FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA
ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE ARQUITECTURA
EXPERIENCIA CURRICULAR DE REDACCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA Y CÁTEDRA VALLEJO
TÍTULO LA ARQUITECTURA SOSTENIBLE Y EL FOMENTO DEL DESARROLLO URBANO EN EL PERÚ
AUTORES CAHUANA HUAMÁN, CARLOS GARCÍA LOZADA LOZADA OSCAR, JOSÉ QUISPE FERNÁNDEZ, JOEL SANTIAGO CULLACHAGUA, CLESY
ASESOR ENRIQUE RIOS MERCEDES LIMA – PERÚ 201
La vida vida si! si!"# "# ! "a# "a#$i% $i% !&s i!"'#(a)( *+ a a#*+i($(+#aOs$a# Ni!.#
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A a !ad# ad# )a(+ )a(+##a a/a . a )+s(#as 0)#a$i')s v)id#as-
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A!RADECIMIENTO Q+#!'s a0#ad$# a )+s(#' "#'1s'# "'# 2a3#)'s a.+dad' ) ('das )+s(#as d+das d+#a)( "#'$s' d i)vs40a$i%), a a 5i3i'($a Na$i')a "'# "#!i4#)'s a$$s' a s+ vai'sa i)1'#!a$i%) . +) a0#ad$i!i)(' a a i)067s4$a "'# s# +)a !a(#ia !+. i)(#sa)(, !'$i')a)( . "#'1+)da-
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ÍNDICE "&0 E"70#a1 ii Ddi$a('#ia iii A0#ad$i!i)(' iv I)(#'d+$$i%) vi
CAPITULO I L" "#$%&'()'%#" 8-8- Da('s 0)#as 8-8-8- O#70)s 8-8-9- D:)i$i%) 8-8-;- F+)$i')s 8-8-<- Ti"''07as 8-9- E!)('s *+ 1+)da!)(a) (#a3a=' a#*+i($(%)i$' 8-9-8- D!'0#a>a 8-9-9- Ci!a(''07a 8-9-;- E$')'!7a 8-;- La a#*+i($(+#a s's()i3 8-;-8- D:)i$i%) 8-;-9- S's()i3iidad . dsa##'' s's()i3 8-;-;- U#3a)is!' s's()i3 8-;-<- C')s(#+$$i%) s's()i3 8-<- T'#7as s'3# s's()i3iidad 8-<-8- E) a#*+i($(+#a 8-<-9- E) $')s(#+$$i%) CAPITULO II D&*(+,- (.&/)")& *,*'(&3&4&.". 9-8 As"$('s *+ i)(#vi)) ) dis?' . di:$a$i%) 9-8-8 A!3i)(as . $i!a('%0i$'s 9-8-9 Raidad . C')(@(' 9-8-; C')$"(' 9-8-< T$)'%0i$' 9-9 Si(+a$i%) a$(+a d a s's()i3iidad ) P# v
9-9-8 9-9-9 9-9-;
E) a a#*+i($(+#a E) +#3a)is!' E) a $')s(#+$$i%)
9-; As"$('s a ('!a# ) $+)(a ) dis?' a#*+i($(%)i$' . $')s(#+$$i%) s's()i3 9-;-8 P# 9-;-8-8 Pa#&!(#'s a!3i)(as 9-;-8-9 Ma(#ias +sad's ) a $')s(#+$$i%) 9-;-8-; Gs4%) d #sid+'s 9-;-9 Es"a?a 9-;-9-8 Pa#&!(#'s a!3i)(as 9-;-9-9 Ma(#ias +sad's ) a $')s(#+$$i%) 9-;-9-; Gs4%) d #sid+'s
CAPITULO III A)'%"4&.". #("4&.". .( 4" "#$%&'()'%#" *,*'(&34( ( (4 P(#5 ;-8 R$'!)da$i')s "a#a ada"(a# $as' ) P# ;-9 BQ+ s "+d !='#a# ;-9-8 A#*+i($(+#a s's()i3 ;-9-9 U#3a)is!' s's()i3 ;-9-; C')s(#+$$i%) s's()i3 ;-9-< A2'##' )#04$' ;-9- I)vs40a$i%) . dsa##'' ;-9- I!"a$(' a!3i)(a ;-; P#'"+s(as d s's()i3iidad "a#a Li!a ;-;-8 P#'"+s(as d a#*+i($(+#a s's()i3 ;-;-9 P#'"+s(as d +#3a)is!' s's()i3
CAPITULO IV D&*(+, %#3", <-8 Da('s 0)#as <-8-8 D:)i$i%) <-8-9 Ti"'s ' !'d's <-9 P#'.$('s d dis?' +#3a)' <-9-8 ivi)da <-9-9 D"a#(a!)('s
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I'#,.%))& BA *+ a!a!'s $+idad' a!3i)(a A ('d' s(+di', !$a)is!', dis?' a#*+i($(%)i$', ($)''07a *+ ()0a "#s)( . 3i) $a#' *+, a )a(+#a/a s 1+)( d vida . *+ si s da?a ' $')(a!i)a, a s"$i 2+!a)a s s(& $')d)a)d' i##!dia3!)( a a !+#(E "#'"%si(' d a i)vs40a$i%) s "#'!'v# $+idad' d !di' a!3i)( . $')$i)4/a# a a "'3a$i%), "#'1si')as i!"i$ad's ) a $')s(#+$$i%) . a 's 0'3#)a)(s "a#a *+ "')0a) )1asis ) 's "a#&!(#'s @is()(s d $+idad' a!3i)(a- Ad!&s, d 0)#a# $+#i'sidad ) 's a+!)'s d di1#)(s +)iv#sidads, i)s4(+('s, $'0i's, ($- *+ s() i)(#sad's ) (!aBP'# *+ s i!"'#(a)( $+idad' a!3i)(a Es +)a "#0+)(a a!"ia, $') !+$2as #s"+s(as "#' $') +) s'' si0)i:$ad', $+a s vivi# ) a#!')7a $') !di'a!3i)( . 0a#a)4/a# a 2a3i(a3iidad d +0a# ) *+ s viv, d 2'!3# . d 's d!&s s#s viv'sLa !')'0#a>a s(& $'!"+s(a "'# < $a"7(+'s, 's $+as dsa##'a) d !a)#a :$a/ . v#a/ a i!"'#(a)$ia d a s's()i3iidad ) !+)d'- La i)1'#!a$i%) #$'$(ada 1+ '3()ida d div#sas 1+)(s $'):a3s i!"'#(a)(s $'!' s') i3#'s, (sis, a#$+'s d #vis(as, dia#i's . "#'.$('s a#*+i($(%)i$'s ) d')d s a3'#da) (!as d a#*+i($(+#a, +#3a)is!', $+idad' a!3i)(a, ($-
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E) $')$+si%), a !')'0#a>a s d s+!a i!"'#(a)$ia .a *+ @"') div#sas !a)#as d $'!' "#s#va# !di' a!3i)( . 0a#a)4/a# s+ "#')(a !='#a, 3asadas ) a)&isis d 's di1#)(s @"#('s . 1+)(s $'!"#'!4das di#$(a!)( $') $+idad' d !di' a!3i)(- D '(#' !'d' ()!'s ) $+)(a *+ 2'. ) d7a !+)d' s(& s+1#i)d' 0#avs da?'s i##v#si3s . 2'!3# $'!' "#i)$i"a #s"')sa3 d ', #$i) s(& !"/a)d' a "#'$+"a#s "'# !+)d' *+ 2#da#a) s+s 2i='s-
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CAPÍTULO I L" "#$%&'()'%#"
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L" "#$%&'()'%#" La a#*+i($(+#a s a#( d $#a# s"a$i's "a#a 2'!3#, "a#a s+ 2a3i(a3iidad . $')1'#(Pa#a ' 4) ) $+)(a a +3i$a$i%) 0'0#&:$a, $i!a i)$+s' "'d# ad*+isi4v' d $i)(- Pa#a ', a a#*+i($(+#a ad*+i# $')'$i!i)('s ) $i)$ias $'!' as !a(!&4$as, >si$a, 0'!(#7a, 0''07a, ('"'0#a>a, ($(#a- A $')4)+a$i%), s dsa##'a#a 's da('s !&s #sa(a)(s d s( a)$s(#a a#(1616 D"',* 7((#"4(* Ha3a# d a#*+i($(+#a s 2a3a# d +) (!a !+. a!"i'- Y s *+, ) !di' d (a)('s s4's, $'##i)(s . !'vi!i)('s $'!' "'d!'s )$')(#a# 2'. ) d7a, 2a. +)a "#0+)(a *+ s i!"') s'3# ('das as d!&s B*+ s a a#*+i($(+#a 16161 O#87((* E '#i0) d a A#*+i($(+#a s 2aa "#i)$i"a!)( ) a )$sidad *+ 4) 2'!3# d "')#s a $+3i#(' d a i)(!"#i s d$i# a )$sidad d "#'(0#s . d as a!)a/as d +) a0#s'#- La v)#a$i%) . #s"(' a a !!'#ia d "#s')as . 2$2's )'(a3s, a (#a)s!isi%) d idas a a "'s(#idad, 1+ '#i0) d 's (!"'s, . d ('da $as d !')+!)('s $')!!'#a4v's- La a#*+i($(+#a "#2is(%#i$a s $')=+)(' d $')s(#+$$i')s #i0idas a)(s a !)'s < a?'s a-C- Y a)(s i)$+s' d as "i#&!ids 0i"$ias- Las $')s(#+$$i')s a#*+i($(%)i$as d a "#2is('#ia s s(+dia) a "a#4# d ; "#7'd's d a v'+$i%) d 2'!3# *+ $'!"')) ' *+ s a!a a Edad d Pid#a "a'74$', )'74$' . !s'74$'D (a !a)#a, "a#a d:)i# '#i0) d a A#*+i($(+#a, !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( L's i(aia)'s . s"$ia!)( 's '#)4)'s i!3+id's d +)a #)'vada $'):a)/a ) s+ $a"a$idad i)($(+a, a)sia3a) dsa##'a# +)a )+va a#*+i($(+#a, 3asada )' .a ) as (#adi$i')s d a i0sia, si)' *+ @"#sas a $a#idad !a(!&4$a . a #a$i')aidad *+ "#$i37a) ) '#d) divi)' d +)iv#s'- Pa#a 's, sa )+va a#*+i($(+#a .a )' "#$isa#7a a"+)(a# . va#s 2a$ia $i', si)' *+, $'!' a a#*+i($(+#a #'!a)a, s(a#7a a"0ada a a 4##a ., $'!' (a, "')d#7a a$)(' ) a 7)a 2'#i/')(a- "- 9-
