ANXOZNE XZNB\@B B@ZFN ANXNECNE
BNFINE X@EC@AOANNE ]NKXND LI PX\L \XN KNECCNZ JNAIBXNXNE
KPDNKKNL CIJZNE DNSSNZI
XZOCZNK ]\PLI ]-> IAKP LNE \@BEOAOCI AIECBPECNE L@XNZ\@K@E L@XNZ\@K@E JIOAOCI GNBPA\N] ]NIE] LNE \@BEOAOCI PEIW@Z]I\N] PEIW@Z]I\N] NIZANECCN :8>3
ANXOZNE XZNB\@B B@ZFN ANXNECNE
BNFINE X@EC@AOANNE ]NKXND LI PX\L \XN KNECCNZ JNAIBXNXNE
KPDNKKNL CIJZNE DNSSNZI
XZOCZNK ]\PLI ]-> IAKP LNE \@BEOAOCI AIECBPECNE L@XNZ\@K@E L@XNZ\@K@E JIOAOCI GNBPA\N] ]NIE] LNE \@BEOAOCI PEIW@Z]I\N] PEIW@Z]I\N] NIZANECCN :8>3
i
BN\N X@ECNE\NZ
Xufi syubur p`euais pnefntbne b`pnln Naand ]S\ bnr`en ntns rndknt lne dilnynd-Eyn p`euais lnpnt k`ey`a`snibne anporne prnbt`b b`rfn anpnecne (XBA) ynec j`rfulua ‑Bnfine X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne‛. Anporne Anporne XBA iei t`rliri lnri j`j`rnpn jnj linetnrneyn ynitu jnj p`elnduaune, t iefnune pustnbn, pust nbn, k`tol` b`rfn prnbt`b anpnecne, p`kjndnsne, lne p`eutup. ]`tinp isi lnri lnr i jnj t`rs`jut t `rs`jut t `rnecbni s`mnrn s`mnr n sist`kntis uetub k`kjndns p`ec`aoanne snkpnd li Peit Peit X`anbsnen \`beis Ln`rnd (PX\L) \`kpnt \`kpnt X`kros`sne X`kros`sne Nbdir (\XN) Kneccnr li Botn Jnaibpnpne, Bnaiknetne \ikur. Anporne XBA iei k`rupnbne snand sntu synrnt uetub k`kp`roa`d c`anr ]nrfnen \`beib (].\.) Jilnec Iaku lne \`beoaoci Aiecbuecne, Aiecbuecne, Gnbuaatns Gnbu aatns ]nies lne \`beoaoci, Peiv`rsitns Niraneccn. Nbdir bntn, s`kocn anporne XBA iei lnpnt lit`rikn lne j`rknegnnt.
]urnjnyn, = Eov`kj`r :8>3 X`eyusue,
Kudnkknl Cijrne Dnwwnri
iii
PMNXNE \@ZIKN BN]ID
Pmnpne t`rikn bnsid tilnb aupn p`euais snkpnibne b`pnln s`kun pidnb ynec t`and k`kjnetu lnank p`anbsnenne lne p`eyusuene anporne iei, linetnrneyn nlnand6 >. Lr. ]umipto Dnriyneto, L@N s`anbu B`tun L`pnrt`k`e Jioaoci G]\ Peiv`rsitns Niraneccn. :. Lr. @bo Xrns`tyo Buemoro, ].\., L@N s`anbu Boorlientor Xrocrnk ]tuli ]-> Iaku lne \`beoaoci Aiecbuecne Peiv`rsitns Niraneccn. =. Eur Ielrnl`wi Obtnvitri, ].\., K.\., s`anbu s`anbu boorlientor XBA. XBA. <. Lwi Zntri Kitdn Isenlien, ].\., K.\., s`anbu los`e p`kjikjiec XBA ynec t`and k`kj`ribne jneynb wnbtu lne t`encneyn uetub jikjiecneeyn s`ankn p`eyusuene anporne XBA. XBA. 0. Ir. D. Xneti ]udnrtoeo, s`anbu ]`br`tnris Liens Bokueibnsi lne Iegorkntibn Botn Jnaibpnpne, ynec t`and k`kjnetu p`euais k`elnpntbne t`kpnt XBA. 7. \oeey Dnrtoeo, ].B.K., s`anbu B`pnan PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lne p`kjikjiec anpnecne ynec t`and k`e`rikn lne k`kj`ribne b`s`kpntne uetub k`anbsnenbne XBA li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne. 3. Jnkjnec Dnriyneto, s`anbu X`ecnwns Aiecbuecne PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ynec t`and k`ecnrndbne b`cintne XBA. 4. Xnrn ]tngg PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne, ]nangullie lne Gnfnr Kusdngi, ynec t`and jneynb k`kjnetu lne k`kgnsiaitnsi k`kgnsiaitnsi p`euais s`ankn s`an kn k`anbsnenbne XBA. 9. ]`aurud bnrynwne PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ynec t`and l`ecne s`enec dnti k`e`rikn, k`kjnetu, lne k`kjikjiec p`euais, ynec enkneyn tilnb lnpnt lis`jutbne sntu p`r sntu. >8. Z`bne-r`bne s`p`rfunecne XBA \ndue :8>3 ynec t`and k`kj`ribne sunsnen k`enrib s`ankn p`euais k`anbsnenbne XBA s`tinp s`t inp dnrieyn. >>. Ornec tun p`euais, s`anbu p`kj`ri s`knecnt, kotivnsi, lne lon ynec tilnb p`rend nln dnjiseyn ncnr p`euais lnpnt k`anbsnenbne XBA l`ecne jnib lne k`elnpntbne knegnnt s`rtn iaku s`jneynb-jneynbeyn. K`rupnbne s`jund b`jneccnne lne k`efnli p`ecnankne ynec snecnt j`rdnrcn k`elnpntbne iaku jnru lnri s`kun pidnb ynec nln li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne. Anporne XBA ynec p`euais susue iei t`etueyn knsid fnud lnri bntn s`kpuren. Knbn uetub k`ey`kpurenbne, p`euais k`ecdnrnpbne snrne, p`elnpnt, lne britib ncnr anporne XBA iei k`efnli a`jid jnib. Nbdir bntn, p`euais j`rdnrnp anporne iei lnpnt j`rknegnnt jnci s`kun s`kun pidnb.
iv
LNG\NZ I]I
DNANKNE FPLPA ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... A@KJNZ X@EC@]NDNE ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. .................. ............ BN\N X@ECNE\NZ .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ......... PMNXNE \@ZIKN BN]ID ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ......... LNG\NZ LNG\NZ I]I .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. .............................. .............. LNG\NZ CNKJNZ ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... LNG\NZ \NJ@A ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. .................. ................... ............... ...... LNG\NZ ANKXIZNE ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................. ....... JNJ I X@ELNDPAPNE X@ELNDPAPNE ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............ .. >.> Antnr J`anbnec ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ......... >.: Zukusne Knsnand ................. ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............... ...... >.= \ufune \ufune ............................................... ............................................................... ................................. .................................. ................. >.< Knegnnt Knegnnt ............................... ................................................ .................................. ................................. .............................. .............. JNJ II \IEFNPNE XP]\NBN ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............ ... :.> Xrogia PX\L \XN ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .................. ......... ................... ............... ..... :.>.> ]`fnrnd .................. ......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... :.>.: Aobnsi ................... .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... :.>.= Wisi, kisi, lne anelnsne anelnsne dubuk dubuk p`ec`aoanne p`rsnkpndne p`rsnkpndne .......... ......... . :.>.< ]trubtur orcneisnsi ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............... ...... :.: \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir ]nkpnd............... ]nkpnd...... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............ .. :.= ]neitnry Anelgiaa .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ................ JNJ III K@\OL@ K@\OL@ XZNB\@B B@ZFN ANXNECNE .................. ......... ................... .................. ........ =.> \`kpnt lne Snbtu Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne ........... .. ................... ................... .................. ........... =.>.> \`kpnt p`anbsnenne ................... .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ........... =.>.: Snbtu p`anbsnenne .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... =.: K`tol` B`rfn................................. ................................................. ................................. .................................. ...................... ..... =.:.> Bnfine Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... ............. .... =.:.: ]tuli ait`rntur ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............ .. =.:.= Ori`etnsi lne ojs`rvnsi nwna .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ......... =.:.< X`ecukpuane X`ecukpuane lntn ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... =.:.0 Nenaisis lntn ........................... .................. .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... ............. .... =.:.7 X`eyusuene X`eyusuene anporne ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............ ... =.= Fnlwna X`anbsnenne .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............ ... JNJ IW X@KJNDN]NE X@KJNDN]NE ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... ............. .... <.> \ikjuane lne Bokposisi Bokposisi ]nkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ............ .. ............ .. <.>.> J`rnt snkpnd ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............ .. <.>.: Xroy`bsi j`rnt snkpnd ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................. ....... <.>.= Bokposisi Bokposisi snkpnd ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... <.: X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................... ......... ................... ........... <.:.> Voensi sneitnry Voensi sneitnry anelgiaa \XN anelgiaa \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ............... ...... v
i ii iii iv v vii viii ix > > : : = < < < 0 7 3 4 9 >= >= >= >< >< >< >0 >0 >0 >7 >7 >3 >4 >4 >4 :8 :< :0 :0
<.:.: X`kjncine nr`n `g`btig p`ecurucne ............. ................... .......... .................. ............ ... <.:.= ]ist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ......... <.:.< Xros`lur p`kielndne snkpnd .............. .... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... <.:.0 Xros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... <.:.7 ]ist`k p`eutup tnend .................. ......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ........... <.:.3 Cns k`tne lne nir aieli pnln sneitnry pnln sneitnry anelgiaa ................ anelgiaa .............................. .............. JNJ W X@EP\PX ................... .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... 0.> B`sikpuane ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. .................. ................... ............... ...... 0.: ]nrne .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................. LNG\NZ XP]\NBN ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... ANKXIZNE ANKXIZNE ................................. ................................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................
