc supmrcr bcs dcbbcs m iekhevmeimet iekhevmeimetms ms qum hkurrimrhe, sie bhs kucbms ku cbms smnurcometm bc oisiûe eh juaimrc sigh kuopbigc. Qumnh c Eumstrc [móhrc [tmbbc Ocris ameginc y kuigm c bc khramtc Numrrikh, c su ghtckiûe cktucb y duturcs, c bc vmz qum bms gmsmh pmrshecbometm smnurcs ecvmnckihems khe ‒aum‒aum ehs vimeths‟.
GI[WIEKIHEM[ QMKIAIGC[
Khramtc CQC Numrrikh0 Khegmkhrckiûe ‒Jhehr cb vcbhr me Khoactm‟ phr ‒Ietmrvmeir me dhroc gmstckcgc c bc rmkupmrckiûe gm bcs Isbcs Nmhrnics gmb [ur, khoprhomtimegh cb oãxioh phsiabm bc smnurigcg gmb auqum y su ghtckiûe, khetriauymegh khe su gmkigigh ckkihecr c bc kcpturc y rmegikiûe gmb memoinh‟. KDECKG Kcrbhs Buis Cbdhesh, Khocegcetm gm bc khramtc CQC Numrrikh0 Omgcbbc cb Oérith Ecvcb. N]ECKG Qikcrgh \ienithrm, gm bc \bcec Ocyhr gm bc khramt c CQC Numrrikh0 Khegmkhrckiûe ‒Bc Eckiûe Crnmetiec cb jmrigh me khoactm‟. K\OC \ctrikih Nucekc, gm bc ghtckiûe gm bc khramtc CQC Numrrikh0 Khegmkhrckiûe ‒Bc Eckiûe Crnmetiec cb oumrth me khoactm‟. K[IO Ocrih Cboheckig, gm bc ghtckiûe gmb nruph gmb Wmeimetm Buec0 Khegmkhrckiûe ‒Bc Eckiûe Crnmetiec cb oumrth me khoactm‟. K[IO @hrnm E. Ãnuibc, gm bc ghtckiûe gmb nruph gmb Wmeimetm Buec0 Khegmkhrckiûe ‒Bc Eckiûe Crnmetiec cb oumrth me khoactm‟. K[IO Tïkthr Iaãómz, KK41 Oceumb Aurnumz y KK41 @uce \érmz, gm bc ghtckiûe gmb Wmeimetm Buec Khegmkhrckiûe ‒Bc Eckiûe Crnmetiec cb jmrigh me khoactm‟.
KHBCAHQCKIHEM[
Kcpitãe gm Ecvïh Kcrbhs Ohegibbh Kcpitãe gm Khramtc Cbm`cegrh \cbmt Mgucrgh Jinc
QMDMQMEKIC[
Gmstmdcei, Bcurih. Ocbviecs, Nmhrnics y [cegwikj gmb [ur. Armvm rmsmóc jistûrikc y nmhnrãdikc. Hrtiz gm Qhzcs, Kcrbhs, Moac`cghr. Ceãbisis krïtikh c bc Jisthric Hdikicb Aritãeikc sharm bcs Isbcs Ocbviecs jmkjh phr éb cb iekhrphrcrsm c bc Ckcgmoic Eckihecb gm Kimekics Ohrcbms y \hbïtikcs. \ãniec wma gmb M`érkith Crnmetieh. \cbmt, Cbm`cegrh. jttp0//ckpcbmt.abhnspht.kho/1<3
