Instalações Elétricas - Aula 02

[ueârci [DMT_BNÍB NB[ CN[P CN[PBGBÍÔD[ BGBÍÔD[

Cntriùíëi

Dedn`bs de @drcvbíëi

Kuc`bìs Dspdkcbcs

Dedn`bss de @drcvb Dedn`b @drcvbíëi íëi de Kbcxbs

Btdrrbednti ‛ Aci Pdrrb

Actb Csigbntd

[ceoigimcb Dgãtrckb

_d`d Einiaâsckb, Ocaâsckb d Prcaâsckb

Pcpis `d Dntrb`b `d sdrvcíi

_ig`bnbs, ‗Kgctds― dtk

Dgdtriùtis

Cnstbgbíëi _dsc`dnkcbg

Kbcxbs

Kintcnubíëi...

Gïepb`bs d Kcb

Dskigfb ì Kinùtir

_dbtirds pbrb Gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds

Ni nissi Zrihdti...

Cntdrruptirds

Cnstbgbíëi ìs Cntdrruptirds d Pieb`bs

Pieb`bs

Cntdrruptirds

Zbssbmde ìs Kinùtirds

Pieb`bs

Dedn`bs

Iosdrvbíôds Cepirtbntds

Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri CTO_B - Cn`østrcb Mrâackb d D`cti D`ctirb rb Gt`b Gt`b.. @crdtircb Gucz Adrnbnì @cncz Nbsi Hisã Kbrgis @cncz Nbsi

Kiir`dnbíëi @c`âtckb ]bgìecri _dkkfc

_dvcsëi _isdgc Bnbstâkci [cgvb

Kbpb Krcbíëi8 Ebrkis Zrbì `d Kbrvbg Krcbíëi8 Kbrvbgfi fi Aitimrbacb8 _iodrti Kbrgis Bgvds

Butircb d Kiir`dnbíëi Pãknckb Zd`ri Fdnrcqud Kbgvëi

Kiepiscíëi d Brtd-Acnbgczbíëi HK Zuogckc`b`d

Ceprdssëi CTO_B - Cn`østrcb Mrâackb Piìs is `crdct `crdctis is sëi rdsdr rdsdrvbìs. vbìs. Nëi ã pdrec pdrectc`b tc`b b rdpri rdpriùíëi ùíëi titbg iu pbrk pbrkcbg cbg `dstd kursi.

[DMT_BNÍB NB[ CN[PBGBÍÔD[ CN[PBGBÍÔD[ CN[P BGBÍÔD[ Cntriùíëi

;- Kdrtcacqud-sd qud is kinùtirds nëi dstdhbe dndrmczbìs bntds `d ebnusdâ-gis< usd ue dqucpbednti `d tdstd. 0- Nunkb tiqud de cnstbgbíôds, cnstbgb íôds, bpbrdgfis d dqucpbedntis dgãtrckis kie bs eëis, pãs iu riupbs eigfb`bs. 4- Qdr Qdrcacacq cqud ud sd bs kb kbpb pbkc kc`b `b`d `dss ì ìss ausåvdcs iu ìs `cshuntirds sëi b`dqub`bs bi kcrkucti dgãtrcki. Prbobgfd gfd kie unc uncair aired. ed. [bp [bpbti btiss d 1- Prbob guvbs guv bs ds dspd pdkcb kcbcs cs `d oi oirrb rrbkf kfb b iu qu qubgq bgqud udr r iutri ebtdrcbg ‗bntckfiqud―, abzde vikè ackbr csig cs igb` bì i ì kf kfëi ëi.. Në Nëi i ut utcgc cgczd zd ù ùrb rbnt ntd d ue ueb b cnstbgbíëi rdgûmci, bndg, pugsdcrb dtk. =- Tsd adrrbedntbs kie kboi csigbì (bgckb (bg ckbtds tds,, kfb kfbvds vds dtk dtk), ), pic picss dgb dgbss mbr mbrbnt bntcrë crëi i qud vikè nëi vikè nëi acqud dxpisti b kfiquds. 6- Dvc Dvctd td tr trbo bobg bgfb fbrr de be beoc ocdn dntd tdss depidcrbìs, øecìs iu eigfbìs. 3- Ttcgczd ûkugis `d pritdíëi. Dgds dvctbrëi qud rdsåùis dntrde de sdus igfis. 2:- De ti`b d qubgqudr sctubíëi ebntdnfb i kcrkucti `dsgcmbì. 22- Ttcgczd ebtdrcbcs `d oib qubgc`b`d. [û dg dgds ds mb mbrb rbnt ntde de ue ueb b pd pdrad radctctb b d ù ùrâ râvd vdgg cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb. 2?- Iosdrvd is bvcsis nis qub`ris `d `cstrco `cs trcoucí ucíëi ëi iu de qub qubcsq csqudr udr iut iutris ris gik gikbcs bcs suhdctis b tdnsôds dgdvb`bs. Ebntdnfb bs cnst cnstbgbíô bgbíôds ds dgãtrc dgãtrckbs kbs 2;- Ebntdnfb de pdradcti dstbì. 20- Priqud Priqud is kinù kinùtirds tirds `dsdn `dsdnkbp kbpbbìs, vdgfis d cntdrruptirds d tieb`bs `bncackb`bs. Dedn dn`b `bss `d acaci i `d `dvd vde e sd sdrr od ode e ad adctctbs bs<< 24- De csigd-bs sdeprd kie actb csigbntd bpriprcb`b.

@bnì @bn` i ki kint ntcn cnuc uc`b `b`d `d bi ni niss ssi i ku kurs rsi, i, `dvdeis gdeorbr qud, ùrbntd b cnstbgbíëi iu edsei nbs ebnutdníôds dgãtrckbs, bgmuns kuc`bìs `dvdrëi sdr iosdrvbìs qubnti ê sdmurbníb ni sdu ebnusdci. Kuc`bìs dspdkcbcs `dvde sdr tiebìs pdgi tãkncki cnstbgbìr. I "kfiqud dgãtrcki" kiei kinfdkdeis, btub ni irmbncsei `d airebs `cadrdntds. B kirrdntd dgãtrckb tde b kbpbkc`b`d `d kcrkugbr btrbvãs ì kirpi fuebni sde euctb `cackug`b`d, ueb vdz qud i kirpi ã obsckbedn td kinstc kin stctuå tuåì ì pir âmub. âmub. Gde Gdeord ord-sd -sd88 b âmu âmub bã ueb mrbn`d kinùtirb `d kirrdntd dgãtrckb. Gdvbr ue kfiqud pi`d bkbrrdtbr ueb sãrc sã rcd d `d ki kiep epgck gckbí bíôd ôdss ni ir irmb mbnc ncse sei. i. Zi Zir r dxde dx depgi pgi88 ni niss rcn rcns8 s8 cn cnsu suack ackcèn cènkc kcb b rd rdnb nbg
;

Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri

Kuc`bìs dspdkcbcs

de ue tdepi bprixcebì `d 4::es, pir cssi acqud bgdrtb. I rcski `d kfiqud dgãtrcki pi`d ikirrdr de ùbs kin`cíôds, iu sdhb, pir kintbti `crdti iu cn`crdti. I kintbti `crdti ikirrd qubnì sd dsobrrb iu sd sdmurb ue kinùtir dndrmczbì, d i kintbti cn`crdti ikirrd qubnì sd dnkistb de ue bpbrdgfi ìeãstcki qud nëi sd dnkintrb `dvc`bedntd btdrrbì, acmurb 2.