P'# $')si0+i)(, !+$2's as"$('s d a vida $'4dia)a s(a3a) 3asad's ) #s"(' ' ) a ad'#a$i%) a ' divi)' . ' s'3#)a(+#a- E "'d# divi)', "'# ' (a)(', #a *+iva)( ' a) s+"#a3a "'d# s$+a#, 2a$i)d' *+ 's "#i)$i"as di:$i's d)(#' d as $i+dads 1+#a) 's "aa$i's . 's (!"'s- Es "'# s' *+ s( 0#+"' d i(aia)'s . F'#)4)'s *+#7a) $a!3ia# 2a$# s'' a#*+i($(+#a #i0i'sa, a (a!3i) a#*+i($(+#a s$+a#8
E) (a s)4d' .a "a#a di!i(a# $'!' 1+ '#i0) d a A#*+i($(+#a Madia 9; ad+$ ' si0+i)( E '#i0) d a A#*+i($(+#a ' +3i$a#7a!'s !+. ='s ) 4!"' . a s+ v/ $#$a d a a"a#i$i%) d H'!3# $a#' *+ a*+7 $a3 "#0+)(a#)'s $%!' s "'si3 2a3a# d A#*+i($(+#a ) a*+'s #!'('s 4!"'s si d s0+#' )' 2+3' a#*+i($('s- Ca#' *+ )' a#*+i($('s, "#' )' "'d!'s a:#!a# ' !is!' d a A#*+i($(+#a- --- I!a0i)!'s "+s, ) +) #!'(' '#i0) "'si3, +) 2'!3# *+ #$')'$#!'s $'!' $av#)7$'a *+ "'# #a/')s d s0+#idad, !#0)$ia ' si!"!)( #1+0i' i)0#sa a +)a $av#)a . +0' d +) 4!"' '0#a a$'!'da#s a a +3i$a)d' +) #i)$%) d 1+0', '(#' "a#a a!a$)a# s+s "#())$ias . "#'visi')s---a& d+#!, a*+7 $'!, dsd a7 vi0ia--- s d$i# a"#'"i&)d's d a $av#)a . ad$+a)d' 's +0a#s a s+s )$sidads . vi$v#sa- --- "- 8-
P'# ' (a)(', '#i0) d a a#*+i($(+#a s 2aa "#i)$i"a!)( ) *+ s# 2+!a)' *+ s vi' ) a )$sidad d "'d# s)4#s s0+#' ' $'!' '(#'s s(+di's ' di$), a s)4# +) a3#i0' 3+s$a# +) +0a# $&id' d')d s(a#- Es a7 d')d 's 2'!3#s "#i!i4v's $')s(#+.) s+s "#i!#as vivi)das, . as7 "'$' a "'$' va) v'+$i')a)d'- A !dida *+ as $'!+)idads 2+!a)as v'+$i')a3a) . a+!)(a3a) "#si')adas "'# as a!)a/as $')s(a)(s, a "#i!#a !'daidad a#*+i($(%)i$a ) dsa##'a#s 1+ s)$ia!)( a d +)a a#*+i($(+#a d 4"''07a !ii(a#- F+ ) s "#i'd' d')d s+#0i#') as "#i!#as $i+dads $+.a $'):0+#a$i%) s(a3a i!i(ada "'# a @is()$ia d !+#aas . "'# a "#'($$i%) d a!)a/as @(#i'#s- E !'d' ) *+ 's i)divid+'s idia3a) $') a (#a)s1'#!a$i%) d s+ a!3i)( i)!dia(' s(a3a "'# )(')$s !+. i)+)$iad' "'# as $#)$ias #i0i'sas16162 D(/&)& E4!'%0i$a!)(, a "aa3#a arquitectura "#'$d d 0#i0', s a $')=+)$i%) d d's "aa3#as a#=, "#i)$i"a, *+ id#a, "#i)$i"i', "#i!#', . (('), *+ si0)i:$a $')s(#+i#, di:$a#P'# ' (a)(', a#*+i($(' s "#i!#' d )(# a*+'s *+ #ai/a) a (a#a d $')s(#+i#- P'# +) ad', s *+ d:) as 3ass, 's "#i)$i"i's, "'# '(#', s *+ di#i0, *+ id#a ) a a$4vidad $')s(#+$4va- La a#*+i($(+#a, $'!' a$4vidad, $'!' ':$i', s $')'$i!i)(' . a "#&$4$a *+ "#!i() va# a (#!i)' s(as 1+)$i')s d(#!i)a# a*+' *+ s 3&si$' "a#a $')s(#+i# +) di:$i' . (a!3i) ()# a #s"')sa3iidad d va# a (#!i)' a0' d(#!i)ad'- E) si0' I a)(s d C#is(', d+#a)( i!"#i' d A+0+s(', +) a#*+i($(' #'!a)' a!ad' Ma#$' P'i3i' i(#+3i', s$#i3i% "#i!# (#a(ad' d a#*+i($(+#a *+ 2a 0ad' 2as(a )'s'(#'s88
E) #a$i%) a a d:)i$i%) d a#*+i($(+#a D a R'sa 989 !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( As7 "+s, a a#*+i($(+#a, 3&si$a!)(, s a $#a$i%) d s"a$i's 2a3i(a3s, "#' s('s s"a$i's 2a) d $+!"i# +)a 1+)$i%)- U)a '3#a a#*+i($(%)i$a *+ )' sa 2a3i(a3 ' *+ )' ()0a 1+)$i%) a0+)a )' "+d $')sid#a#s a#*+i($(+#a "asa#& )(')$s a $')v#4#s ) +)a s$+(+#a, a $+a '(#a 1'#!a d a#(- "--
P'# (a)(', a a#*+i($(+#a s a#( . ($)i$a d dis?a#, "#'.$(a# . $')s(#+i# di:$i's . s"a$i's "3i$'s- E) a a$(+aidad, a a#*+i($(+#a s(& "#i)$i"a!)( as'$iada a dis?' d s"a$i's *+ si#v) $'!' vivi)da- La $')s(#+$$i%) d $asas . di:$i's 1'#!a "a#( d a a$4vidad !&s 1#$+)( d a#*+i($(', *+i) d3 ()# ) $+)(a +)a 0#a) $a)4dad d "#$"('s a a 2'#a d dsa##'a# s+s "#'.$('sE) (a s)4d' .a "a#a di!i(a# a d:)i$i%) d A#*+i($(+#a D S'a, L'#)(, M')(a)#, Ra!') . Oiv#as 9 ad+$) ' si0+i)( VLa a#*+i($(+#a, $'!' a$4vidad, $'!' ':$i', s $')'$i!i)(' . a "#&$4$a *+ "#!i() va# a (#!i)' s(as 1+)$i')s d(#!i)a# a*+' *+ s 3&si$' "a#a $')s(#+i# +) di:$i' . (a!3i) ()# a #s"')sa3iidad d va# a (#!i)' a0' d(#!i)ad'V "-8D s( !'d', a d:)i$i%) d a#*+i($(+#a, a3a#$a a $')sid#a$i%) d ('d' a!3i)( >si$' *+ #'da a vida 2+!a)a, )' "'d!'s s+s(#a#)'s a a !i)(#as 1'#!!'s "a#( d a $ivii/a$i%), "'#*+ a a#*+i($(+#a s $')=+)(' d !'di:$a$i')s . a(#a$i')s i)(#'d+$idas ) a s+"#:$i (##s(# $') '3=(' d sa4s1a$# as )$sidads 2+!a)as- Dsd s(a "#s"$4va, s $'##$(' d$i# *+ a a#*+i($(+#a i)+. $')sid#a3!)( ) a @is()$ia 2+!a)a, a ddi$a#s a a $')s(#+$$i%) d as vivi)das . s"a$i's d')d s(a s dsa##'a $'4dia)a!)(- N' '3s(a)(, a $a(a'0a#a $'!' a#(, s !)s(# s?aa# *+ ad!&s d3 $')sid#a#s *+ a a#*+i($(+#a 4) +)a :)aidad s(4$a . @"#siva- La a#*+i($(+#a s a#( d $')s(#+i#, s $'!"') d d's "a#(s, a ('#7a . a "#&$4$aLa ('#7a $'!"#)d a#( "#'"ia!)( di$2', as #0as s+0#idas "'# 0+s(', d#ivadas d a (#adi$i%), . a $i)$ia, *+ s 1+)da s'3# 1%#!+as $')s(a)(s . a3s'+(as- La "#&$4$a s a a"i$a$i%) d a ('#7a a as )$sidads s a "#&$4$a a *+ "i0a a#( . a $i)$ia a a )a(+#a/a d 's !a(#ias, a $i!a, a as $'s(+!3#s d +)a "'$a, a as )$sidads d +) "#i'd'-
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16961
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E) #s+!), a a#*+i($(+#a s's()i3 s a*+a *+ s "#'$+"a d i!"a$(' *+ ()d#& di:$i' d+#a)( s+ 4!"' d VvidaV- Ad!&s, #@i')a ) ('d's 's $')(a!i)a)(s *+ !a)a#a) d a di:$a$i%) . ('!a !didas "a#a a!i)'#a# d(#i'#' a!3i)(a- Es )$sa#i' !)$i')a# as )+vas ($)''07as *+ ai0#a) a $')(a!i)a$i%) a!3i)(a- La a#*+i($(+#a s's()i3, s ad)(#a ) 's "#'$s's d $')s(#+$$i%), 0s4%) . 1'#!+a$i%) d "'74$as "a#a 's "#'.$4s(as, "a#a as7, $')$i)4/a# a a "'3a$i%)- A )iv i)(#)a$i')a @is() +)a s#i d "'74$as . 8
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1696 16969 9
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Es(' *+i# *+i# d$i# *+ s s i!"'#(a)( i!"'#(a)( )$')(#a# )$')(#a# )#07as i!"ias . d 3a=' i!"a$(' a!3i)(a, ad!&s d #d+$i# a )#07a *+ +4i/a#a a 1+(+#a di:$a$i%), +4i/a)d' d !a)#a i)(i0)( a +3i$a$i%) 0'0#&:$a d #$i)(', as7 s #d+$) a(' $')s $')s+! +!' ' d !a( !a(#i #ia a,, )# )#07 07aa .
