LAPORAN
GEL RAMBUT ANTI RONTOK LIDAH BUAYA (ALOE VERA)
KELOMPOK 2 : Agus Imam Mughni Mughni B!"# Pus$i"asa!i E!%angga Ri&a%'# Mahmu'ah Pu"!i Rahmaa"i u%*a Kh+i!unni,mah
PROGRAM -TUDI .ARMA-I .AKULTA .AKULTA- KEDOKTERAN KEDO KTERAN DAN ILMU KE-EHATAN KE-EHATAN UNIVER-ITA- I-LAM NEGERI I-LAM -YARI. HIDAYATULLAH /AKARTA 2011
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………………………........ ………………............. .....
DAFTAR ISI ..…………………………….………………………………………….............
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN …. …....……….………………………………………….......
BAB BAB II
TINJ TINJAU AUAN AN PUS PUST TAKA .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... ..
BAB III
LATAR BELAKANG FORMULASI..….………… FORMULASI..….…………………................... ………............................. ..........
BAB IV
PREFORMULASI SEDIAAN............................ SEDIAAN.......................................................... .............................................. ................
BAB V FORMULASI DAN ALASAN PENGGUNAAN.............................................. PENGGUNAAN..............................................
BABVI
PERHITUNGAN BAHAN................................ BAHAN.............................................................. ............................................... .................
BAB VII
PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN.................... PERCOBAAN.................................................. ........................................................ ..........................
BAB VIII VIII
EVA EVALUASI LUASI SEDIAA SEDIAAN.. N..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........ .....
BAB IX
PEMBAHASAN
BAB X
DAFTAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................ PUSTAKA.............................................................. ........................................................ ..........................
BAB XI
LAMPIRAN..................................................... LAMPIRAN....................... ............................................................ ............................................ ..............
2
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ……………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………………………........ ………………............. .....
DAFTAR ISI ..…………………………….………………………………………….............
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN …. …....……….………………………………………….......
BAB BAB II
TINJ TINJAU AUAN AN PUS PUST TAKA .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... ..
BAB III
LATAR BELAKANG FORMULASI..….………… FORMULASI..….…………………................... ………............................. ..........
BAB IV
PREFORMULASI SEDIAAN............................ SEDIAAN.......................................................... .............................................. ................
BAB V FORMULASI DAN ALASAN PENGGUNAAN.............................................. PENGGUNAAN..............................................
BABVI
PERHITUNGAN BAHAN................................ BAHAN.............................................................. ............................................... .................
BAB VII
PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN.................... PERCOBAAN.................................................. ........................................................ ..........................
BAB VIII VIII
EVA EVALUASI LUASI SEDIAA SEDIAAN.. N..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........ .....
BAB IX
PEMBAHASAN
BAB X
DAFTAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................ PUSTAKA.............................................................. ........................................................ ..........................
BAB XI
LAMPIRAN..................................................... LAMPIRAN....................... ............................................................ ............................................ ..............
2
3
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