Kiei nissi kursi ã `crdkcinbì pbrb cnstbgbíôds rdsc`dnkcbcs, kuc`bìs dspdkcbcs tbeoãe `dvde sdr iosdrvbìs pbrb mbrbntcr sub sdmurbníb bssce kiei b sdmurbníb ì sdu kgcdntd. Dntrd dgds tdeis8 Bntds ds `d cn cnst stbg bgbr br eâ eâqu qucn cnbs bs iu :2- Bnt dqucpbedntis ìeãstckis, ìeãstckis, gdcb btdntbedntd i ebnubg `d cnstruíôds ì priùti. :?- Kfuv Kfuvdcr dcris, is, tirn tirndcr dcrbs bs dgã dgãtrck trckbs, bs, mdgb md gb`d `dcr crbs bs d iu iutr tris is bp bpbr brdg dgfi fiss dg dgãt ãtrc rcki kiss `dvde sdr ìtbìs `d scstdeb `d aci tdrrb. kfb vds sdgdtirbs :;- Bntds `d eu`br bs kfbvds - cnvdrni d vdrëi/ qudntd d arci - ì kfuvdcri iu tirndcrb dgãtrckb, `dsgcmud-is btrbvãs ì rdmcstri (adkfbr i kfuvdcri iu b tirndcrb). :0- @dsgcmud i adrri dgãtrcki `b tieb`b sdeprd qud cntdrriepdr i trbobgfi, ebntdnì-i nb piscíëi vdrtckbg. :4- Bi trikbr ueb gïepb`b, sdmurd-b siedntd pdgi kirpi `d vc`ri. Kuc`bì kie bs pbrtds edtâgckbs `b gïepb`b d ì siqudtd qud pi`de privikbr kfiqud dgãtrcki. :1- Dvctd gcmbr de ueb edseb tieb`b drsiss bpb bpbrdgfi rdgfis< s< btrbvã btr bvãss `d "od "odnhb nhbece ece"" `cv `cvdrsi vikè pi`drâ dstbr siordkbrrdmbnì bs cnstbgbíôds, pi`dnì kbusbr kurti-kcrkucti d btã cnkèn`cis. :=- @dsgcmud is bpbrdgfis dgãtrckis `b tieb` tie b`b b bn bntds tds `d rde rdeiv ivèè-gis gis pb pbrb rb iu iutri triss gikbcs. :6- Bi `dsgcmbr ue bpbrdgfi dgãtrcki `b tieb`b sdmurd sdeprd nb pbrtd csigb`b ì pgum. :3- Zritdhb bs tieb`bs kie `cspisctcvis prûprcis pbrb qud bs krcbníbs nëi tiqude nb pbrtd dndrmczb`b. Dadctis acscigûmckis privikbìs pdgb kirrdntd rdn td dgã dgãtrc trckb8 kb8 tdt tdtbn bnczb czbíë íëi, i, pb pbrb` rb`b b rd rdsp spccrbtûrcb, qudcebùrbs d acorcgbíëi vdntrckugbr. I kirpi fuebni supirtb ni eâxcei ;:eB Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

dgãtrcki Acmurb 2 - Kfiqud dgãtrcki

Btdrrbednti - Aci tdrrb @dskrdvdeis bntdrciredntd siord btdrrbed rb ednt nti i `b kb kbcx cxb b pb pb`r `rëi ëi.. Zb Zbrb rb qu què9 è9 Zi Zir r sdmurbníb. Bssce kiei `dvdeis btdrrbr i pb`rëi, iutriss dquc iutri dqucpbed pbedntis ntis `dvd `dvde e sdr btdrrb btdrrbìs, ìs, dvctbn dvc tbnì ì pis pissåv såvdcs dcs kfi kfiqud qudss qud pi` pi`drc drcbe be btcnmcr qude i dstcvdr ebnusdbnì. Qikè hâ pdrkdodu qud bpbrdgfis kiei mdgb`d mdg b`dcrb crbs, s, aim aimôds ôds,, airn airnis is `d eck eckrii riin`b n`bs, s, kfuvdcris, tirndcrbs dgãtrckbs dtk, sëi privcìs `d ue aci vdr`d/bebrdgi iu dqucpbedntis qud pissude pgum kie très pcnis9 Dstd aci iu pgum `d très pcnis, qud pbrb eucti eu ctiss nb nb`b `b rd rdprd prdsd sdnt ntb, b, pb pbrb rb nû nûss cn cnst stbbgbìrds rdprdsdntb eucti. Ã b sdmurbníb kintrb pissåvdcs kfiquds, acmurb ?. I btdrrbednti `d kfuvdcris d tirndcrbs dgãtrckbs ã eucti 0


cepirtbnt cepirt bntd, d, pic picss dvc dvctbr tbrâ â pis pissåv såvdcs dcs kfi kfiqud qudss kbsi kbs i iki ikirrb rrb ue `da `dadct dcti, i, prc prcnkc nkcpb pbged gedntd ntd sd ueb `bs absds tikbr bkc`dntbgedntd nb kbrkbíb ìs edseis.

tieb`bs, gïepb`bs, kinùtirds dtk, pbrb qud sdhb rdbgczb`b b cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb. Dntrd is `cvdrsis såeoigis utcgczbìs ndstb ârdb, sdgdkcinbeis is ebcs usubcs pbrb vikè cntdrbmcr kie is edseis, ueb vdz qud auturbedntd ndkdssctbrâ `dgds. Bs acmurbs ; d 0 bprdsdntbe is såeoigis dgãtrckis (BONP) ebcs usubcs utcgczbìs de ueb cnstbgbíëi rdsc`dnkcbg.

Pcpis `d Dntrb`b `d [drvcíi Btã b kfdmb`b `b dndrmcb dgãtrckb de ueb rdsc`ènkcb, tiì i kbecnfi `b edseb ã adctb adc tb btr btrbvã bvãss `d kin kinùt ùtird irdss cns cnstbg tbgbì bìss de pistds. Bgmuns kuc`bìs `dvde sdr iosdrvbìs nb cntdrgcmbíëi `b rd`d qud vde `b "rub" btã kfdmbr bi cntdrcir `b rdsc`ènkcb. Cnckcb Cnc kcbrde rdeis is eis eistrb trbnì nì tcp tcpis is `d cns cnstbtbgbíôds qud pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs pbrb dstd ace. B acmurb 4 eistrb is kiepindntds `b dntrb`b `d sdrvcíi kie ed`cíëi de pistd pbrtckugbr. Bs dspdkcackbíôds rdgbtcvbs b ed`c`bs d iutrbs cnairebíôds tãknckbs pi`de sdr vcstbs nb `dskrcíëi `d Pcpis `d Zb`rëi `d Dntrb`b, kiedntbìs bntdrciredntd nb acmurb ;= `b bpistcgb 2.

Acmurb ? - Btdrrbednti.

I btdrrbednti pbrb kindxëi `d bpbrdgfis ã adcti `b edseb aireb ì `dskrcti pbrb i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b. Nunkb utcgczbr i btdrrbednti ì pb`rëi `d dntrb`b pbrb kindxëi `d bpbrdgfis.

[ceoigimcb dgãtrckb Piì prihdti dgãtrcki cnaireb is pintis in`d in `d `d `dvd vde e sd sdrr cn cnst stbg bgb` bìs is is ki kin` nùå uåtd tds, s,

Acmurb ; - [åeoigis. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

4


Acmurb 0 - [åeoigis.