a $')( $')(a! a!i) i)a$i a$i%) %) *+ *+ s(' s('ss 0) 0)#a #a) ) a s# s#
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A#$%&'()'%#" La a#*+i($(+#a a#*+i($(+#a s +) a#( b ($)i$a ($)i$a "a#a dis?a# dis?a# s"a$i's, &!)s $asas, "+)(s, "+)(s, di:$i's, ($- D s( !'d', s "+d d$i# *+ s +) i)s(#+!)(' i)s(#+!)(' 1+)da!)(a "a#a $+3#i# as )$sidads d 2'!3# $') #s"$(' a +0a# ) d')d viv-
S0) D a R'sa R'sa 989 !a)i:s(a !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( si0+i)(
Ds"+s d )'$&si$' vi) +)a "'$a d !+$2a i3#(ad ) a a#*+i($(+#a-9 S "#'d+$) !+$2as $'##i)(s $') +)a vida !&s ' !)'s >!#a, . a+)*+ a0+)as d s(as s') i!"'#(a)(s . "#'d+$) '3#as d 0#a) )'('#idad )i)0+)a s i!"') d !a)#a a3s'+(a a as d!&s- E) a a#*+i($(+#a, a#4s(a 4) i3#(a i3#(ad d "a#a "a#a !/$a# !/$a# div#s' div#s'ss s4's s4's a#*+i( a#*+i($(%)i $(%)i$'s, $'s, +4i/a) +4i/a)d' d' !)( !)('s 's "#'v)i)(s d div#sas $+(+#as- P'# s(' s "+d *+ d$i# *+ "#i'd' i)!dia(a!)( "'s(#i'# a )'$&si$' )' s @$+.)(, ' $+a "#!i( +)a $#a$i%) !&s i3# d ' *+ 2a37a sid' "'si3 2as(a a2'#a- "- 8X
9
E a+('# 2a$ #1#)$ia a, a a#*+i($(+#a 4) !+$2as $'##i)(s a ' a#0' d a 2is('#ia, *+ i)+.) di#$(a!)( ) a $#a$i%) d a#(- Ad!&s, d 2a$# #1#)$ia a *+ a#4s(a "'s +) s"a$i' a3i#(' ) $+a "+d @"#sa# s+s idas, ('!a)d' ) $+)(a di1#)(s "+)('s d vis(a .' $')$"(+ai/a$i')s-
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La "'si3iidad d !a)()# "'# !+$2' 4!"' +)a s(#+$(+#a d s'$idad *+ "#'1+)di/a s+s "#'3!as a +) #i(!' !+$2' !a.'# d *+ "#'"'#$i')a s'+$i')s . La via3iidad d !'d' a$(+a d dsa##'' s(& $+s4')ada ) ('das )$')(#a!'s $a#)$ias . dis1+)$i')aidads si) !3a#0' 1a$('# d(#!i)a)( s si s(as "')) ) "i0#', a $a"a$idad d #"4# !'d'- U)a d as di!)si')s !&s $a#as d s( "#'$s' ) a $a"a$idad d !a)()# s a #a$i')aidad ) 's "#'$s's 98
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E) #a$i%) a a d:)i$i%) d 's a#*+i($('s, Ga#a., Ca##i/'sa . 5#i0a#d 8KKX @"')) ' si0+i)(
] *+ $')$"(' d s's()i3iidad s $')sid#ad' $'!' +)' d 's =s "'#
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E) #a$i%) a a d:)i$i%) d a#*+i($(', R'!#' 9K !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( *+ a*+as '(#as "'si$i')s *+ (#a(a3a) d dsd#a!a4/a# as 1+(+#as $')s$+)$ias d as va#ia$i')s d $i!a, .a a)(s 2a37a) sid' "#'d+$id's, . s+"#ad's "-Ca#'s Ca2+a)a H+a!&)
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N' '3s(a)(, 's !di's a!3i)(as . a $i!a(''07a, s') 1a$('#s s)$ias "a#a a A#*+i($(+#a, ) ('d's 's dsa##''s d "#'.$('s, .a sa ) as"$(' d Dis?' . ) O3#as d Edi:$a$i')s, s(+di' d ' 2a$ *+ 's "#'.$('s ()0a) +)'s 3+)'s #s+(ad's . sa) !+. 1av'#a3s "a#a a s'$idadE) #s+!), +s' ) a a#*+i($(+#a, d 's !)('s $i!&4$'s, $'!' a (!"#a(+#a, a +via, a "#$i"i(a$i%) . a 2+!dad, ($- s d vi(a i!"'#(a)$ia "a#a 9<
$')1'#( d a vivi)da, ad!&s, ) +s' . a2'##' d a )#07a- P'# (a #a/%), 's dis?'s a#*+i($(%)i$'s d3) a"#'v$2a# a (#a.$('#ia d S', a "'si$i%) 0'0#&:$a, as di#$$i')s d 's vi)('s, )(# '(#'s 1a$('#s $i!a('%0i$'s, . )' i# ) $')(#a d $i!a "'# si!" 2$2' d dis?a# s(#+$(+#as @%4$as- E) a 4!a d$ada, +) 0#+"' d "#'1si')as d a a#*+i($(+#a 2a d$idid' a"i$a# 's $')$"('s d a#*+i($(+#a 3i'$i!&4$a . dis?' v#d ) 's )+v's "#'.$('s d $')s(#+$$i%), "#' a) 1a(a !+$2' "'# 2a$#26162 R("4&.". C,'(', Es +) $')$"(' *+ $')sis( ) ('d' ' *+ 2a. ) )('#)' )a(+#a ' $')s(#+id'La A#*+i($(+#a $')(@(+a $'!)/% a a"i$a#s ) a s0+)da "a#( d si0' cc, a $'!i)/'s d a a#*+i($(+#a 1+)$i')ais(a !'d#)a s 3asa ) "#'"%si(' *+ ()d#7a )( a#*+i($(%)i$' . ) a *+ $')(@(' va7a !)'s *+ )ada- S+#0i% +) 1+#( !'vi!i)(' *+ a3'0a3a "'# a va'#a$i%) d ('d's 's 1a$('#s 2is(%#i$'s *+ i)$id7a) ) a 0)#a$i%) d 's s"a$i's- D a7 )a$ $')(@(+ais!' da)d' +)a #s"+s(a a a #aidad, )('#)' +#3a)'E) $')si0+i)(, Pi)a, 9<, !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( Dsd "+)(' d vis(a d a !('d''07a d "#'.$(', a #aidad #$i3 )'!3# d $')(@('- Q+i# s(' d$i# *+, '"#a4va!)(, a #aidad "i#d s+ $')di$i%) 2'is(a "a#a s# i)(#"#(ada $'!' +) (=id', $'!' a0' $'!"+s(', )(#a/ad' . '#0a)i/ad'- La $'!"=idad d ' #a s !a)i:s(a d !a)#a div#sa ., d)(#' d sa div#sidad, s d)'!i)a $')(@(' d "#'.$(' a $')=+)(' d $a#a$(#7s4$as d a #aidad, s+s$"43s d i)+i# ) "#'$s' d "#'.$('- "- ;;