a. Landasan Teori ANATOMI FISIOLOGI RAMBUT
Ramu" a'a%ah mah,+"a manusia3 $$a"ah i"u mmang na!3
!amu"
mmang
mm$un#ai ni%ai s""i,a agi manusia
"!%ih
%agi
agi
,aum ani"a4 Ramu" "!'i!i 'a!i agian #ang "!nam 'a%am ,u%i" (a,a! !amu") 'an agian #ang !a'a 'i %ua! ,u%i" (a"ang !amu")4 A'a 2 ma5am "i$ !amu"3 #ai"u 6%us #ang m!u$a,an !amu" ha%us3 "i'a, mngan'ung $igmn3 'an !amu" "!mina% #ai"u !amu" #ang %ih ,asa! 'an an#a, $igmn3 mm$un#ai m'u%%a 'an "!'a$a" $a'a +!ang 'asa misa%n#a !amu" 'i ,$a%a3 a%is ma"a3 ,"ia,3 'an s,i"a! a%a" ,%amin4 Ramu" "!'i!i 'a!i 7 %a$isan: 14 Ku"i,u%a3 #ang "!'i!i 'a!i %a$isan ,!a"in #ang !guna un"u, $!%in'ungan "!ha'a$ ,,!ingan 'an $nga!uh %ain 'a!i %ua!4 24 K+!",s3 "!'i!i a"as s!au" $+%i$$"i'a #ang mman8ang 'an sa%ing !',a"an4 La$isan ini mngan'ung $igmn4 74 M'u%a3 "!'i!i a"as 79 %a$is s% ,uus #ang !isi ,!a"+hia%in3 a'an %ma,3 'an !+ngga u'a!a4
4
Ramu" "!'a$a" 'i s%u!uh ,u%i" ,5ua%i "%a$a, "angan ,a,i 'an agian '+!sa% 'a!i *a%ang 'is"a% 8a!i "angan3 ,a,i3 $nis3 %aia min+!a 'an ii!4 Terdapat 2 jenis rambut : a4 Ramu" "!mina% ('a$a" $an8ang 'an $n',4) 4 Ramu" 6%us ($n',3 ha%us 'an %mu")4
Fungsi rambu
14 M%in'ungi ,u%i" 'a!i $nga!uh u!u,:A%is ma"a m%in'ungi ma"a 'a!i ,!inga" aga! "i'a, mnga%i! , ma"a3 u%u hi'ung (6i!issa) 24 Mn#a!ing u'a!a4 74 -!"a !*ungsi sagai $nga"u! suhu3 4 Pn'+!+ng $ngua$an ,!nga" 'an ;4 In'!a $!aa #ang snsi"i64 Ramu" "!'i!i 'a!i a,a! ( s% "an$a ,!a"in) 'an a"ang ( "!'i!i s% ,!a"in ) Bagian '!mis #ang masu, 'a%am ,an'ung !amu" 'isu" $a$i%4 Terda!a " #ase $
5
%. Fase !erumbu&an 'Anagen( s%9s% ma"!i,s m%a%ui mi"+sis mmn"u, s%9s% a!u mn'+!+ng s%9s% %ih "ua , a"as4 A,"i6i"as ini %aman#a 29< "ahun3 =0 > 'a!i 1004000 *+%i,% !amu" ,u%i" ,$a%a n+!ma% mnga%ami *as $!"umuhan $a'a sa"u saa"4 ). Fase Pera*i&an '+aagen( Masa $!a%ihan 'imu%ai 'a!i $na%an 8a!ingan i,a" 'i s,i"a! *+%i,% !amu"4 Bagian "ngah a,a! !amu" mn#m$i" 'an agian 'i aahn#a m%a! 'an mnga%ami $!"an'u,an shingga "!n"u, ga'a (5%u)3 !%angsung 297 minggu4
6
". Fase Isira&a'Te*ogen( B!%angsung ? u%an3 !amu" mnga%ami ,!+n"+,an ;0 @ 100 %ma! !amu" !+n"+, 'a%am "ia$ ha!in#a4G!a, m!in'ing 8i,a "!8a'i "!auma 3 s"!ss3 'isu" Pi%+!,si4 a!na !amu" 'i"n"u,an +%h 8um%ah m%anin 4 P!"umuhan !amu" $a'a 'a!ah "!"n"u 'i,+n"!+% +%h h+!m+n s,s( !amu" a8ah3 8anggu"3 ,umis3 'a'a3 $unggung3 'i ,+n"!+% +%h H4 An'!+gn4Kuan"i"as 'an ,ua%i"as 'is"!iusi !anu" 'i"n"u,an +%h ,+n'isis En'+,!in4 Hi!su"ism ($!"umuhan !amu" #ang !%ihan $a'a -4 ushing(ani"a)4 Sumber: buku Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin FKUI P!"umuhan !amu" $a'a manusia 'asa 'i$nga!uhi +%h h+!m+n s,s (an'!+gn)4 Ramu" "umuh 'a%am sua"u si,%us4 A'a *as anagn ($!"umuhan) #ang !%angsung 29< "ahun 'ngan ,5$a"an "umuh ,i!a9,i!a 037; mm $! ha!i3 'an *as "%+gn (is"i!aha") #ang !%angsung !a$a u%an4 Di an"a!a ,'ua *as "!su" "!'a$a" *as ,a"agn (in6+%usi "m$+!!)4 Pa'a sa"u saa" C;> s%u!uh !amu" mnga%ami *as anagn 'an 1;> sisan#a 'a%am *as "%+gn4 Ramu" n+!ma% mm$un#ai 5i!i95i!i sha" !,i%a"3 %as"is3 "i'a, mu'ah $a"ah3 'an 'a$a" mn#!a$ ai!4 K+m$+sisi !amu" "!'i!i a"as ,a!+n ;03<0>3 hi'!+gn <37<>3 ni"!+gn 131>3 su%*u! ;30> 'an +,sign 203C0>4 Ramu" 'a$a" 'ngan mu'ah 'in"u, 'ngan mm$nga!uhi gugusan 'isu%*i'a misa%n#a $anas a"au ahan ,imia4 FA+TOR,FA+TOR
-ANG
MEMPENGARUHI
PERTUMBUHAN
RAMBUT$ 14 H+!m+n H+!m+n #ang !$!an a'a%ah an'!+gn3 s"!+gn3 "i!+,sin3 'an ,+!"i,+s"!+i'4 Masa $!"umuhan !amu" a'a%ah 037; mmha!i3 %ih 5$a" $a'a ani"a 'a!i$a'a $!ia4 H+!m+n an'!+gn 'a$a" mm$!5$a" $!"umuhan 'an mna%,an !amu" 'i 'a!ah 8anggu" 'an3 ""a$i $a'a ,$a%a $n'!i"a ,+"a,an an'!+gn"i, h+!m+n an'!+gn mm$!,5i% 7
'iam"! a"ang !amu" '!"a mm$!,5i% a,"u $!"umuhan !amu" anagn4 Pa'a ani"a3 a,"i6i"as h+!m+n an'!+gn a,an mn#a,an hi!su"ism
sa%i,n#a
h+!m+n
s"!+gn
'a$a"
mm$!%ama"