vi
:3 :9 =8 => == =< <8 <8 <8 <> <=
LNG\NZ CNKJNZ
X`kjncine zoen PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .................. ......... ......... Aobnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .................. ......... ................... ............... ..... ]trubtur orcneisnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ............. Bansigibnsi anelgiaa j`rlnsnrbne j`rlnsnrbne k`tol` k`tol` p`a`tnbbne p`a`tnbbne snkpnd snkpnd ..... Aobnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .................. ......... ................... ............... ..... B`rnecbn op`rnsioena XBA ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................. ....... Crngib j`rnt snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................... .......... ............. .... Crngib dnsia p`eikjnecne snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne.. Crngib proy`bsi fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne ................ Crngib proy`bsi j`rnt snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne ................... .......... ............. .... Crngib bokposisi snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .............. ........ ...... Voen tilnb nbtig \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................... ......... ................... ........... Voen nbtig \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .............. ................... .......... ............. .... X`kjnecuene zoen IW ” zoen zoen WII \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne .. X`kjncine nr`n `g`btig p`ecurucne .................. ......... ................... ................... ............. .... ]ist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend tnend \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .......... ......... . Anecbnd-anecbnd p`kielndndne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne................................. ................................................. .................................. ............................ .......... ............... .................. ................... ................. ....... Cnkjnr <.>: X`kj`etubne s`a-s`a snkpnd ........................ ......... ... Cnkjnr <.>= ]usuene tukpubne snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ............ Cnkjnr <.>< Xros`s p`a`tnbbne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne .......... ......... . Cnkjnr <.>0 Xros`s p`ecurucne p`ecurucne tnend li \XN Kneccnr Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne ............ ......... ... ......... ............ .. Cnkjnr <.>7 ]ist`k p`eutup tnend \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................... Cnkjnr <.>3 X`ecoandne cns k`tne \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................. .. Cnkjnr <.>4 Prutne p`ecoandne cns k`tne \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ....... .......... ................... ............ .. Cnkjnr <.>9 ]ist`k nir aieli \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................... Cnkjnr <.:8 Jncne p`ecoandne nir aieli \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ............. ......... .... Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne ................ ......... ....... Cnkjnr <.:> Peit p`ecoandne nir aieli \XN Kneccnr Cnkjnr :.> Cnkjnr :.: Cnkjnr :.= Cnkjnr :.< Cnkjnr =.> Cnkjnr =.: Cnkjnr <.> Cnkjnr <.: Cnkjnr <.= Cnkjnr <.< Cnkjnr <.0 Cnkjnr <.7 Cnkjnr <.3 Cnkjnr <.4 Cnkjnr <.9 Cnkjnr <.>8 Cnkjnr <.>>
vii
0 7 3 >: >= >< >4 >9 :: :< :< :7 :7 :3 :4 :9 => => =: =: =: =< =0 =7 =3 =4 =9
LNG\NZ \NJ@A \nj`a =.> \nj`a <.> \nj`a <.: \nj`a <.= \nj`a <.<
Z`emnen b`cintne Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne ................... ......... ................... ................ ....... Fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>8 ” :8>7 ................ ......... ....... Xroy`bsi fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>3 ” :8:0 .. X`rdituecne tikjuane snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>8 ” :8>7 ................................. ................................................. .................................. .................................. ........................ ........ Xroy`bsi j`rnt snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>3 ” :8:0 .........
viii
>3 :8 :> :: :=
LNG\NZ ANKXIZNE
Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne tndue :88: ” :8>7.. Ankpirne > J`rnt snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr p`eikjnecne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne tndue Ankpirne : Dnsia p`eikjnecne :8>7 ............................... ............................................... .................................. .................................. ........................ ........ Ankpirne = J`rnt snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne p`riol` Ncustus :8>7 ” Fuai :8>3 ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............... ...... .......... ............... ...... Ankpirne < X`tn Aobnsi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne \ndnp I ................... ......... ............... ...... Ankpirne 0 X`tn Aobnsi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne \ndnp II .................. Aobnsi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne \ndnp III ................... .......... ............. .... Ankpirne 7 X`tn Aobnsi ......... ................. ....... Ankpirne 3 Knst`r pane PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ................... Anpnecne........... ................... .................. ........ Ankpirne 4 Gork pr`s`esi Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne.................... boesuatnsi Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne ................... .......... ................... ............... ..... Ankpirne 9 Bnrtu boesuatnsi
ix
<= << <0 <7 <3 <4 <9 08 0>
JNJ I X@ELNDPAPNE >.> Antnr J`anbnec
K`eurut Pelnec-Pelnec Eo. >4 \ndue :884, ]nkpnd nlnand sisn b`cint ne s`dnri-dnri kneusin lne/ntnu pros`s nank ynec j`rj`etub pnlnt. X`rtnkjndne fukand p`elulub, p`eiecbntne nbtivitns kneusin, lne p`rujndne cnyn dilup ynec a`jid kol`re k`ecnbijntbne p`eiecbntne fukand snkpnd ynec lidnsiabne. Dna iei k`ecnbijntbne p`eukpubne snkpnd ynec tilnb lnpnt liurnibne oa`d nank s`dieccn k`eikjuabne p`em`knrne. J`rlnsnrbne dna t`rs`jut, lip`raubne suntu sist`k p`ec`aoanne snkpnd pnln suntu ln`rnd. J`citu puan l`ecne wianynd Botn Jnaibpnpne, s`iriec j`rtnkjndeyn fukand p`elulub knbn j`rtnkjnd puan snkpn d ynec lidnsiabne. \ieccieyn nbtivitns p`elulub li Botn Jnaibpnpne s`mnrn tilnb anecsuec nbne k`kp`ecnrudi fukand snkpnd ynec lidnsiabne s`tinp dnrieyn. ]nand sntu k`tol` p`eikjuene ntnu p`kusendne snkpnd ynec ukuk li Ieloe`sin nlnand l`ecne k`tol` anelgiaa ntnu p`eikjuene lnrnt. X`kusendne snkpnd l`ecne k`tol` anelgiaa nlnand nlnand k`kjunec lne k`eukpub snkpnd b` suntu aobnsi ynec m`buec, k`knlntbne snkpnd t`rs`jut b`kuline k`eutupeyn l`ecne tnend (]`fnti, :889). K`eurut Lnkneduri (:88=), k`tol` iei lipiaid bnr`en k`kiaibi j`j`rnpn b`uetuecne linetnrneyn jinyn usndn lne iev`stnsi r`elnd s`rtn lnpnt k`e`rikn j`rjncni knmnk snkpnd. Peit X`anbsnen \`beis Ln`rnd (PX\L) \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir (\XN) ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne k`rupnbne t`kpnt p`ec`aoanne snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne ynec t`ra`tnb li B`aurndne Kneccnr, B`mnkntne Jnaibpnpne \ikur, >
:
Botn Jnaibpnpne. ]`suni l`ecne guecsieyn s`jncni \XN, t`kpnt iei k`kiaibi tufune uetub k`em`cnd p`em`knrne aiecbuecne nbijnt snkpnd lne k`eiecbntbne bunaitns b`j`rsidne lne aiecbuecne dilup, bdususeyn uetub Botn Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7). ]`fnane l`ecne tufune t`rs`jut, PX\L \XN Kneccnr fucn t`rlnpnt iestnansi p`ecoandne nir aikjnd lne p`ecoand cns k`tne. Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne (XBA) k`rupnbne kntn buaind wnfij pnln buribuauk procrnk stuli strntn sntu (]->) Iaku lne \`beoaoci Aiecbuecne Peiv`rsitns Niraneccn. \ufune lnri kntn buaind iei nlnand uetub k`kj`bnai kndnsiswn ynec s`anefuteyn lnpnt k`e`rnpbne jilnec b`iakuneeyn ynec lilnpnt lnri t`kpnt buaind li luein b`rfn. Oa`d bnr`en itu, PX\L \XN Kneccnr Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lipiaid k`efnli snand sntu t`kpnt lianbubneeyn XBA kndnsiswn ]> Iaku lne \`beoaoci Aiecbuecne, Aiecbuecne, Peiv`rsitns Niraneccn Nir aneccn ynec bnitneeyn l`ecne p`ec`aoanne snkpnd ynec t`and lianbubne bnr`en t`and k`kiaibi sist` k p`ec`aoanne snkpnd. >.: Zukusne Knsnand
Zukusne knsnand pnln prnbt`b b`rfn anpnecne iei nlnand6 >.
Npn snfn f`eis snkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne?
:.
Jncniknen p`ec`aoanne snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne?
=.
Npnbnd k`tol` p`eikjuene snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne s`suni l`ecne k`tol` sneitnry k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa ?
>.= \ufune
\ufune lnri prnbt`b b`rfn anpnecne iei nlnand6
=
>.
Kndnsiswn lnpnt k`ec`tndui f`eis snkpnd ynec nln li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne.
:.
Kndnsiswn lnpnt k`ec`tndui p`ec`aoanne snkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne.
=.
Kndnsiswn lnpnt k`ec`tndui npnbnd k`tol` p`eikjuene snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne sulnd s`suni l`ecne k`tol` sneitnry k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa .
>.< Knegnnt
Knegnnt lnri p`anbsnenne prnbt`b b`rfn anpnecne iei nlnand6 >.
Kndnsiswn lnpnt k`ec`tndui boelisi aiecbuecne b`rfn, k`ecibuti b`cintne ielustri s`mnrn anecsuec, lne k`ecnpaibnsibne iaku-iaku ynec lilnpntbne li jnecbu p`rbuaindne uetub lit`rnpbne li luein b`rfn. B`cintne prnbt`b b`rfn anpnecne iei j`rknegnnt uetub k`enkjnd p`ec`tndune k`ec`eni pros`s p`ec`aoanne snkpnd ynec lianbubne lianbubne oa`d PX\L \XN Kneccnr Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne.
:.
X`rcurune \iecci k`elnpntbne iegorknsi k`ec`eni p`ec`aoanne snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne s`dieccn lnpnt k`kj`ribne iegorknsi lne r`g`r`esi uetub b`cintne p`ecnfnrne.
=.
K`kj`ribne iegorknsi b`pnln pidnb p`rusndnne uetub lnpnt licuenbne s`jncni p`rtikjnecne p`e`aitine lne bnfine s`anefuteyn ynec j`rdujuecne l`ecne p`ec`aoanne snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne.
JNJ II \IEFNPNE XP]\NBN
:.>. Xrogia PX\L \XN ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
Xrogia Peit X`anbsnen \`beis Ln`rnd (PX\L) \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir (\XN) ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne t`rliri lnri s`fnrnd, aobnsi, visi, kisi, anelnsne dubuk p`ec`aoanne p`ec`aoanne p`rsnkpndne, lne strubtur orcneisnsi. :.>.> ]`fnrnd
PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne k`rupnbne t`kpnt p`ec`aoanne snkpnd ynec j`rnln lijnwnd Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne. PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne liliribne p`rtnkn bnai pnln tndue >993 l`ecne lnen lnri Bnaiknetne Prjne L`v`aopk`et Xrof`mt (BPLX). ]`anie k`em`cnd p`em`knrne aiecbuecne nbijnt snkpnd lne k`emiptnbne bunaitns aiecbuecne dilup ynec j`rsid, PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne fucn k`kj`ribne knegnnt s`jncni snrnen `lubnsi jnib jnci p`anfnr knupue kndnsiswn k`ec`eni p`etieceyn p`ecoandne aikjnd snkpnd lne k`emiptnbne anpnecne p`b`rfnne jnci knsynrnbnt s`bitnr (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7). X`kjnecuene PX\L \XN ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lijnci k`efnli ticn tndnp. \ndnp p`rtnkn lijnecue pnln tndue >994 lnri andne s`auns :0,> d`btnr kiaib X`k`rietnd Botn Jnaibpnpne. Andne t`rs`jut liguecsibne pnln tneccna >= G`jrunri :88: snkpni >: Knr`t :884 l`ecne auns andne p`eukpubne zoen I s`j`snr :,7 d`btnr. Voen II lijnecue pnln tndue :883 liknen p`elnenneeyn j`rnsna lnri NXJL. Voen t`rs`jut liguecsibne pnln tneccna >= Knr`t :884 snkpni >= Knr`t :8>< l`ecne auns zoen p`eukpubne = d`btnr. Voen III lijnecue pnln tndue :8>= <
0
l`ecne lnen lnri NXJL Xroviesi lne liguecsibne kuani tneccna >< Knr`t :8>< snkpni s`bnrnec. Auns andne p`eukpubne zoen III nlnand s`j`snr :,> d`btnr. X`kjncine zoen \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr :.> (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7).
