Introducción al Derecho Constitucional

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7

JN[W@K]AAJ@N Mh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf` ` mh mstlk` km kmrmae` jfphjaln qum mh p`kmr km h`s kjrjomntms y km h`s ñroln`s km o`gjmrn` ms hjfjtlk` y qum ms`s hæfjtms sm pumkmn elamr mbmatjv`s p`r fmkj` km pràmkjfjmnt`s mstlghmajk`s. A`f` aumrp` km kàtrjnl p`hætjal ` hmolh, sm rmbjmrm l un o`gjmrn` qum, mn prjfmr huolr, mstì a`nslorlk` tlnt` lh gjmn km t`kl hl a`funjklk a`f` l hl prmsmrvlajñn km h`s kmrmae`s km alkl pmrs`nl mn b`rfl jnkjvjkulh. (Bjourl <)

BJO]WL <.- M h O`gjmr O `gjmrn` n` a`nstjt uaj `nlh , gjmn lrr ljolk` lj olk` mn mn h ls j kmls kmls p`hætjals tj als h j gmr gmr lhm lh ms, sm sm oms omstñ mn mn Mu r `pl àajkmntlh y mn mn h `s M stlk`s ]nj k`s plrl plr l hl h l kmbmnsl kmbmnsl km h `s bu nklfmnt`s nklfmnt`s jn kjvjkulh kjvj kulhm ms l hl vjkl, hl pr`pj mklk, h l hj gmr gmr tlk rmhj oj`sl oj`sl y hl h j gmr gmr tlk km plhlgr plh lgrl. l.

A`n fjrls l olrlntjzlr mst`s kmrmae`s, h`s lrtæbjams km hl a`nstjtuajñn ejajmr`n ênblsjs mn hl prmsmnajl km brmn`s plrl mh p`kmr km alkl un` km hls rlfls kmh o`gjmrn`, lsæ a`f` mn hl joulhklk lntm hl hmy, hl jfplrajlhjklk km h`s trjgunlhms y hl smplrlajñn km hl Johmsjl y mh Mstlk`.


1

Mntrm h`s rmprmsmntlntms mcmfphlrms km mstl trlkjajñn bjourln3 mh p`mtl Cèn Fjht`n, h`s curjstls Mkwlrk A`dm y _jhhjlf Ghladst`nm, mstlkæstls a`f` [e`fls Cmbbmrs`n y Clfms Flkjs`n, y bjhñs`b`s a`f` [e`fls E`ggms, Cèn Hàdm,Lklf Qfjte ` mh glrñn km F`ntmsqujmu, mntrm `tr`s.

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p`stmrj`rms a`nstjtuaj`nms, elrmf`s un mspmajlh mstukj` p`r hl sjtulajñn km numstr` plæs, Msplül, mn su rmhlajñn a`n mstm bmnñfmn` km hl a`nstjtuajñn. Wmplslrmf`s grmvmfmntm a`f` mstm pr`pñsjt` n`rfltjv` el jk` mv`huaj`nlnk` y sm el jk` lklptlnk` l hl sàjmklk, elstl hhmolr l numstr`s kæls, k`nkm surom un aumrp` n`rfltjv` a`n ahlrls jntmnaj`nms km olrlntjzlr h`s kmrmae`s plrtjauhlrms km h`s ajuklkln`s, y km t`k` mh funk` mn omnmrlh, y qum p`stuhl a`f` sus prjnajplhms prjnajpj`s hl joulhklk, mh kmrmae` l hl vjkl, mh e`n`r, hl hjgmrtlk,...y tlnt`s `tr`s qum kjonjbjaln l hl pmrs`nl mn sæ.


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Hl A`nstjtuajñn lpr`glkl mn <5<7 p`r hls A`rtms km Aìkjz a`nvjrtjñ l Msplül mn un` km h`s prjfmr`s plæsms kmh funk` mn lkmntrlrsm p`r hl smnkl kmh hjgmrlhjsf` p`hætja`-a`nstjtuaj`nlh, un alfjn` lgjmrt` p`r Mstlk`s ]njk`s y Brlnajl a`n sus tmxt`s pj`nmr`s km
B J O] WL 7.- A`nstj A `nstj tuaj tu aj`n `nlh lhjj sf` (ms ( msplü plü `h), `h ), pr àms àms` l tr lvê s kmh kmh aulh mh M stlk` msplü msplü `h sm e l k`tlk` k`t lk` kms k mskm km <5<7 km un u n l smr smr j m km n `r fl flss flonls. flon ls.

L pmslr km mstl flkruolk`rl jna`rp`rlajñn msplü`hl y su `nkl mxplnsjvl lh `tr` hlk` kmh Lthìntja` fmramk lh pràms` km mflnajplajñn a`h`njlh, hl jnmstlgjhjklk ms mh rlso` fìs kmstlalk` km su ejst`rjl a`nstjtuaj`nlh a`ntmfp`rìnml, sjn `hvjklr hls hlrols jntmrrupaj`nms subrjkls mn mh sjoh` UU glc` hls kjatlkurls km Fjoumh Yrjf` km Wjvmrl y Brlnajsa` Brlna`. Lsæ h` larmkjtln hls àe` A`nstjtuaj`nms vjomntms mn su elgmr elstl mh f`fmnt` latulh (<5<7, <51;, <51?, <5;=, <52:, <5?2, <:1< y <:?5), H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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`trls k`s a`nstjtuaj`nms lpr`glkls y sjn tjmfp` plrl mntrlr mn vjo`r (<5=2 y <5?1), vlrj`s pr`ymat`s kmgltjk`s qum n` hhmoln l lpr`glrsm (p`r mcmfph`, mh km Culn Grlv` Furjhh` km <5=7 y mh km Yrjf` km Wjvmrl km <:7:), y unls aulntls rmb`rfls a`nstjtuaj`nlhms. L hl e`rl km lnlhjzlr h`s p`rquês km mstm trlsjmo` a`nstjtuaj`nlh mn Msplül y hls kjbjauhtlkms plrl hl a`ns`hjklajñn km un Mstlk` hjgmrlh y kmfàrìtja` km kmrmae`, h`s mspmajlhjstls lpuntln l blat`rms mxtmrn`s qum a`nkjaj`nln mh lrrljo` kmh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf`, a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf`, cunt` l mhmfmnt`s jntrænsma`s pà` blv`rlghms plrl mh êxjt` km hl mfprmsl. Hl H l blhtl km `rjojnlhjklk km h`s tmxt`s msplü`hms ms un` km mhh`s, pmramptjghm tlnt` mn hls jnbhumnajls b`rìnmls rmajgjkls km f`kmh`s kjvmrs`s (Brlnajl, Gêhojal, plrhlfmntlrjsf` grjtìnja`, Wmpóghjal km _mjflr, Fêxja`), a`f` mn su jnkjsjfuhlkl jntmrkmpmnkmnajl.

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a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf` msplü`h unl orln sjfjhjtuk km b`nk` y gìsjals a`jnajkmnajls mn hl b`rfl km o`gjmrn` (f`nlrquæl) y mn hl b`rfl km Mstlk` (amntrlhjstl). L mstm a`nsmns` mn h` bunklfmntlh y hmvms fltjams kjbmrmnajlhms, sñh` k`s tmxt`s msalpln kmh mntrlflk` a`nstjtuaj`nlh pmnjnsuhlr (sj sm mxahuym hl rmouhlajñn lpr`glkl mn <:?5)3 mh pr`ymat` km <5?1 y hl A`nstjtuajñn km <:1<, lfg`s plrtjklrj`s km un rêojfmn rmpughjaln` y km væls kjbmrmnajlkls mn hl mstruaturlajñn tmrrjt`rjlh kmh Mstlk` (bmkmrlh y lut`nñfjal, rmspmatjvlfmntm). @tr` rlso` jntmrn` kmajsjv` mn mh kjsaurrjr km hl Msplül a`ntmfp`rìnml ms mh bumrtm a`ntmnjk` jkm`hñoja` km h`s tmxt`s a`nstjtuaj`nlhms, qum sm lhmcln kmh smntjk` hjgmrlh ahìsja` mn aulnt` n`rfl bunklfmntlh km a`nvjvmnajl. Hls a`nstjtuaj`nms msplü`hls s`n a`nstjtuaj`nms-pròrlfl mn hls qum mh plrtjk` mn mh o`gjmrn` (f`kmrlk`, pròrmsjstl, kmfàrìtja`) v`hañ, p`r h` omnmrlh, sus p`stuhlk`s jkm`hñoja`s lh kmtlhhm y, mn


2

a`nsmaumnajl, `ghjoñ l alfgjlr km sjnt`næl alkl vmz qum sm pr`kuaæl unl lhtmrnlnajl mn mh p`kmr. Hl jnmxjstmnajl km un Mstlk` bumrtm, olrlntm km hl mstlgjhjklk p`hætjal y mh kmslrr`hh` n`rfltjv`, ejz` qum kjae`s rmhmv`s mn hls mhjtms o`gmrnlntms sm rmlhjzlrln p`r hl væl kmh pr`nunajlfjmnt` fjhjtlr, auyl rmaurrmntm prmsmnajl clh`nñ kurlntm fuae`s lü`s hl Msplül a`ntmfp`rìnml. Mh cumo` p`hætja` hjgrlk` lh flromn km hl A`nstjtuajñn y hl `pjnjñn póghjal a`n flnjbjmst` kmslrrljo` m jna`nsjstmnajl a`ntrjguyñ l mxphjalr qum, mn aulhqujmr f`fmnt`, un o`hpm fjhjtlr, f`tæn ` a`ncurl plhlajmol kjmrln lh trlstm a`n hl n`rfltjvl mn vjo`r. Hl ahlsm p`hætjal sm sjrvjñ kmh p`kmr plrl hmojshlr mn bunajñn km sus jntmrmsms y n` kukñ mn utjhjzlr mh Mcêrajt` a`f` jnstrufmnt` mxtrla`nstjtuaj`nlh plrl, mn huolr km kmbmnkmr hl hmolhjklk, lhtmrlr mh `rkmn vjomntm.(Bjourl 1)

B J O]WL 1.- 1.- G G lstl lstl a`n `gsm `gsmr vlr mh au lkr` lkr ` km pmr pmr flnm fln mnaj l km h ls a`nstjtuaj a`nstjt uaj `nms msplü msplü `h ls plr l pmral p mraltlr tlr sm km mhh `.


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Hl ónjal vlrjlntm l mstl n`rfl a`fón pr`vjmnm km hl A`nstjtuajñn km <5;=, unl km hls fìs kurlkmrls kmh pln`rlfl nlaj`nlh, mhlg`rlkl smoón hl smaumnajl prmvjstl mn mh tmxt` lntmrj`r km <51?. Lkmfìs km hl msalsl vjomnajl a`nstjtuaj`nlh, hl brmaumntm suspmnsjñn km olrlntæls p`r plrtm km h`s alpjtlnms omnmrlhms le`nkñ hl kjstlnajl mntrm hl tm`ræl y hl prlxjs lh rmstrjnojr mh aufphjfjmnt` mbmatjv` km h` mstjpuhlk`, y lyukñ l mnturgjlr un pà` fìs hl kmtmrj`rlkl jflomn km jn`gsmrvlnajl y vj`hlaj`nms kmh `rkmn a`nstjtuaj`nlh, alrlatmræstjal km hl Msplül a`ntmfp`rìnml.


5

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7.<. Mh Mstlk` km kmrmae`.:

Qmoón hl tm`ræl a`nstjtuaj`nlh, mh o`gjmrn` kmgm smr cust` y rlz`nlghm, n` sñh` kmskm mh punt` km vjstl kmh smntjfjmnt` km hl hl fly`ræl, sjn` tlfgjên tlfgjên km laumrk` a`n unl hmy fìs mhmvlkl, l hl aulh hl Kmahlrlajñn km Jnkmpmnkmnajl sm rmbjmrm a`f` ‘hls Hmyms km hl Nlturlhmzl y mh Kj`s km hl Nlturlhmzl‖. Hl

hmy Kmahlrlt`rjl km
kmrmae` y mh o`gjmrn` p`r kmrmae`. Mh Mstlk` km kmrmae` kmrmae` surojmrm qum sm lpmhm l unl n`rfl km hmy y custjajl custjajl fìs lhtl ‑ fìs fìs trlsamnkmntlh y km mntmnkjfjmnt` unjvmrslh- qum unl sjfphm hmy pmrmamkmrl ` hl hmy pr`fuholkl p`r h`s p`hætja`s km hl êpàl. Mn mh als` km h`s Mstlk`s ]njk`s, h`s bunklk`rms km hl nlajñn armymr`n qum mh mstlk` km kmrmae` smræl hl slnorm vjtlh kmh `rkmn sàjlh y km hls hjgmrtlkms ajvjhms bunklfmntlhms. Mh mstlk` km kmrmae` surojmrm qum sj hls rmhlaj`nms rmaæpràls mntrm n`s`tr`s fjsf`s ( y a`n mh Mstlk`) mstìn rmojkls p`r mh a`ncunt` km rmohls rmhltjvlfmntm jfplrajlhms ‑ y n` p`r un orup` km jnkjvjku`s- , a`rrmrmf`s fmn`s rjmso`s km smr væatjfls km un rêojfmn lrgjtrlrj` ` lut`rjtlrj`. Lquæ algm `gsmrvlr qum hl `ghjolajñn p`hætjal jfphæajtl mn mh mstlk` km kmrmae` n` sñh` ms lphjalghm l h`s kmrmae`s y hjgmrtlkms km h`s sógkjt`s y ajuklkln`s, sjn` tlfgjên l h`s km flnkltlrj`s y o`gmrnlntms.(Bjourl ;) H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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B J O]WL ;.- Lh j fpmkjr fpmkjr qum tlnt` tlnt` mh mh j nkjvjku` a`f` a`f` mh mh M stlk` tlk` pukjmrln mrj mrj ojr sm p`r mnajfl km hl hmy suprmfl km hl nlajñn, h`s b`rclk`rms km hl pltrjl lfmrjalnl a`nstr a`nstr uymr uymr `n un l a`rlzl a`rlzl pr `tmat`rl `tmat`rl km h`s kmr kmr mae`s y hj gmr gmr tlkms tlkms kmh kmh j nkj vjku`.