$!"umuhan !amu" ""a$i mm$!$an8ang anagn4 24 M"a+%ism 74 Nu"!isi Ma%nu"!isi !$nga!uh "!ha'a$ $!"umuhan !amu" "!u"ama ma%nu"!isi $!+"in 'an ,a%+!i4 Pa'a ,a'aan ini !amu" mn8a'i ,!ing 'an su!am4 A'an#a ,hi%angan $igmn s"m$a" mmua" !amu" "am$a, 'a%am !agai a!na4 K,u!angan 6i"amin B123 asam *+%a"3 &a" si 8uga 'a$a" mn#a,an ,!+n"+,an !amu"4 4 P!'a!an 'a!ah Bi%a "!'a$a" !a$a ,a'aan $a"+%+gi, $a'a !amu" misa%n#a $n#a,i" %$!a3 ma,a ,uman %$!a mn#a,an ,u%i" mn8a'i a"!+*i 'an *+%i,% !amu" !usa, shingga "!8a'i ,!+n"+,an $a'a !amu" a%is ma"a 'an u%u ma"a (ma'a!+sis)4 In*,si 8amu! 'i ,u%i" ,$a%a 'an !amu" 'a$a" mn#a,an ,!+n"+,an mau$un ,!usa,an $a'a a"ang !amu"4 -%ain i"u +a"9+a"
#ang
mngha%angi
$mn"u,an
a"ang
!amu"
'a$a"
mn#a,an ,!+n"+,an3 umumn#a +a" an"in+$%asma 'an an"imi"+"i,4 L+gam !a" #ang a,an "!i,a" $a'a g!u$ su%hi'!i% 'a%am ,!a"in an"a!a %ain "a%ium3 m!,u!i 'an a!sn4 .+%i,% mmn"u, !amu" #ang %ih ha%us 'an !a!na %ih mu'a sam$ai a,hi!n#a sama s,a%i "i'a, "!n"u, !amu" "!mina%4 Ramu" 6%us ""a$ "!n"u, mnggan"i,an !amu" "!mina%4 Bagian $a!i"a% 'an +,si$i"a% mni$is4 Pn#an#a "!u"ama a'a%ah !agai *a,"+! h!'i"! #ang '+minan 'an nai,n#a ,+nsn"!asi an'!+gn ,s"!a g+na'a% 'i ,u%i" ,$a%a4
BAB II TINAUAN PUSTA+A 8
G% umumn#a m!u$a,an sua"u s'iaan smi$a'a" #ang 8!nih3 "mus 5aha#a 'an mngan'ung &a" a,"i*3 m!u$a,an 'is$!si ,+%+i' mm$un#ai ,,ua"an #ang 'isa,an +%h 8a!ingan #ang sa%ing !i,a"an $a'a *as "!'is$!si (Ans%3 1=C=)4 a"9&a" $mn"u, g% 'iguna,an sagai $ngi,a" 'a%am g!anu%asi3 ,+%+i' $%in'ung 'a%am sus$nsi3 $ngn"a% un"u, s'iaan +!a% 'an sagai asis su$+si"+!ia4 -5a!a %uas s'iaan g% an#a, 'iguna,an $a'a $!+'u, +a"9+a"an3 ,+sm"i, 'an ma,anan 8uga $a'a !a$a $!+ss in'us"!i4 Pa'a ,+sm"i, #ai"u sagai s'iaan un"u, $!aa"an ,u%i"3 sam$+3 s'iaan $angi 'an $as"a gigi4 Ma,!+m+%,u% $a'a s'iaan g% 'isa!,an ,s%u!uh 5ai!an sam$ai "i'a, "!%iha" a'a a"as 'ian"a!an#a3 'isu" 'ngan g% sa"u *as4 /i,a masa g% "!'i!i 'a!i ,%+m$+,9,%+m$+, $a!"i,% ,5i% #ang !'a3 ma,a g% ini 'i,%+m$+,,an 'a%am sis"m 'ua *as (Ans%3 1=C=)4 P+%im!9$+%im! #ang iasa 'iguna,an un"u, mmua" g%9g% *a!mas"i, m%i$u"i g+m a%am "!aga,an3 $,"in3 ,a!agn3 aga!3 asam a%gina"3 s!"a ahan9ahan sin""is 'an smisin""is s$!"i m"i% s%u%+sa3 hi'!+,si"i%s%u%+sa3 ,a!+,sim"i%s%u%+sa3 'an ,a!+$+% #ang m!u$a,an $+%im! 6ini% sin""is 'ngan gugus ,a!+,si% #ang "!i+nisasi4 G% 'iua" 'ngan $!+ss $%u!an3 a"au 'i$!%u,an sua"u $!+s'u! ,husus !,naan 'ngan si*a" mngmang 'a!i g% (La5hman43 ',,3 1==)4
+eunungan sediaan ge* $ B!a$a ,un"ungan s'iaan g% a'a%ah sagai !i,u": 9 ,mam$uan $n#a!ann#a ai, $a'a ,u%i" 9 *, 'ingin3 #ang 'i8%as,an m%a%ui $ngua$an %ama" 'a!i ,u%i" 9 "i'a, a'a $nghama"an *ungsi !amu" s5a!a *isi+%+gis 9 ,mu'ahan $n5u5iann#a 'ngan ai! #ang ai, 9 $%$asan +a"n#a ai,
TEORI SEDIAAN HAIR /ARE PRODU/T 9
-'iaan $man"u $!aa"an !amu" #ang 'iu!ai,an 'ia"as 'a$a" m%i$u"i : 14 24 74 4 ;4 <4
B!i%ian"in .i,sa"i* K+n'isi+n! !amu" K!im !amu" L+si+ s" !amu" P!nis !amu"
Pa'a s'iaan ini3 'iua" s'iaan 'a%am %+si+ s" ! amu" 'a%am n"u, g% un"u, mngu!angi ,!+n"+,an !amu"4 Ang,a #ang mn#a"a,an an#a,n#a h%ai !amu" #ang +erono0an rambu4 O!ang sha" (,u%i" ,$a%a !sih 3 "!aa" ) ang,a ,!+n"+,an !,isa! 090 /i,a ang,a ,!+n"+,an "i'a, m%ihi 0 3 masih 'isu" n+!ma%4
.a,"+! Pn#a K!+n"+,an B!agai *a,"+! $n#a ,!+n"+,an !amu" (,+"a,an)3 #ai"u:
Umur 4 K!+n"+,an !amu" "!8a'i s5a!a *isi+%+gis $a'a usia %an8u" Genei04 Ana,9ana, 'a!i +!ang "ua #ang +"a, 8uga a,an mnga%ami ,+"a,an Hormona* H+!m+n an'!+gn 'a%am ,a'a! "!"n"u mn#a,an !amu" !+n"+,3 misa%n#a ,!+n"+,an #ang "!8a'i $a'a n+na"us3 $u!"as3 a"au 'asa4 K+"a,an "!$+%a 'i$nga!uhi +%h h+!m+n 'ih#'!+"s"+s"!+n (DHT) 'an *a,"+! gn"i54 Knai,an DHT mn#a,an ,!usa,an $a'a ,an"ung !amu" shingga mn#a,an 8um%ah !amu" !,u!ang DHT 'i$!+'u,si ,"i,a n&im 'i'a%am s% !amu" ( ; a%$ha !'u,"as) #ang s5a!a gn"i, mm$nga!uhi h+!m+n Ts"+s"!+n (T) mn8a'i DHT4 Khami%an 8uga 'a$a" mn#a,an,!+n"+,an !amu"4 Imuno*ogis4 Imuni"as hum+!a% 'i'uga !$!an $a'a ,+"a,an (a%+$sia a!a"a) #ang 'i"un8u,,an 'ngan '$+si" IgG 'an IgM D*isinsi gi&i3 6i"amin ( B123 asam *+%a"3 D3 i+"in) min!a% ( .3 n) 'an $!+"in Sres !si0is Trauma #isi03 misa%n#a ",anan3 "a!i,an3 suhu !n'ah s,a%i a"au "inggi s,a%i3 'an "!auma ,imia (asam a"au asa ,!as
10
a.
Fa0or immuno*ogis4 Pn#a ,!+n"+,an !amu" $a'a $!ia 'an ani"a #ang $a%ing umum 'i"mu,an a'a%ah mning,a"n#a ,a'a! h+!m+n DHT #ang mn#a,an ,!usa,an $a'a ,an"ung !amu"
b.