Acmurb 4 - Ed`cíëi de pistd pbrtckugbr.

kie kbcxb Pcpi C kie cnstbgbíëi de pbrd`d btrbvãs `d pintbgdtd. Dstb cnstbgbíëi sdrâ pdrectc`b siedntd sd nëi fiuvdr kin`cí kin `cíôds ôds pb pbrb rb cns cnstbg tbgbíë bíëi i ìs pb pb`rô `rôds ds nirebcs. B acmurb 3 eistrb ue pb`rëi `d dntrb`b kie kbcxb Pcpi C, CC iu CCC kie cnstbgbíëi nb pbrd pb rd`d `d.. Ds Dstb tb cn cnst stbg bgbí bíëi ëi sd sdrâ râ pd pdre rectc ctc`b `b siedntd sd nëi fiuvdr kin`cíôds pbrb cnstbgbíëi ìs pb`rôds nirebcs.

Qik ikè è pi pi`d `d dn dnki kint ntrb rbrr dn dntrd trd is tctcpi piss eistrbìs b sdmucr ue qud pi`d sdr utcgczbì pir vikè de ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb. acmurb rb 1 eistrb B acmu eistrb kie kiepin pindnt dntds ds `d dntrb`b `d sdrvcíi kie ed`cíëi de euri. B acmurb = eistrb is kiepindntds `d dntr dn trb` b`b b `d ue pb pb`r `rëi ëi ki kie e gd gdctctur urb b vi vigtgtb` b`b b pbrb b kbgíb`b. B acmurb 6 eistrb ue pb`rëi `d dntrb`b Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

1


Acmurb 1 - Ed`cíëi de euri.

Acmurb = - Ed`cíëi pdgb kbgíb`b

Cnstbgbíëi gbíëi de pbrd`d kie pintb pintbgdtd. gdtd. Acmurb 6 - Cnstb Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

=


Acmurb 3 - Cnstbgbíëi de pbrd`d.

deprdmbe riskb pbrb bkipgbednti. Is dg dgdt dtri riù ùti tiss agd agdxå xåvd vdcs cs pi pi`d `de e sd sdr r dnkintrbìs ni edrkbì kinadkkcinbìs pir ueb ue b acactb tb ed edtâ tâgcgckb kb dn dnri rigb gb`b `b de ai aire reb b fd fdgcgckic`bg iu aborckbìs de ZQK (kinùåtd agdxåvdg bgbíôds btub bt ubge gedn dntd td eu eucti cti ut utcgc cgczb zbì ì de cn cnst stbgbíôds dgãtrckbs), acmurb 22.

Dgdtriùtis Is kinùtirds de ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb `dvde pdrkirrdr i cntdrcir `d dgdtriùtis (ùtis). @ds`d i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b btã i øgtcei kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti `b rd rdsc sc`è `ènk nkcb cb,, is ki kin` nùt utir irds ds `dvd `d vde e ack ackbr br pr prit itdm dmc` cìs is,, dv dvct ctbn bnì ì `d `dst stb b aireb sdu `dsmbstd, qud privikbrcb kurtiskcrkuctis kcrku ctis,, pi` pi`dn` dnì i cnk cnkgus guscvd cvd bad badtbr tbr `ds `ds`d `d dqucpbedntis btã i ipdrbìr ìs edseis. Is dg dgdt dtri riù ùti tis, s, `d `dpd pdn` n`dn dnì ì `d su sub b dstruturb pi`de sdr råmcìs iu agdxåvdcs. Dgdtriùtis råmcìs nb`b ebcs sëi qud "tuois `d adrri" kie bs dxtrdec`b`ds privc`bs `d riskb, b ace `d sdrde bkipgb`bs kurvbs btrbvãs `d guvbs, acmurb 2:.

Acmurb 22 - Dgdtriùti agdxåvdg.

Pbn bnti ti i dg dgdt dtri riù ùti ti rå råmc mcì ì ki kiei ei is agdxåvdcs `dvdrëi sdr deoutcìs nbs pbrd`ds, bssce kiei is bkdssûrcis qud sëi utcgczbìs, tbcs tb cs ki kiei ei gu guvb vbs, s, ku kurv rvbs bs,, kb kbcx cxbs bs dt dtk. k. Zb Zbrb rb cnstbgbíôds in`d nëi ã pissåvdg deoutc-gis, utcgczbe-sd bs kbnbgdtbs (scstdeb V), dgdtriùtis råmcìs `d ZQK iu råmcìs edtâgckis, `d bkirì kie i nåvdg `d sdmurbníb dxcmcì. De ce ceûv ûvdc dcss bn bntctcmi mis, s, b ut utcgcgcz czbí bíëi ëi `d dgdtriùtis `d adrri ã eucti kieue, pics i "pgâstcki" (ZQK) siedntd siedntd a ic ic cnkirpirbì ês kins ki nstru truíô íôds ds b pb pbrt rtcr cr `b `ã `ãkb kb`b `b `d 1: 1:/= /=:. :. Qik ikè è `d `dvd vdrâ râ ack ackbr br bt btdn dnti ti nb cn cnst stbg bgbí bíëi ëi `d kinùtirds ni sdu cntdrcir, pics pi`drâ `bncackbr ack br is ed edse seis is ù ùrb rbnt ntd d i sd sdu u eb ebnu nusd sdci ci (dgdtriùtis `d adrri, `dpdn`dnì `d in`d dstdhbe cnstbgbìs, pdgb uec`b`d, krcbe adr-

Acmurb 2: - Dgdtriùti råmcì - tuoi `d adrri råmcì.

Zi`deis tbeoãe utcgczbr ùtis tdreipgâstckis pigcvcnågckis (ZQK) råmcìs nbs cnstbgbííôd gb ôdss dg dgã ãtr trck ckb bs. Is ed edse seis is tbe beo oãe Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

6


rumde ni sdu cntdrcir pi`dnì kirtbr b kbpb ìs acis. Is dgdtriùtis sëi kiedrkcbgczbìs de pigdmb`bs d `dpdn`dnì `d in`d i edsei air utcgczbì pi`d vbrcbr `d µ (edcb) btã 4 (kcnki) pigdmb`bs.

btrbvãs `d pbrbausis, acmurb 2;.

Kbcxbs Nbs cnstbgbíôds dgãtrckbs, pbrb is pintis b sdrde cntdrgcmbìs bi ginmi ìs dgdtriùtis, utcgczbe-sd kbcxbs de tiìs is pintis `d dedn`bs, pbssbmdns, `drcvbíôds, cnstbgbíôds `d tieb`bs d cntdrruptirds dtk. [ëi aborckb`bs de kfbpb `d adrri d ZQK. `d td tdei eiss @dpdn` @dp dn`dn` dnì i `b ndk ndkdss dssc`b c`b`d kbcxbs kie `cvdrsis tcpis d airebtis d dntrd bs ebcs usb`bs tdeis8 kbcxb 0 x ? rdtbnmugbr, 0 x 0 qub`rb`b, kbcxb iktiminbg ; x ; iu 0 x 0 dtk, acmurb 2?.

Acmurb 2; - Kbcxb 0 x 0.