Mh Lrt. < km numstrl A`nstjtuajñn pràhlfl qum Msplül sm a`nstjtuym mn un Mstlk` sàjlh y kmfàrìtja` km Kmrmae`. Hl rmklaajñn kmh prmampt` kjstjnoum pmrbmatlfmntm mntrm Msplül, hl nlajñn qum ms unl a`funjklk ejstñrjal, auhturlh y sàj`hñojal y mh Mstlk` a`narmt` p`r mh qum `ptl, ms kmajr, un tjp` km `rolnjzlajñn curækja` p`hætjal, l hl qum sm kl mn hhlflr ‘Mstlk` sàjlh y kmfàrìtja` km Kmrmae`‖.

Mh a`nampt` prjnajplh kmh Lrt. ms mh Mstlk` km Kmrmae`, pumst` qum a`nmatl a`n hl jkml fmkuhlr mn hl auhturl p`hætjal àajkmntlh km s`fmtmr lh p`kmr p`hætja` l hls rmohls kmh Kmrmae`. Hl jkml km Mstlk` km Kmrmae` ms hl km qum mh p`kmr p`hætja` p `hætja` n` kmgm smr lgs`hut` sjn` hjfjtlk`. Qmoón hl kàtrjnl fìs mxtmnkjkl mh Mstlk` km Kmrmae` sup`nm hl a`naurrmnajl km aultr` mhmfmnt`s3


<) Jfpmrj` km hl Hmy, mn aulnt` hl fjsfl phlsfl rlaj`nlhfmntm hl v`huntlk p`puhlr, hmolhjklk fìs hmojtjfjklk. 7) Olrlntæl curækjal km h`s kmrmae`s y hjgmrtlkms km h`s ajuklkln`s y km hls rmstlntms pmrs`nls qum elgjtln ` trlnsjtln mh tmrrjt`rj` kmh Mstlk` km Kmrmae`. 1) Kjvjsjñn km p`kmrms, y mn mspmajlh, jnkmpmnkmnajl km un p`kmr cukjajlh tln sñh` s`fmtjk` lh jfpmrj` km hl hmy. ;) Qufjsjñn kmh p`kmr mcmautjv` l hl Hmy, ms kmajr, lsunajñn kmh prjnajpj` km hmolhjklk, y a`ntr`h plrhlfmntlrj` y cukjajlh km hl latulajñn km hl Lkfjnjstrlajñn. Hl bunajñn kmh têrfjn` kmfàrìtja` mn hl A`nstjtuajñn ms k`ghm. Mn prjfmr huolr vjmnm l rmb`rzlr hl jkml kmh Mstlk` sàjlh, mn aulnt` qum mh vàlgh` kmfàrìtja` mxprmsl un f`kmh` km a`nvjvmnajl sàjlh, lp`ylk` mn qum mh rmspmt` km hl kjonjklk km t`kl pmrs`nl euflnl ms un bunklfmnt` alpjtlh km hl plz sàjlh.(Bjourl =)

B J O] WL =.- K mskm mskm ms mstm ìn ouh ou h `, mh mh lkcmtjv` lkc mtjv` kmfàr ìtj a` mxpr mxpr msl msl qum qu m mh M stlk` lspj lspjrr l l qum qu m h l a`nvj vmn vmn ajl aj l sàj sàjlh lh r mspmtm mspmtm mh pr j n ajpj aj pj` ` km j oulh ou lhklk klk mntr m t`k`s h`s msplü msplü `hms `h ms..


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7.7. Hl Kjvjsjñn km p`kmrms.Kurlntm mh sjoh` URJJ, mn Mur`pl lplrmajñ un sjstmfl km o`gjmrn` kmn`fjnlk` lgs`hutjsf`. Mstm sm alrlatmrjzñ p`rqum mh rmy mrl hl bjourl qum a`namntrlgl t`kls hls kmajsj`nms s`grm h`s lsunt`s kmh rmjn`. Hl lplrjajñn kmh lgs`hutjsf` `gmkmajñ l hl nmamsjklk km lkfjnjstrlr y unjbjalr h`s tmrrjt`rj`s km h`s bmuk`s, qum sm elgæln mxtmnkjk` mn`rfmfmntm mntrm h`s sjoh`s JR y UJR, y sm mna`ntrlgln mn kjsputl p`r pr`ghmfls km hæfjtms br`ntmrjz`s y kjbmrmnajls mn mh jkj`fl, lsæ a`f` p`r hl lkfjnjstrlajñn km h`s jfpumst`s kmgjk` l hl mxjstmnajl km kjvmrsls b`rfls km plo`. Mstls kjbmrmnajls n` elgæln p`kjk` rms`hvmrhls h`s kjbmrmntms smü`rms bmuklhms. A`n h`s o`gjmrn`s lgs`hutjstls km h`s rmyms mur`pm`s sm hòrñ unjbjalr l h`s bmuk`s mn nlaj`nms3 un tmrrjt`rj` kmbjnjk`, mh mstlghmajfjmnt` km un jkj`fl, unl rmhjojñn, unl f`nmkl y un o`gjmrn`. A`n mhh` sm kj` pls` lh nlajfjmnt` km hls nlaj`nms f`kmrnls. Kurlntm hl êpàl kmh lgs`hutjsf`, mh rmy mrl mh ónja` blauhtlk` plrl kmajkjr s`grm lsunt`s km aulhqujmr tjp`, lunqum sjmfprm mstlgl luxjhjlk` p`r un orup` km a`nsmcmr`s qum lnlhjzlgln m jntmntlgln s`huaj`nlr h`s pr`ghmfls mxjstmntms. Hl a`namntrlajñn km hls kmajsj`nms mn fln`s km h`s rmyms y sus a`nsmcmr`s pr`vàñ un lgus` kmh p`kmr y mh kmsa`ntmnt` p`puhlr pums, mn su lbìn km unjbjalajñn, sm a`fmtjmr`n nufmr`sls jncustjajls qum kmstruymr`n b`rfls km vjkl y `rolnjzlaj`nms qum h`s pumgh`s y lhkmls elgæln a`nsmrvlk` p`r sjoh`s. Mh mstlhhjk` km hl Wmv`huajñn Brlnamsl mn

<7

F`ntmsqujmu, pmnslk`r km hl Wmv`huajñn Brlnamsl, phlntmñ qum hl lut`rjklk tjmnm trms bunaj`nms3 "kjatlr hmyms, mcmautlr hls rms`huaj`nms póghjals y cuzolr cuzo lr hls alusls y phmjt`s mntrm plrtjauhlrms". Alkl unl km k m mstls bunaj`nms ms, mn rmlhjklk, unl b`rfl km p`kmr kjstjntl. Km laumrk` a`n mhh`, F`ntmsqujmu lbjrfñ qum kmgæln mxjstjr trms p`kmrms3 mh hmojshltjv`, qum sm rmbjmrm l hl laajñn km kjatlr hmyms4 mh mcmautjv`, l hl mcmauajñn km hls kmajsj`nms póghjals4 y mh cukjajlh, lh mcmrajaj` kmh cujaj` km h`s pr`ghmfls mntrm plrtjauhlrms. (Bjourl 2)

BJO]WL 2.- Mn hl Kmahlrlajñn km h`s Kmrmae`s kmh E`fgrm y kmh Ajuklkln`, sur ojkl oj kl km hl Wmv`hu Wmv`h u ajñ aj ñn B r lnam ln amssl, qumkñ qu mkñ mstlgh mstlgh maj maj k` qum qu m h`s p`kmr p`kmr ms kmgmr kmgmr æln smr smplr smplr lk`s mn tr ms ñr oln`s oln `s kjstjn kj stjn t`s plr l mvj mvjtlr tlr mh lgus lgu s` kmh kmh p`kmr, p`kmr , tlh a`f` elgæ e lgæl suamkjk` kur lntm mh mh lgs`hutj lgs`hu tj sf`.


<1

[MFL

1.-

HL

A@NQ[J[]AJÑN

A@F@

LY@W[LAJÑN

@AAJKMN[LH Z MH F@RJFJMN[@ A@NQ[J[]AJ@NLHJQ[L. LFYHJ[]K KMH [ÊWFJN@ A@NQ[J[]AJÑN. Ylrtm sjonjbjaltjvl kmh hmolk` qum emf`s rmajgjk` km hl Ormajl y hl W`fl ahìsjals ms unl kmtmrfjnlkl jkml km hl Y`hjs ` km hl Ajvjtls mh qum hls rmhlaj`nms sàjlhms mn mh smn` km hl fjsfl kmgæln smr custls y rmojrsm p`r mh Kmrmae`, sm a`najgm hl A`nstjtuajñn a`f` hl kmbjnjajñn km hls flojstrlturls, hl bjclajñn kmh bjn mspmajbja` km alkl jnstjtuajñn y hl kjstrjguajñn kmh p`kmr km h`s kjvmrs`s `rolnjsf`s, mstlghmajmnk` mstlghmajmnk` mn sufl mh `rkmn. Hl A`nstjtuajñn kmgæl smr kjstjnoujkl km hls hmyms `rkjnlrjls.(Bjourl ?)

B J O]WL ?.- Mh prj fm fmrr arj stjlnj sf` rmvl rmvlh`r h`r jzl hl jkml km hl pmrs` pmrs`nl nl euf lnl hjgr m y r msp`nslghm, l hl plr qu m lamh lamh mr l hl kmalkm kmalkmnaj naj l kmh kmh j fpmrj ` r`fln`. r`f ln`.

Mn hl Mklk Fmkjl ely un kmslrr`hh` jnkjvjkulhjstl mntrm h`s fjmfgr`s km hl n`ghmzl, qum lh omnmrlhjzlrsm p`stmrj`rfmntm a`nstjtujrì un`s km h`s oêrfmnms km hl hjgmrtlk f`kmrnl4 lsæ a`f` h`s Bumr`s qum h`s rmyms `t`rolgln olrlntjzlr kmrmae`s, hjgmrtlkms y prjvjhmoj`s l h`s lrjstñarltls.


<;

Mh Wmnlajfjmnt`, lón mn h`s f`fmnt`s km hl a`ns`hjklajñn km hls f`nlrquæls lgs`hutls, lp`rtñ un numv` jfpuhs` mn mstl kjrmaajñn. Yr`spmrl mn hl kàtrjnl mh a`nampt` km Hmy Bunklfmntlh a`f` plat` a`nstjtutjv` kmh `rkmn p`hætja` mntrm mh Wmy y mh Wmjn`. Wmjn` . Mh sjoh` URJJ kmsmfpmüñ un plpmh ahlvm mn hl omstlajñn kmh f`vjfjmnt` a`nstjtuaj`nlhjstl, mn vjrtuk km hls rmv`huaj`nms hjgmrlhms jnohmsls. Qm lsjmntl hl jkml km qum hl A`nstjtuajñn ms `grl kmh pumgh` lrtjauhlk` a`f` p`kmr a`nstjtuymntm. Ymr` smrì mh sjoh` URJJJ mh qum plslrì l hl Ejst`rjl a`f` Qjoh` km hls Huams, prmsjkjk` p`r mh oust` elajl hl `rolnjzlajñn rlaj`nlh y mh qum p`nol hls glsms plrl hl Wmv`huajñn brlnamsl y hl mxplnsjñn kmh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf`. a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf`. Hl jnkmpmnkmnajl km hls a`h`njls grjtìnjals tjmnm mntrm sus `ræomnms hl kmbmnsl kmh numv` pmnslfjmnt` hjgmrlh p`r hls smatls purjtlnls. Gumnl plrtm km hls a`h`njls pràmkjmr`n l klrsm su numvl A`nstjtuajñn, l trlvês km Lslfghmls a`nstjtuymntms, lp`yìnk`sm mn mh Kmrmae` nlturlh y mn h`s prjnajpj`s km hl A`nstjtuajñn A`nstjtuajñn grjtìnjal. (Bjourl (Bjourl 5)

B J O] WL 5.- Yà`s Yà` s lü `s kmspu kmspuê ê s sm sm lpr u mgl hl h l gr g r mvm A`nstj A`n stjtu tu ajñ aj ñn km sjmtm lr tæauh au h `s lón lón e`y vj omnt omntm m mn mn h `s Mstlk`s Mstlk`s ]nj k`s. k`s.

Mn Brlnajl hhmolgln n`tjajls n`tjajls s`grm s`grm mh pràms` kmfàrltjzlk`r m km jnkmpmnkmnajl km Lfêrjal qum a`ntrjguymr`n l armlr mh aófuh` km jkmls qum, mn mh a`ntmxt` kmh lo`tlfjmnt` km hls F`nlrquæls Lgs`hutls, pmrfjtjñ


<=

mh trjunb` km hl Wmv`huajñn brlnamsl. Qu prjfmr brut` bum hl Kmahlrlajñn km h`s Kmrmae`s kmh e`fgrm y kmh ajuklkln`. Mh numv` rêojfmn sm `rolnjzl fmkjlntm kjvmrsls hmyms v`tlkls y a`kjbjalkls mn hl prjfmrl A`nstjtuajñn ejcl km hl Wmv`huajñn. Kmskm mnt`nams mh f`vjfjmnt` a`nstjtuaj`nlhjstl n` kmcñ km mxtmnkmrsm. Hl A`nstjtuajñn, brut` km unl hlrol mv`huajñn km hl ajvjhjzlajñn àajkmntlh sm a`nvjrtjñ mn un `gcmtjv` km t`k`s h`s pumgh`s km Mur`pl y Lfêrjal.