shingga 8um%ah !amu" !,u!ang Fa0or !embu*u& dara&4 Pa'a 'i"mu,an
aha
$n#a,i"
$n%i"ian
a"h!+s,%+!+sis
%a,angan
ini3
mnga,ia",an
$!"umuhan !amu" !,u!ang4 A$ai%a si!,u%asi , ,u%i" ,$a%a !,u!ang3 ma,a $m!ian nu"!isi 'an $muangan sam$ah 8uga a,an !,u!ang4 #ang a,hi!n#a mnga,ia",an ,!usa,an 'an ,!+n"+,an !amu"4
BAB III LATAR BELA+ANG FORMULASI
Ramu" sagai agian 'a!i $i'!mis 'an s!ing 'ihuung,an 'ngan ,5an"i,an ha!us%ah s%a%u 'i!aa" 'an 'i8aga aga! s%a%u sha" 'an !,mang n+!ma%3ai, i"u un"u, 'asa3ana,9ana, mau$un a#i4 -5a!a 'asa!3!amu" $!%u 'i!aa" un"u, mn8aga $nam$i%ann#a4 Hai! 5a! $!+'u5" m!u$a,an $!+'u,9$!+'u, $!aa"an #ang 'i"u8u,an un"u, !amu"4 B!'asa!,an
$!masa%ahan
'ia"as
a'a
!a$a
s'iaan
un"u,
mnga"asi $!masa%ahann#a4 .a,"+! #ang mn#a,an ,!+n"+,an !amu" m!u$a,an $!masa%ahan #ang $n"ing shingga $a'a $!an5angan *+!mu%asi ini mm!i,an a%"!na"i* un"u, mnga"asi ,!+n"+,an !amu" 'ngan n"u, s'iaan g%4 -%ain i"u3 #ang mn'asa!i $mi%ihan $!aa"an un"u, ,!+n"+,an !amu" a'a%ah &a" a,"i* #ang 'iguna,an a'a%ah ,s"!a, "h 11
hi8au #ang 8a!ang 'iguna,an sagai hai! 5a! $!+'u5"4 Pni"ian #ang $!nah 'i%a,u,an s%umn#a ,s"!a, "h hi8au 'ngan ,a'a! ;> "!u,"i mns"imu%asi $!"umuhan !amu" ,a!na ,a'a! a" a,"i* 'a%am "h hi8au (Camellia sinensis L) #ang !,hasia" sagai $n#uu! !amu" a'a%ah sn#aa ,a",in 'an "u!unann#a4 Ha% ini%ah #ang mn'asa!i ,ami un"u, mmua" $!+'u, $!aa"an !amu" un"u, mnga"asi ,!+n"+,an 'ngan nama 'agang $!+'u, F1Fone2 Hair Ge*11 shingga ,!+n"+,an !amu" a,an "!a"asi 'an "am$i% $!5a#a 'i!i4
12
BAB I3 PREFORMULASI
1.
Na"!ium M"aisu%*i"
Em!iri4a* Formu*a and Mo*e4u*ar 5eig& S9nonim
Na)S)O6 %78.% Dis+'ium 'isu%*i" 'is+'ium $#!+su%*i" 'isu%*u!+us a5i'3 'is+'ium sa%" E227 na"!ii
Fun4iona* /aegor9
'isu%*is s+'ium a5i' su%*i" s+'ium $#!+su%*i"4 An"i+i'an"
/on4enraion
0401@140>
So*ubi*i9
A4idi9:a*0a*ini9
$H 74;@;40 *+! a ;> 6 aJu+us s+%u"i+n a" 2004 -+'ium
In4om!aibi*i9
m"aisu%*i"
!a5"s
i"h
s#m$a"h+mim"i5s an' +"h! '!ugs "ha" a! +!"h+9 +! $a!a9h#'!+#n&#% a%5+h+% '!i6a"i6s "+ *+!m su%*+ni5 a5i' '!i6a"i6s $+ssssing %i""% +!
n+
$ha!ma5+%+gi5a%
a5"i6i"#4
Th
m+s"
im$+!"an" '!ugs su85" "+ "his ina5"i6a"i+n a! $in$h!in (a'!na%in) an' i"s '!i6a"i6s4 In a''i"i+n3 s+'ium m"aisu%*i" is in5+m$a"i% i"h 5h%+!am$hni5+% +ing "+ a m+! 5+m$% !a5"i+n i" a%s+ ina5"i6a"s 5is$%a"in in s+%u"i+n4 13
I" is in5+m$a"i% i"h $hn#%m!5u!i5 a5"a" hn au"+5%a6' in # '!+$ $!$a!a"i+ns4 -+'ium m"aisu%*i" ma# !a5" i"h "h !u! 5a$s +* mu%"i'+s 6ia%s3 hi5h sh+u%' "h!*+! $!"!a"' i"h s+'ium m"aisu%*i" s+%u"i+n4
2.
a!+m! (a!+$+%)
S9non9ms
A4riamer; a4r9*i4 a4id !o*9mer; /arbo!o*; 4arbo29 !o*9me&9*ene< !o*9a4r9*i4 a4id; 4arbo29=in9* !o*9mer; Pemu*en; U*re>.
Sru4ure
Fun4iona* /aegor9
Bi+a'hsi6 mu%si*#ing agn" !%as m+'i*#ing agn" sus$n'ing agn" "a%" in'! 6is5+si"#9in5!asing agn"4
/on4enraion
A4idi9:a*0a*ini9
$H 24@74; *+! a 04;> 6 aJu+us 'is$!si+n $H 24;@740 *+! a 1> 6 aJu+us 'is$!si+n a!+m!s a! 'is5+%+!' # !s+!5in+%
In4om!aibi*i9 14
an' a! in5+m$a"i% i"h $hn+%3 5a"i+ni5 $+%#m!s3 s"!+ng a5i's3 an' high %6%s +* %5"!+%#"s4
!"ain
an"imi5!+ia%
a'8u6an"s sh+u%' a%s+ a6+i'' +! us' a" %+4 In"ns ha" ma# gn!a"' i* a 5a!+m! is in 5+n"a5" i"h a s"!+ng asi5 ma"!ia% su5h as amm+nia3 $+"assium +! s+'ium
h#'!+i'3
+!
s"!+ng%#
asi5
amins4 !"ain
amin+9*un5"i+na%
a5"i6s
*+!m
a"!9ins+%u% 5+m$%s i"h 5a!+m! +*"n "his 5an $!6n"' # a'8us"ing "h s+%ui%i"# $a!am"! +* "h *%ui' $has using a$$!+$!ia" a%5+h+%s an' $+%#+%s4 a!+m!s
a%s+
*+!m
5+m$%s
i"h
5i$in"s4
A'8us"mn"
$H9'$n'n"
5!"ain +*
$+%#m!i5 s+%ui%i"#
$a!am"! 5an a%s+ +!, in "his si"ua"i+n4 3.
Ni$agin
Ba&an >a amba&an Sinonim
Me&9* !araben E21C 9h#'!+#n&+i5 a5i' m"h#% s"! m"h#% $9h#'!+#n&+a" Ni$agin M Uni$hn P927
Sru0ur 0imia
Bera mo*e0u* Tii0 didi& Organo*e!is
15
CHCO7 1;241; 12;@12C K!is"a% "a, !a!na a"au uu, ,!is"a%
$u"ih4 Ha% ini "i'a, !au a"au ham$i! "i'a, !au 'an mmi%i,i !asa "!a,a! s'i,i"4 +e*aruan
Sabi*ias
La!u"an $a'a $H 7 9 < 'a$a" 'is"!i%,an 'ngan +"+,%a* $a'a 120 s%ama 20 mni"3 "an$a ',+m$+sisi4 La!u"an !ai! $a'a $H 79< #ang s"ai% (',+m$+sisi ,u!ang 'a!i 10>) un"u, sam$ai s,i"a! "ahun $a'a suhu ,ama!3 s'ang,an %a!u"an mngan'ung ai! $a'a $H C a"au 'i a"as 'i,na,an hi'!+%isis 5$a" (10> a"au %ih s"%ah s,i"a! <0 ha!i $n#im$anan $a'a suhu ,ama!)