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9
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E) $')$+si%), Raidad . $')(@(', $')sis( ) s(+di' d 1a$('#s !&s i!"'#(a)(s *+ @is() ) )('#)' si)d' d $a#&$(# +#3a)', )a(+#a, 2is(%#i$', vi(a, si0)i:$a4v' . "#$"(+a- Es +0a# ' )('#)' d')d s $#a . s (#a)s1'#!a $')s(a)(!)( a a#*+i($(+#a, va)d' +)a #a$i%) i)(0#a$i%) $') sis(!a $')s(#+$4v' .a sa) 's !a(#ias . as $+aidads d a #aidad a#*+i($(%)i$a d $')(@('s $')s(#+id's "#vi's26169 C,)(;', E C')$"(' s a ida *+ da 1'#!a a "#'.$('- E $')$"(' s i)i$i' d a $'!+)i$a$i%) )(# a#*+i($(' . +s+a#i' d a '3#a a#*+i($(%)i$a #s+(a i!"'si3 )' $'!+)i$a# a0' $+a)d', d 2$2', )' d$i# )ada si0)i:$a a0'E) $')s$+)$ia, "a#a d:)i# $')$"(' a#*+i($(%)i$', Pi)a 9< !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( E $')$"(' ' ida d "#'.$(' s +)a "#i!#a s7)(sis i)(0#ad'#a . '#d)ad'#a d a $'!"=idad i)i$ia- P'# ' (a)(', a ida ' 1'#!ai/a$i%) $')$"(+aW d "#'.$(' d3#& a()d# a a ('(aidad d "#'3!a "#'.$(+a !dia)( +) sis(!a d '#d)- "- 9
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E) $')$+si%), .a s(a3$id's 's '3=4v's d s(+di' *+ s "#()d #ai/a#, s d:)i#&) 's "a#&!(#'s a!3i)(as *+ s )$si(a) !di# "a#a va# a $a3' s(+di'- E)(# 's "a#&!(#'s a !di# s(&) 's $')(a!i)a)(s a(!'s1#i$'s, 's $+as "+d) s# $asi:$ad's ) "#i!a#i's . s$+)da#i's- L's "#i!a#i's s') a*+'s *+ s !i() di#$(a!)( a a a(!%s1#a "'# a0+)a 1+)(, 's s$+)da#i's, s') 0)#ad's a "a#4# d #a$$i')s d 's "#i!a#i's ) a a(!%s1#a-
2696162 M"'(#&"4(* %*".,* ( 4" ),*'#%))&
La $$i%) d 's !a(#ias d $')s(#+$$i%) s s)$ia "a#a 3i)s(a# d 's 2a3i(a)(s . "a#a *+ii3#i' d !di' a!3i)(- Si 2a$!'s +)a asi!ia$i%), 's $##a!i)('s d +)a di:$a$i%) s') $'!' +)a (#$#a "i "a#a s# 2+!a)', ds"+s d a "i $'#"'#a . d a #'"a *+ +(ii/a-
P'# $')si0+i)(, iada 98; !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)(
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Dsd s+s $'!i)/'s ) a v'+$i%), 2'!3# 3+s$% a !a)#a d #s0+a#da#s d $i!a . d 's "i0#'s *+ as$2a3a) a s+ a#dd'#- D a27 )a$ a a#*+i($(+#a- Edi:$i's . $')s(#+$$i')s 2$2as $') !a(#ias d s+ )('#)', !a(#ias )a(+#as *+ )' $')(a!i)a) 's $'sis(!as- La a#*+i($(+#a 3+s$a a i)(0#a$i%) . a a#!')7a $') )+s(#' )('#)' )a(+#a- Es(a a#*+i($(+#a a"#'v$2a 's #$+#s's '#0&)i$'s dis"')i3s ) a )a(+#a/a, (as $'!' a#$iaW!ad#aW 3a##'W "id#asW a0+aW "a=aW ($- "- ;<
Es d$i#, *+ a 1a(a d a)&isis d 's dis4)('s 1a$('#s @(#)'s *+ 1a(a) ) a $'!' $i!a, !a(#ias, $')di$i')s 0'0#&:$as . as dis4)(as 1'#!as d 2a3i(a#, !a#$a) '#i)(a$i')s 2a$ia s'+$i')s "a#4$+a#s *+ 2a3#& *+ s(+dia# . dsa##'a# "a#a $ada $')(@(' d(#!i)ad', a )$sidad d $#a# )+vas a(#)a4vas a 's !'d's 2a3i(+as . a$(+as d 2a$# a#*+i($(+#a, vi) d(#!i)a)d' 's "#'3!as a!3i)(as, *+ s 0)#a) ) &!3i(' . !di' a!3i)(-
2696169 !(* .( #(*&.%,*
T'das s(as ('#7as, 2a) s#vid' "a#a *+ s i)i$i +)a $')$i)(i/a$i%) d a "'3a$i%) ) $+a)(' a 1$(' *+ '$asi')a) 's ds$2's d $')s(#+$$i%) ) !di' a!3i)(, "#' $i#(a!)( s "'$' ' *+ s 2a$ ) a "#&$(i$a d a a$(ividad- E@is( +) a!"i' is(ad' d v#(d#'s d ds$2's . s a7 d')d d3) s# $')d+$id's "'# ., "a#a vi(a# a $')(a!i)a$i%) d as &#as $#$a)as a as $i+dads-
P'# $')si0+i)(, Mi#a)da, Ni#a, T'##s, adivia 98< !a)i:s(a) ' si0+i)( Es('s i)di$ad'#s s(&) #1#id's a a 0)#a$i%) d ds$2's s%id's d+#a)( a $')s(#+$$i%), !a)()i!i)(' . +s' d as di:$a$i')s, as7 $'!' ) 's "#'$s's d d!'i$i%) . ds!a)(a!i)(' d !is!'- S as"i#a a *+ +s' d di:$i' "+da 1av'#$# a$4vidads d s0#0a$i%) . #$i$a=, (a)(' ) ' *+ #s"$(a a #sid+'s d a $')s(#+$$i%) . d!'i$i%) $'!' ) ' *+ #:# a 's #sid+'s d'!i$iia#i's $'4dia)'s- "- K9
P'# ' (a)(', s') ('d's a*+'s ds2$2's *+ s 0)#a) ) a a$4vidad d'!s4$a, $'!#$ia, ) ':$i)as, as7 $'!' ('d's a*+'s *+ "'# s+ )a(+#a/a ' $'!"'si$i%) "+d) asi!ia#s a 's ds$2's d'!s4$'s- Es('s #sid+'s, "'# s+ $a)4dad . $'!"'si$i%), d3) s# (#a(ad's d !a)#a $')(#'ada, vi(a)d' ;<
$+a*+i# da?' a !di' a!3i)( . ()i)d' ) $+)(a *+ a !a.'#7a d 's '1#$) 0#a)ds "'si3iidads d #$i$a=s
.