Cnkjnr :.> X`kjncine zoen PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7) :.>.: Aobnsi
PX\L \XN ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne k`rupnbne t`kpnt p`ec`aoanne snkpnd ynec k`ec`aoan snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne. \`kpnt iei j`raobnsi li Fnane Xrobanknsi Eo. :4 Z\. =7, B`aurndne Kneccnr, B`mnkntne Jnaibpnpne \ikur, Botn Jnaibpnpne, Xroviesi Bnaiknetne \ikur. ]nkpni tndue :8>0, totna andne \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne nlnand s`auns <: d`btnr. Cnkjnr aobnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr :.: (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7).
7
Cnkjnr :.: Aobnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7) :.>.= Wisi, kisi, lne anelnsne dubuk p`ec`aoanne p`rsnkpndne p`rsnkpndne
PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne k`kiaibi visi uetub k`wufulbne \XN ]nkpnd Kneccnr k`efnli snrnen prolubsi, `lubnsi, lne r`br`nsi. ]`lnecbne kisi lnri PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lifnjnrbne s`jncni j`ribut (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)6 >)
K`eiecbntbne p`anbsnenne p`kros`sne snkpnd s`suni l`ecne stnelnr op`rnsioena pros`lur (]OX)
:)
K`emiptnbne aiecbuecne \XN Kneccnr ynec j`rsid, s`dnt, lne t`rfncneyn b`s`ikjnecne `boaocis
=)
K`eiecbntbne bunaitns ]LK li aiecbuecne \XN Kneccnr
<)
K`eiecbntbne snrnen lne prnsnrnen li \XN Kneccnr
0)
K`eiecbntbne fnriecne b`rfnsnkn aietns s`btor lne swnstn
Anelnsne dubuk p`ec`aoanne p`rsnkpndne PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne nlnand j`rlnsnrbne lnri (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)6
3
>) X`rnturne Ln`rnd Botn Jnaibpnpne Eo. >3 \ndue :884 t`etnec X`kj`etubne Orcneisnsi Liens-Liens :) X`rnturne Ln`rnd Botn Jnaibpnpne Eo. >= \ndue :8>0 t`etnec X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd Zuknd \neccn lne ]nkpnd ]`f`eis ]nkpnd Zuknd \neccn =) X`rnturne Ln`rnd Botn Jnaibpnpne Eo. 9 \ndue :8>> \`etnec Z`trijusi X`anynene X`rsnkpndne/B`j`rsidne :.>.< ]trubtur orcneisnsi
]trubtur orcneisnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne t`rliri lnri b`pnan PX\ lne b`aokpob fnjntne ynec lisusue s`mnrn guecsioena s`rtn orcneisnsi ueitueit s`mnrn livisioena, ynitu ueit p`kros`sne nbdir snkpnd, p`ec`aoanne IXNA lne IXA\, p`ec`aoanne =Z lne p`knegnntne cns k`tnen, s`rtn tntn usndn. ]`mnrn lincrnk, strubtur orcneisnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr :.=.
Cnkjnr :.= ]trubtur orcneisnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)
4
:.:. \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir ]nkpnd
\`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir (\XN) k`rupnbne t`kpnt liknen snkpnd k`emnpni tndnp t`rnbdir lnank p`ec`aoanneeyn s`fnb kuani tikjua li sukj`r, p`ecukpuane, p`kielndne/p`ecnecbutne p`kielndne/p`ecnecbutne,, p`ecoandne lne p`kjunecne. \XN k`rupnbne t`kpnt liknen snkpnd liisoansi s`mnrn nkne ncnr tilnb k`eikjuabne cneccune t`rdnlnp aiecbuecne s`bitnreyn. Bnr`eneyn lip`raubne p`ey`linne gnsiaitns lne p`ranbune ynec j`enr ncnr b`nknene t`rs`jut lnpnt limnpni l`ecne jnib (Nki`e, :8>>). J`rlnsnrbne lntn lnri ]tntus Aiecbuecne Dilup Ieloe`sin (]ADI) tndue :883 t`etnec boelisi \XN li Ieloe`sin, s`jncine j`snr k`rupnbne t`kpnt p`eikjuene snkpnd t`rjubn ( op`e lukpiec ) s`dieccn k`eikjuabne knsnand p`em`knrne pnln aiecbuecne. Lntn k`eyntnbne jndwn 98% \XN liop`rnsibne l`ecne op`e lukpiec lne lne dneyn >8% ynec liop`rnsibne liop`rnsibne l`ecne moetroaa`l anelgiaa lne sneitnry lne sneitnry anelgiaa (B`k`et`rine (B`k`et`rine Aiecbuecne Dilup Z`pujaib Ieloe`sin, :884). \XN wnfij lia`ecbnpi l`ecne zoen p`eyneccn lne k`tol` p`kjunecne nbdireyn lianbubne s`mnrn sneitnry s`mnrn sneitnry anelgiaa (botn (botn j`snr/k`tropoaitne) lne moetroaa`l anelgiaa (botn (botn s`lnec/b`mia). X`rau lianbubne p`knetnune bunaitns dnsia p` ecoandne a`nmdnt` a`nmdnt` (nir aikjnd) li jncine `gau`e s`mnrn j`rbnan. Z`cuansi j`rlnsnrbne Pelnec-Pelnec Eo. >4 \ndue :884 k`ecisynrntbne b`t`etune p`eutupne \XN op`e lukpiec k`efnli sneitnry anelgiaa lnank wnbtu 0 (aikn) tndue, s`dieccn lip`raubne j`rjncni upnyn uetub k`anbubne r`vitnaisns r`vitnaisnsii \XN (Nki`e, :8>>). Aieli (a`nmdnt` (a`nmdnt`)) s`eliri k`rupnbne aikjnd mnir ynec lidnsiabne b`tibn nir dufne fntud, k`ecnair lne k`r`snp b` lnank snkpnd. Nir aikjnd iei k`kjnwn
9
knt`rina t`ranrut ynec lilnpnt lnri snkpnd ynec lia`wntieyn. Xnln ukukeyn a`nmdnt` j`rsignt a`nmdnt` j`rsignt nsnk, bnyn nbne jndne orcneib ynec j`rsignt nsnk, k`ecneluec ioe suagnt, lne k`kpueyni boes`etrnsi aocnk ynec tiecci. A`nmdnt` A`nmdnt` k`kpueyni jnu ynec bdns ynec tilnb s`lnp. Npnjian a`nmdnt` a`nmdnt` k`r`snp b` lnank tnend lne k`em`knri nir tnend, knbn sukj`r nir li s`b`aiaiec anelgiaa nbne nbne k`efnli t`rm`knr puan (Nai, :8>>). \XN ynec luau k`rupnbne t`kpnt t` kpnt p`kjunecne nbdir, j`rlnsnrbne PelnecPelnec Eo. >4 \ndue :884, p`ec`rtineeyn k`efnli t`kpnt p`kros`sne nbdir. \XN lil`gieisibne s`jncni p`kros`sne nbdir snkpnd lnank j`etub p`ec`kjnaine snkpnd lne/ntnu r`silu dnsia p`ecoandne s`j`aukeyn b` k`lin aiecbuecne s`mnrn nkne. ]`anie itu li aobnsi p`kros`sne nbdir tilnb dneyn nln pros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd t`tnpi fucn wnfij t`rlnpnt < (`kpnt) nbtivitns utnkn p`enecnene snkpnd li aobnsi \XN, ynitu (Nki`e, :8>>)6 >) X`kiandne snkpnd :) Lnur-uanec snkpnd eoe-dnynti (neorcneib) =) X`ecokposne snkpnd dnynti (orcneib) <) X`ecurucne/p`eikjuene snkpnd r`silu li aobnsi p`ecurucne ntnu p`eikjuene (anelgiaa (anelgiaa )
]neitnry ry A nelgi elgiaa aa :.=. ]neitn Anelgiaa k`rupnbne k`rupnbne suntu b`cintne p`eikjuene snkpnd pnlnt pnln tnend. Fibn tnend k`kiaibi kubn nir ynec mubup lnank, tnend jisn licnai, lne snkpnd jisn litikjue lilnankeyn. K`tol` iei b`kuline lib`kjnecbne k`efnli sneitnry anelgiaa ynitu p`eikjuene snkpnd l`ecne mnrn ynec s`dnt lne tilnb k`em`knri
>8
aiecbuecne. ]neitnry anelgiaa lil`gieisibne s`jncni sist`k p`eikjuene snkpnd s`mnrn s`dnt liknen snkpnd lijunec li t`kpnt ynec r`elnd ntnu pnrit ynec licnai uetub k`enkpuec snkpnd, anau snkpnd litikjue l`ecne tnend ynec lianbubne anpis l`ki anpis s`l`kibine rupn s`dieccn snkpnd tilnb j`rnln li nank t`rjubn (\mdojneocaous lne Br`itd, :88:). K`eurut Nki`e (:8>>), pnln priesipeyn anelgiaa lijutudbne lijutudbne bnr`en6 bnr `en6 >)
X`ecurnecne aikjnd li sukj`r, sukj`r, lnur uanec ntnu kieiknsi aikjnd tilnb lnpnt k`eyiecbirbne s`aurud aikjnd.
:)
X`ecoandne aikjnd jinsneyn k`ecdnsiabne k`ecdnsiabne r`silu ynec dnrus litnecnei a`jid anefut.