Gïepb`bs & Kcb Qikè gimckbedntd sbod i qud ã ueb gïepb`b d qubg sub acnbgc`b`d. Teb gïepb`b cnkbn`dskdntd mdrb guz brtcackcbg. [drvd pbrb trbn tr bnsa sair ireb ebrr b dn dndr drmc mcb b dg dgãt ãtrc rckb kb de dn dndr drmc mcb b guecnisb. guecn isb. B guz `dssb `dssb gïepb`b gïepb`b privãe privãe `d ue acacgb gbed ednt nti i ed edtâ tâgcgcki ki ei eint ntb` bì i `d `dnt ntri ri `d ue ougoi `d vc`ri, qud ackb cntdnsbedntd bqudkcì qubnì ueb kirrdntd dgãtrckb pir dgd kcrkugb. Obsckbedntd b gïepb`b ã kinstctuå`b pdgi ougoi, obsd d acgbednti (tunmstènci). Ni sdu cntdrcir fâ mâs cndrtd iu vâkui qud dvctb b kieoustëi ì acgbednti, acmurb 20.

Acmurb 2? - Pcpis `d kbcxbs

Pi`bs bs kbcxbs sëi privc`bs `d auris qud sd `dstcnbe ê cnsdríëi ìs dgdtriùtis. Dstds Dst ds aur auris is dnk dnkint intrbe rbe-sd -sd adk adkfb` fbìs, is, btã i eiednti qud b piscíëi `d dntrb`b ì dgdtriùti sdhb `dtdrecnb`b. Dstds auris sëi `d aâkcg bodrturb. Ni aunì `d kb`b kbcxb tdeis ue pdqudni auri qud sd `dstcnb ê acxbíëi `b edse ed seb b de pb pbrd rd`d `dss iu de eb eb`d `dcr crbs bs.. Bs "irdgfbs" nb kbcxb sdrvde pbrb acxbíëi `d tbep tb epbs bs,, cnt cntdrr drrup uptir tirds ds,, tie tieb`b b`bss dt dtk, k, adc adctb tbss Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

Acmurb 20 - Gïepb`b cnkbn`dskdntd.

Teb cnacnc`b`d `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d gïepb`bs dstëi `cspinåvdcs ni edrkbì pbrb qud vikè cnkrdedntd beocdntds rdacnbìs. B dski ds kigf gfb b `d ue ueb b `d `dtd tdre recn cnb` b`b b gï gïep epb` b`b b ã 3


rdbgczb`b de auníëi `b pitènkcb d tdnsëi b qud b edseb sdrâ suoedtc`b. Rubnti ebcir b pitènkcb ebcir sdrâ i aguxi guecnisi (bssce kiei i kinsuei). Is pirtb-gïepb`bs (siqudtds) sëi `cspisctcvis `d acxbíëi d kindxëi dgãtrckb dntrd b gï gïep epb` b`b b d is ki kin` nùt utir irds ds.. Dx Dxcs cstd td ue ueb b cnacnc`b`d `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d pirtb-gïepb`bs, aborckbìs de obqudgctb iu pirkdgbnb. Ni kbsi `d rdkdptâkugis, sëi pirtb-gïepb`bs kuhb obsd pdrectd sub acxbíëi kie pbrbausis. Bs gïepb`bs cnkbn`dskdntds pi`de cnkbn`dskdntds pi`de sdr b`qucrc`bs b`qu crc`bs de `cvd `cvdrsbs rsbs pitèn pitènkcbs kcbs,, vbrcb vbrcbnì nì `d 24 b 24:: ]. B gïepb`b aguirdskdntd utcgczb b `dskbrmb dgãtrckb de ue edci mbsisi pbrb priùzcr dndrmcb guecnisb. Ã obsckbedntd kinstctuå`b `d ue tuoi `d vc`ri kcgån`rcki, kintdnì de sdu cntdrcir mâs brmðnci, fãgci iu ndðnci d pdqu pd qudnb dnbss qu qubnt bntc`b c`b`d `dss `d edr edrkør kørci ci.. [ub pbrd`d cntdrnb ã rdvdstc`b pir ue ebtdrcbg aguirdskdntd. Nis sdus dxtrdeis ackbe `cspistis is acgbedntis `d tunmstènci, Acmurb 24.

Acmurb 21 - Zitènkcbs d ed`c`bs `bs gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds.

Fihd tdeis `cvdrsis tcpis d ei`dgis `d gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds tbcs kiei is ì tcpi ginmi gin mi d acn acni i (sg (sgceg cegcnd cnd), ), kie kiepb pbkt ktb, b, kcr kcrkug kugbr br,, pbrb gdtrdcris guecnisis, dntrd iutrbs. _dbtirds pbrb gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds

Is rdb rdbtir tirds ds së sëi i is rd rdsp spin insâ sâvd vdcs cs pd pdgi gi airndkcednti `d tdnsëi pbrb i aunkcinbednti `b gïepb`b aguirdskdntd, pics b edseb nëi pi`d sdr gcmb`b `crdtbedntd nb rd`d dgãtrckb. Dntrd is tcpis qud pi`deis dnkintrbr tdeis i rdbtir pbrb ueb iu ùbs gïepb`bs kie stbrtdr< rdbtir `d pbrtc`b râpc`b (nëi utcgczb stbrtdr) d rdbtirds dgdtrðnckis. [tbrtdr ã ue cntdrruptir tãrecki qud tde b auníëi `d borcr d adkfbr i kcrkucti ìs acgbednt ed ntis is `b gï gïep epb` b`b b, `bn bnì ì ue td tdep epi i ndkdssârci pbr b i prã-bqudkcednti ìs kâtiìs, d b pbrtcr `bå dntrbr de aunkcinbednti. Dxcstde `cvdrsbs kbpbkc`b`ds `d cntdrrupíëi `d kirrdntd pbrb b gïepb`b, pir cssi `dpdn`dn` `d nì i `b su sub b pi pitè tènk nkcb cb dx dxcs cstcr tcrâ â ue st stbr brtd tdr r prûprci pbrb b edseb.

Acmurb 24 - Gïepb`b aguirdskdntd.

Bs gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds pi`de sdr dnkintrb`bs de vârcbs `cednsôds d pitènkcbs, kinaired eistrb b acmurb 21, d vikè pi`drâ pi` drâ dsk dskigf igfdr dr bqu bqudgb dgb qud ebc ebcss kin kinvãe vãe pbrb i beocdntd de qud sdrâ cnstbgb`b. [ëi cn cnst stb bgb gb`b `bss de rd rdkd kdpt ptâk âkug ugis is prûp pr ûprc rcis is,, cn cnsd sdrc` rcìs is de kb kbgf gfbs bs iu si sigtgtbs bs btrbvãs `d "rbockfis". Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

Cntdrruptirds

Cntdrruptirds sëi kiepindntds qud tèe pirr acacnb pi nbgc` gc`b` b`d d ki kirt rtbr br b bg bgce cedn dntb tbíë íëi i `d ue 2:


`dtdrecnbì kcrkucti, tirnbnì-i cnipdrbntd. Ã i kbsi `d bkcinbr i cntdrruptir pbrb bkdn`drr iu bp `d bpbm bmbr br ue ueb b gï gïep epb` b`b. b. Dx Dxcs cstd td ue ueb b mbeb `d cntdrruptirds qud pi`de sdr utcgczbìs de ueb rdsc`ènkcb, ackbnì b kbrmi ì kgcdntd b dskigfb dskigfb ebcs b`dqub`b. Zi`de sdr ì tcpi kieue - 2 tdkgb, ùpgi - ? tdkgbs, trcpgi - ; tdkgbs, pbrbgdgi, cntdred`cârci dtk.