1.<. ALWLA[MWMQ KMH A@NQ[J[]AJ@NLHJQF@. Mh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf`, a`n t`kls hls kjvmrsjklkms qum h`s kjbmrmntms tmxt`s a`nstjtuaj`nlhms eln lp`rtlk`, el tmnjk` unl hænml km pmnslfjmnt` a`n un kmn`fjnlk`r a`fón, kmh qum p`kmf`s kmstlalr lhoun`s alrlatmrms3 Hl a`nbjlnzl mn hl pmrs`nl euflnl, kmrmae`s y hjgmrtlkms bunklfmntlhms4 Mh p`kmr sñh` hmojtjf` sj ms mhmojk` mn rmprmsmntlajñn km hl s`gmrlnæl p`puhlr4 Hl prjflaæl km hl Hmy mxprmsjñn km hl v`huntlk omnmrlh, kmgltjkl y lpr`glkl p`r mh Ylrhlfmnt`4 ]n p`kmr jnkmpmnkjmntm km h`s kmfìs tmnkrì mna`fmnklk` mh lsmourlr mh jfpmrj` km hl hmy, mh Y`kmr Cukjajlh4 Hl kmsa`nbjlnzl mn mh p`kmr, mh p`kmr p`hætja` el km smr hjfjtlk`, a`ntr`hlk`, kjvjkjk` y a`ntrlpmslk`4 Mst`s prjnajpj`s y vlh`rms eln km mstlr a`nslorlk`s y olrlntjzlk`s p`r unl supmr hmy, qum vjnauhlrì n` sñh` l h`s ajuklkln`s, sjn` l hl t`tlhjklk km h`s p`kmrms póghja`s, hl A`nstjtuajñn.

1.7.-LFYHJ[]K KMH [ÊWFJN@ A@NQ[J[]AJÑN Hl plhlgrl A`nstjtuajñn tjmnm mn mh jkj`fl msplü`h vlrj`s sjonjbjalk`s. Qmoón hl Wmlh Lalkmfjl Msplü`hl, sm mntjmnkm p`r A`nstjtuajñn l hl msmnajl y nlturlhmzl km unl a`sl qum hl kjbmrmnajln km hls kmfìs. Mn


<2

om`hòæl, a`fp`sjajñn ` pr`pjmklkms gìsjals4 mn gj`hòæl fmnaj`nln hl a`nstjtuajñn km h`s lnjflhms plrl rmbmrjrsm l su mstruaturl lnltñfjal. Mn mstm smntjk` hl mxprmsjñn a`nstjtuajñn lhukm l hl mstruaturl. Mn Kmrmae` Alnñnja` sm elghl km A`nstjtuajñn lp`stñhjal ` km A`nstjtuajñn p`ntjbjajl plr n`fgrlr kmajsj`nms kmh Ylpl. L hl vmz, tlfgjên el sjk` mfphmlkl p`r ñrkmnms y `trls lsàjlaj`nms rmhjoj`sls plrl r`tuhlr hls rmohls km mspmajlh rmhjmvm. Mn mstl vmrtjmntm hl plhlgrl A`nstjtuajñn el smrvjk` plrl kmsjonlr n`rfls km sjnouhlr rlno` m jnahus` n`rfls armltjvls km unl jnstjtuajñn.(Bjourl :)

B J O]WL :.- Mn mh tmrr mn` km hl vjkl p`hætjal tj al h l plh plh lgrl emrmkl hl a`nampajñ a`nampajñn n km h my bunklfmntlh bu nklfmntlh y a`nstjtu a`nstjtu tjvl tj vl km jn stjt uaj`nms uaj `nms..


[MFL ;.- AHLQJBJALAJ@NMQ [WLKJAJ@NLHMQ KM HLQ A@NQ[J[]AJ@NMQ L) A`nstjtuaj`nms `t`rolkls, platlkls, jfpumstls y mflnlkls km hl s`gmrlnæl p`puhlr.Mstl ahlsjbjalajñn sm a`nstruym ltmnkjmnk` l hl omstlajñn km hl A`nstjtuajñn p`r mh Y`kmr aa`nstjtuymntm. `nstjtuymntm. Y`r A`nstjtuajñn `t`rolkl sumhm mntmnkmrsm hl qum mh Wmy a`namkæl p`r sjfphm hjgmrlhjklk l su pumgh`. Mstm tjp` km A`nstjtuajñn nunal bum un lat` km omnmr`sjklk ` km orlajl, sjn` fìs gjmn brut` km hl t`fl km a`najmnajl p`r plrtm kmh Wmy km hl jfplrlghm jfplrlghm bumrzl kmh pmnslfjmnt` a`nstjtuaj`nlhjstl. a`nstjtuaj`nlhjstl. Mh mcmfph` mstl mn Msplül a`n mh Mstltut` Wmlh km <51;. Hl A`nstjtuajñn platlkl ms hl mhlg`rlkl fmkjlntm un a`fpr`fjs` lhalnzlk` mntrm h`s rmprmsmntlntms kmh pumgh` rmunjk`s l A`rtms y hl A`r`nl. Ms un a`ntrlt` gjhltmrlh mntrm mh F`nlral y mh pumgh`, p`r mh qum lfgls plrtms mstlghmamn un sjstmfl km a`namsj`nms rmajpràls.(Bjourl <9)

B J O]WL O] WL <9.-]n <9.-] n gumn mcmfph ` ms h l A`nstj tuajñn tu ajñn msplü msplü `hl `h l km <5;= y hl km <5?2.


<5

Hl A`nstjtuajñn rma`nàjkl ` jfpumstl ms hl qum sm vm `ghjolkl l rma`nàmr mh Wmy aulnk` hl `rolnjzlajñn kmh rmjn` ms subjajmntmfmntm p`kmr`sl plrl lbjrflrsm brmntm brmntm lh F`nlral, ms kmajr, ms unl hmy bunklfmntlh bunklfmntlh qum sm jfp`nm lh Wmy. Lhoun`s lut`rms kjstjnouæln mntrm hl A`nstjtuajñn rma`nàjkl y

km hl hhlflkl jfpumstl, p`r mntmnkmr qum mstl óhtjfl n` mrl

brut` km jfp`sjajñn p`r a`nvjaajñn, sjn` fmkjlntm unl rmv`huajñn ` lhoón omnmr` km huael plrl lrrlnalr kmh Wmy ajmrtls prmrròltjvls. Wmlhfmntm s`n A`nstjtuaj`nms rma`nàjkls ` jfpumstls, sjn qum fmkjm pràms` rmv`huaj`nlrj`, t`kls lqumhhls A`nstjtuaj`nms km hls F`nlrquæls mur`pmls km numstrl êpàl. Hl A`nstjtuajñn msplü`hl km <:?5. Hls A`nstjtuaj`nms mflnlkls km hl s`gmrlnæl p`puhlr s`n s`n hls vjomntms mn hls kjvmrsls rmpóghjals sjoujmnk` mh f`kmh` N`rtmlfmrjaln` km
G) A`nstjtuaj`nms a`nsumtukjnlrjls y msarjtls Hl A`nstjtuajñn grjtìnjal ms hl prjfmrl qum surom mn hl Ejst`rjl, mst` mxphjal qum kurlntm fuae` tjmfp` sm phlntmlsm a`f` ahlsjbjalajñn alpjtlh hl qum kjstjnouæl km unl plrtm, A`nstjtuaj`nms a`nsumtukjnlrjls ` n` msarjtls, y, km `trl, A`nstjtuaj`nms msarjtls. Lh alh`r km mstl kjstjnajñn y, s`grm t`k` kmh prmstjoj` km hl kmfàrlajl a`nstjtuaj`nlh grjtìnjal, gumnl plrtm kmh pmnslfjmnt` a`nsmrvlk`r a`ntjnmntlh jntmntñ lsufjr mh f`kmh` grjtìnja`. Mh tjmfp` sm mnalroñ km pr`glr qum hl A`nstjtuajñn grjtìnjal mrl jnmxp`rtlghm lh a`ntjnmntm mur`pm`, n` sñh` p`r hl jnbhumnajl km hl n`rtmlfmrjalnl y hl brlnamsl, sjn` p`r hl mvjkmnajl km hl msarjturl, qum el


<:

sjk` a`nsjkmrlkl a`f` jnstrufmnt` km amrtmzl y km smourjklk curækjal. (Bjourl <<)

79

B J O]WL O] WL <<.- Qlhv` mn Or ln Gr mtlü l y lhou nl km sus sus mxa`h mxa`h `nj ls, ls, t`kls hls kmfàrlajls kmfàrlajls kmh kmh fun k` sm sm rj omn omn p`r u nl A`nstjtu ajñn ajñn msarj tl

A) A`nstjtuaj`nms ræojkls y bhmxjghms Mstl ahlsjbjalajñn sm elam plrtjmnk` kmh f`kmh` km hl A`nstjtuajñn n`rtmlfmrjalnl km
hl A`nstjtuajñn grjtìnjal, lrqumtjp` km

A`nstjtuajñn bhmxjghm. Hls a`nstjtuaj`nms a`nsumtukjnlrjls mstìn, mn prjnajpj`, k`tlkls km mspmajlh bhmxjgjhjklk. [lfgjên unl A`nstjtuajñn msarjtl pumkm, mn tm`ræl, smr bhmxjghm sj ms f`kjbjalghm p`r mh fjsf` pràmkjfjmnt` qum mfphml mh hmojshlk`r `rkjnlrj` plrl f`kjbjalr unl hmy aulhqujmrl. Qjn mfglro`, latulhfmntm, hls a`nstjtuaj`nms msarjtls la`stufgrln l mstlr k`tlkls km hl n`tl km rjojkmz, qum sup`nm qum mh p`kmr hmojshltjv` a`nstjtujk` n` pumkm f`kjbjalr h`s prmampt`s a`nstjtuaj`nlhms p`r mh fjsf` pràmkjfjmnt` p`r mh qum sm f`kjbjaln hls hmyms `rkjnlrjls. H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

E`y hl prìatjal t`tlhjklk km hls a`nstjtuaj`nms msarjtls s`n ræojkls, sñh` pumkmn rmb`rflrsm p`r mh pràmkjfjmnt` mspmajlh qum prmvê lh mbmat` hl pr`pjl A`nstjtuajñn. K) A`nstjtuaj`nms grmvms y mxtmnsls Mstl alhjbjalajñn ms fmrlfmntm kmsarjptjvl kmh fly`r ` fmn`r v`hufmn km hl n`rfl a`nstjtuaj`nlh. A`n un arjtmrj` un tlnt` lrgjtrlrj` sm hhmoñ l mstlghmamr trms orup`s3 mh prjfmr` ms mh qum lorupl hls A`nstjtuaj`nms fìs grmvms, qum tjmnmn unls 7.=99 plhlgrls4 mh jntmrfmkj` lglral hls a`nstjtuaj`nms km 2.999 plhlgrls4 y mh orup` km hls a`nstjtuaj`nms fìs mxtmnsls supmrl hls 2.999 plhlgrls. Ely glstlntms kjbmrmnajls mntrm hls a`nstjtuaj`nms grmvms y hls a`nstjtuaj`nms mxtmnsls mn h` qum rmspmatl l su mstruaturl jntmrnl, l p`sjgjhjklkms km jntmrprmtlajñn y km la`f`klajñn, l h`s alfgj`s km ajraunstlnajls fly`rms mn hls a`nstjtuaj`nms grmvms. Z hl supmrj`r nmamsjklk km jntr`kuajr lcustms, p`r væl km rmb`rfl, mn hls mxtmnsls y kmtlhhlkls. Mn mh lnae` pln`rlfl km hl Ejst`rjl a`nstjtuaj`nlh àajkmntlh hls a`nstjtuaj`nms grmvms y mxtmnsls eln mxjstjk` m t`kls hls êpàls. Mn Msplül hls k`s a`nstjtuaj`nms a`n fly`r nófmr` km lrtæauh`s eln sjk` hl prjfmrl, km <5<7 y hl vjomntm km <:?5. Mn plrtm kmh sjoh` UJU y elstl hl Qmounkl Oumrrl Funkjlh, hl kàtrjnl pr`puonñ hl grmvmklk g rmvmklk mn Kmrmae` a`nstjtuaj`nlh a`f` unl vjrtuk. H` jkmlh ms lhalnzlr prmajsjñn a`n hls plhlgrls y sjn qum hl pr`sl jna`rp`rm lrlgmsa`s jnótjhms. Ymr` mn h`s pràms`s a`nstjtuymntms mstl pr`pjmklk sm slarjbjal brmaumntmfmntm lh oust` km hl rmtñrjal kmfàrìtjal, ` l qum smr fìs bìajh a`nsmnsulr un prmampt` y klr oust` l orln nófmr` km orup`s


7<

plrhlfmntlrj`s fmkjlntm jnajs`s, pìrrlb`s y lun lrtæauh`s km kuk`sl nmamsjklk. M) A`nstjtuaj`nms `rjojnlrjls y kmrjvlkls Y`r A`nstjtuajñn `rjojnlrjl sm mntjmnkm hl qum a`ntjmnm un prjnajpj` bunaj`nlh numv`, vmrklkmrlfmntm armlk`r y, p`r tlnt` ‘`rjojnlh‖, plrl mh

pràms` kmh p`kmr p`hætja` y plrl hl b`rflajñn km hl v`huntlk mstltlh. Y`r, Y` r, a`ntrlp`sjajñn, hl mxprmsjñn A`nstjtuajñn kmrjvlkl ` kmrjvltjvl kmbjnm lqumhhls a`nstjtuaj`nms qum sjoumn bunklfmntlhfmntm h`s f`kmh`s a`nstjtuaj`nlhms nlaj`nlhms ` mxtrlncmr`s, mbmatulnk` tln sñh` unl lklptlajñn l hls nmamsjklkms nlaj`nlhms. Mxamptulnk` un rmkuajk` nófmr` km tmxt`s bunklfmntlhms, l h`s qum sm kmgmn lp`rtlaj`nms gìsjals lh Kmrmae` a`nstjtuaj`nlh, hl jnfmnsl fly`ræl km hls A`nstjtuaj`nms `pmrln a`n jnstjtuaj`nms y b`rfuhls curækja`-p`hætjals mxpmrjfmntlkls lntmrj`rfmntm, lunqum, alsj sjmfprm, jntr`kuajmnk` f`kuhlaj`nms ` n`vmklkms smaunklrjls. Elam yl fuaels kêalkls qum p`kmf`s a`nsjkmrlr l t`kl t`kl A`nstjtuajñn a`f` kmrjvlkl.