+&asia
Pen9im!anan
Disim$an 'a%am a'ah "!"u"u$ ai, 'i "m$a" #ang s8u, 'an ,!ing4
4.
TEA
Ba&an >a amba&an Sinonim 16
TEA TEA Ta%an "!i"h#%+%amin
"!ih#'!+#"!i"h#%amin "!is (h#'!+#"h#%)amin4 Sru0ur 0imia
Bera mo*e0u* Tii0 didi& Organo*e!is
+e*aruan
Sabi*ias
T!i"an+%amina isa !uah 5+,%a" $ma$a!an $a'a u'a!a 'an 5aha#a4 Ka'a! C;> 'a!i "!i"an+%amin 5n'!ung s"!a"i*i,asi 'i aah 1; h+mgni"# 'a$a" 'i,ma%i,an +%h $manasan 'an
+&asia Pen9im!anan
$n5am$u!an s%um 'iguna,an4 A%,a%i&ing agn" mu%si*#ing agn"4 T!i"an+%amina ha!us 'isim$an 'a%am a'ah ,'a$ u'a!a 'i%in'ungi 'a!i 5aha#a3 'i "m$a" #ang s8u, 'an ,!ing4
5.
G%#5!in
S9non9m
/rodero*; E?)); g*94erine; G*94on G,%88; +emsrene;
O!im;
Pri4erine;
%<)<",
!ro!anerio*; ri&9dro29!ro!ane g*94ero* Em!iri4a*
Formu*a
Mo*e4u*ar 5eig& 17
and 7HCO7 =240=
Sru4ura* Formu*a
/on4enraion
So*ubi*i9
In4om!aibi*i9
G%#5!in ma# $%+' i* mi' i"h s"!+ng +i'i&ing agn"s su5h as 5h!+mium "!i+i'3 $+"assium
5h%+!a"3
+!
$+"assium
$!mangana"4 In 'i%u" s+%u"i+n3 "h !a5"i+n $!+5's a" a s%+! !a" i"h s6!a% +i'a"i+n
$!+'u5"s
'is5+%+!a"i+n
+*
ing
g%#5!in
*+!m'4 +55u!s
B%a5, in
"h
$!sn5 +* %igh"3 +! +n 5+n"a5" i"h &in5 +i' +! asi5 ismu"h ni"!a"4 An i!+n 5+n"aminan" in g%#5!in is !s$+nsi% *+! "h 'a!,ning in 5+%+! +* mi"u!s 5+n"aining $hn+%s3 sa%i5#%a"s3 an' "annin4 G%#5!in *+!ms a +!i5 a5i' 5+m$%3 g%#5!++!i5 a5i'3
18
"ha" is a s"!+ng! a5i' "han +!i5 a5i'4 Sabi*i9
G%#5!in ma# 5!#s"a%%i& i* s"+!' a" %+ "m$!a"u!s "h 5!#s"a%s '+ n+" m%" un"i% a!m' "+ 2004 G%#5!in sh+u%' s"+!' in an ai!"igh" 5+n"ain!3 in a 5++%3 '!# $%a54
19
BAB 3 FORMULASI DAN ALASAN PENGGUNAAN
INGREDIENT
/HEMI/AL NAME
@
FUN/TIONS
Ge**ing Agen
a!+$+%
1>
G%%ing agn" sus$n'ing agn"
Emu*si#9ing Agen
TEA
037 >
mu%si*#ing agn"4
Tri!*e a4ion
G%#5!in
1>
An"imi5!+ia% $!s!6a"i6 m+%%in" hum5"an"
Preser=ai=es
Ni$agin
031>
Pnga"
O&er E24i!ien
Na"!ium M"aisu%*i"
031>
An"i+,si'an
a ber0&asia
E,s"!a, "h hi8au
;>
$n#uu! !amu"
FORMULA A+HIR
INGREDIENT
/HEMI/AL NAME
@
FUN/TIONS
Ge**ing Agen
a!+$+%
1>
G%%ing agn" sus$n'ing agn"
Emu*si#9ing Agen
TEA
037 >
mu%si*#ing agn"4
Tri!*e a4ion
G%#5!in
1>
An"imi5!+ia% $!s!6a"i6 m+%%in"hum5"an"
Preser=ai=es
Ni$agin
031>
Pnga"
O&er E24i!ien
Na"!ium M"aisu%*i"
031>
An"i+,si'an
a ber0&asia
E,s"!a, %i'ah ua#a
;>
$n#uu! !amu"
Per#ume
Kii Lm+n
s
20
ALASAN PEMILIHAN BAHAN $ %.