@dpdn`dnì `b `cstïnkcb dxcstdntd dntrd i qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi d i pinti b sdr bgcedntbì, `dvdeis utcgczbr i "pbssb-acis", qud cnsdrcì ni dgdtriùti råmcì iu agdxåvdg borcrâ kbecnfi pbrb b pbssbmde ìs acis. Is pbssbacacis is së sëi i `d su sueb eb ce cepi pirt rtïn ïnkc kcb b pbr brb b b pb pbss ssbm bmde de ìs acis btrbvãs ìs kinùåtds. Ã dnkintrbì de `cvdrsis tcpis d tbebnfis, aborckbì de pgâstcki råmcì. De ueb `d subs dxtrdec`b`ds pissuå ueb pintb edtâgckb qud ã cnsdrc`b ni kinùåtd d nb iutrb pintb ueb brmigb (iu bndg) pbrb b kindxëi kie i aci. B aireb kirrdtb `b kindxëi pi`d sdr iosdrvb`b nb acmurb 2=. B pbssbmde ìs acis btrbvãs ìs dgdtriùtis `dvd sdr adctb `d prdadrènkcb pir ùbs pdssibs8 ueb "puxb" d b iutrb "mucb". Bpûs b kindxëi ì aci ni pbssb-acis, untbr b rdmcëi `b actb csigbntd kie vbsdgcnb cnùstrcbg i qud abkcgctbrâ b pbssbmde pdgi kinùåtd. Rude "puxb" `dvd ackbr btdnti kie b pbssbmde ì aci, pics i edsei de fcpûtdsd bgmueb `dvdrâ pdr`dr sub csigbíëi. Iosdrvbr ùrbntd i prikdssi i prikdssi sd "gbskbs" `d edtbg nbs kbcxbs edtâgckbs (iu kurvbs, kitivdgis dtk) iu edsei ni btrcti kie ue iutri aci, nëi i `bncackbe. I "mucb" `dvd cnsdrcr i aci btrbvãs ì kinùåtd, iosdrvbnì is edseis kuc`bìs `dskrctis. Ttcgczd ue pd`bíi `d pbni mucbnì

Pieb`bs

@cspisctcv @cspis ctcvi i utc utcgcz gczbì bì pb pbrb rb bgce bgcednt dntbr br bpbr bp brdg dgfi fis, s, ue ueb b vd vdzz qu qud d is ed edse seis is nd ndgd gd airde air de cns cnsdrc drcìs ìs.. Dxc Dxcstd std ueb cna cnacnc cnc`b` `b`d d `d tcpis `d tieb`bs qud pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs de ue ueb b rd rdsc sc`è `ènk nkcb cb,, acackb kbn` nì i b kb kbrm rmi i ì kgcdntd sub dskigfb. Zbssbmde ìs kinùtirds

Zi`deis tdr ùbs kin`cíôds qubnì ueb `dtdrecnb`b cnstbgbíëi ã sigckctb`b8 qubnì i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b dnkintrb-sd cnst cn stbg bgb` bì i de ue ueb b ni nivb vb rd rdsc sc`è `ènk nkcb cb iu qubnì qub nì ueb cnst cnstbgbí bgbíëi ëi bntc bntcmb mb ndk ndkdss dssctb ctb sdr suostctuå`b. Nbs ùbs kin`cíôds `dvdeis ackbr btdntis bi "pbssbr" is kinùtirds (acis (ac is iu "ac "acbí bíëi ëi") ") bt btrbv rbvãs ãs ìs dgd dgdtri triùt ùtis is (ùtis iu "kinùåtds").

Acmurb 2= - Ttcgczbíëi ì pbssb-acis. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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i acaci i bt btrb rbvã vãss ì ki kin` nùå uåtd td,, dv dvctctbn bnì ì `d `dst stb b aireb i btrcti, acmurb 26.

dedn`b dedn `b pi pi`d `d sd sdrr io iosd sdrv rvb` b`b b bt btrbv rbvãs ãs `b acmurb 23. IO[8 Bs dedn`bs nis acis `dvde sdr ode adctbs, dvctbnì qud dgbs sd bqudíbe iu sd sigtde i qud pi`drâ privikbr bkc`dntds. Bpûs dxdkutbr ueb dedn`b, csigd-b kie actb csigbntd `d oib qubgc`b`d (nunkb utcgczd actb krdpd, dspbrb`rbpi, actb "@urdx" dtk de csigbíôds).

Acmurb 26 - "Zbssbmde ìs acis"

Dxdkutd b pbssbmde ìs acis sde prdssb, vbmbrisbedntd. Ni kbsi `d `cackug`b`d, cnckcd nivbedntd i prikdssi.

Ttcgczd ue kbncvdtd iu bgckbtd `dkbpbìr pbrb rdtcrbr i csigbednti nb pintb ì aci. De kbsi `d ebnutdníëi, gcxbr b pintb ì aci btã qud i edtbg acqud orcgfbntd. Cnckcd i dnrigbednti kie bs eëis d nbs vigtbs acnbcs utcgczd i bgckbtd uncvdrsbg. Ttcgczbnì-sd acis agdxåvdcs, i prikdssi ã i edsei ì `dskrcti pbrb acis sûgcìs, dnt rdtbnti pbrb mbrbntcr ue oie kintbti dgãtrcki dntrd is edseis, sig`br (dstbnfbr) b rdmcëi `b dedn`b, acmurb ?:.

Dedn`bs Nde tiì aci kinùtir cnckcb d tdrecnb ue kcrkucti sde dedn`bs, ùrbntd sdu pdrkursi de ue prihdti dgãtrcki. Euctbs vdzds ikirrd iki rrd b ndk ndkdss dssc`b c`b`d `d `d sdk sdkkci kcinânâ-gi gi pb pbrb rb cntdrgcmbíëi kie iutri aci kinùtir. I edr edrkb` kbì i `d ebt ebtdrc drcbg bg dgã dgãtrck trcki i btu btubgbgedntd kintb kie ìcs tcpis `d kinùtirds qud pi`de sdr utcgczbìs nb cnstbgbíëi8 is acis råmcìs d is acis agdxåvdcs. B ebndcrb kirrdtb nb dxdkuíëi d xdkuíëi `d ueb u eb

Dedn`b de `drcvbíëi Dstd Ds td pr prik ikds dssi si ki kins nscs cstd td de un uncr cr i dxtrdei `d ue aci kinùtir (rbebg) nb rdmcëi cntdred`cârcb `d iutri aci kinùtir, acmurb ?2.

Acmurb 23 - Dedn`b de aci sûgcì. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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Acmurb ?: - Dedn`b de aci agdxåvdg.

Acmurb ?2 - Dedn`b de `drcvbíëi.

Kiei nireb, i kinùtir absd ã `d kir prdtb (iu vdredgfb) d i kinùtir ndutri ã `d kir bzug kgbri. Ikirrde kbsis qud is kinùtirds `d ue `dtdrecnbì kcrkucti dgãtrcki bprdsdntbe bpdnbs ueb kir (pir dxdepgi, vdredgfi). Csti tirnb, ni prcedcri cnstbntd, `caåkcg c`dntcackbr i qud ã absd, i qud ã ndutri, is 22: Q ìs ??: Q.

Dedn`bs de `drcvbíëi de kbcxbs

Obsckbedntd i prikdssi ã sdedgfbntd bis `dsk `dskrctis rctis bntd bntdrcire rciredntd dntd,, btdn btdntbn tbnì-s ì-sd d bpdnbs bis kuc`bìs qud `dvde sdr iosdrvbìs ùrbntd b sub dxdkuíëi, acmurb ??.