E) $')$+si%), 's ds$2's "#'d+$(' d a "#&$4$a d a$4vidads d $')s(#+$$i%), dsd a @(#a$$i%) d #$+#s's "a#a a3'#a# 's !a(#ias 2as(a $i$' d vida d as di:$a$i')s, s +) $as' a!"i' d a)ai/a#- La @"'(a$i%) d !i)#as "a#a a a3'#a$i%) d !(as $'!' a$#', a+!i)i', $'3# . '(#'s, d=a da?'s i##$+"#a3s ) a )a(+#a/a, $')(a!i)a$i')s . $')s+!' d #$+#s's )' #)'va3s ) as $a)(#as s "#'d+$) da?'s i##"a#a3s $+a)d' s #ai/a a @(#a$$i%) d "id#as "a#a a "#'d+$$i%) d $!)('s . !a(#ia 3#+(' $'!' !&#!'s, 0#a)i('s . '(#'s-
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26962
E*;"+" E d(#i'#' d !di' a!3i)(, . "a#4$+a#!)( 's $a!3i's ) $i!a, '3i0a
a $')=+)(' d a s'$idad . a ('d's 's s$('#s "#'d+$4v's . $')%!i$'s *+ ' "#'v'$a) a +)a #'#i)(a$i%) "#'1+)da d as "a+(as d "#'d+$$i%) . $')s+!'- E s$('# d a $')s(#+$$i%) $')(#i3+. d !a)#a i!"'#(a)( a s d(#i'#' ) s+s dis4)(as 1ass . )$si(a da# +) 0i#' )'(a3 2a$ia a ad'"$i%) d d$isi')s )$a!i)adas 2a$ia a s's()i3iidad2696261 P"#<('#,* "<3&('"4(* E) 's 4!'s a?'s, i)$#!)(' *+ s 2a dad' ) as (!"#a(+#as 0'3as, 's $a!3i's $i!&4$'s . $a(&s(#'1s, d(#i'#' a!3i)(a . s+s 1$('s ) )+s(#' !di' a!3i)(, 2a) "+s(' d !a)i:s(' *+ s d3 da# +) $a!3i' ) a 1'#!a d "#s#va# "a)(aS0) a EEDS, advi#( ' si0+i)( Las "#i)$i"as "#'$+"a$i')s !di'a!3i)(as a$(+as i)$+.) a 1+#( !isi%) d 0ass d 1$(' i)v#)ad#', *+ s(& da)d' +0a# a $a!3i' $i!&4$', a $aidad d ai#, s(#s 27d#i$' . a $aidad d a0+a, as "a+(as d $')s+!' )' s's()i3s, (#a(a!i)(' d 's #sid+'s, a "#dida d a 3i'div#sidad, a d0#ada$i%) d s+' ., ) 0)#a, +s' i)s's()i3 d 's #$+#s's )a(+#as- T'd's s('s !)('s 2a) sid' s?aad's ) 's i)1'#!s s'3# a s's()i3iidad ) Es"a?a, *+ #ai/a $') $a#&$(# a)+a O3s#va('#i' d a S's()i3iidad ) Es"a?a- 9, "-8-
;
Es )$sa#i' !)$i')a# *+, s #s"')sa3iidad di#$(a d 2'!3# ('d's 's !as *+ a*+=a "a)(a 4##a 2'. ) d7a a "a#4# d s(' !is!', 4) *+ !"/a# a "')#s 7!i(s "a#a a!i)'#a# i!"a$(' d s+s $')s(#+$$i')s .' a$4vidads dia#ias, s i)$')$3i3 *+ a?' (#as a?' )(s i)(#)a$i')as d "#s#va$i%) a!3i)(a, advi#(a) s'3# as $')s$+)$ias d "as' d 2'!3#- A)( ('d' s(' 's "a7ss 2a) d$idid' "')# "a#&!(#'s a!3i)(as "a#a "'d# 1#)a# .' a!i)'#a# di$2' da?'E) #s+!) a EEDS 9 di$ *+, 's "a#&!(#'s a!3i)(as s') #0+ad's "'# d$#(' s+"#!' d 's #.s d)(#' d s(a s s(a)da#i/a 's #07!)s, "#'$di!i)('s . "#'2i3i$i')s d)(#' d ('d' &!3i(' *+ a1$() di#$(a ' i)di#$(a!)( a a )a(+#a/a- P'# $')si0+i)(, 2a. +) $a#' =!"' *+ ) s( "a7s '$$id)(a as .s s(&) si)d' dadas . a"i$adas ) 1av'# d $+idad' d !di'a!3i)(- E !i)is(#i' d a!3i)( s"a?', s )( )$a#0ad' d s+"#visa# di#$(a!)( di$2's "a#&!(#'s, a"i$a)d' sv#as ")as .' #a/a)d' 's 3+)'s "#'$di!i)('s d $ada !"#sa .' i)divid+'2696262 M"'(#&"4(* %*".,* ( 4" ),*'#%))& E s$('# d a di:$a$i%) s a(a!)( i)()siv' ) a d!a)da d !a(#ias "a#a a $')s(#+$$i%) . !a)()i!i)(' d 's di:$i's- E)(# 9 . ; (')adas d !a(#ias "'# !(#' $+ad#ad' ) a di:$a$i%) s(&)da#, ' *+ s+"') +='s d '#d) d !&s d 9 0 d !a(#ias d $')s(#+$$i%) "'# "#s')a . d7a, si s $')sid#a) s(&)da#s d d+#a3iidad . '$+"a$i%) 2a3i(+as ) )+s(#'s di:$i'sDsd 8KK 2as(a 9 s$('# 2a $')s(#+id' +)a (#$#a "a#( d a s+"#:$i di:$ada a$(+a d Es"a?aD s( !'d' a U)iv#sidad C'!"+()s d Es"a?a 98, "a)(a ' si0+i)( La dis"'si$i%) d 's !a(#ias d(#!i)a ) 0#a) !dida $'!"'#(a!i)(' 1+)$i')a d di:$i' ., $') , a 1+(+#a d!a)da d #$+#s's "a#a !a)()# a 2a3i(a3iidad- As7, a d!a)da )#04$a d di:$i' b )()dida $'!' a )$sidad d a"'#(a# +) +=' d )#07a d(#!i)ad' ) 4"', $a)4dad, +0a# . !'!)(' d a"i$a$i%) "a#a 0a#a)4/a# a 2a3i(a3iidadb s(& d(#!i)ada "'# a dis"'si$i%) s"a$ia d 's !a(#ias *+ $')s4(+.) di:$i'- D s+ dis"'si$i%) . "#'"idads d")d a #s"+s(a >si$a $') s+ )('#)', !dia)( i)(#$a!3i's )#04$'s *+ d(#!i)a) as $')di$i')s a!3i)(as i)(#i'#s"- -
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S )4)d *+, "a#a a $')s(#+$$i%) d di:$a$i')s, s s )$sa#i' +4i/a# )#07as $')(a!i)a)(s . i!"ias, $a.)d' si!"# ) a $')(a!i)a$i%) a!3i)(a )#07as #)'va3s . )' #)'va3s- E) !)'s d d's d$adas Es"a?a 2a sid' i)vadida "'# $!)(' a 0#a) s$aa, . '(#'s 4"'s d !a(#ias, vi)d's a1$(ad' di#$(a!)( !di'a!3i)(Ad!&s, Mi)is(#i' d Mdi' A!3i)( 9, !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)( A ' a#0' d a 2is('#ia s 2a "#'d+$id' +) $a!3i' ) "#'$s' d '3()$i%) d 's !a(#ias, 2as(a )' 2a$ !+$2' as !a.'#i(a#ias s'$idads #+#as '3()7a) s+s !a(#ias ) )('#)' !&s "#%@i!' $') +) i!"a$(' s'3# (##i('#i' #a4va!)( 3a='- La a"a#i$i%) d !di's d @(#a$$i%) . 1a3#i$a$i%) !&s :$i)(s . "'()(s, as7 $'!' +) (#a)s"'#( !+$2' !&s 0'3ai/ad' "'# a a3+)da)( . 3a#a(a dis"')i3iidad d )#07a, 2a$ *+ a "#'d+$$i%) d !a(#ias "i#da a i)!dia(/ d ' $#$a)' . s $')vi#(a ) +)a a$4vidad a(a!)( i!"a$(a)(- "- ;8-
E) '(#as "aa3#as, "#'$s' d '3()$i%) d !a(#ias, a )#07a +sada "a#a @(#a# 's !is!'s . a d!a)da *+ 4)), s') +) $i$' )'$iv' i)(#!i)a3 "a#a a!3i)(, s(' *+i# d$i# *+, !i)(#as 2a.a !&s d!a)da d !a(#ias d $')s(#+$$i%) !a.'# s#& i!"a$(' *+ d=a#a) s(as a +0a# ) d')d s dsa##'a)-