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[MFL =.- A@NQ[J[]AJÑN MN QMN[JK@ B@WFLH Z MN QMN[JK@ FL[MWJLH. A@NQ[J[]AJÑN Z KMF@AWLAJL =.<.]nl kjstjnajñn ahìsjal Hl A`nstjtuajñn pumkm mntmnkmrsm kmskm k`s pmrspmatjvls, unl, hl A`nstjtuajñn mn smntjk` b`rflh ,

qum ltjmnkm l qum sm trltl km unl n`rfl

mspmajlhæsjfl qum sm kjbmrmnajl km hl rmstlntm kmh `rkmnlfjmnt` p`r smr `grl kmh p`kmr a`nstjtuymntm `rjojnlrj`, p`r hl b`rfl qum lk`ptl y h`s sjnouhlrms mbmat`s qum tjmnm s`grm t`k` mh `rkmnlfjmnt` curækja`4 `trl, hl A`nstjtuajñn mn smntjk` fltmrjlh ,

qum sm amntrl mn hl mxjstmnajl km h`s a`ntmnjk`s kmh

Kmrmae` a`nstjtuaj`nlh qum rmlhfmntm tjmnmn un lhalnam trlsamnkmntm plrl kmbjnjr h`s prjnajpj`s mn qum sm glsl hl a`nvjvmnajl y h`s arjtmrj`s mstruaturlhms a`nb`rfm l h`s qum sm `rolnjzln h`s p`kmrms póghja`s. Kmskm mstl kjbmrmnajlajñn p`kmf`s vmr qum ajmrtls n`rfls s`n tln sñh` b`rflhfmntm a`nstjtuaj`nlhms, klk` qum mstìn jna`rp`rlkls lh Añkjo` a`nstjtuaj`nlh, pmr` sjn qum lg`rkmn fltmrjl a`nstjtuaj`nlh. Km hl fjsfl flnmrl, algm hhmolr l s`stmnmr qum pumkm elgmr n`rfls a`n rlno` km fltmrjl a`nstjtuaj`nlh mn mh `rkmnlfjmnt`, pmr` n` rmaòjkls mn mh tmxt` a`nstjtuaj`nlh. Mstl kjstjnajñn tuv` mn mh sjoh` UJU fìs jfp`rtlnajl qum hl fmrlfmntm lalkêfjal, pumst` qum trlkuaæl k`s p`sjaj`nlfjmnt`s p`hætja`s km fuy kjbmrmntm sjon`. Mh pmnslfjmnt` curækja` p`hætja` qum sjrvm lh f`vjfjmnt` rmv`huaj`nlrj` brlnaês, sñh` a`najgm qum hl bjnlhjklk gìsjal km hl A`nstjtuajñn ms hl km hjfjtlr mh p`kmr, a`najgjmnk` hl A`nstjtuajñn A`nstjtuajñn a`f` un Kmrmae` km supmrj`r rlno`, `grl kmh p`kmr a`nstjtuymntm, rmaòjk` mn un kàufmnt` msarjt`, sñh` f`kjbjalghm p`r un pràmkjfjmnt` ræojk` y n` p`r


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h`s p`kmrms a`nstjtujk`s sjn` p`r mh pr`pj` p`kmr a`nstjtuymntm. Kmskm mstl ñptjal ms msmnajlh hl kjfmnsjñn b`rflh km hl A`nstjtuajñn. =.7.Hl lampajñn ejst`rjajstl kmh smntjk` fltmrjlh km hl A`nstjtuajñn H`s a`ntrlrrmv`huaj`nlrj`s y, mspmajlhfmntm, h`s hjgmrlhms f`kmrlk`s km alsj t`kl Mur`pl, lsmourlgln qum Orln Grmtlül kjsp`næl km unl vmrklkmrl A`nstjtuajñn, pmr` qum hl fjsfl nj mstlgl æntmorlfmntm rmbhmclkl p`r msarjt`, nj lón fmn`s sm elgæl rmaòjk` mn un s`hmfnm tmxt` a`kjbjalk`. Q`stmnæln qum hl A`nstjtuajñn mrl brut` km un a`fphmc` y hlro` pràms` ejstñrja`, auyl mv`huajñn mxphjalgl hl a`fp`sjajñn y hls bunaj`nms km hls kjvmrsls jnstjtuaj`nms rmhmvlntms mn mh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf` grjtìnja`. Kmkuaæln qum hl lampajñn b`rflh km hl A`nstjtuajñn mrl p`grm y mrrñnml y qum mrl nmamslrj` a`nstrujr brmntm l mhhl mh a`nampt` fltmrjlh km A`nstjtuajñn. Êstm mstlgl alrolk` km ejst`rjajsf` qum custjbjalgl un plpmh rmhmvlntm km hl A`r`nl jnahus` lh brmntm brmntm kmh p`kmr mcmautjv` y unl vjsjñn kmh p`kmr a`nstjtuymntm a`nstjtuymntm y km hl s`gmrlnæl, n` rmsjkmnajlk` mxahusjvlfmntm mxahusjvlfmntm mn hl Nlajñn rmprmsmntlkl p`r mh Ylrhlfmnt`, sjn` a`fplrtjk` ejstñrjalfmntm p`r mh Wmy y hls A`rtms.(Bjourl <7)

B J O]WL O] WL <7.- H l A`ns A`n stjtu tj tuajñn ajñn n ` elgæl km ms mstlr msarj tl mn su t`tlhj t`t lhj klk y elgæl qum qu m kmclr kmclr un lfphj ` flromn flromn l hl h l a`s a`stufgr m a`f` bumntm kmh kmh K mr mae` a`nstj a`nstjtuaj tuaj `nlh. `nlh .


7;

=.1.Hl lampajñn sàj`hñojal kmh smntjk` fltmrjlh km hl A`nstjtuajñn Hl jkml km A`nstjtuajñn qum kmbjmnkmn h`s hjgmrlhms a`nsmrvlk`rms tjmnm unl a`jnajkmnajl a`n hl qum elamn suyl h`s prjfmr`s pmnslk`rms km jzqujmrkls, sj n` kmskm mh ejst`rjajsf`, sæ kmskm un a`nampt` sàj`hñoja` km hl A`nstjtuajñn fltmrjlh. H`s pr`ghmfls a`nstjtuaj`nlhms n` s`n prjflrjlfmntm pr`ghmfls km Kmrmae` sjn` km p`kmr, hl vmrklkmrl A`nstjtuajñn km un plæs sñh` rmsjkm mn h`s blat`rms rmlhms y mbmatjv`s km p`kmr qum mn mstm plæs p læs rjomn, hls A`nstjtuaj`nms msarjtls n` tjmnmn vlh`r nj s`n kurlkmrls fìs qum aulnk` kln mxprmsjñn l h`s blat`rms km p`kmr jfpmrlntms mn hl rmlhjklk sàjlh. Kmskm pmrspmatjvls a`nsmrvlk`rls, mstl a`nampajñn sàj`hñojal km h` qum ms unl A`nstjtuajñn smrì lsufjkl a`n ajmrt`s fltjams. =.;.Mh mstlk` latulh km hl aumstjñn y hl vjomnajl kmh a`nampt` b`rflh km A`nstjtuajñn Mn mh sjoh` UU hl lampajñn b`rflh km hl A`nstjtuajñn sm el a`ns`hjklk`. Hl lspjrlajñn omnmrlhjzlkl km h`s pumgh`s, qum a`fuholn a`n hl bjh`s`bæl km hl hjgmrtlk y a`n h`s prjnajpj`s kmfàrìtja`s, ms o`zlr km unl A`nstjtuajñn n`rfltjvl qum lh fmn`s prmtmnkl rmouhlr h`s lspmat`s bunklfmntlhms km hl vjkl p`hætjal km un pumgh`. Ms hl lspjrlajñn l un `rkmn a`nstjtuaj`nlh k`tlk` km mbjalajl curækjal. ]n lfphj` smat`r km hl kàtrjnl ajmntæbjal el kmsp`clk` kmh a`nampt` fltmrjlh km A`nstjtuajñn hls lkemrmnajls fìs kàtrjnlrjls, omstlkls lh smrvjaj` km alusls p`hætjals, y el pràurlk` qumklrsm a`n unl kjstjnajñn vlhjkl mntrm hl lampajñn b`rflh km hl A`nstjtuajñn, a`ncunt` km n`rfls qum


7=

mstìn jna`rp`rlkls l hl A`nstjtuajñn a`n jnkmpmnkmnajl kmh alrìatmr smaunklrj` ` jnahus` jntrlsamnkmntm qum pumkln tmnmr lhounl km msls n`rfls. Z hl lampajñn fltmrjlh, qum prmstl ltmnajñn lh a`ntmnjk` sustlnajlh

km hl A`nstjtuajñn , n`rfls qum ltjmnkmn l hl a`fp`sjajñn y bunaj`nms km h`s ñroln`s kmh Mstlk` y l hl pràhlflajñn km kmrmae`s km hls pmrs`nls brmntm l h`s p`kmrms póghja`s.

N` t`k` a`ntmnjk` km hl A`nstjtuajñn ms

sjmfprm Kmrmae` a`nstjtuaj`nlh, yl qum pumkm lhgmrolr kmahlrlaj`nms pròrlfìtjals qum rmsp`nkmn lh jntmrês km lhoun`s plrtjk`s ` l ajmrt`s orup`s km prmsjñn. Ely qum lamptlr sjn rmsmrvls, a`f` a`nampt` mcm ` amntrlh km A`nstjtuajñn su lampajñn b`rflh, mntrm `trls rlz`nms p`r su vlh`r olrlntjstl. Qjn mfglro`, ely qum lsufjr unl f`kmrlkl a`nampajñn fltmrjlh km hl A`nstjtuajñn, qum tjmnm mh fêrjt` km a`fphmtlrn`s hl vjsjñn b`rflh km hl A`nstjtuajñn. Mbmatjvlfmntm rlrl ms hl A`nstjtuajñn qum n` a`ntmnol prmampt`s vlaæ`s, p`r h` qum n` sm kmcl km larmkjtlr hl utjhjklk km hl kjstjnajñn mntrm A`nstjtuajñn b`rflh y fltmrjlh.

=.=. A@NQ[J[]AJÑN Z KMF@AWLAJL Hl A`nstjtuajñn mfmrom mn hl ejst`rjl lh alh`r km h`s jkmlhms hjgmrlhms y flkurl a`n hl mxplnsjñn kmh pmnslfjmnt` kmfàrìtja`. Y`r A`nstjtuajñn mntmnkmf`s, un f`k` km `rkmnlajñn km hl vjkl sàjlh mn mh qum hl tjtuhlrjklk km hl s`gmrlnæl a`rrmsp`nkm l hls omnmrlaj`nms vjvls y mn mh qum, hls rmhlaj`nms mntrm o`gmrnlntms y o`gmrnlk`s mstìn rmouhlkls km tlh f`k` qum êst`s kjsp`nmn km un`s ìfgjt`s rmlhms km hjgmrtlk qum hms pmrfjtmn mh a`ntr`h mbmatjv` km h`s tjtuhlrms àlsj`nlhms kmh p`kmr. N` ely `trl A`nstjtuajñn qum hl A`nstjtuajñn kmfàrìtjal.


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Q`grm mstl hænml H`mwmnstmjn lauüñ unl ahlsjbjalajñn km hls a`nstjtuaj`nms, y hl jnbrlmstruaturl jkm`hñojal a`fón l t`kls hls kmfàrlajls a`nstjtuaj`nlhms tjmnm trms mhmfmnt`s3 l) mh a`nvmnajfjmnt` km t`k` mh p`kmr mflnl kmh pumgh`4 g) tlnt` mh o`gjmrn` a`f` mh plrhlfmnt` kmgmn smr la`rkms a`n hl v`huntlk kmh pumgh`, y a) hls mhmaaj`nms hjgrms y e`nmstls b`rfln un ajraujt` lgjmrt` mn mh qum a`fpmtjrìn t`k`s h`s plrtjk`s p`hætja`s. Hl a`nb`rflajñn kmh p`kmr sm vm a`f` trjlnouhlr3 plrhlfmnt`, o`gjmrn` y pumgh`. Mstl ahlsjbjalajñn `nt`hñojal km hls a`nstjtuaj`nms plrtm kmh orlk` km a`na`rklnajl qum sm kê mntrm hls n`rfls a`nstjtuaj`nlhms a`n hl rmlhjklk kmh pràms` kmh p`kmr. Z sm kjstjnoum3 k jstjnoum3 L. Hls A`nstjtuajñn n`rfltjvl qum ms `gsmrvlkl hmlhfmntm p`r t`k`s h`s jntmrmslk`s y êstl mstì jntmorlkl mn hl sàjmklk y hl sàjmklk mn hl A`nstjtuajñn. G. Hl A`nstjtuajñn n`fjnlh qum qum ms hl qum pumkm smr curækjalfmntm vìhjkl, pmr` auyls n`rfls n` sm sm lklptln lh pràms` p`hætja`. p`hætja`. A. Hl A`nstjtuajñn smfìntjal qum ms un fmr` kjsbrlz a`n mh qum sm rmvjstm mh p`kmr lgs`hut`. (Bjourl <1)

B J O]WL <1.-Mn h ls nlaj`n ms km hl M ur `pl àa àajkmntlh jkmntlh latulh sñh` sñh` sm a`najgmn a`najgmn yl lutê lu tê n tj als a`ns a`n stj tuaj tu aj`n `nm ms n `rflt `r fltjj vls. vls.