=)
Bnlnecbnan aikjnd suait liurnibne s`mnrn jioaocis, suait lioand s`mnrn bikin, ntnu suait uetub lijnbnr
J`j`rnpn dna ynec snecnt lip`rdntibne lnank op`rnsioena sneitnry anelgiaa anelgi aa nlnand nlneyn p`ec`elnaine p`em`knrne ynec kuecbie tikjua s`ankn o p`rnsioena lnri anelgiaa s`p`rti nlneyn p`ec`elnaine cns, p`ecoandne a`nmdnt` a`nmdnt` lne tnend p`eutup ynec j`rguecsi j`rguecsi k`em`cnd dilupeyn v`btor v`btor p`eynbit. J`rlnsnrbne p`a`tnbbne snkpnd li lnank sneitnry lnank sneitnry anelgiaa , knbn bansigibnsi lnri anelgiaa lnpnt lnpnt lij`lnbne k`efnli (\mdojneocaous lne Br`itd, :88:)6 >)
K`ecisi a`kjnd ntnu m`buecne. K`tol` iei jinsn licuenbne uetub p`eikjuene p`eikjuene snkpnd ynec lianbubne
pnln ln`rnd a`kjnd, s`p`rti t`jiec, furnec, furnec, m`buecne b`riec, lne j`bns cnaine. K`tol` iei lib`ena l`ecne l`pr`ssioe k`tdol . \`beib p`a`tnbne lne p`knlntne snkpnd t`rcnetuec pnln f`eis knt`rina p`eutup ynec t`rs`lin,
>>
boelisi c`oaoci lne dilroaoci aobnsi, tip` t ip` gnsiaitns p`ecoetroane a`nmdnt` lne a`nmdnt` lne cns ynec licuenbne, lne snrnen k`eufu aobnsi. :)
K`ecupns andne s`mnrn j`rtndnp X`ecupnsne k`kj`etub pnrit-pnrit t`kpnt p`eikjuene snkpnd lib`ena
s`jncni tr`emd k`tdol . K`tol` iei licuenbne pnln nr`n ynec k`kiaibi kubn nir tnend ynec lnank. Nr`n ynec licuenbne licnai lne lianpisi l`ecne jndne ynec jinsneyn t`rjunt lnri k`kjrne siet`tis, tnend aint l`ecne p`rk`njiaitns ynec r`elnd (aow-p`rk`njiaity (aow-p`rk`njiaity many), many), ntnu bokjiensi b`luneyn, uetub k`kjntnsi p`rc`rnbne a`nmdnt` lne a`nmdnt` lne cnseyn. =)
K`eikjue snkpnd li ntns andne. Xnln ln`rnd ynec lntnr, l`ecne kubn nir tnend tiecci, lianbubne
l`ecne mnrn k`eikjue snkpnd li ntns andne. Mnrn iei lib`ena s`jncni nr`n k`tdol . ]nkpnd lijunec k`ey`jnr k`knefnec pnln p`rkubnne tnend, lne tinp anpis lnank pros`s p`ecisine (jinsneyn p`r > dnri), anpisne lipnlntbne, lne litutup l`ecne knt`rina p`eutup s`t`jna >0-=8 mk. Auns nr`n p`ey`jnrne j`rvnrinsi t`rcnetuec pnln voauk` tikjuane snkpnd lne auns andne ynec t`rs`lin. J`j`rnpn p`e`aitine lne p`r`emnenne sneitnry p`r`emnenne sneitnry anelgiaa k`anbubne j`rjncni upnyn ieovnsi uetub k`kp`rjnibi pros`s l`crnlnsi snkpnd l i lnank anelgiaa , netnrn anie (Nki`e, :8>>)6 >) Anelgiaa s`ki nen`rojim, nen`rojim, ynec j`rguecsi uetub k`kp`rm`pnt pros`s l`crnlnsi snkpnd lne k`ecurneci lnkpnb e`cntig lnri a`nmdnt` l`ecne k`anbubne pros`s r`sirbuansi a`nmdnt` a`nmdnt` b` lnank tukpubne
>:
snkpnd. A`nmdnt` A`nmdnt` lineccnp s`jncni eutrisi s`jncni sukj`r knbnene jnci kiboorcneisk` li lnank lnank snkpnd. :) Anelgiaa n`rojim, n`rojim, l`ecne k`enkjndbne obsic`e b` lnank tukpubne snkpnd li sneitnry anelgiaa ynec j`rguecsi k`kp`rm`pnt pros`s l`crnlnsi snkpnd s`dieccn k`elnpntbne knt`rina stnjia s`p`rti bokpos. =) Z`usnja` anelgiaa ntnu anelgiaa kieiec nel r`mankntioe. r`mankntioe . L`gieisi lnri pros`s
iei
nlnand
s`jund
j`rb`sienkjuecne l`ecne
sist`k
p`ecoandne
k`eccuenbne k`tol`
snkpnd
ynec
supani runec
p`enkpuecne p`enkpuecne snkpnd. Xros`s iei s`riec s `riec licuenbne lnank ln ank r`vitnaisns i \XN, liknen knt`rina ynec lnpnt licnai lnri \XN ynec ankn nbne liknegnntbne. J`bns cnaine \XN nbne lirnemnec uetub k`e`rikn snkpnd b`kjnai l`ecne boes`p sneitnry boes`p sneitnry anelgiaa . Bansigibnsi anelgiaa j`rlnsnrbne k`tol` p`a`tnbbne snkpnd lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr :.<
j`rlnsnrbne k`tol` p`a`tnbbne snkpnd6 Cnkjnr :.< Bansigibnsi anelgiaa j`rlnsnrbne (n) \r`emd k`tdol 2 (j) Nr`n (j) Nr`n k`tdol 2 (m) L`pr`ssioe (m) L`pr`ssioe k`tdol (\mdojneocaous lne Br`itd, :88:)
JNJ III K@\OL@ XZNB\@B B@ZFN ANXNECNE
=.> \`kpnt lne Snbtu Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne
\`kpnt lne wnbtu p`anbsnenne b`cintne Xrnbt`b Xr nbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne (XBA) nlnand s`jncni j`ribut. =.>.> \`kpnt p`anbsnenne
\`kpnt p`anbsnenne XBA ynitu li Peit X`anbsnen \`beis Ln`rnd (PX\L) \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir (\XN) ]nkpnd Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ynec t`ra`tnb li Fnane Xrobanknsi Eo. :4 Z\. =7, B`aurndne Kneccnr, B`mnkntne Jnaibpnpne \ikur, Botn Jnaibpnpne, Xroviesi Bnaiknetne \ikur. Aobnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr =.>.
Cnkjnr =.> Aobnsi PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)
>=
><
=.>.: Snbtu p`anbsnenne
XBA lianbsnenbne lianbsnenbne s`ankn < (`kpnt) kieccu kieccu kuani >3 Fuai Fuai s.l. >> Ncustus Ncustus :8>3 pnln dnri ]`eie-Fuknt l`ecne k`ecibuti fnk b`rfn.
=.: K`tol` B`rfn
\ndnpne s`ankn XBA lisusue s`mnrn sist`kntis, s`p`rti pnln Cnkjnr =.:. Bnfine XBA6 Bnfine X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
]tuli ait`rntur ynec s`suni6 >. Xrogia PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne :. \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir (\XN) snkpnd =. ]neitnry anelgiaa Ori`etnsi lne ojs`rvnsi nwna b`cintne XBA Xros`s p`ecukpuane lntn li PX\L \XN Kneccnr6 >. F`eis lne j`rnt snkpnd :. \`beis p`ec`aoanne snkpnd Nenaisis lntn6 >. Xroy`bsi fukand p`elulub :. Xroy`bsi snkpnd
X`eyusuene anporne Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne Cnkjnr =.: B`rnecbn op`rnsioena XBA
=.:.>
Bnfine Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne
Bnfine lnri XBA iei nlnand t`etnec p`eikjuene snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne l`ecne k`tol` sneitnry k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa .
>0
=.:.:
]tuli ait`rntur
K`anaui
lntn-lntn
ynec
lip`roa`d
lne
p`rknsnandne
ynec
t`and
liil`etigibnsi, s`anefuteyn lianbubne stuli ait`rntur t`rbnit l`ecne p`eikjuene snkpnd k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa . Lnri stuli ait`rntur iei lidnrnpbne p`kjndnsne s`anefuteyn k`efnli a`jid sp`sigib lne r`a`vne l`ecne lisipaie iaku ynec j`ranbu. =.:.=
Ori`etnsi lne ojs`rvnsi nwna
X`ec`enane s`mnrn ukuk k`ec`eni aobnsi aobnsi b`rfn prnbt`b, s`jncni p`rkuanne p`rkuanne j`etub nlnptnsi t`rdnlnp b`s`aurudne sist`k ynec nln li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne, kuani lnri s`fnrnd j`rlirieyn p`rusndnne, aobnsi ynec k`aiputi auns andne lne jnecuene, gnsiaitns ynec lis`linbne jnib jnci s`aurud `a`k`e p`cnwni knupue p`anbsnen b`rfn prnbt`b, strubtur orcneisnsi, b`t`encnb`rfnne, s`rtn pidnb pidnb ynec j`rtielnb s`jncni p`kjikjiec s`ankn b`rfn prnbt`b. X`eiefnune lianbubne pnln aobnsi b`cintne ynec t`and lis`sunibne l`ecne jndne bnfine lnank prnbt`b b`rfn anpnecne. =.:.<
X`ecukpuane X`ecukpuane lntn
Lntn licuenbne uetub k`eyusue anporne lne jubti t`and k`anbsnenbne XBA li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne. X`ecukpuane lntn lianbubne l`ecne mnrn p`knetnune anecsuec li anpnecne, lisbusi, ntnu wnwnemnrn l`ecne bnrynwne s`t`kpnt s`rtn p`ecukpuane lntn-lntn s`buel`r ynec j`rdujuecne. X`ecukpuane lntn iei lijnwnd jikjiecne lne pnetnune lnri p`kjikjiec anpnecne. Lntn ynec lijutudbne lnri XBA iei nlnand lntn t`etnec f`eis snkpnd ynec lib`aoan j`s`rtn t`beis p`eikjueneeyn l`ecne k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne.
>7
=.:.0
Nenaisis lntn
]`j`auk k`anbubne proy`bsi snkpnd, dna ynec p`rau lianbubne t`ra`jid lnduau nlnand k`emnri lntn fukand p`elulub li suntu botn lnri burue wnbtu tndue b` tndue t`rt`etu. B`kuline, fukand p`elulub liproy`bsibne dieccn j`j`rnpn tndue k`elntnec. Lntn s`buel`r ynec lip`roa`d lnri jnlne pusnt stntistib s`p`rti lntn fukand p`elulub lne anfu p`rtukjudne p`elulub licuenbne licuenbne uetub k`kjunt proy`bsi p`rtukjudne p`elulub >8 tndue ynec nbne lntnec. Lntn proy`bsi p`elulub ynec lip`roa`d b`kuline licuenbne uetub k`ecdituec k`ecdituec proy`bsi tikjuane snkpnd. Xroy`bsi p`elulub snand sntueyn lnpnt k`eccuenbne k`tol` `bspoe`esina l`ecne rukus s`jncni j`ribut j`r ibut (Biswnelnynei, lbb., :8>7)6
; 8
(=.>)
; > ae ( )
(=.:)
liknen Xt
6 Fukand p`elulub pnln tndue b`-e
X8
6 Fukand p`elulub pnln tndue lnsnr
`
6 Jianecne `bspoe`esina
r
6 Anfu p`rtukjudne p`elulub
t
6 Fnecbn wnbtu
=.:.7
X`eyusuene anporne
B`cintne p`eyusuene anporne lisusue s`fnb nwna Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne snkpni j`rnbdireyn Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne. Anporne Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne j`risi t`etnec tiefnune pustnbn ynec k`elubuec k`elubuec stuli, k`toloaoci p`anbsnenne, lntn s`buel`r, lntn dnsia ojs`rvnsi, nenaisn lnt n lne p`kjndnsne, s`rtn b`sikpuane
>3
lne snrne-snrne ynec lnpnt lij`ribne ynec j`rbnitne l`ecne p`rknsnandne ynec lit`kui pnln snnt Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne.