a a0i# $ E0sra0 e& &iau -n#aa *%a6+n+i' "h hi8au "!'i!i 'a!i $i,a",in (E)3 $i,a",in ga%a" (EG)3 'an
$iga%+,a",in
(EGG)4 "!'a$a"
-%ain
i"u
asam
ga%a" 8uga ga%a"3
ga%+,a",in ga%a" (GG)3 ga%+,a",in (G)3 ,a",in ga%a" (G)3 ,a",in ()3 6i"amin B 'an 6i"amin #ang mam$u mm$!,ua" a,a! !amu"3 mn5gah ,!+n"+,an a,a! !amu"3
mnghama" !a'i,a%
as3
mn"!a%,an !a5un3 'an m%in'ungi ,u%i" ,$a%a 'a!i in*,si4 E,s"!a, "h hi8au mm$un#ai an#a, man*aa" sa%ah sa"un#a sagai $n#uu! !amu" #ang "%ah 'i"%i"i s%umn#a $a'a ,an'ungan ; > mm$un#ai *, mms"imu%asi $!"umuhan !amu"4 Da%am ,s"!a, "h hi8au (Camellia sinensis L) #ang !,hasia" sagai $n#uu! !amu" a'a%ah sn#aa ,a",in 'an "u!unann#a4 24
G%%ing agn" : a!+$+% G% a'a%ah sis"m $a'a" a"au s"ngah $a'a" 'a!i $a%ing s'i,i"
'ua ,+ns"i"un #ang "!'i!i 'a!i massa s$!"i aga! #ang !a$a" 'an 'iisi +%h 5ai!an G% "!'i!i 'a!i 'ua *as ,+n"in#u #ang sa%ing !$n"!asi4 .as #ang sa"u !u$a $a'a"an3 "!susun 'a!i $a!"i,% @ $a!"i,% #ang sanga" "i'a, sim"!is 'ngan %uas $!mu,aan sa!3 s'ang #ang %ain a'a%ah 5ai!an (Ma!"in3 1==7)4
21
Pa'a $mua"an s'iaan g% mm!%u,an ahan 'asa! un"u, mmn"u, g% shingga g%%ing agn" #ang 'i guna,an a'a%ah 5a!+$+% ,a!na iasa 'iguna,an 'a%am $!+'u, ,+sm"i, 'an $!+'u, *a!masi4 -%ain i"u3 5a!+$+% 'a$a" 'iguna,an un"u, mning,a",an 6is,+si"as shingga s'iaan "i'a, n5! 'an n#aman 'iguna,an4 Pa'a $mua"an mu%si min#a, 'a%am ai! 'iguna,an sagai mu%si*#ng agn" un"u, $nggunaan %ua! "uuh (Han'++, +* 5i$in" '4 <)4 Kan'ungan 5a!+$+% sagai g%%ing agn" 03; > 9 2 > 'an $a'a $mua"an g% hai! $!+'u5" 'iguna,an ,+nsn"!asi san#a, 1 >4 Da%am m'ium !ai!3 $+%im! s$!"i 5a!+$+% =0 ini #ang 'i$asa!,an 'a%am n"u, asam as3 mu%a mu%a "!'is$!si s5a!a s!agam4 -"%ah "i'a, a'a u'a!a #ang "!8a,3 g% 'in"!a%,an 'ngan asa #ang 5+5+,4 Mua"an nga"i* $a'a s$an8ang !an"ai $+%im! mn#a,an $+%im! "!su"
mn8a'i
"!u!ai
'an
mngmang4
a!+$+%
=0
a,an
mngmang 8i,a 'i'is$!si,an 'a%am ai! 'ngan a'an#a &a"9&a" a%,a%i s$!"i TEA ("!i"an+%amin) a"au 'iis+$!+$i%amin un"u, mmn"u, sua"u s'iaan smi$a'a"4
22
74
G%#5!in Hum5"an 'a%am sua"u %+"i+n3 ,!im 'an g% !amu" sanga" $!%u
'a%am *ungsin#a m%ma,an !amu" 3 shingga sin!gism an"a!a hum5"an 'ngan a5"i6 ing!'in" #ang !*ungsi m%ma,an a,an 'a$a" mm!i man*aa" #ang ai, un"u, ,sha"an !amu"4 Da%am *+!mu%a 'i$a,ai hum5"an ,a!na ,gunaann#a mu%"i*ungsi sagai m+%%in" 'an hum,"an" ,a!na ,gunaann#a ini !$!an $n"ing 'a%am $!+'u, hai! 5a! aga! !amu" "i'a, ,!ing 'an n#aman 'iguna,an4 -%ain i"u3 ,a!na ,%a!u"ann#a 'a%am ai! %a!u" 'an "i'a, ,+m$a"i% 'ngan &a"9&a" "amahan 'an &a" a,"i*4 4 Ni$agin G% m!u$a,an s'iaan 'ngan ,an'ungan ai! #ang "ingi3 shingga !n"an "!ha'a$ ,+n"aminasi mi,!+a 4 O%h ,a!na i"u3 $nga"
$!%u
mi,!++!ganism4
'i"amah,an A'an#a
un"u,
mi,!++!ganism
mngu!angi 'i'a%am
,+n"aminasi s'iaan
a,an
mm$nga!uhi s"ai%i"as s'iaan a"au $+"nsi ahan !,hasia"4 Pa'a ,+sm"i,3 m"i% $a!an a'a%ah $nga" an"imi,!+a #ang $a%ing s!ing 'iguna,an4 /nis $a!an %ainn#a *,"i* $a'a ,isa!an $H #ang %uas 'an mmi%i,i a,"i6i"as an"imi,!+a #ang ,ua"4 Pnggunaan m"h#% $a!an sagai an"imi5!+ia% $!s!6a"i6 'iguna,an 'a%am $!+su, ,+sm"i,3 ma,anan 'an $!+'u, %ainn#a4 Pmi%ihan ni$agin 8uga iasa 'iguna,an 'a%am $!u'u, hai! 5a! 'an "i'a, 'a%am n"u, ,+minasi4 ;4 Na"!ium M"aisu%*i" Ka!na s'iaan g% m!u$a,an s'iaan #ang s!ing "!$a$a! +%h 5aha#a3 TEA sagai sa%ah sa"u ahan $n#usun s'iaan g% ,ami 'a$a" "!+,si'asi 'ngan a'an#a 5aha#a4 O%h sa i"u 'a%am s'iaan ini 'i!i,an sua"u an"i+,si'an #ai"u Na"!ium M"aisu%*i"4 Pnggunaan an"i+,si'an mngguna,an na"!ium m"aisu%*i" ,a!na ,%a!u"ann#a
$a'a g%is!in mu'ah
%a!u"
'an
'ngan $%a!u"
ai!