7?

[MFL 2.- A@NQ[J[]AJ@NLHJQF@ MN MQYLÜL.

2.<. JN[W@K]AAJÑN EJQ[ÑWJAL KM HLQ A@NQ[J[]AJ@NMQ \]M EL [MNJK@ MQYLÜL ELQ[L HL H L LA[]LHJKLK.-HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN KM <5<7 Msplül sm mnaumntrl jnvlkjkl p`r h`s mcêrajt`s nlp`hmñnja`s. Nlp`hmñn, elgæl a`nsmoujk` rmunjr l Alrh`s JR y l su ejc` Bmrnlnk` RJJ mn Gly`nl, y `ghjo` lh rmy qum lgkjalrl mn Nlp`hmñn, p`njmnk` a`f` rmy mn Msplül l su emrfln` C`sê J. Qjn mfglro` hl fly`ræl fly`ræl kmh pumgh` msplü`h mstlgl mn kmslaumrk` a`n mh numv` f`nlral y hl oumrrl a`ntrl mh jnvls`r brlnaês mstuv` lnjflkl p`r fuaels km hls jkmls km hjgmrtlk `rjojnlkls mn Brlnajl. Mn <595 hls cuntls hàlhms y pr`vjnajlhms qum kjrjoæln hl rmsjstmnajl mnvjlr`n rmprmsmntlntms plrl b`rflr unl cuntl Amntrlh Quprmfl qum a``rkjnlrl hls laaj`nms gêhjals y kjrjojmrl mh plæs kurlntm hl oumrrl. Yrjfmr` sm rmunjmr`n mn Flkrjk, pmr` a`n hls jnvlsj`nms nlp`hmñnjals tuvjmr`n qum rmtràmkmr elajl Qmvjhhl y km lhhæ l Aìkjz. Lhhæ hl cuntl sm kjs`hvjñ trls hl a`nvàlt`rjl km hls A`rtms. Ejajmr`n unl smrjm km rmb`rfls y mntrm mhhls unl rmb`rfl p`hætjal. Mh <: km Flrz` km <5<7 sm pr`fuhol hl a`nstjtuajñn, ‘hl Ympl‖, qum kmbjnm t`k` mh mspærjtu hjgmrlh. Mh tmxt` a`nstjtuaj`nlh phlsfl

tlfgjên mh a`fpr`fjs` mxjstmntm mntrm h`s smat`rms km hl guroumsæl hjgmrlh y h`s lgs`hutjstls, lh rma`nàmr t`tlhfmntm h`s kmrmae`s km hl rmhjojñn altñhjal. Hl A`nstjtuajñn a`ntjmnm, mn sus lrtæauh`s, unl kmahlrlajñn km kmrmae`s kmh ajuklkln`4 hl hjgmrtlk km jfprmntl, hl joulhklk km h`s msplü`hms lntm hl hmy, mh kmrmae` km pmtjajñn, hl hjgmrtlk ajvjh, mh kmrmae` km pr`pjmklk y mh rma`nàjfjmnt` km t`k`s h`s kmrmae`s hmoætjf`s km h`s jnkjvjku`s qum a`fp`nmn hl nlajñn msplü`hl. H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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Hl mstruaturl kmh Mstlk` sm a`rrmsp`nkm a`n mh km unl f`nlrquæl hjfjtlkl glslkl mn unl kjvjsjñn km p`kmrms. Mh p`kmr hmojshltjv`, Hls A`rtms unjalfmrlhms, rmprmsmntln hl v`huntlk nlaj`nlh y p`smmn lfphj`s p`kmrms3 mhlg`rlajñn km hmyms, lpr`glajñn km h`s prmsupumst`s y km h`s trltlk`s. trltlk`s. Mh sjstmfl mhmat`rlh tlfgjên mstì bjclk` mn hl pr`pjl A`nstjtuajñn3 mh subrloj` ms unjvmrslh flsauhjn`. Mh f`nlral ms hl algmzl kmh p`kmr mcmautjv`, p`r h` qum p`smm hl kjrmaajñn kmh o`gjmrn` m jntmrvjmnm mn hl mhlg`rlajñn km hls hmyms y p`smm kmrmae` km vmt` suspmnsjv` kurlntm k`s lü`s. Mh p`kmr kmh rmy mstì a`ntr`hlk` p`r hls A`rtms, qum pumkmn jntmrvmnjr mn hl suamsjñn lh tr`n`. Hl custjajl ms a`fpmtmnajl mxahusjvl km h`s trjgunlhms, y sm mstlghmamn un`s añkjo`s ónja`s mn fltmrjl ajvjh, arjfjnlh y a`fmrajlh mta. @tr`s lrtæauh`s km hl A`nstjtuajñn a`ntmfphln hl rm`rolnjzlajñn km hl lkfjnjstrlajñn pr`vjnajlh y hàlh, hl rmb`rfl km h`s jfpumst`s y hl Elajmnkl Yóghjal, hl armlajñn km un mcêrajt` nlaj`nlh y hl `ghjolt`rjmklk kmh smrvjaj` fjhjtlr y hl jfphlntlajñn km unl mnsmülnzl prjflrjl póghjal y `ghjolt`rjl. (Bjourl <;)

B J O]WL <;.- H l A`nstjtu ajñn ajñn km Aìkjz bu m, lsjf lsjf jsf` un mcmfph` plr l `trls `tr ls fu aels a`ns a`n stj tuaj tu aj`n `nms ms mur `pmls y lfmrj lfmr j alnls alnl s mn mn h `s lü `s p`stmr p`stmrjj `r ms m jn spjr pj r lr ìmn mh b utur ut ur ` mh mh a`n stj tuaj`n tu aj`nlh lhjj sf` msplü msplü `h kmh sjoh ` UJ U.


7:

Lkmfìs kmh tmxt` a`nstjtuaj`nlh, hls A`rtms km Aìkjz lpr`glr`n lpr` glr`n unl smrjm km hmyms y kmarmt`s kmstjnlk`s l mhjfjnlr hls trlgls kmh Lntjou` Wêojfmn y l `rkmnlr mh Mstlk` a`f` un rêojfmn hjgmrlh. Lsæ sm kmarmtñ hl suprmsjñn km h`s smü`ræ`s, hl hjgmrtlk km trlglc`, hl lnuhlajñn km h`s ormfj`s, hl lg`hjajñn km hl Jnqujsjajñn y mh jnjaj` km hl kmslf`rtjzlajñn y km hl rmb`rfl lorlrjl. L pmslr km hl jfp`rtlnajl km su `grl, hls A`rtms n` tuvjmr`n orln jnajkmnajl mn hl vjkl kmh plæs. Lh bjnlh km hl oumrrl, hl vumhtl km Bmrnlnk` RJJ brustrñ hl mxpmrjmnajl hjgmrlh y a`nkuc` lh rmt`rn` kmh lgs`hutjsf`. -HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN KM <51? Bmrnlnk` RJJ fumrm fumrm <511, lh smr su ejcl pmqumül, Jslgmh, Jslgmh, su fucmr fucmr Fª Arjstjnl t`fl mh flnk` km Msplül. Kurlntm mstl rmomnajl ely vlrjl sugjkls y glclkls kmh p`kmr km h`s orup`s hjgmrlhms, pròrmsjstls y f`kmrlk`s. Mh o`gjmrn` pròrmsjstl a`nstjtujk` mn smptjmfgrm km <512 a`nvàñ jnfmkjltlfmntm A`rtms mxtrl`rkjnlrjls, a`n `gcmt` km qum hl nlajñn flnjbmstlsm mxprmslfmntm su v`huntlk lamral km hl rmstlurlajñn km hl A`nstjtuajñn km <5<7 ` sm kjmrl `trl numvl sm a`nsjkmrlgl a`nvmnjmntm. [rls alsj un lü` km kjsausj`nms, hls A`rtms lpr`glr`n unl numvl A`nstjtuajñn mh 5 km cunj` km <51?, qum bum slnaj`nlkl p`r Jslgmh JJ mh

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lsàjlajñn, kmrmae` km pmtjajñn, olrlntæl km smourjklk, kmrmae` km pr`pjmklk mta. Hl kjvjsjñn km p`kmrms y hl lusmnajl km a`nbmsj`nlhjklk altñhjal kmh Mstlk` mvjkmnajlgln hls lspjrlaj`nms fìs pròrmsjstls. Ymr` sm jntr`kuaæl unl smounkl aìflrl mh Qmnlk`, alrìatmr fìs a`nsmrvlk`r, sm a`namkæln fly`rms p`kmrms l hl A`r`nl vmt` km hmyms, kjs`huajñn kmh Ylrhlfmntm, blauhtlk km n`fgrlr y smplrl hjgrmfmntm l h`s fjnjstr`s y lkmfìs mh sjstmfl mhmat`rlh, qum sm rmfjtæl l unl hmy p`stmrj`r, mrl amnsltlrj` y mxtrl`rkjnlrjlfmntm rmstrjnojk` s`hlfmntm mh ;% km hl p`ghlajñn a`n kmrmae` l v`t`. -HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN KM <5;= Kmspuês km hl alækl km Msplrtmr` Jslgmh JJ sugm lh p`kmr km Msplül, h`s f`kmrlk`s sm elamn a`n mh p`kmr y ely unls numvls mhmaaj`nms mn <5;; mn hls qum olnln h`s F`kmrlk`s y p`nmn a`f` o`gmrnlntm l Nlrvìmz. Mn mstm numv` o`gjmrn` hl ahlsm sàjlh k`fjnlntm ms hl guroumsæl y mn <5;= slhm unl numvl a`nstjtuajñn qum vl l p`nmr brmn` l hl kmh 1? km alrìatmr pròrmsjstl. Hl A`nstjtuajñn km <5;= mstì kjvjkjkl mn <1 tætuh`s y êst`s mn 59 lrtæauh`s, trms fìs qum h`s qum a`fp`næln hl kmh 1?. Mstì A`nstjtuajñn rmaòm hls jkmls gìsjals kmh f`kmrlntjsf`3 rmaelz` km hl s`gmrlnæl nlaj`nlh y sustjtuajñn p`r hl s`gmrlnæl a`ncuntl kmh Wmy y hls A`rtms, lfphjlajñn km h`s p`kmrms kmh mcmautjv` y kjsfjnuajñn km hls ltrjguaj`nms km hls A`rtms, Mxahusjvjklk km hl rmhjojñn altñhjal y a`fpr`fjs` km flntmnjfjmnt` kmh auht` y ahmr`, Lyuntlfjmnt`s y Kjputlaj`nms s`fmtjk`s l hl Lkfjnjstrlajñn amntrlh, suprmsjñn km hl Fjhjajl Nlaj`nlh, rmstrjaajñn kmh kmrmae` km v`t`, qum sm rmfjtm l unl numvl hmy


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mhmat`rlh p`stmrj`r y Qmnlk` n` mhmatjv` sjn` n`fgrlk` p`r hl rmjnl mntrm pmrs`nlhjklkms rmhmvlntms y km su a`nbjlnzl. Qm flntmnæl orln plrtm kmh lrtjauhlk` km hl A`nstjtuajñn km <51?, s`grm t`k` mn hl kmahlrlajñn km kmrmae`s, pmr` sm rmfjtæl su rmouhlajñn l hmyms p`stmrj`rms qum bumr`n mn`rfmfmntm rmstrjatjvls a`n hls hjgmrtlkms. Y`r óhtjf`, a`nbmræl mn`rfms ltrjguaj`nms l hl A`r`nl, yl qum, lkmfìs km hl blauhtlk km n`fgrlr fjnjstr`s y kjs`hvmr hls A`rtms, hm `t`rolgl hl blauhtlk km n`fgrlr mh Qmnlk`. H`s f`kmrlk`s jntmntlr`n tlfgjên fmc`rlr sus rmhlaj`nms a`n hl Johmsjl, qum mn orln plrtm sm elgæl f`strlk` pràhjvm lh alrhjsf` lntm hls rmb`rfls pròrmsjstls y fuy mspmajlhfmntm l alusl km hl kmslf`rtjzlajñn y hl lg`hjajñn kmh kjmzf`. Mn mh lü` <5=< sm bjrfñ un A`na`rklt` a`n hl Qlntl Qmkm, mn mh qum sm mstlghmaæl hl suspmnsjñn km hl vmtl km h`s gjmnms mahmsjìstja`s kmslf`rtjzlk`s, mh rmt`rn` km h`s n` vmnkjk`s y hl bjnlnajlajñn póghjal kmh auht` y mh ahmr`. L plrtjr km msm f`fmnt`, lun aulnk` ajmrt`s smat`rms a`ntjnulr`n vjmnk` mn hl `pajñn alrhjstl hl ónjal olrlntæl km rmaupmrlr hl sjtulajñn prjvjhmojlkl kmh Lntjou` Wêojfmn, hl p`sturl `bjajlh km hl cmrlrquæl km hl Johmsjl altñhjal bum hl km rmsplhklr mh tr`n` km Jslgmh JJ.

-HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN KM <52: Mh O`gjmrn` pr`vjsj`nlh l auy` brmntm sm sjtulr`n Qmrrln` y Yrjf, pus` rìpjklfmntm mn flrael un pròrlfl km rmb`rfls. Bumr`n jnfmkjltlfmntm rma`nàjk`s hl hjgmrtlk km jfprmntl, mh kmrmae` km rmunjñn y lsàjlajñn y mh subrloj` unjvmrslh, sm lpr`gñ hl rmb`rfl km hl mnsmülnzl, hl kmfàrltjzlajñn km Lyuntlfjmnt`s mta. Lh fjsf` tjmfp` mh O`gjmrn` H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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pr`vjsj`nlh a`nvàñ mhmaaj`nms l A`rtms a`nstjtuymntms, fjmntrls sm pr`nunajlgl l blv`r km unl bñrfuhl f`nìrqujal plrl mh butur` rêojfmn p`hætja`. Hls mhmaaj`nms, amhmgrlkls p`r prjfmrl vmz mn Msplül p`r subrloj` unjvmrslh flsauhjn` kjmr`n hl vjat`rjl l hl a`lhjajñn ougmrnlfmntlh y armlr`n tlfgjên k`s jfp`rtlntms fjn`ræls kmntr` km hls A`rtms3 hl alrhjstl y hl rmpughjalnl. Hl A`nstjtuajñn km <52: a`nstl km << tætuh`s, kjvjkjk`s mn <<7 lrtæauh`s, l rtæauh`s, ahlrlfmntm hjgmrlh-kmfàrìtjal, pmrbjhlgl un rêojfmn km hjgmrtlkms fuy lfphj` sj sm a`fplrl a`n `trls mur`pmls km hl fjsfl êpàl. Qm pràhlflgl hl s`gmrlnæl nlaj`nlh y sm a`nbjrflgl mh subrloj` unjvmrslh flsauhjn`. Jnahuæl unl lfphæsjfl kmahlrlajñn km kmrmae`s mn hl qum l h`s trlkjaj`nlhms kmrmae`s jnkjvjkulhms sm lülkæln `tr`s numv`s y sm olrlntjzlgl hl hjgmrtlk km rmsjkmnajl, mnsmülnzl ` auht` y hl jnvj`hlgjhjklk kmh a`rrm`. Hl f`nlrquæl sm flntuv` a`f` b`rfl km o`gjmrn` a`rrmsp`nkjmnk` lh rmy mh p`kmr mcmautjv` y hl blauhtlk km kjs`hvmr hls A`rtms3 unl a`namsjñn n`ghm lh p`kmr kmh f`nlral, pmr` qumklgl mxphæajt` qum êstm mcmraæ su p`kmr pr`fmkj` km sus fjnjstr`s y qum hls hmyms mrln mhlg`rlkls p`r hls A`rtms y mh rmy sñh` hls slnaj`nlgl ` pr`fuholgl. Lsæ fjsf`, n` sñh` sm pràhlflgl, a`f` mn `trls a`nstjtuaj`nms, hl jnkmpmnkmnajl kmh p`kmr cukjajlh, sjn` qum sm p`næln h`s fmkj`s plrl a`nsmoujrhl, armlnk` un sjstmfl km `p`sjaj`nms l cumz qum laltlgl a`n mh n`fgrlfjmnt` km êst`s y hl laajñn póghjal a`ntrl h`s cumams qum a`fmtjmrln blhtls mn mh mcmrajaj` km su alro`.

2.7. A@FYLWLAJÑN KM HLQ KJRMWQLQ A@NQ[J[]AJ@NMQ \]M EL [MNJK@ MQYLÜL Hl a`nstjtuajñn km <5<7 ms prjnajplhfmntm hjgmrlh, lh a`ntrlrj` km hl a`nstjtuajñn km <:?5 qum ms t`tlhfmntm kmfàrìtjal. Mn hls k`s H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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a`nstjtuaj`nms ely unl orln kmahlrlajñn km h`s kmrmae`s eufln`s y hl kmbmnsl kmh pumgh`. Hl mstruaturl prjnajplh km hls k`s, mstì glslkl mn hl kjvjsjñn km p`kmrms. Hl a`nstjtuajñn km <51? ms km tlhlntm hjgmrlh a`nsmrvlk`r, fjmntrls qum hl vjomntm mn mst`s f`fmnt`s ms unl a`nstjtuajñn kmfàrìtjal. Mn hls k`s a`nstjtuaj`nms ely unl kmahlrlajñn km h`s kmrmae`s eufln`s. Mn hl km <51? n` ely unl rmhjojñn `bjajlh, lh joulh qum hl km <:?5 alkl un` pumkm mhmojr hl rmhjojñn qum qujmrl mcmramr. Mn hls k`s ely unl kjvjsjñn km p`kmrms. Hl km <51? ms amnsjtlrjl lh a`ntrlrj` km hl km <:?5 qum t`k` mh funk` pumkm v`tlr, tjmnm subrloj` unjvmrslh. Hl a`nstjtuajñn km <5;= ms f`kmrlkl y hl km <:?5 ms kmfàrìtjal. Mn <5;= mh pumgh` mstlgl `ghjolk` l tmnmr unl ónjal rmhjojñn, hl altñhjal, lh a`ntrlrj` qum hl km <:?5. Mn hl a`nstjtuajñn a`nstjtuajñn vjomntm mh smnlk` ms mhmojk` p`r t`k`s h`s ajuklkln`s, ms un sjstmfl km subrloj` unjvmrslh, pmr` mn <5;= mh smnlk` ms mhmojk` p`r hl rmjnl. Mn hls k`s ely unl lfphjl kmahlrlajñn km h`s kmrmae`s eufln`s. Hl a`nstjtuajñn km <52: ms hjgmrlh kmfàrìtjal y hl km le`rl ms kmfàrìtjal. Hls k`s tjmnmn unl lfphjl kmahlrlajñn km h`s kmrmae`s km h`s ajuklkln`s y sus hjgmrtlkms. Mn <52: tmnæln subrloj` unjvmrslh flsauhjn` y mn <:?5 tjmnmn subrloj` unjvmrslh, pumkmn v`tlr e`fgrm y fucmrms mxampt` fmn`rms km <5 lü`s. Mn <52: hl b`rfl km o`gjmrn` mrl unl f`nlrquæl y mn <:?5 mh f`nlral ms mh cmbm kmh k mh mstlk` y mh prmsjkmntm ms mh cmbm kmh o`gjmrn`.


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[MFL ?.- HL [WLNQJAJÑN KMH WÊOJFMN BWLN\]JQ[L LH QJQ[MFL A@NQ[J[]AJ@NLH JN[W@K]AAJÑN Qjn huolr l kukls, mh alpjtuh` fìs prmstjoj`s` km hl Ejst`rjl p`hætjal msplü`hl kmh Qjoh` UU ms hl trlnsjajñn. Hl trlnsjajñn p`r lnt`n`flsjl ms hl qum sjrvjñ km pumntm plrl kjsaurrjr kmskm mh rêojfmn p`hætja` kmh Omnmrlh Brlna` elstl hl kmhjgmrlajñn y lpr`glajñn km hl A`nstjtuajñn kmfàrìtjal km <:?5. Numstrl ejst`rjl p`hætjal bum kurlntm h`s k`s óhtjf`s sjoh`s t`k` un f`kmh` km laufuhlajñn km a`nvuhsj`nms y lphjalajñn km hl vjmcl hmy kmh pênkuh`. Wmv`huaj`nms pr`pjlfmntm kjaels n` vjvjñ Msplül fuaels fìs qum `tr`s plæsms km numstr` mnt`rn`, pmr` mn fltmrjl km pr`nunajlfjmnt`s, aulrtmhlz`s y oumrrls ajvjhms elgælf`s lhalnzlk` un rêa`rk. Kmskm mst`s lntmamkmntms, mn t`k` mh funk` àajkmntlh numstrl trlnsjajñn ms mnslhzlkl y lkfjrlkl a`f` unl s`huajñn f`kêhjal plrl ahlusurlr unl mxpmrjmnajl lut`rjtlrjl. Hl trlnsjajñn msplü`hl sm el a`nvmrtjk` lsæ mn `gcmt` km mstukj` mn fuhtjtuk km unjvmrsjklkms mxtrlncmrls y el jnspjrlk` bñrfuhls kjvmrsls km supmrlajñn km unl mxpmrjmnajl kjatlt`rjlh plrl klr pls` l un sjstmfl p`hætja` kmfàrìtja`. ?.<. MH JFY@QJGHM A@N[JN]JQF@ KMH BWLN\]JQF@ Km hls `grls y kjsaurs`s kmh omnmrlh Brlna` sm kmkuam bìajhfmntm su v`huntlk km qum l su fumrtm su rêojfmn p`hætja` lut`rjtlrj` hm s`grmvjvjmsm.


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Ylrl klr a`nsjstmnajl l mstl v`huntlk a`ntjnujstl a `ntjnujstl sm mhlg`rñ y lpr`gñ hl Hmy @roìnjal kmh Mstlk`. Mh mnt`nams Cmbm kmh Mstlk` flntmnæl km p`r vjkl hl t`tlhjklk km hls ltrjguaj`nms qum sm hm a`namkjmr`n p`r hls hmyms qum lauülr`n su alukjhhlcm mn phmnl Oumrrl Ajvjh, lsæ a`f` mh flntmnjfjmnt` kmh F`vjfjmnt` Nlaj`nlh auyl cmblturl a`nsmrvlgl vjtlhjajlfmntm. Qm trltlgl km unl Hmy Bunklfmntlh qum gusalgl mh a`ntjnujsf`. Qjn mfglro`, hl sàjmklk msplü`hl n` mrl yl hl km h`s lü`s aulrmntl. ]nl pròrmsjvl hjgmrlhjzlajñn km numstrl ma`n`fæl l alpjtlhms y pr`ymat`s mxtrlncmr`s, mh armajfjmnt` km numstrl pr`kuaajñn jnkustrjlh, hl mfjorlajñn km hl p`ghlajñn rurlh elajl hls prjnajplhms ajuklkms, mh orln bhuc` km turjsf` jntmrnlaj`nlh, hl mxtmnsjñn pròrmsjvl km hl mkualajñn, trlnsb`rflr`n h`s eìgjt`s sàjlhms y hl msalhl km vlh`rms km orln plrtm km h`s msplü`hms. Mh lsmsjnlt` kmh Yrmsjkmntm kmh O`gjmrn`, mh Lhfjrlntm Alrrmr` Ghlna`, p`r un a`flnk` km M[L, a`nstjtuyñ unl orlvm lkvmrsjklk plrl h`s fìs jhustrms kmbmns`rms kmh a`ntjnujsf`. Brlna` n`fgrñ prmsjkmntm kmh O`gjmrn` l Alrh`s Lrjls Nlvlrr`, qujên lpunt` ajmrtl v`huntlk km lpmrturjstl kmntr` kmh flra` km hls hmyms bunklfmntlhms km lqumh sjstmfl. L hl fumrtm km Brlna`, km a`nb`rfjklk a`n h` prmvjst` mn unl km hls hmyms bunklfmntlhms, hl Hmy km suamsjñn, lsufjñ hl Cmblturl kmh Mstlk` mh mnt`nams prænajpm emrmkmr`, K`n Culn Alrh`s km G`rgñn. Mh Wmy n`fgrñ l Alrh`s Lrjls prjfmr Yrmsjkmntm km O`gjmrn` km hl F`nlrquæl. Mh O`gjmrn` Lrjls jntmntñ unl rmb`rfl kmskm mh p`kmr. Mstm phln tr`pmzñ a`n mh jnf`vjhjsf` jnf`vjhjsf` l uhtrlnzl km h`s smat`rms fìs fìs rlkjalhms kmh brlnqujsf` y, s`grm t`k`, a`n hl mnmfjstlk km t`k`s h`s plrtjk`s km hl `p`sjajñn kmfàrìtjal. Qm pr`kuc` unl arjsjs km O`gjmrn` lh kjfjtjr mh Wmy l Lrjls, mh F`nlral n`fgrñ Yrmsjkmntm kmh O`gjmrn` l Lk`hb` Quìrmz.


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Quìrmz vj` pr`nt` qum n` elgæl b`rfuhls jntmrfmkjls mntrm mh brlnqujsf` y hl kmfàrlajl km a`rtm mur`pm`. N` hm qumkñ `tr` alfjn` qum lamptlr km hhmn` mh f`kmh` p`hætja`, n` km trlnsjajñn pmr` sæ km sjstmfl phurlhjstl m jnstjtuaj`nlh, qum pr`puonlgl kmskm sjmfprm hl `p`sjajñn lh brlnqujsf`. ?.7.HL HMZ YLWL HL WMB@WFL Y@HÆ[JAL Hmy a`f` s`huajñn pumntm qum supmrl mh kjhmfl km a`ntjnujklk ` rupturl Hl hmy plrl hl Wmb`rfl Y`hætjal jrì fuae` fìs lhhì km h` qum elgæln a`namgjk` h`s lpmrturjstls kmh rêojfmn brlnqujstl mn h`s pr`ymat`s y mn h`s phlnms qum elstl mnt`nams elgæln kjsautjk` plrl hl f`kjbjalajñn kmh sjstmfl. Hl Wmb`rfl Quìrmz sjonjbjañ mn h` sustlnajlh `ptlr p`r hl tmramrl km hls trms p`sjgjhjklkms qum mxjstæln s`grm mh plpmh mn lqumhhl mnaruajclkl ejstñrjal. Hl prjfmrl, mrl v`hvmr l hl smnkl kmh a`ntjnujsf`. Hl smounkl, sup`næl hl kjsa`ntjnujklk lgs`hutl a`n hl hmolhjklk mxjstmntm trls mh <5 km cuhj` km <:12, plrl lgrjr un pmræ`k` a`nstjtuymntm kmskm kmskm amr`. Mh O`gjmrn` mntlghñ un kjìhò` l vlrj`s njvmhms, tlnt` a`n pmrs`nlhjklkms sjonjbjaltjvls kmh brlnqujsf`, a`f` a`n kjrjomntms km kjvmrsls bumrzls p`hætjals km `p`sjajñn, mn gusal km unl phltlb`rfl subjajmntmfmntm a`nsmnsulkl, kmskm hl qum lg`rklr hl nmamslrjl rmb`rfl p`hætjal. Qm hòrñ unl orln s`huajñn prìatjal lh suflr k`s bumntms km hmojtjflajñn jkm`hñojalfmntm a`nbr`ntlkls. Hl Hmy lunñ, km un hlk`, hl hmojtjfjklk km hls Hmyms Bunklfmntlhms p`r mnt`nams vjomntms, vìhjkl plrl un smat`r km hl p`ghlajñn, p` ghlajñn, l auy` bjn sm rmspmtñ mh pràmkjfjmnt` km rmb`rfl prmvjst` mn hl Hmy km Quamsjñn, y, km `tr`, hl hmojtjfjklk kmfàrìtjal qum H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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mflnlræl km unls A`rtms lutêntjalfmntm a`nstjtuymntms mhmojkls p`r subrloj` unjvmrslh mn mhmaaj`nms hjgrms y a`fpmtjtjvls. a `fpmtjtjvls. Hl Hmy plrl hl Wmb`rfl Y`hætjal mnamrrñ lsæ unl sæntmsjs, mntrm hl hmojtjfjklk km hl sàjmklk qum sm lalglgl, y hl bumntm km hmojtjflajñn nlturlh km hl sàjmklk phurlhjstl, qum lhufgrlræl mn hls mhmaaj`nms. Mstl grmvæsjfl Hmy sñh` f`kjbjalgl lspmat`s puntulhms kmh mkjbjaj` km hl Hmyms bunklfmntlhms brlnqujstls. (Bjourl <=)

B J O]WL O] WL <=. Ymr` hl h l Hmy H my elaæl qum h ls A`r tms b r lnqu j stls r mb `rflsm `r flsmn n h ` sub sub j ajmntm, plrl qum unls A`rtms mhmatls p`stmrj`rms pukjmsmn kmròlr mh rmst` kmh lplrlt` cu c u r ækja` kj a` p`h ætj a` kmh r ê ojfmn oj fmn b r lnqu ln qujj stl.