S0) Mi)is(#i' d Mdi' A!3i)( 9 #s+! *+, a (#avs d a 2is('#ia 2a) @is4d' $a)s, 0#+"'s, $+(+#as )(#as ddi$adas )(a!)( a $+idad' . "#s#va$i%) d a )a(+#a/a ()0a!'s ) $+)(a *+ ) 4!"'s a)40+'s 's di'ss #a) #"#s)(ad's $'!' a )a(+#a/a, as7 $'!' a 4##a, s', a0+a, 's #a.'s, ($-, . s#v7a) d +)a !a)#a + '(#a $'!' i)s"i#a$i%) "a#a $+idad' d !di'a!3i)(- P'# ' (a)(', a '3()$i%) d !a(#ias d a )a(+#a/a !&s *+ +)a d"#da$i%) s v'vi% +) #i(+a- Es(' *+i# d$i# *+, +4i/a3a) !a(#ias d a /')a, !a(#ias )' $')(a!i)a)(s, ad!&s d dsa##'a# . '3()# )#07as i!"ias- E) $')(#as( $') a a$(+aidad, a '3()$i%) d !a(#ias s 2a v+(' +) "#'3!a .a *+ s $')(a!i)a)(, dvas(ad'#, . ) !+$2's $as's !'#(a2696269 !(* .( #(*&.%,* La !a.'# "a#( d as $#isis a!3i)(as *+ #$')'$!'s s(&) $a+sadas "'# v#4d' d #sid+'s- La d!a)da d s's()i3iidad "#'$a!a a )$sidad d (#a)s1'#!a# a$(+a !'d' "#'d+$4v' 2a$ia $i## 's $i$'s !a(#iasS0), a EEDS 9, !a)i:s(a ' si0+i)(
;
C')s0+i# *+ a $')'!7a ) s+ $')=+)(' . *+ $ada #a!a "#'d+$4va ) "a#4$+a# !='#) s+ :$i)$ia ) $')s+!' d #$+#s's )a(+#as 4) 1$('s "'si4v's (a)(' s'3# a s's()i3iidad a!3i)(a $'!' s'3# a #d+$$i%) d 's $')(a!i)a)(s $') 1$('s '$as . 0'3as . a dis!i)+$i%) d 's #sid+'s 0)#ad's, "#' (a!3i) !='#a a $'!"44vidad d a $')'!7a, "+s(' *+ s+"') +)a #d+$$i%) d $'s(s . +)a dis!i)+$i%) d 's #is0's as'$iad's a a d")d)$ia )#04$a ' a a va#ia3iidad $i!&4$a ) $as' d a0+a- Mi)is(#i' d a P#sid)$ia, "- 8-
Es(' "') ) !a)i:s(' *+, a "#'3!&4$a d a $')s(#+$$i%) !&s 2a3i(+a s a 0s4%) d 's #sid+'s, .a *+ )' 2a. +0a#s s"$7:$'s, s(a3$id's i)'$+'s d')d s "+da) v#(# 's !is!'s- Ha$ 1a(a dsa##'a# s(#a(0ias "a#a a!i)'#a# a )'$ividad d s('s, a "sa# d 1+(+#'s "#'$s's "a#a ai0#a# i!"a$(' a!3i)(a s('s s#&) "'$' 1$4v's .a *+ a !='# !a)#a d #d+$i# i!"a$(' a!3i)(a s +4i/a)d' !a(#ias "#'"i's d +0a#, !a(#ias )a(+#as 's $+as "#s#v) . si#va) d a0) +s' +0' d s+ $i$' d vidaLa EEDS 9 #s+! *+ ('d' $')=+)(' d i)s4(+$i')s, !"#sas . ($)''07a, ) (#a(a# d a!i)'#a# a $')(a!i)a$i%) a!3i)(a 4) +) $'s(' . +)a s$+)$ia, *+ ('d' s s+$siv' . "'# ' s a$$si3 a a"i$a$i%) d 's !is!'sAd!&s, a $')'!7a s(& i0ada di#$(a!)( ) s( as"$(' .a *+ d3 i!"+sa# a $#a# . !='#a# ($)''07as i)'$+as "a#a a )a(+#a/a . #d+$i# 's #is0's i0ad's a a d")d)$ia d )#07as a#4:$ias $+a)d' s "+d a"#'v$2a# a +3i$a$i%) 0'0#&:$a, $i!a, vi)(', 's !a#s . #7's, ($-, "a#a as7 #d+$i# 's #sid+'s 0)#ad's "'# di$2as )#07as a#4:$iasOs$a# Ga#$ia L'/ada
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961 A)'%"4&.". #("4&.". ( (4 P(#5 H'. ) d7a, a a#*+i($(+#a ) P# ava)/a a "as' :#! . $ada v/ !&s #&"id'- S 2aa) )+vas ()d)$ias $'!' a a#*+i($(+#a 2'#i/')(a, +) =!"' d ' s') a )+va sd d a !3a=ada d 's Es(ad's U)id's ' '$a $)(#a d 3a)$' d $#di('- L's "#'3!as a!3i)(as . a +#0)$ia d +)a s'+$i%) 2a) 0)#ad' a )$sidad d *+ a a#*+i($(+#a 3+s*+ )+vas a(#)a4vas "a#a "'d# s(a# i)(0#ada a !di' a!3i)(, d a*+7 s ds"#)d *+ a a#*+i($(+#a d3 s# )()dida $'!' "a#( d a (a#a d 2+!a)i/a# )('#)' . 1'#!a# +)a s's()i3iidadE) (a s)4d', Fa$2' $i(ad' "'# Pai$' 98<, ad+$ ' si0+i)( S 2i/' +) s(+di' s'3# $%!' as "#s')as $')s(#+.) s+s $asas . 0#a) "a#( d a 0)( #$+## a !as(#' d '3#as ' a 's a!i0's "a#a $')s(#+i# 's :)s d s!a)a- Asi!is!', as !ad#s d 1a!iia s') as "#i)$i"as 7d#s d s('s s"a$i's d (#a)s1'#!a$i%), s '#0a)i/a) "a#a !='#a# a $asa, $+a#(', 3a?', a $'$i)a, ($-
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Es "#'$s' *+ $'!"a43ii/a a sa4s1a$$i%) d as )$sidads, '"$i')s . $a"a$idads d as 0)#a$i')s "#s)(s . 1+(+#as, 0a#a)4/a)d' a *+idad s'$ia, "#s#va)d' a i)(0#idad $'%0i$a . $+(+#a d "a)(a, dis(#i3+.)d' i0+ai(a#ia!)( $'s('s . 3):$i's, i)$'#"'#a)d' $'s('s a!3i)(as a a $')'!7a . a!"ia)d' a "a#4$i"a$i%) d a 3as s'$ia, !dia)( +s' d "'74$as $')%!i$as, s'$ias . a!3i)(as . $')$+#s' d 's dis4)('s a$('#s d a s'$idad P&0- ;
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P'# ' (a)(', dsa##'' s's()i3 s )1'$a ) !='#a# a $aidad d vida d ('d's 's 2a3i(a)(s d '#3, si) a+!)(a# +s' d #$+#s's )a(+#as !&s a& d a $a"a$idad d a!3i)( d "#'"'#$i')a#'s i)d:)ida!)(- R*+i# +)a $'!"#)si%) s'3# as $')s$+)$ias d a i)a$$i%) i)v'+$#a a a )$sidad d )$')(#a# 1'#!as i))'vad'#as *+ "#!i(a) $a!3ia# as s(#+$(+#as i)s4(+$i')as i)+)$ia# $')d+$(as i)divid+as- S (#a(a d ('!a# a$$i%), d $a!3ia# "'74$as . "#&$4$as ) ('d's 's )ivs, dsd &!3i(' i)divid+a
E) $')$+si%), S d)'!i)a as7 a as $')s$+)$ias "#'v'$adas "'# $+a*+i# a$$i%) 2+!a)a *+ !'di:*+ as $')di$i')s d s+3sis()$ia ' d s+"#viv)$ia d 's $'sis(!as- Es(as a$$i')s 2+!a)as "#'v'$a) 1$('s $'a(#as s'3# !di' )a(+#a ' s'$iaJ,(4 Q%&*;(
;-;
P#,;%(*'"* .( *,*'(&3&4&.". ;"#" L&<"
Li!a $'!' $i+dad $'s!'"'i(a 4) a #s"')sa3iidad d $#a# . 1'!)(a# "#'.$('s a 1av'# d !di' a!3i)(, "'# ' ) s('s 4!'s 4!"'s a !+)i$i"aidad d Li!a . '(#'s )(s as'$iad's . i0ad's di#$(a!)( a $+idad' d !di'a!3i)(, 2a) 0s(ad' "#'.$('s "a#a s+ 1+(+#a a"i$a$i%) .' s(+di'- D s( !'d', s 4) ) $+)(a 's !&s #sa(a)(s, 's *+ 4)) +) s(+di' d i!"a$(' s'$ia, $+(+#a . !di'a!3i)(a, $'!' s') PLAM Li!a 9;, P#'.$(' Ri' #d, Pa) R0i')a d Dsa##'' C')$#(ad' d Li!a, P#'.$(' A.)i-
96961
P#,;%(*'"* .( "#$%&'()'%#" *,*'(&34(
E) 0#a) !dida Li!a !a)=a !+$2as "#'"+s(as "a#a dsa##'' d a#*+i($(+#a s's()i3 "#' 2a. !+. "'$'s #$+#s's "a#a *+ s(' '0#' da#s ) +)a s$aa s+"#i'# a a d 2'. ) d7a-
E) s s)4d' Dia#i' E C'!#$i' 98 @"') ' si0+i)( $') #s"$(' a "#'.$(' d vivi)da A.)i
--- "#'('4"' $+)(a $') +) sis(!a 1'('v'(ai$' 0)#ad'# d )#07a a
(#avs d 's #a.'s s'a#s, d (a !a)#a *+ $')s+!' d i+!i)a$i%) s #d+$i#& ) +) 9e, d $(#'d'!s4$' ) ;e . d v)4a$i%) ) 8e, $') #s"$(' a "#'!di' d $')s+!' d a vivi)da a4)'a!#i$a)aAsi!is!', s "a)(a a i)s(aa$i%) d sis(!as a2'##ad'#s *+ #0+) +s' d a0+a d i)'d'#'---- Ta!3i) s i!"!)(a#a !$a)is!'s d #+4i/a$i%) d a0+as d +via . d a0+as 0#iss #sid+'s d +s' d'!s4$'-