=.= Fnlwna X`anbsnenne
Fnlwna p`anbsnenne b`cintne XBA lnpnt liorcneisir lne lifnlwnabne ncnr lnpnt j`rfnane `g`btig lne `gisi`e. Knbn lnri itu lisusue fnlwna b`cintne lnank p`anbsnne b`cintne XBA ynec lnpnt liaidnt liaidnt pnln \nj`a =.>. \nj`a =.> Z`emnen b`cintne Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne Eo.
B`cintne
>
]tuli ait`rntur
:
Ori`etnsi lne ojs`rvnsi nwna XBA
=
Xros`s p`ecukpuane lntn
<
X`eyusuene anporne XBA
Kieccu B`I
II
III
IW
JNJ IW X@KJNDN]NE
<.> \ikjuane lne Bokposisi ]nkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne
]nkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne linenaisis t`ra`jid lnduau j`rlnsnrbne j`rnt snkpnd ynec knsub b` \XN. Kuan-kuan j`rnt snkpnd p`r tndue ynec knsub linenaisis fukandeyn, b`kuline linenaisis fukand j`rnt snkpnd ynec knsub p`r juaneeyn. ]`t`and itu, proy`bsi snkpnd ynec lidnsiabne lnank wnbtu j`j`rnpn tndue b` l`pne lnpnt lib`tndui l`ecne k`emnri fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne, Jnaibpnpne, b`kuline k`kproy`bsibne k`kproy`bsibne fukand p`elulub j`j`rnpn t ndue b` l`pne, dieccn k`kproy`bsibne k`kproy`bsibne fukand snkpnd s`suni l`ecne l` ecne tikjuane snkpnd p`r ornec p`r dnri. ]`anefuteyn, bokposisi snkpnd ynec knsub b` \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne fucn linenaisis p`rs`etns`eyn t`rutnkn snkpnd orcneib b`kuline lijneliecbne l`ecne j`j`rnpn botn anie li Ieloe`sin. <.>.> J`rnt snkpnd
J`rnt snkpnd ynec knsub b` \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnri tndue :88: dieccn tndue :8>7 lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.> lne Ankpirne >. >78,888.88 ) ><8,888.88 e o >:8,888.88 \ ( d >88,888.88 n p 48,888.88 k n ] 78,888.88 t n r <8,888.88 ` J :8,888.88
8.88
\ndue
Cnkjnr <.> Crngib j`rnt snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
>4
>9
J`rlnsnrbne Cnkjnr <.>, snkpnd ynec knsub m`el`ruec k`ecnanki p`eiecbntne s`tinp s`tinp tndueeyn. tndueeyn. Dna t`rs`jut linbijntbne oa`d p`rtukjudne p`rtukjudne p`elulub p`elulub lne p`kjnecuene ynec nln li Botn Jnaibpnpne, s`dieccn npnjian fukand p`elulub k`eiecbnt, jinsneyn liibuti l`ecne p`eiecbntne fukand snkpnd ynec lidnsiabne. K`sbipue l`kibine, tilnb s`tinp tndue k`ecnanki p`eiecbntne fukand snkpnd ynec knsub. Kisnaeyn pnln tndue :8>0, snkpnd ynec knsub nlnand s`j`snr >=0.:0:,<3 toe, t`tnpi pnln tndue :8>7, snkpnd ynec knsub turue dieccn k`emnpni >=8.73>,7= toe. Dna iei lis`jnjbne oa`d nlneyn pros`s p`kiandne snkpnd lnri sukj`r s`rtn nlneyn jneb snkpnd ynec lnpnt k`ecurneci fukand snkpnd ynec knsub b` \XN. \XN. Dnsia p`eikjnecn p` eikjnecne e snkpnd ynec knsub b` \XN Kneccnr tinp juane juan e pnln p`riol` Ncustus :8>7 ” Fuai :8>3 lnpnt liaidnt li Cnkjnr <.: lne Ankpirne =. ) ><,888.88 e >:,888.88 o \ >8,888.88 ( d 4,888.88 n p 7,888.88 k n <,888.88 ] t :,888.88 n r 8.88 ` J
Juane
Cnkjnr <.: Crngib dnsia p`eikjnecne snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
J`rlnsnrbne Cnkjnr <.:, rntn-rntn snkpnd ynec lidnsiabne s`tinp juaneeyn kuani Ncustus Ncustus :8>7 dieccn Fuai :8>3 nlnand s`j`snr >8.=9<,<0 toe. ]`ankn burue wnbtu t`rs`jut, snkpnd pnaiec jneynb lidnsiabne lnank r`etnec Fuai :8>3 l`ecne
:8
j`rnt >>.794,7= >>.794,7= toe s`lnecbne ynec pnaiec pn aiec s`libit lidnsiabne pnln G`jrunri :8>3 l`ecne j`rnt 9.:38,=3 toe. <.>.: Xroy`bsi j`rnt snkpnd
\nj`a <.> k`euefubbne lntn fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne lnri tndue :8>8 dieccn tndue :8>7. \nj`a <.> Fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue t ndue :8>8 - :8>7 \ndue Fukand X`elulub (Fiwn) :8>8 078.34> :8>> 03:.>4< :8>: 04=.:3: :8>= 09<.=:: :8>< 780.897 :8>0 7>8.=>= :8>7 7>0.03< ]ukj`r6 Jnlne Xusnt ]tntistibn Botn Jnaibpnpne (:8>7)
]`t`and lilnpntbne fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne, dna ynec lnpnt lianbubne s`anefuteyn nlnand k`kproy`bsibne fukand p`elulub dieccn j`j`rnpn tndue ynec nbne lntnec. Lnank anporne iei, fukand p`elulub liproy`bsibne dieccn tndue :8:0. Lib`tndui pnln tndue :8>8, fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne s`jneynb 078.34> fiwn. Xnln tndue :8>7, fukand p`elulub p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne nlnand 7>0.03< fiwn. ]`t`and lib`tndui fukand fukand p`elulub p`elulub pnln pnln tndue lnsnr lne tndue tndue t`rnbdir, t`rnbdir, knbn lnpnt lidituec anfu p`rtukjudne p`elulubeyn s`jncni j`ribut6
> ) ; :8>7 ( ( :8>7 :8>8 :8>8 ; >7 ( (7>003< 07834>) ; 8,8>00 8,8>00
:>
Dnsia p`rdituecne lintns k`euefubbne jndwn eiani anfu p`rtukjudne p`elulub (r) Botn Jnaibpnpne Jnaibpnpne lnri tndue :8>8 snkpni :8>7 nlnand s`j`snr 8,8>00 ntnu >,00%. ]`t`and lib`tndui eiani anfu p`rtukjudne p`elulub, proy`bsi p`elulub dieccn j`j`rnpn tndue b` l`pne lnpnt lit`etubne.
; √ 9 ; 7>003< , ; 3833:0 J`rlnsnrbne dnsia p`rdituecne lintns, p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne pnln tndue :8:0 j`rlnsnrbne dnsia proy`bsi k`tol` `bspoe`esina nlnand s`jneynb 383.3:0 fiwn. Petub lnpnt k`ec`tndui proy`bsi fukand p`elulub pnln tndue s`j`auk :8:0, knbn lianbubne p`rdituecne l`ecne mnrn ynec snkn. Dna iei j`rtufune uetub k`ec`tndui eiani r`cr`si. \nj`a <.: k`euefubbne k`euefubbne dnsia proy`bsi fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne lnri tndue :8>3 dieccn :8:0 k`eccuenbne k`tol` `bspoe`esina. \nj`a <.: Xroy`bsi fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>3 - :8:0 \ndue :8>3 :8>4 :8>9 :8:8 :8:> :8:: :8:= :8:< :8:0
Xroy`bsi Xroy`bsi Fukand X`elulub (Fiwn) 7:0.>98 7=<.900 7<<.43< 70<.9<4 770.>34 730.079 747.>:: 797.4<8 383.3:0
J`rlnsnrbne dnsia proy`bsi fukand p`elulub pnln Cnkjnr <.=, lib`tndui jndwn fukand p`elulub pnln tndue lnsnr proy`bsi pro y`bsi (:8>3) (:8>3) s`jneynb >30.73: fiwn
::
lne pnln tndue nbdir proy`bsi (:8:0) ynitu k`efnli >40.7>8 fiwn l`ecne eiani r`cr`si (r) s`j`snr 8,993. 3:8,888
b u 3>8,888 l u l 388,888 e 798,888 ` X d 748,888 n 738,888 a k 778,888 u F i 708,888 s b ` 7<8,888 y o r 7=8,888 X
y ; :@-84`8.8>00x Zº ; 8.9993
7:8,888 :8>3
:8>4
:8>9
:8:8
:8:>
:8::
:8:=
:8:<
:8:0
\ndue
Jnaibpnpne Cnkjnr <.= Crngib proy`bsi fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne
X`rdituecne tikjuane snkpnd lnank sntune bc/ornec/dnri lilnpntbne lnri fukand snkpnd ynec knsub b` \XN tinp tndue lnank sntune toe b`kuline liboev`rsi b` sntune bc. ]`t`and ]`t`and itu, uetub k`elnpntbne k`elnpntbne tikjuane snkpnd p`r dnri, fukand snkpnd t `rs`jut lijnci l`ecne fukand dnri lnank snt u tndue. ]`anefuteyn, tikjuane snkpnd p`r dnri t`rs`jut lijnci l`ecne fukand p`elulub Botn Jnaibpnpne s`tinp tndueeyn uetub k`elnpntbne tikjuane snkpnd p`r ornec p`r dnri. Dnsia p`rdituecne tikjuane snkpnd dnrine Botn Jnaibpnpne lnank r`etnec tndue :8>8 ” :8>8 ” :8>7 :8>7 lnpnt liaidnt pnln \nj`a <.=. :8>7 \nj`a <.= X`rdituecne tikjuane snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>8 ” :8>7 \ndue
:8>8 :8>> :8>: :8>= :8>< :8>0
Fukand X`elulub (Fiwn)
J`rnt \otna ]nkpnd (\oe/\ndue)
J`rnt \otna ]nkpnd (bc/tndue)
078.34> 03:.>4< 04=.:3: 09<.=:: 780.897 7>8.=>=
>>:.947,48 >80.77>,>= >>0.:77,>: >:=.77<,43 >=:.99<,83 >=0.:0:,<3
>>:.947.488 >80.77>.>=8 >>0.:77.>:8 >:=.77<.438 >=:.99<.838 >=0.:0:.<38
J`rnt ]nkpnd Dnrine (bc/dnri) =89.00:,433 :49.<4:,0<4 =><.9=<,30< ==4.483,47= =7<.=73,=>0 =38.00<,3>:
\ikjuane ]nkpnd Dnrine (bc/ornec/dnri) 8,00: 8,087 8,0< 8,03 8,78: 8,783
:=
Anefutne \nj`a <.= :8>7
7>0.03<
>=8.73>,7= >=8.73>.7=8 Zntn-rntn
=03.8:7,=>>
8,04 8,070
J`rlnsnrbne \nj`a <.=, rntn-rntn tikjuane snkpnd dnrine Botn Jnaibpnpne nlnand 8,070 bc/ornec/dnri. Dnsia t`rs`jut licuenbne uetub k`kproy`bsibne j`rnt snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne lnank wnbtu j`j`rnpn tndue b` l`pne. Dnsia proy`bsi fukand tikjuane snkpnd li Botn Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln \nj`a <.< lne Cnkjnr <.= ynec k`euefubbne k`euefubbne t`rfnlieyn p`eiecbntne fukand tikjuane snkpnd pnln tndue :8>3 s`j`snr >:4.9:9,484 toe/tndue lne t`rus k`eiecbnt dieccn tndue :8:0 k`emnpni ><0.908,044 toe/tndue. Dnsia t`rs`jut lilnpntbne l`ecne mnrn proy`bsi fukand p`elulub tndue :8>3 dieccn tndue :8:0 libnaibne l`ecne tikjuane snkpnd dnrine Botn Jnaibpnpne s`j`snr 8,070 bc/ornec/dnri. Npnjian iecie liujnd sntuneeyn k`efnli toe/tndue, knbn dnsia tikjuane snkpnd (bc/dnri) libnaibne l`ecne =70 dnri b`kuline lijnci >888.