Mh a`ntmnjk` km hl Hmy Hl Hmy plrl hl Wmb`rfl ms un pr`kjoj` km grmvmklk. [ln sñh` ajna` lrtæauh`s, trms kjsp`sjaj`nms trlnsjt`rjls trlnsjt`rjls y unl msaumtl kjsp`sjajñn bjnlh. Hl hmy tmnæl hl bjnlhjklk bìajhfmntm kmtmatlghm, amhmgrlr mhmaaj`nms plrl unls A`rtms qum lplrtm km a`fpmtmnajls hmojshltjvls `rkjnlrjls, tuvjmrln tlfgjên blauhtlkms a`nstjtuymntms. Hl Hmy mstlghmaæl ajna` orlnkms prmvjsj`nms3 H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

15

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Hl s`gmrlnæl nlaj`nlh rlkjal mn mh pumgh` y hl hmy ms mxprmsjñn km hl

fjsfl. 

Hl p`tmstlk km mhlg`rlr y lpr`glr hmyms rmsjkm mn hls A`rtms.



Hl A`rtms sm a`fp`nmn km A`norms` km h`s Kjputlk`s y kmh Qmnlk`.



Mh O`gjmrn` rmouhlrì hls prjfmrls mhmaaj`nms plrl a`nstjtujr un

A`norms` y un Qmnlk`. 

Hl jnjajltjvl km rmb`rfl a`nstjtuaj`nlh a`rrmsp`nkmrì lh O`gjmrn` ` lh

A`norms` km h`s Kjputlk`s, rmqujrjmnk` hl rmb`rfl hl lpr`glajñn km hl fly`ræl lgs`hutl km hls k`s Aìflrls. Cunt` l mstls prmvjsj`nms elgæl `trls km alrìatmr puntulh s`grm mh bunaj`nlfjmnt` `rkjnlrj` km hls numvls A`rtms ` s`grm hl blauhtlk kmh Wmy plrl s`fmtmr kjrmatlfmntm lh pumgh` ajmrtls aumstj`nms fmkjlntm rmbmrênkuf. Jnahuæl tlfgjên mh pr`nunajlfjmnt` km qum h`s kmrmae`s bunklfmntlhms km hl pmrs`nl s`n jnvj`hlghms y vjnauhl l t`k`s h`s ñroln`s kmh Mstlk`. ?.1. HL N@WFL[JRL MHMA[@WLH Hl Hmy plrl hl Wmb`rfl Y`hætjal blauhtñ lh O`gjmrn` plrl kjatlr hl n`rfltjvl mhmat`rlh p`r hl qum elgræln km rmojrsm hls mhmaaj`nms omnmrlhms hmojshltjvls, tlnt` plrl mh A`norms` a`f` plrl mh Qmnlk`. Mh sjstmfl mrl km rmprmsmntlajñn pr`p`raj`nlh a`rrmojk` y lsmntlk` mn ajraunsarjpaj`nms pr`vjnajlhms plrl mh A`norms` y plrl mh Qmnlk` a`n lrrmoh` lh sjstmfl fly`rjtlrj`. Mh Wmy p`kræl kmsjonlr elstl unl qujntl plrtm km h`s Qmnlk`rms. ]n Wmlh Kmarmt`-hmy rmaòjñ hls a`nsjoujmntms n`rfls mhmat`rlhms. Mstm Wmlh Kmarmt`-hmy n` bum unl jfpr`vjslajñn p`r hl nmamsjklk km a`nvàlr


1:

unls mhmaaj`nms kmfàrìtjals. Qu mstruaturl gìsjal bum mh rmsuhtlk` km mstukj`s l h`s lvlnams kmh Kmrmae` mhmat`rlh a`ntmfp`rìnm`. Hl Hmy plrl hl Wmb`rfl mna`fmnklgl lh O`gjmrn` lphjalr kjsp`sjtjv`s a`rrmat`rms plrl mvjtlr hl brlofmntlajñn kmh A`norms`. Mstl lh flromn km t`kl kjsausjñn mh lht` orlk` km purmzl y hjgmrtlk qum mh Wmlh Kmarmt`-hmy s`grm n`rfls mhmat`rlhms lp`rtñ l hls trlnsamnkmntlhms mhmaaj`nms a`nstjtuymntms. Hls cuntls Mhmat`rlhms, sjn jntr`fjsj`nms km njnounl mspmajm, mn su a`nkjajñn km ñroln`s jnkmpmnkjmntms, p`hætjalfmntm nmutr`s y prmsjkjkls p`r un flojstrlk`, pukjmr`n smr amh`s`s oulrkjlnms km qum hls mhmaaj`nms bumsmn hjgrms y a`fpmtjtjvls. Hls Cuntls vjojhlr`n qum mh amns` n` sm blhsmlsm.


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[MFL 5.- HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN KM <:?5. ALWLA[MWÆQ[JALQ Z MQ[W]A[]WL KM HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN KM <:?5 5.<. N@[LQ ALWLA[MWÆQ[JALQ KM HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN L. ]n Añkjo` lgjmrt` ;<

Hl A`nstjtuajñn km <:?5 sm n`s prmsmntl a`f` un Añkjo`, a`nb`rfm km hls a`nstjtuaj`nms ahìsjals a`ntjnmntlhms, amrrlk` y k`tlk` km hl n`tl km rjojkmz, qum jfpjkm su f`kjbjalajñn p`r mh hmojshlk`r `rkjnlrj` l trlvês kmh pràmkjfjmnt` hmojshltjv` n`rflh. Qjn mfglro`, mn k`s smntjk`s kjstjnt`s p`kmf`s a`nsjkmrlr hl A`nstjtuajñn A`nstjtuajñn a`f` un añkjo` lgjmrt`3 lgjmrt`3 

Hl pr`pjl A`nstjtuajñn prmvê un Mstlk` Lut`nñfja`. Hl a`nbjourlajñn

km hl `rkmnlajñn tmrrjt`rjlh kmh p`kmr sm a`nbæl l h`s Mstltut`s km Lut`n`fæl. Mhh` sjtól l h`s Mstltut`s km Lut`n`fæl bumrl kmh tmxt` km hl A`nstjtuajñn y p`r mnajfl km hl p`tmstlk hmojshltjvl km hls A`rtms. Mn a`nsmaumnajl hl A`nstjtuajñn sm lpr`gñ jnlalglkl y ms un Añkjo` n` amrrlk`, sjn` a`fphmfmntlk` p`r h`s Mstltut`s km Lut`n`fæl. @trl smrjm km ahìusuhls a`nbjourln hl A`nstjtuajñn a`f` un sjstmfl curækja` lgjmrt`3 ely kmtmrfjnlkls rmfjsj`nms l hl Hmy y mn mspmajlh l hls hmyms `roìnjals4 ely unl lpmrturl lh Kmrmae` Jntmrnlaj`nlh4 ely unl trlnsbmrmnajl km a`fpmtmnajls l `rolnjzlaj`nms `rolnjzlaj`n ms jntmrnlaj`nlhms. 

Hl A`nstjtuajñn sm rmklatñ sjn prmtmnkmr a`nsmnsulr p`hætjals

ma`nñfjals, auhturlhms, jntmrnlaj`nlhms... sm p`kæln kmslrr`hhlr hjgrmfmntm p`hætjals kjbmrmntms kmskm h`s o`gjmrn`s qum suamsjvlfmntm rmsplhkmn fly`ræls plrhlfmntlrjls km kjvmrs` sjon` p`hætja`.


G. ]nl A`nstjtuajñn fuy mxtmnsl Hl A`nstjtuajñn km <:?5 ms unl km hls fìs hlrols kmh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf` a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf` mur`pm` vjomntm. [lfgjên ms hl fìs hlrol km numstrl ejst`rjl a`nstjtuaj`nlh, a`n hl ónjal slhvmklk km hl A`nstjtuajñn km <5<7. Jnahuym mn su lrtjauhlk` kmahlrlaj`nms kjkìatjals fìs ` fmn`s jnnmamslrjls, rmjtmrlaj`nms y `gvjmklkms. H`s a`nstjtuymntms lhgmrolgln unl ahlrl prmàuplajñn p`rqum n` pukjmrl v`hvmr l klrsm mn numstr` plæs hl sjtulajñn km prmalrjmklk mn qum sm vjmr`n h`s kmrmae`s y hjgmrtlkms bunklfmntlhms kurlntm mh brlnqujsf`.(Bjourl <2)

B J O]WL <2. A`nsm A`nsmaumntmfm aumntmfmntm ntm hl A`n stjtu ajñn ajñn ms un l A`nstj A`nstjtuaj tuajñ ñn olr lntj stl mn mn h`

. a`namrnj a`namrn j mntm nt m l h`s kmr kmr mae`s b un klfmntlh ms

A. ]nl A`nstjtuajñn jnspjrlkl mn f`kmh`s mur`pm`s Hl A`nstjtuajñn msplü`hl mstì rmklatlkl tmnjmnk` fuy prmsmntm mh a`nstjtuaj`nlhjsf` mur`pm` vjomntm mn hls bmaels mn qum sm kmslrr`hhñ numstr` pràms` pràms` a`nstjtuymntm. a`nstjtuymntm. Qm el smülhlk` p`r a`nstjtuaj`nlhjstls a`nstjtuaj`nlhjstls qum hl A`nstjtuajñn n` ms lhtlfmntm `rjojnlh, lunqum ms fìs `rjojnlh km h` qum H`glt` Qmourjklk | [mhêb`n`3 2

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plrmam, mn lqumhh`s lspmat`s km tmxt` qum rmqujrjmr`n fìs kjìhò` y msbumrz` plrl lhalnzlr un a`nsmns`, hl `rjojnlhjklk ms fly`r. H`s mhmfmnt`s a`nstruatjv`s a`n qum a`ntlr`n h`s a`nstjtuymntms s`n fuy sjfjhlrms l h`s kjvmrs`s plæsms mur`pm`s. Hl A`nstjtuajñn n` kmcl km elamr lp`rtlaj`nms km ajmrtl a`nsjkmrlajñn lh Kmrmae` a`fplrlk`. K. ]nl A`nstjtuajñn jna`rp`rlk`rl km un sjstmfl km vlh`rms Hl A`nstjtuajñn lbjrfl qum Msplül sm a`nstjtuym mn un Mstlk` sàjlh y kmfàrìtja` km Kmrmae`, lülkm qum êstm pr`puonl a`f` vlh`rms supmrj`rms km su `rkmnlfjmnt` curækja` hl hjgmrtlk, hl custjajl, hl joulhklk y mh phurlhjsf` p`hætja`. Hl A`nstjtuajñn ms, lkmfìs km unl n`rfl qum pràhlfl y olrlntjzl kmrmae`s y qum mstruaturl hl a`fp`sjajñn y mh bunaj`nlfjmnt` km h`s p`kmrms, hl pràhlflajñn km un sjstmfl km vlh`rms. Mh tmxt` a`nstjtuaj`nlh jna`rp`rl nufmr`sls rmfjsj`nms fìs ` fmn`s mxphæajtls, l vlh`rms, prjnajpj`s y bunklfmnt`s, lfên km rmaòmr mh prjnajpj` gìsja` km hl joulhklk lntm hl hmy. Hl A`nstjtuajñn ms unl n`rfl, pmr` unl n`rfl n `rfl pmauhjlr y kjstjntl km hls kmfìs, pums jna`rp`rl mh sjstmfl km vlh`rms msmnajlhms qum el km a`nstjtujr mh `rkmn km a`nvjvmnajl p`hætjal y km jnb`rflr t`k` mh `rkmnlfjmnt` curækja`. M. ]nl A`nstjtuajñn n`rfltjvl, qum a`namkm un plrtjauhlr rmhjmvm lh

a`ntr`h cukjajlh kmh p`kmr Gumnl plrtm km hls alrlatmræstjals km hl A`nstjtuajñn km <:?5 sm pumkmn mxphjalr p`r mh kmsm` km h`s a`nstjtuymntms km olrlntjzlr qum n` sm jnaurrjmrl mn h`s vjaj`s kmh brlnqujsf`. ]n` km h`s mbmat`s km mstl