IO[8 Nunkb, de qubgqudr fcpûtdsd, abíb ueb dedn`b `d kinùtirds qud crâ ackbr cnsdrc`b ni cntdrcir ìs kinùåtds. Pbnti de kinùtirds råmcìs kiei de agdxåvdcs, dstbnfd b rdmcëi `b dedn`b, pics mbrbntcrâ ue kintbti pdradcti. Acmurb ?? - Dedn`b de kbcxbs.

Zbrb c`dntcackbr i qud ã absd d i qud ã ndutri pi`deis abzdr i usi `d ueb gïepb`b `d privb (iu gïepb`b `d tdstd). Kie ueb gïepb`b `d 0: ] - ??: Q, cnstbgb`b de ue siqudtd eint eintbe beis is b ni niss ssb b "gï "gïep epb` b`b b `d privb". Kiei b gïepb`b `d privb ipdrb de kcrkuctis `d ??: Q, sd b edseb air gcmb`b dntrd i ndutri d b absd 2, acmurb ?;, b guz qud dgb

Actb csigbntd Ã ueb tcrb pgbnb, ginmb d b`drdntd, pissucnì ueb mrbn`d rdscstènkcb dgãtrckb d bntckfbeb, kfb eb, abo aborck rckb`b b`b kie ebt ebtdrc drcbcs bcs pgâ pgâstc stckis kis,, oirrbkfbs iu tdkcìs. _d`d einiaâsckb, ocaâsckb d trcaâsckb Is kinùtirds dgãtrckis qud kfdmbe b nissb kbsb sëi kfbebìs `d absd d ndutri. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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crrb`cb tdrâ piukb cntdnsc`b`d. [d eu`breis b piscíëi `b pdrnb ì siqudtd `b gïepb`b pbrb b absd ?, b guz qud dgb crrb`cb tbeoãe tdrâ piukb cntdnsc`b`d. Ios osdr drvd vd qu qud d bpd pdnb nbss eu` u`b bn` nì i b piscíëi `d ueb `bs pdrnbs ì siqudtd `b gïepb`b kinsdmuceis `dtdrecnbr qude ã i ndut nd utri ri ì kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti.. Eb Ebrq rqud ud-i -i ki kie e ue ueb b act actb b csigbntd bzug. [d pisckcinbreis i siqudtd nbs ùbs absds (2 d ?), b guz qud b gïepb`b crrb`cb sdrâ eucti eu cti cn cntdn tdnsb sb.. @d @dst stb b air aireb eb ki kins nsdm dmuc ucei eiss `dtdrecnbr qubcs is acis qud kirrdspin`de ê tdnsëi `d ??: Q, iu sdhb, bs ùbs absds.

Zi`deiss dad Zi`dei dadtub tubrr `cv `cvdrs drsis is tds tdstds tds kie dstb ds tb gï gïep epb` b`b, b, bs bssc sce e ki kiei ei nb si sigu guíë íëi i `d `dadctis qud pissbe ikirrdr de ueb rd`d dgãtrckb, acmurb ?0.

Acmurb ?0 - Gïepb`b `d tdstds.

Ttcgcz Ttcg czd d b gï gïep epb` b`b b `d td tdst stds ds bn bntd tdss `d tikbr de qubgqudr pbrtd ì kcrkucti, kdrtcackbnì-s ì -sd d `d qu qud d dg dgd d në nëi i ds dstd tdhb hb dn dndr drmc mczb zbì ì.. Zi`d Zi `dei eiss tb tbeo eoãe ãe ut utcgcgcz czbr br pb pbrb rb td tdst stds ds ue privbìr b nãin, dnkintrbì de gihbs dspdkcbgczb`bs `d ebtdrcbcs dgãtrckis. Acnbgczbnì dstd tûpcki, nb acmurb ?4 tdeis is pissåvdcs pissåvdc s tctcpi piss `d ai airn rndk dkce cedn dnti ti d su subs bs td tdns nsôd ôdss qu qud d pi`de abzdr pbrtd `d ueb cnstbgbíëi rdsc`dnkcbg.

Acmurb ?; - Absds d ndutri.

Acmurb ?4 - Pcpis `d airndkcednti. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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IO[8 i aci ndutri nirebgedntd nëi tde tdnsëi,

iu sdhb, "nëi `â kfiqud" qubnì ndgd tikbeis, ebs vbc bå ueb `ckb8 dvctd tikâ-gi, sdeprd.

_ig`bnbs, "kgctds" dtk Nbs cnstbgbíôds rdsc`dnkcbcs ìcs tcpis `d sctubíôds pi`de ikirrdr ùrbntd sub dxdkuíëi8 ueb qud bpdnbs utcgczb kinùåtds pbrb pbssbmde ìs kinùtirds d iutrb qud, bgãe `d utcgczbr kinùåtds, ã `cstrcouå`b pdgi airri. Zbrb qud b rd`d dgãtrckb acqud uncaired siord i airri, is acis `dvdrëi sdr acxbìs de csigbì gb ìrd rdss (ri (rig` g`bn bnbs bs)) iu "k "kgcgctd tds" s",, nb su sub b `c `csstrcoucíëi (`cstrcoucíëi de gcnfb bodrtb). [ëi acacxb xbì ìss ni niss kb kbco cori riss iu vc vcmb mbss `d eb eb`d `dcr crb b btrbvã btr bvãss `d prdmis prdmis (ri (rig`b g`bnbs nbs)) iu pb pbrba rbausi usiss ("kgctds"), acmurb ?1.

Acmurb ?= - Cnstbgbíëi de rig`bnbs.

Acmurb ?6 - Bebrrbíëi.

Acmurb ?1 - Csigbìrds.

B cnst cnstbgb bgbíëi íëi `d ue aci btr btrbvãs bvãs `b rig` ri g`bn bnb b ã ad adctctb b eb ebrk rkbn bnì ì-s -sd d ì ìcs cs iu eb ebcs cs pintis pin tis,, prd prdmbn mbnìì-b. b. [d pis pissåv såvdg, dg, `dc `dcxâxâ-gbs gbs de gcn gcnfb fb rd rdtb tb,, ds dstctckb kbn` nì i bi eâ eâxc xcei ei i acaci. i. Dvctd `dcxbr is acis siord gbhds, sigtis, bssce kiei dvctbr pisckcinâ-gis nbs ârdbs `d kcrkugbíë gb íëi i qu qud d pi pi`d `de e sd sdrr ad adctctbs bs pd pdgi gi ai airr rri, i, acm acmur urb b ?=. Dstbnì i aci dstckbì, bebrrd-i kie ue pd pd`b `bíi íi `d ki kin` nùt utir ir rå råmc mcì ì,, ki kina nair ired ed eistrb b acmurb ?6. cnbg sdrâ kiei Kinkgucnì, i bspdkti a cnbg eistrb b acmurb ?3. B bebrrbíëi acnbg ì aci `dvd sdr adctb kinaired eistrb b acmurb ;:. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

Acmurb ?3 - Cnstbgbíëi kinkguå`b.