$!an'ingann#a 1 agian ai! 'a%am 13= &a"4 -%ain i"u3 $a'a $n%i"ian s%umn#a mngguna,an
an"i+,si'an ini
shingga mnghasi%,an
,+nsis"nsi g% #ang ai,3 mm$un#ai a,"i6i"as $n#uu! !amu" $a%ing "inggi3 "i'a, mngi!i"asi ,u%i"3 s!"a mm$un#ai as$"ai%i"as #ang ai,4
23
24
BAB 3I PERHITUNGAN BAHAN
Pmua"an s'iaan hai! g% 5a! 100 g!am
a!+$+% 1> 100 1 g!am
TEA 037> 100 037 g!am
G%#5!in 1> 100 1 g!am
Ni$agin 031 > 100 031 g!am
Na m"aisu%*i" 031> 100 031 g!am
E,s"!a, "h hi8au ;> 100 ; g!am
AJua's"
25
100 @ (1?047?1?041?041?;) =24; g!am
Pa!*um Js
BAB 3II PROSEDUR PER/OBAAN
14 Timang smua ahan #ang 'i$!%u,an 24 a!+$+% 'i,mang,an 'a%am ai! $anas3 ,mu'ian 'ia'u,4 M1 74 E,s"!a, Li'ah ua#a (A%+ V!a) 'i5am$u! 'ngan ahan %ain sam$ai "!5am$u! !a"a (G%#s!in3 Ni$agin3 Na M"aisu%*i") M2 4 M2 'imasu,,an , 'a%am M14 La%u 'ia'u, "!us @ mn!us hingga h+m+gn "a$i 8angan "!%a%u ,ua"4 ;4 Di"amah,an , 'a%am M1 ai! sam$ai
6+%um ai! #ang
'i,hn'a,i4 <4 Di"amah,an TEA s""s 'mi s""s , 'a%am M1 sami% 'ia'u, $!%ahan hingga "!n"u, g% #ang 8!nih 4 Tamah,an $a!*um s5u,u$n#a 'an 'ia'u, hingga h+m+gn C4 G% #ang su'ah 8a'i 'imasu,,an , 'a%am a'ah3 %a%u 'i!i "i," 'an 'i%a,u,an 6a%uasi4
26
BAB 3III E3ALUASI SEDIAAN
•
•
ORGANOLEPTI- PENAMPILAN LOTION o
a!na
o
Bau
HOMOGENITA-
o
L+"i+n 'i+%s,an 'i a"as ,a5a +8, ,mu'ian 'i,a"u$,an 'ngan ,a5a +8, %ain3%a%u ama"i a$a,ah %+"i+n "!su" h+m+gn3a$a,ah $!mu,aann#a ha%us m!a"a a"au a'a g!anu% #ang masih ,!as
•
VI-KO-ITA-
o
•
U,u! 6is,+si"as %+"i+n 'ngan mngguna,an 6is5+m"! !++,*i%'
-TABILITA-
o
-im$an %+"i+n s%ama ha!i4Di%iha" s"ai%i"asn#a 'a!i ha!i 1 sam$ai ha!i ,93ama"ai a$a,ah "!8a'i $misahan *as $a'a %+"i+n a"au "i'a,
•
27
EVALUA-I $H
o
E6a%uasi
$H
mngguna,an
a%a"
$H
m"!3
'ngan
5a!a
$!an'ingan <0 g : 200 m% ai! #ang 'i guna,an un"u, mngn5!,an 3 ,mu'ian a'u, hingga h+m+gn3 'an 'iam,an aga! mngn'a$3 'an ai!n#a #ang 'i u,u! 'ngan $H m"!3 5a"a" hasi% #ang "!"!a $a'a a%a" $H m"!4 •
U/I A-EPTABILITA- -EDIAAN
o
Di%a,u,an 'ngan #ang
$a'a
,u%i"3
!agai
+!ang
,asih
sua"u
'i
Juisi+n!
'i
ua"
sua"u
,!i"!ia
3
,mu'ahan
'i+%s,an3 ,%mu"an3 snsasi #ang 'i "imu%,an3 ,mu'ahan $n5u5ian4 Kmu'ian 'a!i 'a"a "!su" 'i ua" s,+!ing un"u, masing9 masing ,!i"!ia4 Misa% un"u, ,%mu"an aga, %mu"3 %mu"3 sanga" %mu"4
BAB 3II PEMBAHASAN
Pa'a P!a,"i,um ini3 mm*+!mu%asi s'iaan g% !amu" un"u, mnga"asi ,!+n"+,an !amu" 'ngan mngguna,an &a" a,"i* 'a!i "anaman %i'ah ua#a (A%+ 6!a) ,a!na man*aa"n#a "%ah "!u,"i 'an 'i,na% +%h mas#a!a,a" s8a, &aman 'ahu%u4 Li'ah ua#a (In'+nsia)3 m!u$a,an "anaman su,u%n !n"u, !+s" (s$!"i unga !+s) 'ngan "inggi 709<0 5m 'an 'iam"! "a8u, <0 5m a"au %ih4 Daunn#a !'aging3 ,a,u3 %an5i$ (%an5+%a") 'ngan a!na 'aun hi8au ,au9auan 'an mmi%i,i !5a, $u"ih4 Pa'a agian $inggi! 'aun "!'a$a" 'u!i9 'u!i ,5i% !a!na hi8au mu'a4 K%asi*i,asi "anaman %i'ah ua#a (A%+ 6!a) :
28
King'+m
: P%an"a
Di6isi
: Angi+s$!ma
K%as
: M+n+5+"#%'+na
Bangsa
: Li%ia%s
-u,u
: Li%ia5a
Ma!ga
: A%+
/nis
: Aloe ver
Pnggunaan %i'ah ua#a un"u, mn5gah ,!+n"+,an !amu" a'a%ah 'ngan mm%ah agian 'aun ,mu'ian mng%ua!,an isi ,su'a"n#a #ang !n"u, g% "i'a, 'ngan mngguna,an $!+ss ,s"!a,si4 G% %i'ah ua#a "!'i!i 'a!i ==3; > #ang m!u$a,an ,+m$+nn "!sa! sisan#a a'a%ah $a'a"an #ang "!u"ama "!'i!i 'a!i ,a!+hi'!a"3 #ai"u m+n+ 'an $+%isa,a!i'a4
G% %i'ah ua#a mmi%i,i ,+m$+nn3 s$!"i : +om!onen +arbo&idra
um*a& 03700 (g)
+a*ori Lema0 Proein 3iamin A 3iamin / T&iamin Ribo#*a=in Nia4in +a*sium Besi
1470 9 24700 (,a%) 030;0 9 030=0 (g) 03010 9 030<1 (g) 23000 9 3<00 (IU) 03;00 9 3200 (mg) 03007 9 0300 (mg) 03001 9 03002 (mg) 0307C 9 0300 (mg) =3=20 9 1=3=20 (mg) 030<0 9 03720 (mg)
.+!mu%asi s'iaan g% !amu" 'ngan mngguna,an %i'ah ua#a (a%+ 6!a) 'an g%%ing agn" #ang 'iguna,an a'a%ah 5a!+$+%3 s!"a &a" "amahan %ainn#a #ang su'ah 'i8%as,an 'a%am agian *+!mu%asi4 Da!i hasi% $!a,"i,um mnun8u,,an s'iaan g% !amu" %i'ah ua#a #ang !n"u, g% "!ans$a!an ,a!na &a" #ang 'iguna,an sagai g%%ing agn" a'a%ah 5a!+$+% #ang iasa 'iguna,an 'a%am in'us"!i *a!masi un"u, mm*+!mu%asi s'iaan ,+sm"i, mau$un ma,anan4 Pa'a saa" *+!mu%asi s'iaan g% s%umn#a 5a!+$+% 'ig!us 'ngan