C') s(a "#'"+s(a 's s(+dia)(s d a Fa$+(ad d A#*+i($(+#a, U#3a)is!' . A#(s d a U)iv#sidad Na$i')a d I)0)i#7a 3+s$a) i!"!)(a# +) )+v' !'d' d vivi)da- Es( !'d' s(a "#'"+s(' "a#a "#s')as $') s$as's #$+#s's $')%!i$'s- Es +) !'d' s's()i3 a 8 e .a *+, a"#'v$2a d !a)#a 4 a +3i$a$i%) 0'0#&:$a d a vivi)da, 's vi)('s, 's #a.'s s'a#s . as a0+as #sid+as d a vivi)da- # a)@'
96962
P#,;%(*'"* .( %#3"&*<, *,*'(&34(
E) 's 4!'s a?'s +#3a)is!' 2a sid' +) (!a d 0#a) a()$i%), .a *+ Li!a $#$ a$#ada . ds'#d)ada!)(, @"#('s ) +#3a)is!' . "a)a!i)(' 2a) a3'$ad' s+s s1+#/'s "a#a "#'"')# +) si)>) d "#'.$('s d +#3a)is!' a a !+)i$i"aidad d Li!aEs "'# ' *+ I)s4(+(' M(#'"'i(a)' d Pa)i:$a$i%) 98< "#'"') ' si0+i)( La )+va $i+dad "a#*+ +3i$ada ) A)$%) s#& +)a $i+dad $' :$i)(- S Pa)(a a a)@i%) d )+v' s+' +#3a)' "a#a dsa##'a# +)a $i+dad *+ $')()0a +)' d 's )+v's "''s d "#'d+$$i%) . ($)''07a d a !(#%"'i d Li!a W Caa'- D sa !a)#a s $#a#& +) "a#*+ d s$aa !(#'"'i(a)a d 9 82a #0ad' $') a0+as s#vidas (#a(adas, )+v's *+i"a!i)('s #$#a4v's, d"'#4v's, $'!#$ias *+ s a#4$+a#&) "'# !di' d )+v's sis(!as d !'viidad ---- "- ;9;
E "#'.$(' PLAM Li!a . Caa' 9;, $')s(a d !&s d < "#'0#a!as +#3a)7s4$'s, ) d')d s "#'!+v ) 1'#!a i!"#a)( a s's()i3iidad- D)(#' d s( "#'.$(' s "+d a"#$ia# "#'.$(' N+va Ci+dad Pa#*+ ) A)$%) b S(a- R'saE $+a (#a(a d +) v#dad#' "a) a 1+(+#' "a#a #1'#s(a# a /')a )'#( d "a7s, d 0)#a# )+v's "+!')s "a#a Li!a . (a!3i) d #"#s)(a# "a#a Li!a +) )+v' 1'$' d dsa##'' $'!#$ia, i)d+s(#ia . s'$ia
Ad!&s I)s4(+(' M(#'"'i(a)' d Pa)i:$a$i%) 98< ad2i# ' si0+i)( Las Pa!"as d L+#7) s') a $a3$#a d as "a!"as d Sa) 5a#('', *+ $+)(a) $') !&s d 8, 2as- Es(&) $ai:$adas $'!' &#as d @"a)si%) +#3a)a dsd 8KK- Si) !3a#0', PLAM s(a3$ $'!' a"(a "a#a +#3a)i/a# s%' <, 2a a"#'@i!ada!)(- L+#7) s#& )(')$s a "#i!#a /')a d @"a)si%) +#3a)a 2a$ia s+# d')d a "#s)( #0a!)(a$i%) s $')s4(+. ) +)' d 's "#i)$i"as i)s(#+!)('s d 0'3i#)' !+)i$i"a, "a#a '#i)(a# a a"i$a$i%) d as "'74$as d dsa##'' >si$'W+#3a)'Wa!3i)(a ) a P#'vi)$ia d Li!a- ";<-
E !is!' "a) d dsa##'' +#3a)7s4$' "#'"') a dis(#i(' d L+#7) $'!' '(#' 1'$' d i)v#si%) . dsa##'' s'$ia- Es $#(#' d$i# *+ Li!a 4) "a)s a 1+(+#' #ai/a3s . a$$si3s- La!)(a3!)( s( "#'.$(' 2a sid' dss4!ad' "'# a$(+a a$ad d Li!a- N' '3s(a)(, a $+aidad . $aidad d 's a#*+i($('s i!?'s s(& si)d' #$')'$ida i)(#)a$i')a!)( . a a v/ !+)d' )(#' s(& :=&)d's ) 's "#'.$('s d 's !is!'s "a#a "'d# d a0+)a + '(#a !a)#a i)+)$ia# ) s+ 1+(+#a =$+$i%)- # a)@'
O*)"# !"#)&"
CAPITULO IV D&*(+, %#3",
8
D&*(+, %#3", E dis?' +#3a)' s $+a s(& di#i0id' a a)ai/a# s"a$i' "3i$' $') $#i(#i's >si$'Ws(4$'W1+)$i')as, sa4s1a$i)d' as )$sidads d a s'$idad d')d s dsa##'a +#3a)is!':61
D"',* 7((#"4(*
La a#*+i($(+#a ad2i# a +#3a)is!' $'!' #a!a d s(+di' "a#a +)a !='# dis(#i3+$i%) d a !is!a ) a s'$idad 6 A $')4)+a$i%) s ('!a ) $+)(a ' . s @"') ' !&s #sa(a)(-
:6161 D(/&)& S )4)d "'# Dis?' U#3a)' a a i)(#"#(a$i%) . a da# 1'#!a a s"a$i' "3i$' d as $i+dads ' as)(a!i)('s 2+!a)'s- L's $#i(#i's *+ "#i!a) ) s(a s"$iai/a$i%) d a a#*+i($(+#a s') d div#s' 4"', si)d' 's !&s 2a3i(+as 's s(4$'s, >si$'s . 1+)$i')as- E Dis?' U#3a)' 3+s$a a)( ('d' 2a$# a vida +#3a)a !&s $%!'da a 's 2a3i(a)(s d 's )$'s +#3a)'s . 0s4')a# ) s"a$i' +#3a)' d%)d s va a $a3' a vida s'$iaS0) a Fa$+(ad d A#*+i($(+#a . U#3a)is!' 988 ad+$ ' si0+i)( E dis?' +#3a)' a$(+a a4)d a div#sidad . 2(#'0)idad "#s)(s ) s"a$i' +#3a)', $')sid#a a i!"'#(a)$ia d dsa##'' d as ($)''07as d a i)1'#!a$i%), . si0)i:$ad' d ' s'$ia ) a $i+dad . s+s s"a$i's ) a()$i%) a s(a #aidad, as ('#7as +#3a)as $')4)a) a'#a)d' i)()(a) $'!"#)d# 1)%!)' +#3a)' . da# #s"+s(as a a "#'.$$i%) d )+s(#'s s"a$i's +#3a)'s, s(as ('#7as 2a) ()id' +)a 0#a) #"#$+si%) ) as )+vas visi')s "a#a dis?' d as $i+dads . s+s s"a$i's "3i$'s-
P'# ' (a)(', Dis?' U#3a)' ) a a$(+aidad s '$+"a d dis?' . a 0s4%) d s"a$i' "3i$' . d a $')s(#+$$i%) d di:$i's- S )4)d $'!' s"a$i' "3i$' ('d's a*+'s +0a#s *+ s') +sad's d +)a !a)#a i3# "'# 's $i+dada)'s, $'!' "+da) s# as $as, "a/as, "a#*+s i)1#as(#+$(+#as "3i$as- E@is() (a!3i) a0+)'s !)('s d 7)d' "#ivad' *+ (a!3i) i)+.) ) Dis?' U#3a)', $'!' "+da) s# as 1a$2adas d 's di:$i's ' i)$+s' a0+)'s =a#di)s "#ivad's-
E) #s+!), Dis?' U#3a)' s +)a dis$i"i)a d)(#' d $a!"' !&s a!"i' d Pa)a!i)(' U#3a)', d a A#*+i($(+#a Paisa=is(a ' (a!3i), dsd 2a$ +)'s a?'s, d U#3a)is!' "aisa=7s4$'- D !'d' $'a(#a (a!3i) i!"i$a a +#3a)is!' . a a#*+i($(+#a- U)a )+va $')$"$i%) d Dis?' U#3a)', *+ s va a3#i)d' $a!i)' dsd 2a$ +)'s a?'s, s a*+a *+ $')$i3 Dis?' U#3a)' $'!' +) "+)(' d 9
i)(#s$$i%) )(# Pa)a!i)(' U#3a)', a A#*+i($(+#a U#3a)a . U#3a)is!' Paisa=7s4$'- Dsd s(a %"4$a s )$sa#i', "a#a dis?ad'# +#3a)' a+@iia#s d '(#as dis$i"i)as *+ "'$' 4)) *+ v# $') a a#*+i($(+#a, $'!' a $')'!7a +#3a)a, $')'!7a "'74$a . ('#7a s'$ia-