\nj`a <.< Xroy`bsi j`rnt snkpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>3 - :8:0 \ndue
:8>3 :8>4 :8>9 :8:8 :8:> :8:: :8:= :8:< :8:0
Xroy`bsi Fukand X`elulub (Fiwn)
7:0.>98 7=<.900 7<<.43< 70<.9<4 770.>34 730.079 747.>:: 797.4<8 383.3:0
Xroy`bsi J`rnt ]nkpnd (bc/dnri) =0=.:=:,=08 =04.3<9,030 =7<.=0=,4>8 =38.8<0,7:8 =30.4:0,038 =4>.797,<40 =43.704,9=8 =9=.3><,788 =99.47<,7:0
Xroy`bsi J`rnt ]nkpnd (toe/tndue) >:4.9:9,484 >=8.9<=,090 >=:.949,><> >=0.<=7,793 >=3.>37,=== >=9.=>9,:>3 ><>.<90,0>8 ><<.899,0<< ><0.908,044
:<
088888
d n p <88888 k n ] =88888 t n r ` :88888 J i s b >88888 ` y o r 8 X
:8>3
:8>4
:8>9
:8:8
:8:>
:8::
:8:=
:8:<
:8:0
\ndue bc/dnri
toe/tndue
Cnkjnr <.< Crngib proy`bsi j`rnt snkpnd sn kpnd Botn Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>3 ” :8>3 ” :8:0 :8:0
<.>.= Bokposisi ]nkpnd
Bokposisi snkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Kneccnr Kn eccnr Jnaibpnpne \ndue :8>7 lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.0
8.>7
>.93 >8.7: >:.:7 >=.0>
09.<
>.>9 8.89
8.4>
Orcneib
Bna`ec
Naukieiuk
Bnmn
B`rtns
Aocnk
Bnie
Anie-Anie
Xanstib
Cnkjnr <.0 Crngib bokposisi snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne tndue :8>7 (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)
J`rlnsnrbne Cnkjnr <.0, f`eis snkpnd ynec k`elokiensi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne nlnand snkpnd orcneib, l`ecne p`rs`etns` 09,<%. ]`anefuteyn, t`rlnpnt snkpnd panstib, b`rtns, lne snkpnd anie-anie ynec k`elokiensi pnln urutne b`lun, b`ticn, lne b``kpnt. Knsiec-knsiec s`j`snr >=,0>%, >:,:7%, lne
:0
>8,7:%. Dna iei s`suni l`ecne p`e`aitine ynec lianbubne oa`d Xrnkoeo (:88<) liknen pnln e`cnrn j`rb`kjnec s`p`rti Ieloe`sin, snkpnd orcneib k`rupnbne f`eis snkpnd ynec k`elokiensi k`elokiensi l`ecne rntn-rntn rntn-r ntn p`rs`etns` s`bitnr 0=,>7%. X`rs`etns` snkpnd orcneib li Botn Jnaibpnpne t`rcoaoec a`jid r`elnd lijneliecbne l`ecne j`j`rnpn botn anie li Ieloe`sin. Xnln j`j`rnpn botn li Ieloe`sin, s`p`rti li Botn Knliue, p`rs`etns` snkpnd orcneibeyn nlnand 70% (Biswnelnynei, lbb., :8>7). Botn K`lne k`kiaibi p`rs`etns` snkpnd orcneib s`j`snr 38,:% (]ngrizna, :8><). ]nkpnd orcneib li Bnjupnt`e Fokjnec k`kiaibi p`rs`etns` 7>% (Bnrien, lbb., :8>=). ]`lnecbne Botn Fnbnrtn ]`antne k`kiaibi p`rs`etns` snkpnd orcneib s`j`snr 7<,83% (Zinteo, lbb., :8>3). :8>3).
<.: X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
X`ec`aoanne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne k`aiputi zoensi, p`kjncine nr`n `g`btig p`ecurucne, sist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend, pros`lur p`kielndne snkpnd, pros`s pr os`s p`eikjuene snkpnd, sist`k p`eutup tnend, s`rtn s`r tn cns k`tne lne nir aieli.
sneitnry ry anel anelgi giaa aa \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne <.:.> Voensi sneitn \`rlnpnt 3 zoensi sneitnry anelgiaa li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne, liknen lnri zoensi t`rs`jut, > zoen k`rupnbne zoen nbtig (zoen II), : zoen tilnb nbtig (zo en I lne III), s`rtn < zoen lnank tndnp p`kjnecuene (zoen IW ” zoen WII). Xnln p`r`emnenneeyn, zoen II I I licuenb l icuenbne ne kuani tndue :884 snkpni l`ecne t ndue :8>=. Voen III lir`emnenbne licuenbne kuani tndue :8>< snkpni l`ecne tndue :8>9. Enkue pnln p`anbsnenneeyn, zoen III t`and k`efnli zoen tilnb nbtig s`k`efnb
:7
G`jrunri :8>7 lne zoen II licuenbne b`kjnai s`jncni andne sneitnry anelgiaa kuani Knr`t :8>7 dieccn snnt iei. Dna iei libnr`enbne pnln nwna tndue :8>7, zoen III sulnd k`ecnanki ov`r mnpnmity enkue mnpnmity enkue andne ynec lir`emnenbne uetub zoen t`rjnru knsid lnank tndnp p`kjnecuene. Voen II ynec knsid k`kiaibi nr`n uetub p`kjunecne nbdireyn nbdireyn licuenbne b`kjnai lne k`efnli k`efnli zoen ynec nbtig. Voen tilnb nbtig li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.7. Voen nbtig li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne ynec k`rupnbne zoen II lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.3. \ndnp p`kjnecuene zoen jnru ynbei zo en IW ” zoen zoen WII lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.4.
(n)
(j)
Cnkjnr <.7 Voen tilnb nbtig \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne6 (n) Voen I2 (j) Voen III
Cnkjnr <.3 Voen nbtig \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (zoen II)
:3
IW ” zoen zoen WII \XN Kneccnr Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Cnkjnr <.4 X`kjnecuene zoen IW ” <.:.: X`kjncine nr`n `g`btig p`ecurucne
Andne nr`n `g`btig uetub p`ecurucne snkpnd lijnci k`efnli j`j`rnpn zoen, ynec k`rupnbne p`endnpne p`knegnntne andne, jinsneyn lijntnsi l`ecne fnane op`rnsi ntnu p`eneln op`rnsioena anie, s`p`rti tneccua p`kjntns, ntnu sist`k p`ecukpua aieli. Voen op`rnsi k`rupnbne jncine lnri andne anelgiaa ynec pnln lnsnreyn licuenbne uetub fnecbn wnbtu pnefnec kisnaeyn > snkpni = tndue (Lnkneduri, :884). Xnln \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne s`eliri, s`tinp zoen op`rnsi lir`emnenbne uetub licuenbne s`ankn 0 snkpni 7 tndue. ]`tinp zoen op`rnsi fucn lijntnsi l`ecne fnane op`rnsi. Andne `g`btig s`anefuteyn lnpnt lijnci lnank suj-zoen ntnu jaob op`rnsi l`ecne a`jnr knsiec-knsiec s`bitnr :0 k. ]`tinp jncine t`rs`jut b`kuline lijnci k`efnli j`j`rnpn strip. X`ecurucne snkpnd dnrine lianbubne pnln strip ynec lit`etubne, ynec lis`jut worbiec gnm`. gnm`. ]`tinp worbiec gnm` jinsneyn gnm` jinsneyn k`kpueyni a`jnr knbsikuk :0 k, ynec k`rupnbne a`jnr s`a snkpnd. Jaob op`rnsi k`rupnbne jncine lnri andne anelgiaa ynec licuenbne uetub p`eikjuene snkpnd s`ankn p`riol` op`rnsi fnecbn k`e`ecnd k`e`ecnd kisnaeyn > ntnu : juane. Auns jaob jaob op`rnsi snkn
:4
l`ecne auns s`a libnaibne p`rjneliecne p`riol` op`rnsi. Iaustrnsi lnri p`kjncine andne `g`btig urucne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.9.