Pbeoãe pi`deis utcgczbr is "kgctds" nb cnst cn stbg bgbí bíëi ëi `d acacis is,, qu qud d së sëi i pr prds dsis is pd pdgb gb prdssëi ìs pbrbausis acxbìs nb eb`dcrb, acmurb ;2. B cnstbgbíëi `d ue aci btrbvãs `d "kgctds" ã ad adctctb b eb ebrk rkbn bnì ì-s -sd d ì ìcs cs iu eb ebcs cs pi pint ntis is,, in`d sd `dsdhbr. @dcxâ-gis sd pissåvdg de gcnfb rdtb, dstckbnì bi eâxcei is acis bntds `d acxâ-gis btrbvãs ìs pbrbausis, acmurb ;?. Dstbnì is acis dstckbìs, pisckcinbr b 24


pbrtd supdrcir siord b cnadrcir ì kgctd d de sdmu sd muc` c`b b acx acxââ-gi giss bt btrb rbvã vãss ì ìss pb pbrb rbau ausi sis. s. B bebrrbíëi acnbg ì aci `dvd sdr adctb kinaired eistrb b acmurb ;;.

priprc prip rcdt dtâr ârci ci pb pbrb rb qu qud d i ed edse sei i cn cn`c `cqu qud d qu qubc bcss is pintis de qud sdrëi cnstbgbìs nb rdsc`ènkcb. "Zin "Z inti tiss `d us usi" i" së sëi i is gi gikb kbcs cs in in`d `d sdrëi cnstbgb`bs bs gïepb`bs, tieb`bs dtk.

Acmurb ;: - Bebrrbíëi acnbg.

[igckctd bi priprcdtârci i "dsqudeb dgãtrcki" iu "pgbntb dgãtrckb", sd fiuvdr, pbrb qud vikè c`dntcacqud is pintis `d cnstbgbíëi, iu, nb abgtb ìs edseis, abíb ue `dsdnfi, cn`ckbnì bs ki kirr rrdt dtbs bs pi pisc scíô íôds ds.. Te ei ei`d `dgi gi `d dsqudeb dgãtrcki qud vikè pi`drâ rdkdodr pi`d sdr iosdrvbì btrbvãs `b acmurb ;0. Iosdrvd qud is såeoigis cn`ckbìs nb pgbnt pgb ntb, b, ki kirrd rrdsp spin` in`de de b ue `d `dtdr tdrecn ecnbì bì "pinti "pi nti"" kie kiei8 i8 tie tieb`b b`bs, s, gïe gïepb pb`bs `bs,, kin kinùùtird ti rds, s, ki kin` nùå uåtd tdss dt dtk. k. (Q (Qc` c`d d acm acmur urbs bs ; d 0) 0).. nstbgbí bgbíëi ëi dgãt dgãtrckb rckb Kiei is kâ kâgk gku ugi giss `b c nst `dpdn`de obsckbedntd `b pgbntb dgãtrckb, nb abgtb `b edseb, vikè pi`drâ c`dbgczbr ueb pgbntb qud sdrâ `d euctb utcgc`b`d. Iosdrvd b acmurb ;4. Ã ueb pgbntb scepgds, kie is edseis pintis `d usi eistrbìs nb acmurb ;0, pirãe, cn`ckbìs btrbvãs `d nøedris. Cnck Cn ckcb cbge gedn dntd td,, `d `dvd vdei eiss rd rdgb gbkc kcin inbr br b qubntc`b`d `d gïepb`bs, tieb`bs iu dqucpbedntis edn tis qud sdr sdrëi ëi utc utcgcz gczbì bìss nb rds rdsc`è c`ènkc nkcb. b. Iosdrvd8 tdeis qud kbgkugbr b pitènkcb dgãtrckb `b cnstbgbíëi sdmucnì ueb nireb, pbrb ni acacnb nbgg `d `dtd tdre recn cnbr br b `d `deb ebn` n`b b b qu qud d b edseb dstbrâ suhdctb. Mdrbgedntd, tiì bpbrdgfi trbz i vbgir `d pi pitèn tènkc kcb b cn cn`ck `ckb` bì i de wb wbtt. tt. Ru Rubn` bnì i ds dstb tb pitènkcb nëi dstcvdr `cspinåvdg, utcgczd b tbodgb

Acmurb ;2 - Acxbíëi ì "kgctds".

Acmurb ;? - Acxbíëi ì kgctd.

Cnstbgbíëi rdsc`dnkcbg Zbrb ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb sdr rdbgczb`b,, bn `b bntd tdss `b bq bquc ucsc scíë íëi i ì eb ebtd tdrc rcbg bg b sd sdr r deprdmbì nb edseb, `dvd-sd kinsugtbr i Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

21


acmur urb b ;1, qu `b acm qud d cn cn`c `ckb kb b pi pitè tènk nkcb cb `d bp bpbr brdg dgfi fiss qud pi`de sdr cnstbgbìs de ueb rdsc`ènkcb. Kinsc`drbnì b pgbntb `b acmurb ;4, d cnckcbnì-sd pdgbs tieb`bs, tdeis 24 pintiss. I nøe ti øedr dri i eå eån nce cei i `d ti tieb eb`b `bss de auníëi `b ârdb kinstruå`b pi`d sdr iosdrvb`b nb tbodgb `b acmurb ;= (NPT.:2).

Pieb`bs -

kinsc` kins c`dr drbr br ni eå eånc ncei ei i nøedri `d tieb`bs cn`ckb`bs nb tbodgb `b acmurb ;= de auníëi b ârdb kinstruå`b. Kbsi b ârdb kinstruå`b sdhb ebcir qud ?4: e? i cntd cn tdrd rdss ssb` bì i `d `dvd vd `d `dkg kgbr brbr br i nø nøed edri ri `d tieb`bs prdvcstbs prdvcstbs d kinsc`drbr 2:: ] pir tieb`b. Kinsc`drbr tbeoãe b kbrmb eånceb

Acmurb;; - Acxbíëi d bebrrbíëi acnbg..

Acmurb ;0 - Zgbntb kie "pintis `d usi" iu "dsqudeb dgãtrcki". Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

Acmurb ;4 - Zgbntb scepgds. 2=


`d ti tieb eb`b `bss pbr brb b ki kizc zcnf nfb b cn cn`c `ckb kbì ìss nb edseb tbodgb (NPT.:2). Cguecnbíëi - kinsc`drbr ni eåncei ue pinti `d guz pir kðeiì iu kirrdìr d pitèn-

tis dxcstdntd dxcstdntds, s, `dtdrecn `dtdrecnbrdeis brdeis nb sdq÷èn sdq÷ènkcb, kcb, b kbrmb cnstbgb`b ì kcrkucti, acmurb ;6. Ni nissi dxdepgi, b kbrmb cnstbgb`b ã cmubg b 2:.6:: ] iu 2:,6 l].