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prmàuplajñn bum mh jntmrês f`strlk` p`r mhlg`rlr unl A`nstjtuajñn qum bumsm rmlhfmntm n`rfltjvl. Hl A`nstjtuajñn mstì rmklatlkl kmskm mh mfpmü` mn a`nsmoujr qum mn t`k` f`fmnt` elyl km smr aufphjkl p`r h`s p`kmrms póghja`s. Y`r hl kmsa`nbjlnzl elajl mh p`kmr p`hætja`, mxphjal qum hl A`nstjtuajñn a`nbæm l jnstlnajls curjskjaaj`nlhms hl vjojhlnajl kmh bjmh aufphjfjmnt` km hl A`nstjtuajñn. Lhoun`s p`hætja`s sm rmvmhln, mn àlsj`nms, a`ntrl h`s kjatlk`s km h`s cumams jnkmpmnkjmntms lhmolnk` qum mhh`s s`n p`rtlvàms km hl s`gmrlnæl p`puhlr, hl A`nstjtuajñn plrtm kmh a`nampt` km qum nj sjqujmrl hls A`rtms Omnmrlhms s`n s`gmrlnls, sjn` tln sñh` un jfp`rtlntm p`kmr p`hætja` a`nstjtujk` y s`fmtjk` l hl A`nstjtuajñn, p`r h` qum hls rms`huaj`nms qum pukjmrl lk`ptlr a`ntrlvjnjmnk` êstl s`n lnuhlghms p`r mh [A y s`fmtm l h`s cumams y trjgunlhms `rkjnlrj`s `rkjnlrj`s tln sñh` lh jfpmrj` km hl hmy. B. ]nl A`nstjtuajñn qum a`nslorl unl kmfàrlajl rmprmsmntltjvl Numstr` Mstlk` km Kmrmae` ms lkcmtjvlk` p`r hl A`nstjtuajñn km kmfàrìtja` lh kmahlrlr qum hl s`gmrlnæl nlaj`nlh rmsjkm mn mh pumgh` msplü`h kmh qum mflnln h`s p`kmrms kmh Mstlk`. Km tlh b`rfl qum mh `rjomn prñxjf` km hl hmojtjflajñn km t`k` p`kmr p`hætja` mn Msplül ms sjmfprm mh pumgh` msplü`h. (Bjourl

;;

BJO]WL
Hl A`nstjtuajñn msplü`hl `ptl p`r un rêojfmn plrhlfmntlrj`, a`najgjmnk` l hls A`rtms Omnmrlhms, n` a`f` s`gmrlnls, sjn` a`f` rmprmsmntlajñn kmh pumgh` msplü`h. Hl rmohl km hl fly`ræl prmvlhmam l h` hlro` km hl A`nstjtuajñn, sj gjmn l vmams fltjzlkl p`r kjsp`sjtjv`s pr`pj`s km unl kmfàrlajl. 5.7. HL QJQ[MFÌ[JAL KM HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN

Mh Yrmìfguh` Mh Yrmìfguh` kmsmfpmül ajmrtls bunaj`nms. Hl prjfmrl ms hl km s`hmfnjzlr mh tmxt` m jna`rp`rlr lh fjsf` unl rmtñrjal kmfàrìtjal qum a`ntrjguym l elamr hhmolr hl bjh`s`bæl km hl hjgmrtlk lh a`fón km h`s ajuklkln`s. Mh Yrmìfguh` mhukm hl tmrfjn`hòæl têanja`-curækjal kmh lrtjauhlk` y lk`ptl un hmnoulcm kjrmat` y alplz km hhmolr l t`k`s h`s msplü`hms. Mh a`ncunt` kmh Yrmìfguh` trlnspjrl unl rmlhjklk a`nstjtuymntm, qum n` ms mv`huajñn km hl hmolhjklk bunklfmntlh brlnqujstl, sjn` `grl km un p`kmr a`nstjtuymntm, unls A`rtms a`n tlhms ltrjguaj`nms, qum elgæln mflnlk` km unls mhmaaj`nms hjgrms.


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Mh [ætuh` Yrmhjfjnlr Mn mh lntmpr`ymat` km hl p`nmnajl mstm [ætuh` sm kmn`fjnlgl ‘Yrjnajpj`s omnmrlhms‖ y mstm rñtuh` bum lglnk`nlk`, yl qum km unl plrtm ms

ajmrt` qum p`sjtjvjzl prjnajpj`s, pmr` tlfgjên hl A`nstjtuajñn pràhlfl prjnajpj`s lh flromn km mstm [ætuh`, tlfgjên mh [ætuh` prmhjfjnlr a`ntjmnm prmampt`s qum plrl nlkl rmaòmn prjnajpj`s prjnajpj`s omnmrlhms. H`s a`nstjtuymntms `ptlr`n p`r un rñtuh` fmn`s a`fpr`fmtjk` y qum pmrfjtjmsm rmaòmr n`rfls km fuy phurlh a`ntmnjk`, a`f` [ætuh` prmhjfjnlr. Mbmatjvlfmntm h`s numvm prmampt`s n` tjmnmn hl fjsfl nlturlhmzl y, cunt` l lhoun`s fuy trlsamnkmntms, h`s ely, km rmhltjvl jfp`rtlnajl a`nstjtuaj`nlh. Mstlf`s lntm un tætuh` pñrtja`, lamrtlklfmntm kmn`fjnlk` ‘[ætuh` prmhjfjnlr‖.

H`s numvm tætuh`s rmstlntms A`nb`rfm l unl vjmcl trlkjajñn hjgmrlh, hl plrtm kòfìtjal km hl A`nstjtuajñn

a`ntmnjkl mn mh [ætuh` J, ‘Km h`s kmrmae`s y kmgmrms



bunklfmntlhms‖

mstì lntmpumstl l hl plrtm `roìnjal. Km mstl b`rfl hl



pr`pjl mstruaturl km hl A`nstjtuajñn rmaumrkl l ajuklkln`s y p`kmrms póghja`s qum êst`s mstìn lh smrvjaj` km h`s kmrmae`s y hjgmrtlkms km hls pmrs`nls, hl ugjalajñn km h`s rmspmatjv`s kmrmae`s y hjgmrtlkms tmnkrì trlsamnkmnajl mn aulnt` l sus olrlntæls. Numstrl A`nstjtuajñn el smoujk`, l hl e`rl km `rkmnlr h`s kjvmrs`s [ætuh`s qum hl jntmorln, mh arjtmrj` ahìsja` km, trls amkmr l hl A`r`nl mh prjfmr` km h`s tætuh`s kmkjalk`s l hl plrtm `roìnjal, ms kmajr mh JJ, JJ, rmsmrvlr l


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hls A`rtms Omnmrlhms mh sjoujmntm, a`f` ñroln` rmprmsmntltjv` km hl v`huntlk p`puhlr. [ætuh` J, Km h`s kmrmae`s y kmgmrms bunklfmntlhms4 [ætuh` JJ, Km hl A`r`nl4 [ætuh` JJJ, Km hls A`rtms Omnmrlhms4 [ætuh` JR Kmh O`gjmrn` y hl lkfjnjstrlajñn4 [ætuh` R, Km hls rmhlaj`nms mntrm mh O`gjmrn` y hls A`rtms Omnmrlhms4 [ætuh` RJ, Kmh Y`kmr Cukjajlh4 [ætuh` RJJ, Ma`n`fæl y Elajmnkl4 [ætuh` RJJJ, Km hl `rkmnlajñn [mrrjt`rjlh kmh Mstlk`4 [ætuh` JU, Kmh [rjgunlh A`nstjtuaj`nlh4 [ætuh` U, Km hl rmb`rfl A`nstjtuaj`nlh. 5.1.HLQ KJQY@QJAJ@NMQ \]M AJMWWLN HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN Hl fly`r plrtm km hls kjsp`sjaj`nms bjnlhms y trlnsjt`rjls mstìn amntrlkls mn pr`ghmfls km hl `rkmnlajñn tmrrjt`rjlh tmrrjt`rjlh kmh Mstlk`. Mstlk`. Mspmajlh Mspmajlh jfp`rtlnajl mnajmrrl hl kjsp`sjajñn kmròlt`rjl, n` sñh` p`rqum kmròl mxprmslfmntm hl t`tlhjklk km hls hmyms bunklfmntlhms kmh brlnqujsf`, sjn` p`rqum a`ntjmnm mh omst` ejstñrja` km kmròlr hls hmyms kmh sjoh` UJU. Ymr` mh lplrtlk` curækjalfmntm fìs jntmrmslntm km mstl kjsp`sjajñn kmròlt`rjl smrì mh tmramr`, qum lh kjsp`nmr qum qumkln kmròlkls aulntls kjsp`sjaj`nms sm `p`noln l h` mstlghmajk` mn hl A`nstjtuajñn surtm mbmat`s jnfmkjlt`s. Ajmrrl mh tmxt` km hl A`nstjtuajñn hl hhlflkl Kjsp`sjajñn bjnlh qum mstlghmam hl mntrlkl mn vjo`r km hl A`nstjtuajñn mh fjsf` mh kæl km su pughjalajñn mn G@M. 5.;. [JY@H@OÆL KM HLQ N@WFLQ A@N[MNJKLQ MN HL A@NQ[J[]AJÑN Ely mn t`kls hls A`nstjtuaj`nms prmampt`s km lhalnam fuy prmajs`, pmr` hl jfpmrj`sl a`nvmnjmnajl km qum hls A`nstjtuaj`nms pumkln smr lsufjkls p`r hl orln fly`ræl km hls bumrzls p`hætjals y km hl p`ghlajñn, elam qum


;?

mntrm hls n`rfls a`n brmaumnajl a`ntmnoln prjnajpj`s curækja`s jnkmtmrfjnlk`s, ` prmampt`s km alrìatmr lgstrlat`s. Hls ahlsjbjalaj`nms, gjmn s`grm n`rfls km hl plrtm kòfìtjal, gjmn rmbmrmntms l lquêhhls pmrtmnmajmntms l hl plrtm `roìnjal, lrr`cln msalsl huz l hl e`rl km mspmajbjalr hl bumrzl n`rfltjvl km alkl prmampt` a`nstjtuaj`nlh. Hl lgunklnajl km n`rfls mn numstrl A`nstjtuajñn n` pmrfjtm lsufjr njnoón msbumrz` ahlsjbjalk`r km h`s hhmvlk`s l alg` kmskm hls kàtrjnls mxtrlncmrls, qum n` sm lcustln bìajhfmntm l numstrl hmy p`hætjal. Hl tjp`hòæl pr`pumstl3



Mn prjfmr têrfjn`, hls n`rfls qum kmahlrln h`s kmrmae`s

bunklfmntlhms,

qum ms

hl plrtm fìs jfp`rtlntm km hl A`nstjtuajñn,

a`nsjkmrlkl a`f` bumntm kmh Kmrmae`. Mntrm mstl ahlsm km n`rfls lgunkln hls km lphjalajñn kjrmatl m jnkjrmatl, pmr` tlfgjên hls ely qum prmvên qum mh hmojshlk`r `rkjnlrj` kjatm unl hmy lh rmspmat`.



Mn smounk` huolr, sm mnaumntrl mh tjp` km n`rfls kmn`fjnlkls

olrlntæls jnstjtuaj`nlhms. Kjvmrsls m jfp`rtlntms jnstjtuaj`nms s`n prmvjls l

unl kmtmrfjnlkl A`nstjtuajñn, qum hmc`s km bunklr lquêhhls sm hjfjtl l rma`nàmrhls ` l olrlntjzlr curækjalfmntm su supmrvjvmnajl. Ymr` tlhms olrlntæls n` armln kmrmae`s sugcmtjv`s l blv`r km pmrs`nls. pm rs`nls.



Mn tmramr têrfjn`, h`s flnklt`s lh hmojshlk`r . Nufmr`s`s prmampt`s

a`nstjtuaj`nlhms, tlnt` mn hl plrtm kòfìtjal a`f` km hl `roìnjal, rmnunajl l unl rmouhlajñn kjrmatl y a`fphmtl km su `gcmt` y `ptln p`r kjatlr unl n`rfltjvl msaumtl, qum sm a`fphmtl a`n unl rmfjsjñn l hl hmy. Ms


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sjfphmfmntm hl prmvjsjñn a`nstjtuaj`nlh km qum mh hmojshlk`r el km kjatlr hls n`rfls nmamslrjls plrl a`fphmtlr hl mstruaturl prmvjstl mn hl A`nstjtuajñn.



Mh aulrt` tjp` km prmampt`s s`n h`s qum rmaòmn h`s prjnajpj`s

bunklfmntlhms km `rkmn curækja`-p`hætja`, qum lp`rtln arjtmrj`s gìsja`s plrl

hl jntmrprmtlajñn km hl A`nstjtuajñn. N`s mstlf`s rmbjrjmnk` l h`s vlh`rms supmrj`rms qum pràhlfl hl A`nstjtuajñn, l h`s prjnajpj`s curækja`s b`rflhms km hl A`nstjtuajñn, lh prjnajpj` kmh vlh`r km hl kjonjklk km hl pmrs`nl y lh prjnajpj` km joulhklk lntm hl hmy. Mxampt` Mxa mpt` mh óhtjf` km h`s ajtlk`s, n` armln kmrmae`s sugcmtjv`s (jnkjvjkulhms) auy` lfplr` pumkl mxjojrsm cukjajlhfmntm. Qjn mfglro`, tjmnmn unl mspmajlh jfp`rtlnajl pums blajhjtln hl hlg`r kmh jntêrprmtm km hl A`nstjtuajñn y pumkmn k`tlr km ajmrtl mhlstjajklk l hl A`nstjtuajñn.

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]n vlh`r prñxjf` l h`s prjnajpj`s bunklfmntlhms ms mh qum tjmnmn hls

n`rfls qum lsjonln bjnms kmtmrfjnlk`s l hl laajñn mstltlh , qum n` `rjojnln

kjrmatlfmntm kmrmae`s mxjojghms y vln sjmfprm vjnauhlk`s l hl nmamsjklk km unl tlrml hmojshltjvl m jnahus` ougmrnlfmntlh.


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Introducción al Derecho Constitucional

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