Cnkjnr <.9 X`kjncine nr`n `g`btig p`ecurucne (Lnkneduri, :884)
Xnln \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne, pnefnec lne a`jnr s`a snkpnd lit`etubne oa`d tikjuane snkpnd dnrine. Botn Jnaibpnpne s`eliri k`kiaibi tikjuane snkpnd dnrine burnec a`jid s`jneynb =04 toe. B`kuline necbn t`rs`jut lijuantbne b`ntns k`efnli <88 toe uetub p`r`emnenne fibn s`wnbtu-wnbtu tikjuane snkpnd dnrine k`a`jidi eorkna. ]`t`and itu, sntune knssn (toe) liboev`rsi b` sntune voauk` (k =). Fibn lib`tndui rntn-rntn l`esitns snkpnd botn pnln anelgiaa nlnand s`j`snr 8,<0 toe/k= (Kiaa`r, :883), knbn tikjuane snkpnd dnrine lnpnt lijnci l`ecne l`esitns snkpnd uetub k`elnpntbne voauk` snkpnd. ]`t`and itu, lilnpntbne dnsia voauk` snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne s`j`snr 444,449 k=. Dnsia iei lijuantbne b` ntns s`dieccn lilnpntbne voauk` 988 k =. ]`anefuteyn lnri dnsia necbn voauk` iei, libnr`enbne b`tieccine snkpnd ynec litikjue s`tinp anpiseyn ynitu : k, knbn pnefnec lne a`jnr s`a knsiec-knsiec j`rturut-turut j`rturut-turut nlnand s`bitnr ::,0 k lne :8 k. X`ecurucne snkpnd lianbubne l`ecne mnrn snkpnd lis`jnr lne lipnlntbne anpis p`r anpis snkpni b`t`jnane s`bitnr :,0 k ynec t`rliri lnri anpisne-anpisne
:9
snkpnd s`t`jna s`bitnr : k ynec lnpnt licians l`ecne juaaloz`r pnaiec tilnb s`jneynb < snkpni 7 ciansne. ]`tinp dnri litutup oa`d tnend p`eutup dnrine netnrn >0 ” =8 mk, s`dieccn k`efnli s`a-s`a snkpnd. ]`t`and t`rj`etub pnaiec tilnb 0 (aikn) anpisne, tikjuene t`rs`jut b`kuline litutup l`ecne tnend p`eutup netnrn s`t`jna >0 ” >0 ” =8 =8 mk. Li ntns tikjuene snkpnd lnank j`etub aigt t`rs`jut b`kuline liuruc snkpnd jnru k`kj`etub b`tieccine. Petub k`kp`rbunt b`stnjiane tikjuene, jntns netnrn : aigt t`rs`jut t`r s`jut lijunt t`rns`riec s`a`jnr : ” : ” = = k. <.:.= ]ist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend
]ist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend li \XN Jnaibpnpne likuani lnri tnend s`t`kpnt ynec lipnlntbne. \nend ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Jnaibpnpne k`rupnbne tnend aint (many (many)) s`dieccn licuenbne s`jncni anpisne pnaiec lnsnr. \nend aint t`rs`jut k`kiaibi b`lnankne > k`t`r. ]`t`and anpisne tnend lnsnr, t`rlnpnt anpisne c`ot`bstia 8,0 k`t`r, b`kuline lisusue b`kjnai oa`d tnend aint s`lnank 8,0 k`t`r. ]`t`and itu, t`rlnpnt anpisne c`ok`kjrne, snaurne pipn aieli DLX@ 8,: k`t`r, s`rtn anpisne borna 8,: k`t`r. Fibn p`anpisne lnsnr tnend sulnd lisusue knbn snkpnd lnpnt kuani litikjue lintnseyn dieccn nbdireyn litutupi l`ecne tnend p`eutup s`t`kpnt. ]ist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend t nend iei lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>8.
Cnkjnr <.>8 ]ist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
=8
<.:.< Xros`lur p`kielndne snkpnd
Anecbnd-anecbnd p`kielndne snkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Jnaibpnpne nlnand s`jncni j`ribut6 >)
B`elnrnne p`ecnecbut snkpnd knsub b` aobnsi \XN l`ecne t`ra`jid lnduau k`anpor b`pnln p`efncn
:)
X`efncn k`kj`ribne izie knsub
=)
K`anbubne p`emntntne b`elnrnne p`ecnecbut snkpnd l`ecne fukand snkpnd ynec litikjnec s`dieccn lilnpntbne j`rnt snkpnd lne b`elnrnne p`ecnecbuteyn.
<)
B`elnrnne k`knsubi aobnsi anelgiaa uetub k`anbubne p`kjunecne snkpnd s`mnrn k`bneis
0)
]nkpnd ynec t`and lib`aunrbne b`kuline lianbubne p`eikjuene l`ecne tnend ynec s`anefuteyn lipnlntbne
7)
B`elnrnne p`ecnecbut snkpnd k`eieccnabne aobnsi anelgiaa k`anaui aobnsi p`emumine b`elnrnne
3)
]`j`auk k`eieccnabne \XN, b`elnrnne p`ecnecbut snkpnd dnrus k`anaui p`eikjnecne b`elnrnne uetub lianbubne p`emntntne oa`d stng \XN, s`dieccn lilnpntbne j`rnt bosoec b`elnrnne.
4)
B`elnrnne ynec t`and j`rsid lnpnt k`eieccnabne aobnsi \XN.
Jncne urutne anecbnd-anecbnd p`kielndne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>>.
=>
Cnkjnr <.>> Anecbnd-anecbnd p`kielndne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7) <.:.0 Xros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd
Xros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd ynec lianbubne li \XN Jnaibpnpne nlnand s`jncni j`ribut6 >)
]nkpnd k`kj`etub s`a-s`a snkpnd ynec snaiec lijntnsi oa`d tnend p`eutup
:)
]`t`and p`ecurucne nbne k`kj`etub saop` k`kj`etub saop`
=)
X`ey`jnrne lne p`knlntne snkpnd j`ranwnene l`ecne b`kiriecne
Cnkjnrne lnri pros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt tnend p`eutup lne saop` lnpnt saop` lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>: lne Cnkjnr <.>=.
Cnkjnr <.>: X`kj`etubne s`a-s`a snkpnd (Lnkneduri, :884)
=:
Cnkjnr <.>= ]usuene tukpubne snkpnd \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
Xros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd lne p`eutupne tnend ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt knsiec-knsiec pnln Cnkjnr <.>< lne Cnkjnr <.>0.
(n)
(j)
Kn eccnr Jnaibpnpne6 Cnkjnr <.>< Xros`s p`a`tnbbne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr (n) X`ecurucne2 (j) X`rntnne
Jn aibpnpne Cnkjnr <.>0 Xros`s p`ecurucne tnend li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne
==
Anecbnd-anecbnd ynec lianbubne lnank pros`s sneitnry anelgiaa li \XN Jnaibpnpne nlnand s`jncni j`ribut6 >)
]nkpnd lia`tnbbne anpis p`ranpis snkpni b`tieccine k`emnpni : k`t`r.
:)
Prucne snkpnd k`kj`etub s`a-s`a lne k`kjutudbne b`t`aitine op`rnsi nant j`rnt ncnr t`rntur.
=)
B`pnlntne snkpnd limnpni l`ecne nant j`rnt jinsn (loz`r ( loz`r ntnu ntnu aonl`r ) lne k`emnpni 8,<0 toe/k= (Kiaa`r, :883).
<)
K`kjutudbne p`eutupne dnrine >0 - =8 mk, pnaiec tilnb lnank wnbtu <4 fnk.
0)
Boelisi li anpisne t`rntns j`rsignt n`roj (nln obsic`e) s`lnecbne jncine jnwnd nen`roj (tilnb nln obsic`e) obsic`e) s`dieccn lidnsiabne cns k`tne.
7)
Jncine-jncine snkpnd ynec j`snr lia`tnbbne li jnwnd ncnr tilnb t`rfnli roeccn.
<.:.7 ]ist`k p`eutup tnend
X`eutupne snkpnd l`ecne tnend s`rtn pros`s p`knlntneeyn lianbubne s`mnrn j`rtndnp s`a l`ki s`a, s`dieccn s`t`and s`a anpisne p`rtnkn s`a`sni knbn lnpnt lianefutbne l`ecne k`kjunt anpisne s`anefuteyn li ntnseyn. Anpisne tnend p`eutup d`elnbeyn tilnb t`rc`rus t `rc`rus s`ankn k`eueccu k`eueccu p`eccuenne, s`p`rti t`rc`rus dufne, t`rc`rus nbijnt op`rnsi rutie, bdususeyn nbijnt trub p`ecnecbut p`ecnecbut snkpnd lne ln e op`rnsi nant j`rnt ynec k`a`wnti li ntnseyn s`rtn k`kpueyni b`kiriecne k`eufu titib p`ecukpuane. ]ist`k p`eutup nbdir pnln \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne m`el`ruec a`jid kirip pnln sist`k p`eutup tnend k`to l` moetroaa`l anelgiaa . ]ist`k
=<
p`eutup nbdir tnend li \XN Kneccnr Kn eccnr Jnaibpnpne t `rliri ntns j`j`rnpn anpis, ynitu j`rturut-turut lnri jnwnd b` ntns s`jncni j`ribut6 >)
Li ntns tikjuene snkpnd6 anpisne tnend p`eutup r`cua`r (dnrine ntnu netnrn). Jian s`a dnrine tilnb t ilnb nbne lianefutbne uetub fnecbn wnbtu a`jid lnri > juane, knbn lijutudbne p`eutup netnrn s`t`jna =8 mk l`ecne p`knlntne.
:)
Anpisne c`ot`bstia
=)
Anpisne tnend aint s`t`jna :8 mk l`ecne p`rk`njiaitns knbsikuk s`j`snr > x >8 -3 mk/l`t
<)
Anpisne tnend dukus s`t`jna kieikuk 78 mk.
]ist`k p`eutup tnend iei lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>7.
Cnkjnr <.>7 ]ist`k p`eutup tnend \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne <.:.3 Cns k`tne lne nir aieli
K`tol` p`eikjuene snkpnd l`ecne sist`k sneitnry anelgiaa nbne k`ecdnsiabne cns k`tne lne nir aieli libnr`enbne p`kjusubne snkpnd ynec t`rfnli li lnank anelgiaa j`rsignt j`rsignt nen`rojib. Dna iei t`rfnli bnr`en b`t ibn snkpnd lipnlntbne lne lisusue k`kj`etub s`a-s`a snkpnd b`kuline litutup l`ecne anpisne tnend,
=0
knbn tilnb nln sirbuansi ulnrn (obsic`e) li lnankeyn, s`dieccn k`emiptnbne boelisi nen`rojib. Boelisi t`rs`jut nbne k`kj`etub cns jioaoci, t`rutnkn cns k`tne (MD<) lne bnrjoeliobsiln (MO :). Cns-cns t`rs`jut k`kiaibi pot`esi j`snr lnank pros`s p`knensne caojna t`rutnkn cns k`tne, bnr`eneyn p`rau lianbubne p`ec`elnaine ncnr cns-cns t`rs`jut tilnb lijinrbne a`pns j`jns b` ntkosg`r. Oa`d O a`d bnr`en itu, p`rau lipnsnec pipn v`etiansi ncnr cns lnpnt b`aunr lnri tikjuene snkpnd pnln titib-titib t`rt`etu (Lnkneduri, (Lnkneduri, :884). ]ist`k p`ecoandne cns k`tne ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>3.
(n)
(j)
Cnkjnr <.>3 X`ecoandne cns k`tne \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne6 (n) ]naurne pipn cns k`tne2 (j) \njuec cns k`tne
X`ecoandne cns k`tne li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne likuani lnri pros`s stnmbiec ntnu ntnu p`ecukpuane. Cns-cns ynec j`rnsna lnri tikjuene snkpnd anelgiaa linkjia lne linairbne k`anaui sist`k p`eynaurne cns k`tne ynec sulnd t`rpnsnec. Cns-cns t`rs`jut b`kuline linairbne k`eufu sukur cns ( cns ( cns w`aa ). ). ]`t`and t`rbukpua li sukur cns, cns-cns t`rs`jut b`kuline nbne k`ecnanki pros`s p`kisndne ( s`pnrntioe) s`pnrntioe) li tnjuec-tnjuec cns p`kisnd. Cns-cns t `rs`jut lipisndbne s`suni l`ecne f`eiseyn, t`rutnkn cns MD< (k`tnen) lne MO: (bnrjoeliobsiln). Cns ynec sulnd t`rpisnd t`rs`jut liubur t`bneneeyn l`ecne cnuc` k`t`r , t`rutnkn
=7
uetub cns k`tne ynec nbne liknegnntbne. B`kuline, cns k`tne nbne lisnaurbne b` wnrcn ntnu a`kjncn ynec k`kjutudbne k`anaui pipn listrijusi cns k`tne. Prutne pros`s p`ecoandne cns k`tne li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>4.