:6162 P#&)&;&,* .(4 D&*(+, U#3", A<3&('"4 L's s"a$i's "3i$'s s(&) 1#$+)(!)( s+=('s a a s+"#"'si$i%) d #s"')sa3iidads d !4"s a0)$ias ' a+('#idads i)(#ss d "#'"i(a#i's $#$a)'s, as7 $'!' 's #*+#i!i)('s d !4"s . a v$s $'!"()(s +s+a#i'sP'# ' (a)(' dis?', a $')s(#+$$i%) . a ad!i)is(#a$i%) d s"a$i' "3i$', d!a)da a $')s+(a . )0'$ia$i%) )(# +)a va#idad d s1#as- L's dis?ad'#s +#3a)'s #a#a!)( 4)) 0#ad' d i3#(ad ' $')(#' a#s4$' '1#$id' ) '(#as "#'1si')s d dis?' $'!' a a#*+i($(+#a- N'#!a!)( #*+i# d $'a3'#a$i%) !+4dis$i"i)a# $') #"#s)(a$i%) 3aa)$ada d 's !4"s $a!"'s, i)$+.)d' a i)0)i#7a, $''07a, 2is('#ia '$a . "a)a!i)(' d (#a)s"'#( +#3a)'Pa#a d:)i#, 's "#i)$i"i's d dis?' +#3a)' a!3i)(a, Ma#)/, 98, ad+$ ' si0+i)( ]89 "#i)$i"i's *+ 3+s$a) s# +)a 0+7a "a#a *+ 's "a)i:$ad'#s d as +#3s '#i)() dis?' +#3a)' 2a$ia a s+s()(a3iidad, $asi:$ad's ) F'#!a U#3a)a, T#a)s"'#( . E)#07a . R$+#s's- ] "- 9 N' '3s(a)(, !di' >si$' +#3a)' d +)a $i+dad s(& i)(0#ad' "'# d's 4"'s d $'!"'))(s C'!"'))(s Na(+#as S') ('d's a*+'s !)('s 0'>si$'s *+ 1'#!a) "a#( d a $i+dad, (as $'!' $+#"'s d a0+a, s+'s, v0(a$i%), ($- L's C'!"'))(s A#4:$ias S') a*+'s *+ 2a) sid' $')s(#+id's "'# 2'!3#, $'!' #ds d i)s(aa$i')s, $as, "a/as, di:$i's, ($E) $')$+si%), s(as di#$(#i$s s') !di3s . "#&$4$as, . *+ ds$#i3) d 1'#!a $')$isa as 3ass d dsa##'' +#3a)' s's()i3 La $')s(#+$$i%) d s"a$i's "3i$'s a(#a$4v's, i)v#4# ) ($)''07as 3a=as ) $a#3')', !/$a)d' ad$+ada!)( +s's, . *+ '1#$ +)a #i$a va#idad, )'s da#& $'!' #s+(ad' $')s0+i# $a#a$(#7s4$as 3&si$as *+ dis!i)+i#& (#&:$', a $')(a!i)a$i%) . 2a3#& +)a !='# $aidad d vidaC4(* S""7, :62 P#,()',* .( .&*(+, %#3",
;
E) a a$(+aidad 's "#'.$('s d vivi)da . d d"a#(a!)('s s') 's !&s #)(a3s ) !#$ad' )a$i')a, "'# ' !is!' 2a$ +)'s a?'s 2+3' +) $#$i!i)(' $')sid#a3 ) #+3#' d a $')s(#+$$i%), a $+a s d)'!i)' $'!' V3''! i)!'3iia#i'V- Es(a (a"a )' s'' (#a=' $')si0' di:$a$i')s, si)' (a!3i) )+v's !'d's . $')$"('s d +#3a)is!' a P#- E) 's si0+i)(s d's "+)('s s 2a#& !)$i%) a a0+)'s d 's "#'.$('s !&s #sa(a)(s ) &!3i(' )a$i')a:6261
V&&(." Es( a?' 2a sid' !&s s"#ad' "'# va#i's +#3a)is(as, a#*+i($('s, i)0)i#'s, ($-
"'# *+ s 2a !"/ad' a $')s(#+i# d's 0#a)ds $)(#'s +#3a)'s a )iv )a$i')a, ('(a!)( s's()i3s, a+('s+s()(a3s, ) #aidad 's "#i!#'s !'d's a s0+i# "a#a *+ P# 0+ a +) )iv a(' ) a#*+i($(+#a, +#3a)is!', i)0)i#7a . s'$idadU)' d 's s La N+va Ci+dad d O!'s +3i$ad' ) La!3a.*+, "a#a da# +) a$a)$ d ' )$sa#i' i))'vad'# *+ s s( "#'.$(' dia#i' La R"3i$a @"') +)a )'(a s$#i(a "'# C2i)$2a. 88 . di$ ' si0+i)( La "#i!#a $i+dad "a)i:$ada d "a7s, +3i$ada ) dis(#i(' d O!'s, ) a #0i%) La!3a.*+, !"/a#& a $')s(#+i#s a "a#4# d 2'.- Es(' +0' d *+ "#sid)( Oa)(a H+!aa $''$a#a a "#i!#a "id#a d as "#%@i!as '3#as ) $'!"a?7a d !i)is(#' d ivi)da, F#a)$is$' D+!#-
E) $')$+si%), s( "#'.$(' s +)' d 's !&s i!"'#(a)(s ) ' *+ #s"$(a a a#*+i($(+#a . +#3a)is!' ) P#- D)(#' d a $i+dad s dsa##'a#& a a0#i$+(+#a . a i)d+s(#ia $'!' "#i)$i"as a$4vidads $')%!i$as- Ad!&s, s (a!3i) a "#i!#a $i+dad s's()i3 d "a7s- La i!"'#(a)$ia d !is!' )' s'a!)( #adi$a ) a s's()i3iidad d a $i+dad, si)' (a!3i) ) !'d' d a#*+i($(+#a . +#3a)is!' a s0+i# ) as di1#)(s /')as d "a7s- # a)@' X E) +)a )(#vis(a a dia#i' E C'!#$i' a !i)is(#a d Mi)is(#i' d Dsa##'' I)$+si%) S'$ia, 5+s(a!a)( 998, 2a3a a$#$a d a N+va Ci+dad d 5), +3i$ada ) I*+i('s . @"') ' si0+i)( Es( G'3i#)' si)4% *+ 5), ) L'#(', )' "'d#7a s0+i# i0+a, 's "#'$s's )' s') 1&$is, "#' s (#a3a=% +) "#'.$(' d i)v#si%) "3i$a "a#a $#a# a )+va $i+dad d 5), s') 9- 1a!iias *+ va) a s# #as)(adas ) 4##a :#! . s( a?' s $'!i)/a $'!' ! $'!)(% !i)is(#' d ivi)da-
Es( s '(#' d 's !0a"#'.$('s +#3a)is(as *+ .a s s(& =$+(a)d'- Ta!3i) $a3 #sa(a# *+ s('s "#'.$('s s#&) +0a# d #sid)$ia . d (#a3a=' d 's
<
"#'"i's 2a3i(a)(s- Si) +0a# a d+das s') 's !'d's +#3a)is(as *+ s s(&) a"i$a)d' a )iv !+)dia . P# )' s a=)' a '- # a)@' K :6262
D(;"#'"<(',* L's "#'.$('s i)!'3iia#i's d 4"' d v)(a d d"a#(a!)('s s') 's !&s a3+)da)(s . #)(a3s ) !#$ad'A)( s(a si(+a$i%) 0'3i#)' a (#avs d 1')d' Mivi)da vi) "#'!'vi)d' +) si) )!#' d d"a#(a!)('s !dia)( d +)a s(#a(0ia a!ada asi)0, a $+a )' s !&s *+ a*+i#Wv)(a d +0a# d #sid)$iaD s( !'d', ) +)a )(#vis(a d dia#i' E C'!#$i' a 0#)( 0)#a d 1')d' Mivivi)da, F#i3#0 9<98 di$ ' si0+i)( ` F')d' Mivivi)da s4!a *+ s( a?' s "'d#7a, si 2a. 's #$+#s's s+:$i)(s, ds!3'sa# 2as(a K, 3')'s 1a!iia#s 2a3i(a$i')as "a#a "#'0#a!a T$2' P#'"i', . '(#'s 8, 3')'s d 3+) "a0ad'# "a#a 's $#di('s $')v)$i')as Es( "#'0#a!a d 0'3i#)' 1'!)(a d a0+)a + '(#a 1'#!a a ad*+isi$i%) d d"a#(a!)('s a 3a=' $'s(', 3#i)da)d' 's !di's d "a0' !&s a$$si3s "a#a as "#s')as d #$+#s's $')%!i$'s s$as's- Es(a i)i$ia4va 3):$ia di#$(a!)( a $i+dada)' . a s$('# $')s(#+$$i%)Pa#a da# '(#' a$a)$ $') #s"$(' a a d!a)da *+ 2a. ) a $a"i(a d P# d d"a#(a!)('s, ) a )'(a d dia#i' Gs4%), a $a#0' d "#i'dis(a 5a#das 98 a a 0#)( d a !+)i$i"aidad d Sa) Isid#', a s#(a- a#0as di$ ' si0+i)( E)(# (#a!i(s . $')s(#+$$i%), ()!'s $#$a d 8 $')s(#+$$i')s ) "#'$s', a0+)'s .a a )iv d $')1'#!idad d '3#a, '(#as !"/a)d', (#as a )iv d d!'i$i%) . '(#as $') i$)$ia '('#0ada "#' is(as "a#a !"/a# ) "#i'd' d vi0)$ia d a i$)$ia-
C'!' a)(s .a s 2a37a !)$i')ad', 's d"a#(a!)('s a )iv )a$i')a s(&) ) ")' a"'0', .a sa "'# 's di1#)(s 3')'s *+ 3#i)da) 's 3a)$'s ' "'# a i)(#v)$i%) di#$(a d s(ad'- T'da a.+da .' 1a$ii(a$i%) "a#a a '3()$i%) d a0) i)!+3 2'. ) d7a s 3i) vis(' "'# s$('# $')'!7a . s$('# $')s(#+$$i%)- S "+d $')$+i# *+ d s(a !a)#a 's *+ ad*+i#a) . 1'!)() s('s i)!+3s s(&) $')(#i3+.)d' d +)a !a)#a i)di#$(a ) dsa##'' d "a7sOs$a# Ga#$ia L'/ada
CONCLUSIONES
La a#*+i($(+#a, @is4% .a dsd "'$as "#2is(%#i$as, a dad d "id#a <
a-$- d')d 's i)divid+'s $'!)/a#') $') s+ A#*+i($(+#a "'# a )$sidad d "#'(0#s, d !+$2's 1a$('#s $'!' a $i!a(''07a, d '(#'s i)divid+'s $') !a.'# 1+#/a, ($- L+0', La dad Mdia, a dad M'd#)a, a dad C')(!"'#&)a *+ $'!"') si0' cIc s4's . si0' cc dad M'd#)a . C')(!"'#&)a
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