29
m+!"a! aga! ,u!ang $a!"i,% sma,in ,5i% ,mu'ian 'i,mang,an 'ngan ai! 'ingin4 a!+$+% m!u$a,an g%%ing agn" #ang 'i,%asi*i,asi,an 'a%am g+%+ngan +!gani, mnu!u" %i!man #ang mm$un#ai sis"m sa"u *asa "!8a'i i%a *as "!'is$!si m%a!u" 'an mngmang shingga "!%iha" saagai sa"u *asa sa8a4 -'ang,an 'ua *asa "!'i!i 'a!i sn#aa an+!gani, #ang "i'a, %a!u"
'an
"!'is$!si h+m+gn 'a%am n"u, *%+,u%a"9*%+,u%a"3 shinnga "!'i!i 'a!i 'ua *asa #ang sa%ing "i'a, 5am$u! 'an "i'a, 8!nih4 a!+$+% mm$un#ai s"!u,u"u! sn#aa ,imia 'imana s"ia$ u8ung9u8ung $a'a !an"ai mm$un#ai gugus OOH #ang !si*a" asam4 Bi%a 'i!a,si,an 'ngan ai! 'a%am suasana asam (OOH)3 ma,a a,an "!n"u, a*ini"as #ang ,ua" an"a!a &a" a,"i* 'ngan asis (5a!+$+%) ""a$i &a" a,"i* #ang %a!u" ai! a,an su,a! $a'a saa" a,an !$n"!asi , 'a%am mm!an ,u%i" shingga $!%u $namahan asa aga! &a" #ang %a!u" ai! 'a$a" masu, ,'a%am 'an 'a$a" m%$as,an ,ma%i 'ngan mu'ah4 Pnamahan asa $a'a *+!mu%asi ini3 mngguna,an TEA #ang iasa 'iguna,an 'a%am ,+sm"i, 'an !*ungsi sagai &a" $ngmang an"a!a 5a!+$+% #ang 'i'is$!si,an 'ngan ai! un"u, mmn"u, sua"u s'iaan smi $a'a"4 T"a$i $namahan TEA #ang !%ihan $a'a ,a!+m! sagai n"!a%isasi 'a$a" !a,ia" "u!unn#a 6is,+si"as 'a!i ,a!+m!4 A,an ""a$i3 g% #ang "!n"u, ,u!ang h+m+gn $a'a saa" u8i h+m+gni"as 'ngan mngusa$,an $a'a "angan ,a!na masih "!n"u, gum$a%an ,5i% $mn"u, g%4 -hingga $!%u h+m+gnisasi ,ma%i 'ngan mngguna,an a%a" h+m+gnisasi 'ngan ,5$a"an 2; !$m3 ""a$i g% #ang "!n"u, masih s$!"i smu%a ,u!ang h+m+gn4 Ha% ini3 'i,a!na,an g%%ing agn" #ang 'iguna,an #ai"u 5a!+$+% s%um $n5am$u!an 'ig!us "!%ih 'ahu%u ""a$i $ngg!usan ,u!ang ma,sima% ,a!na si*a" 5a!+$+%n#a ,u!ang agus shingga $a'a saa" 'i,mang,an 8uga mmn"u, gum$a%an9 gum$a%an ,5i%4 a!+$+% ,u!ang ma,sima% sagai g%%ing agn" un"u, mmasahi smua $!mu,aan $a!"i,% &a" a,"i* shingga ,mung,inan $nggunaann#a sagai an"i !+n"+, "i'a, ma,sima% ,a!na $%$asan &a" a,"i* , 'a%am !amu" "i'a, m!a"a4 E6a%uasi ,'ua3 s5a!a +!gan+%$"is s'iaan !a!na hi8au 'issuai,an 'ngan &a" a,"i* #ang 'i"amah,an mngguna,an "anaman 'a!i %i'ah ua#a 30
(A%+ 6!a) un"u, mnig,a",an $nggunaan g% !amu"4 -%ain i"u3 6a%uasi s%an8u"n#a #ai"u $H s'iaan ; mmnuhi !n"ang $!an5anaan s'iaan g% !amu" #ang 'iguna,an #ai"u 3; @ ;3;4 Pnga!uh $H $a'a $mn"u,an g% 'ngan ai, $a'a ,isa!an $H "!"n"u3 Ha% ini 'i"un8u,,an +%h "!8a'in#a $ning,a"an ,,n"a%an 'ngan mning,a"n#a $H hingga mn5a$ai "!"n"u 'an ,mu'ian a,an ma,in mnu!un i%a $H "!us 'i"ing,a",an4 Pngama"an s'iaan han#a 'i%a,u,an s"%ah $!+ss mm*+!mu%asi s'iaan 'an "i'a, 'i%a,u,an $ngama"an s%ama sminggu ,a!na ,"!a"asan a,"u $ngum$u%an %a$+!an 'ngan ,gia"an UA-4 -hingga ,"i'a,s"ai%an g% %um isa 'i,a"a,an "i'a, s"ai%3 a,an ""a$i *n+mna ,"i'a,s"ai%an g% 'iagi mn8a'i 'ua3 #ai"u s#n!sis 'an s%%ing :
14 -#n!sis .n+mna ini3 8i,a sua"u g% 'i'iam,an s%ama !a$a saa" ma,a g% "!su" s!ing ,a%i a,an mng!u" s5a!a a%amiah 'an 5ai!an $maa #ang "!8a, 'a%am ma"!i,s %$as a"au ,%ua! 'a!i ma"!i,s4 24 -%%ing .n+mna ini m!u$a,an m,anism 'imana g% 'a$a" mn#!a$ 5ai!an 'a!i sis"m shingga 6+%um $a'a g% 'a$a" !"amah 'an ai!n#a a,an "!$!ang,a$
'a%am
ma"!i,s
#ang
"!n"u,
$a'a
g%4
-%%ing
m!u$a,an ,a%i,an 'a!i *n+mna s#n!sis 'imana "!8a'i $n#!a$an 5ai!an +%h sua"u g% 'ngan 'ii,u"i +%h $ning,a"an 6+%um4
31
BAB IC +ESIMPULAN
14 a!+$+% m!u$a,an g%%ing agn" #ang 'i,%asi*i,asi,an 'a%am g+%+ngan +!gani, mnu!u" %i!man #ang mm$un#ai sis"m sa"u *asa "!8a'i i%a *as "!'is$!si m%a!u" 'an mngmang shingga "!%iha" saagai sa"u *asa4 24 $H s'iaan ; mmnuhi !n"ang $!an5anaan s'iaan g% !amu" #ang 'iguna,an #ai"u 3; @ ;3;4 Pnga!uh $H $a'a $mn"u,an g% 'ngan ai, $a'a ,isa!an $H "!"n"u3 Ha% ini 'i"un8u,,an +%h "!8a'in#a $ning,a"an ,,n"a%an 'ngan mning,a"n#a $H hingga mn5a$ai "!"n"u 'an ,mu'ian a,an ma,in mnu!un i%a $H "!us 'i"ing,a",an4 74 Pnamahan TEA iasa 'iguna,an 'a%am ,+sm"i, 'an !*ungsi sagai &a" $ngmang an"a!a 5a!+$+% #ang 'i'is$!si,an 'ngan ai! un"u, mmn"u, sua"u s'iaan smi $a'a"4
32