Cnkjnr <.>4 Prutne p`ecoandne cns k`tne \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)
Nir aieli fucn lidnsiabne lnri lnank anelgiaa libnr`enbne b`knkpune knbsikuk snkpnd k`ey`rnp nir ( gi`al mnpnmity). mnpnmity). Aieli snecnt j`rpot`esi k`ey`jnjbne p`em`knrne nir jnib nir tnend knupue p`rkubnne s`dieccn p`rau litnecnei l`ecne jnib. Oa`d bnr`en itu, lijutudbne sist`k p`enecnene nir aieli pnln anelgiaa , ynitu l`ecne k`kjunt gnsiaitns p`ecukpua aieli ynec lnpnt t`rjunt lnri6 p`rpipnne j`raujnec-aujnec, snaurne p`ecukpua knupue p`ecnturne b`kiriecne lnsnr \XN2 s`dieccn aieli s`mnrn otokntis j`citu k`emnpni lnsnr \XN nbne j`rc`rnb s`suni b`kiriecne ynec nln k`ecnrnd pnln titib p`ecukpuane ynec lis`linbne. ]naurne lne pipn nir aieli ynec t`rlnpnt li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.>9.
=3
X`ecoandne nir aieli pnln \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne likuani lnri jnb p`enkpuecne nwna, jnb boetroa, b`kuline lianefutbne k`eufu b` bo ank nen`roj. Boank nen`roj t`rs`jut j`ruburne :=,70 k x >:,>8 k. ]`t`and lnri boank nen`roj, nir aieli linairbne k`eufu boank gnbuatntig ynec j`rguecsi uetub k`ec`elnpbne aieli. B`kuline aieli linairbne k`eufu boank knturnsi ynec guecsieyn uetub p`kntnecne lne p`e`trnaisnsine aieli. ]`anefuteyn aieli aieli linairbne b` jnb n`rnsi lne ln e jnb n`rnsi II (boank n`roj) ynec t`rlnpnt t `rlnpnt n`rntor lne guecsieyn ncnr nir aikjnd k`efnli f`reid l`ecne jnetune aukpur dilup. Kibrojn ynec j`rnln li lnank aukpur dilup j`b`rfn uetub k`rokjnb znt p`em`knr orcneib k`efnli bnrjoeliobsiln lne fnriecne s`a s`dieccn kulnd k`kisndbne netnrn aikjnd mnir l`ecne jndne p`em`knr, fucn uetub k`ecurnibne znt-znt orcneib aikjnd k`efnli znt-znt ynec s`l`rdnen. ]`t`and itu, aieli linairbne b` boank jiogiat`r I lne II l`ecne auns knsiec-knsiec :8 k x <8 k. Boank jiogiat`r jiogiat`r lijunt l`ecne b`lnankne lne lne auns p`rkubnne t`rt`etu ncnr t`rfnli pros`s obsilnsi l`ecne k`eccuenbne sienr kntndnri lne tukjudne aukut. \`rnbdir, aieli linairbne k`eufu ueit p`ef`reidne eoe bikin lne w`tanel s`j`auk s`j`auk k`eufu jnlne nir (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7).
(n) Cnkjnr <.>9 ]ist`k nir aieli \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne6 (n) ]naurne nir aieli2 (j) Xipn X ipn aieli
(j)
=4
Jncne ueit p`ecoandne nir aieli li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.:8. Peit p`ecoandne nir aieli \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lnpnt liaidnt pnln Cnkjnr <.:>.
Cnkjnr <.:8 Jncne p`ecoandne nir aieli \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne (Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne, :8>7)
(n)
(m)
(j)
(l)
=9
(`)
(g)
Cnkjnr <.:> Peit p`ecoandne aieli \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne6 (n) Jnb boetroa2 (j) Boank nen`roj2 (m) Boank gnbuatnt ig2 (l) Boank n`roj2 (`) Boank n`rnsi2 (g) Boank jiogiat`r
JNJ W X@EP\PX
0.> B`sikpuane
B`sikpuane lnri b`cintne XBA ynec t`and lianbsnenbne li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne s`jncni j`ribut6 >. F`eis snkpnd ynec t`rlnpnt li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne lilokiensi oa`d snkpnd orcneib, panstib, lne b`rtns. ]`anie itu, t`rlnpnt snkpnd bna`ec, naukieiuk, bnmn, aocnk, bnie, lne snkpnd anie-anie l`ecne bokposisi ynec a`jid s`libit. :. X`ec`aoanne snkpnd li \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne t`rliri lnri zoensi, p`kjncine nr`n `g`btig p`ecurucne, sist`k p`anpisne lnsnr tnend, pros`lur p`kielndne snkpnd, pros`s p`eikjuene snkpnd, sist`k p`eutup tnend, s`rtn cns k`tne lne nir aieli. =. K`tol` p`eikjuene snkpnd li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne tilnb s`p`eudeyn s`suni l`ecne k`tol` sneitnry k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa .
0.: ]nrne
]nrne ynec lij`ribne j`rlnsnrbne dnsia b`rfn prnbt`b ynec t`and lianbubne li PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne s`jncni j`ribut6 >. K`ecusndnbne p`eutupne tnend lianbubne s`tinp dnri s`jncniknen dnbibnt k`tol` sneitnry k`tol` sneitnry anelgiaa . :. K`ey`linbne tnend urucne lne tnend t nend tutupne ynec b`riec s`dieccn p`eutupne lnpnt lianbubne s`tinp dnri.
<8
LNG\NZ XP]\NBN
Nai, K., :8>>. Z`kj`sne Nir Aieli (A `nmdnt` `nmdnt`) Lnkpnb Xnln \nenkne Xnecne lne B`s`dntne. PXE Xr`ss, ]urnjnyn. Dna.6 <. Nki`e, K. ]., :8>>. X`kros`sne Nbdir ]nkpnd. Lir`btornt X`ec`kjnecne X`ey`dntne Aiecbuecne X`rkubikne . Lir`btornt F`el`rna Miptn Bnryn B`k`etrine X`b`rfnne Pkuk, Fnbnrtn. Dna.6 >-0. >- 0. Jnlne Xusnt ]tntistibn Botn Jnaibpnpne. :8>7. Botn Jnaibpnpne Lnank Necbn :8>7. Jnaibpnpne. Dna.6 3:. Lnkneduri, @., :88=. X`rknsnandne lne Nat`rentig \`beoaoci X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd Botn li Ieloe`sin. Xrosiliec Ieloe`sin. Xrosiliec ]`kienr \`beoaoci Petub E`c`ri :88=, :88= , Woa. I. =90. Lnkneduri, @., :884. Libtnt Anelgiaaiec Aikjnd. Jneluec6 I\J Xr`ss. Liens Aiecbuecne Dilup Botn Jnaibpnpne. :8>7. Jubu ]nbu Peit X`anbsnen \`beis Ln`rnd \`kpnt X`kros`sne Nbdir ]nkpnd Jnaibpnpne . Jnaibpnpne. Dna.6 >-9. Bnrien, ]. E., Ptoko, L. D., lne Julifneto. :8>=. Nenaisis Bnrnbt`ristib lne Xrnbirnne Woauk` ]nkpnd \ndue :8>=-:8:8 li \`kpnt X`kjunecne Nbdir (\XN) C`lnecb`r`t Bnjupnt`e Fokjnec. Peiv`rsitns E`c`ri Knanec. B`k`et`rine Aiecbuecne Dilup Z`pujaib Ieloe`sin. :884. ]tntus Aiecbuecne Dilup Ieloe`sin :883. Fnbnrtn. Dna.6 :80. Biswnelnynei, N. W., A. L. ]usnenwnti, lne Z. Siroso`lnrko. :8>7. Bokposisi ]nkpnd lne Xot`esi @kisi Cns Zuknd Bnmn pnln X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd Lok`stib6 ]tuli Bnsus \XN Sieoeco Botn Knliue. Furena ]ukj`rlnyn Nank lne Aiecbuecne Peiv`rsitns Jrnwifnyn. Jrnwifnyn. >:-><. Kiaa`r, M. :883. Kueimipna ]oail Snst`. dttp6//www.wnst`=78.mok/knc/wnst`_kueimipna_soail_wnst`. Linbs`s :4 Obtoj`r :8>3. Xrnkoeo, ]. ]. :88<. ]tuli K`ec`eni Bokposisi ]nkpnd X`rbotnne li E`cnrne`cnrn J`rb`kjnec. Furena J`rb`kjnec. Furena G\]X Peiv`rsitns Cuenlnrkn Cuenlnrkn , 0(=)6 7:-74. Zinteo, X. X. X., D. @. ]`tifnti, lne S. Wiliyneiecruk. :883. ]tuli @vnaunsi X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd l`ecne Boes`p =Z (]tuli Bnsus 6 B`m. Mianelnb, Fnbnrtn ]`antne). Furena ]`antne). Furena \`beib Aiecbuecne Peiv`rsitns Brist`e X`trn, X`trn, <(>)6 >3 ]ngrizna. :8><. Listrijut`l C`e`rntioe X`kjnecbit Aistrib \`encn ]nkpnd Botn (XA\]n) \yp` Iemie`rntor ]oausi Aistrib Nat`rentig Botn K`lne. Furena <>
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Gnbuatns \`beib Peiv`rsitns Kurin Bulus. Xrosiliec ]EN\IG B`-> \ndue :8><. :8>< . >:=. ]`fnti, B., :889. X`ecoandne ]nkpnd \`rpnlu l`ecne ]ist`k Eol`, ]uj Xoiet, lne M`et`r Xoiet . Bneisius, Yocynbnrtn. Dna.6 =0. \mdojneocaous, C. lne Br`itd, G., :88:. Dneljoob og ]oail Snst` Knenc`k`et ]`moel @litioe. KmCrnw-Diaa, E`w Yorb. Dna.6 73:-73<. Pelnec-Pelnec Pelnec-Pelnec Eo. >4 \ndue :884 \`etnec X`ec`aoanne ]nkpnd.
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Ankpirne < X`tn Aobnsi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne tndnp I
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Ankpirne 0 X`tn Aobnsi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne t ndnp II
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Ankpirne 7 X`tn Aobnsi \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne t ndnp III
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pane PX\L \XN Kneccnr Jnaibpnpne Ankpirne 3 Knst`r pane PX\L
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Ankpirne 4 Gork pr`s`esi Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne
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Ankpirne 9 Bnrtu boesuatnsi Xrnbt`b B`rfn Anpnecne
