MAKALAH ANALISIS MENGENAI KASUS PEMBOBOLAN SITUS KPUFull description
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Combined controlled system elements Parameters of elements with higher order time delay System of more complexity (e.g. controlled systems) are normally elements of a higher order. However, these can frequently be f ormed by combining (series connection) of basic elements of a lower order. The systems cumulative order is results from the sum order of the subsystems. If one of the transfer elements contains an I-action component, the result is i s a system without compensation. The subsequent graph shows two examples of combined elements.
Which of the combined elements is shown in the following Figure? Enter your answer in the following answer box.
Combined elements can be specified by their type ( i.e. PT3 for example) and the parameters of their fundmental f undmental components. components. However, in reality this t his proves to be very difficult because it entails manipulating all of the internal variables of the system (i.e. intermediate variables). Therefore, in actual practice such systems are described particularly by their "basic", i.e. steady-state response (system with and without compensation) and by so-called "surrogate" parameters, which can be derived directly from the system's step response. The following Figure illustrates the meaning of these parameters for systems s ystems with compensation (left) and without compensation (right).
Controlled systems with compensation are expressed by: The proportional coefficient KS (also frequently termed KP ). This corresponds to the final steady-state value of the step response for an input step change to a height of 1. The delay time Tu. This corresponds to the intersecting point of the inflectional tangent applied to the step response and dropped down to the time axis. The delay time is a measure for how long it takes for the output variable to respond noticeably to the input step change. The compensation time Tg. To determine this you drop the intersecting point of the inflectional tangent with the final steady-state value to the time axis and subtract from this the delay time previously obtained. The compensation time is a measure for how long it takes until the transient process has been completed. Naturally controlled systems without compensation have no compensation time because a final steady-state is never reached. Thus two parameters suffice for their characterisation: The integral-action coefficient KIS. It corresponds to the steady-state slope of the step response. The delay time Tu. It is found from the point of intersection of the straight lines, towards which the step response tends for prolonged time periods with the time axis. It remains to be said that a system capable of oscillating can not be described by these parameters! Equally impossible to describe in t his way are controlled systems without compensation comprising more than one I element.
Experiments In the first experiment the step response is to be determined from a system made up of the series connection of the two PT1 elements on the experiment card "controlled system simulation" (SO4201-5U). Based on the step response resolve the proportional coefficient KS, the delay time Tu and the compensation time T g.
First set up the following experiment circuit.
Activate the step response plotter and configure it as shown in the following Table. Settings Input Channel A
Meas. range: 10 V
Coupling: DC
Kanal B
Meas. range: 10 V
Coupling: DC
Range: 100
Offset: 0
Other
Settings Output Step change from ... to ...
0
50%
Delay time/ms
0
Measurements
300 Settings Diagram
Display
Channel A
x-axis from ... to ...
0
0.3 s
y-axis from ... to ...
0
100
Now determine the step response and copy the plot into the space reserved for it below.
%
100
x1: 0.00408 y 1:
90
0 x2: 0.0871
80
y 2: 49.8 dx:
70
0.083 dy : 49.8
60
dy/dx: 600
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 t/ s
Step response of the series connection for the two PT 1 elements
Now reverse the sequence of the two PT1 elements and repeat the experiment! Determine the parameters of the series connection for both cases. How do the results differ? How can this be explained? Enter your findings and answers into the answer box below.
In the second experiment a series connection comprising P element, I ntegralaction element and the left-hand PT1 element (time constant T1) is to be investigated. Set up the following experiment circuit. Adjust the potentiometer of the P element to the medium setting and the potentiometer of the I element to far left limit.
Activate the step response plotter and configure it as shown in the following Table. Settings Input Channel A
Meas. range: 10 V
Coupling: DC
Channel B
Meas. range: 10 V
Coupling: DC
Range: 100
Offset: 0
Other
Settings Output Step change from ... to ...
0
100%
Delay time/ms
0
Measurements
300 Settings Diagram
Display
Channel A
x-axis from ... to ...
0
0.1 s
y-axis from ... to ...
-10
100
Reset the I element by pressing the reset button, then determine the step response of the given circuit and copy the plot into the space reserved for it.
%
100
x1: 0.00952 y 1:
90
-0.126 x2:
80
0.095 y 2: 79.8
70
dx: 0.0855 dy :
60
79.9 dy/dx:
50
935 40
30
20
10
0
-10
0 t/ s
Step response of the series connection comprising the P element, I element and left-hand PT 1 element
What kind of controlled system is this series connection? Is it a controlled system with or without compensation? Determine the system parameters and enter your results in the answer box below.