Pcpi `d dqucpbednti Zitènkcb Niecnbg (]) Bqudkdìr `d âmub kdntrbg (Oiggdr)8 * 4: b 2:: 2:: gctris gctris 2::: * 24: b ?:: gctris 2?4: * ?4: gctris 24:: * ;:: b ;4: gctris ?::: * 0:: gctris ?4:: Bqudkdìr `d âmub `d pbssbmde 0::: b 6::: Bqudkdìr `d beocdntd pirtâtcg 4:: b 24:: Bspcrbìr `d pû rdsc`dnkcbg 4:: b 2::: Obrodbìr 6: b 2? Obtd`dcrb 2:: b ;:: Kbadtdcrb 2::: Kdntråaumb 24: 24 : b ;: ;:: : Kfurrbsqudcrb ;::: Kin`ckcinbìr `d br kdntrbg 6::: Kin`ckcinbìr tcpi hbndgb8 * =.2:: OPT/f 3:: * 6.4:: OPT/f 2;:: * 2:.4:: OPT/f 20:: * 2?.::: OPT/f 21:: * 20.::: OPT/f 23:: * 26.::: OPT/f ?1:: * ?2.::: OPT/f ?6:: * ;:.::: OPT/f ;1::

Pcpi `d dqucpbednti Kinmdgbìr (arddzdr) ìeãstcki Kirtbìr `d mrbeb Kfuvdcri dgãtrcki rdsc`dnkcbg Dougcìr Dxbustir `d br pbrb kizcnfb Adrri `d pbssbr riupbs Airni rdsc`dnkcbg Airni `d eckriin`bs rdsc`dnkcbg Mdgb`dcrb rdsc`dnkcbg Mrdgfb Gbvbìrb `d prbtis rdsc`dnkcbg Gbvbìrb `d riupbs rdsc`dnkcbg Gcquc`cackbìr Eâqucnb `d dskrdvdr Zrihdtir `d sgc`ds _dtriprihdtir [dkbìr `d kbodgis rdsc`dnkcbg [dkbìrb `d riupbs rdsc`dnkcbg Pdgdvcsir Pirndcrb dgãtrckb rdsc`dnkcbg Pirrb`dcrb dgãtrckb rdsc`dnkcbg Prcturbìr `d pcb rdsc`dnkcbg Qdntcgbìr pirtâtcg Qdntcgbìr `d pd`dstbg

Zitènkcb Niecnbg (]) ;4: b 4:: QB 6:: b 24:: 0::: b 14:: ?::: ;:: b 4:: QB 6:: b 2=:: 04:: 24:: 24: b 4:: QB 2?:: 2?:: b ?6:: QB 6:: QB ?=: 24: QB ?4: 2?:: 4:: b 24:: ?4:: b 1::: =4 b ;:: ?6:: b 04:: 4:: b 24:: ;:: 1: b 2:: ;::

Acmurb ;1 - Zitènkcb ìs bpbrdgfis.

Ârdb titbg e¿

Nøedri `d tieb`bs (2::])

[uo titbg C (])

Nøedri `d tieb`bs p/ kizcnfb (1::])

[uo titbg CC (])

Pitbg 5 [uo C + [uo [u o CC (] (]))

2 ; 0 4 1 = 6 3 2: 22 2? 2; 20

2:: ;:: 0:: 4:: 1:: =:: 6:: 3:: 2::: 22:: 2?:: 2;:: 20::

2 2 ? ? ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

1:: 1:: 2?:: 2?:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26::

=:: 3:: 21:: 2=:: ?0:: ?4:: ?1:: ?=:: ?6:: ?3:: ;::: ;2:: ;?::

[76 6 7 [ 7 24 24 7 [ 7 ?: ?: 7 [ 7;: ;: 7 [ 7 4: 4: 7 [ 7 =: =: 7 [ 7 3: 3: 7 [ 7 22: 22: 7 [ 7 20: 20: 7 [ 7 2=: 2=: 7 [ 7 ?:: ?:: 7 [ 7 ??: ??: 7 [ 7 ?4:

Acmurb ;= ;= - Nøedri eåncei `d tieb`bs.

kcb cmubg cmubg b 2:: ] pir pinti `d guz. guz. (NPT. :2) :2) Qigtbnì b nissb pgbntb `b acmurb ;4, tdeis bmirb qud gdvbntbr i nøedri `d gïepb`bs `b rdsc`ènkcb, qud ni nissi kbsi ã `d 6 pintis, d i nøedri `d bpbrdgfis dxcstdntds, qud ni nissi kbsi ã cmubg b ; (kfuvdcri, adrri dgãtrcki d airni `d eckriin`bs). Kie is pin-

Zint Zi ntis is `d us usi i

Rubn Ru bntc tc`b `b`d `d Zi Zitè tènk nkcb cb (] (]))

Pieb`bs Gïepb`bs Kfuvdcri Adrri dgãtrcki Airni `d eckriin`bs Pitbg 5

24 6 2 2 2

;4:: 6:: 0::: 2::: 24:: 2:6::

Acmurb ;6 - Kbrmb cnstbgb`b.

Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

26


Dntrdtbnti nëi obstb bpdnbs bkfbreis b pitènkcb titbg ì kcrkucti pbrb kâgkugi `b kirrdntd d ì tcpi `d kbtdmircb `d btdn`cednti. @dvdeis ndstd kbsi `dtdrecnbr b `debn`b, qud ã b qubntc`b`d `d dndrmcb kinsuec`b de ue `d `dtd tdre recn cnb` bì i pi pint nti i `d dn dntrd trdmb mb,, ni nissi kbsi, rdsc`dnkcbg. Zbrb Zbr b kâg kâgkug kugi i `b `de `debn` bn`b, b, gdv gdvbn` bnì-s i-sd d de kintb is vbgirds `b acmurb ;6, tdeis8

rb ;3, dstd vbgir dnkintrb-sd dntrd 0 7 K ≠ 4, in`d in `d i ab abti tirr `d `d `deb ebn` n`b b ã cm cmub ubgg b :, :,4? 4?.. Zirtbnti i abtir `d `debn`b sdrâ cmubg b8 A@ 5 0;:: x :,4? 5 ??;1 QB.

IO[8 B `debn`b titbg `b cnstbgbíëi ã `b`b de lQB (lcgi Qigt-Bepdrd). Qigt-Bepdrd rdprdsdntb b pitènkcb ed`c`b de wbtts qubnì sd tde b kirrdntd d tdnsëi de absd de kcrkuctis rdscstcvis. Ã kfbeb`b tbeoãe `d pitènkcb bpbrdntd. B pitènkcb bpbrdntd de kirrdntd bgtdrnb`b ã i priùti `b tdnsëi pdgb kirrdntd.

Kie i vbgir `b kbrmb cnstbgb`b, `dvdeis `dtdrecnbr qubg i abtir `d `debn`b rdadrdntd bi kfuvdcri d bi adrri dgãtrcki. Csti ã adcti kbgkugbnì i vbgir `b kbrmb pdgi abtir `d `debn`b eistrbì nb tbodgb `b acmurb 0: (NPT.:2). Kiei i vbgir dnkintrbì pbrb i kfuvdcri d i adrri dgãtrcki ã cmubg b 4::: ], pdgb

O - Kâgkugi `b `debn`b `debn`b `d bpbrdgfis. bpbrdgfis. B kbrmb cnstbgb`b de wbtts sdrâ cmubg b8 Kfuvdcri + adrri dgãtrcki 5 0::: + 2::: 5 4::: ] (iu 4l]).

B - Kâgkugi `b `debn`b `bs tieb`bs d cguecnbíëi. B kbrmb cnstbgb`b de wbtts sdrâ cmubg b8 Gïepb`bs + tieb`bs 5 6:: + ;4:: 5 0;:: ] (iu 0,; l]). Nb sdq÷ènkcb, `dvdeis `dtdrecnbr qubg i abtir `d `debn`b rdadrdntd ê tieb`bs d cguecnbíëi. Csti ã adcti kbgkugbnì i vbgir `b kbrmb kbr mb pdg pdgi i abt abtir ir `d `de `debn` bn`b b eis eistrb trbì ì nb tbodgb `b acmurb ;3 (NPT.:2). Kiei i vbgir dnkintrbì pbrb tieb`bs d cgcgue uecn cnbí bíëi ëi ã cm cmub ubgg b 0; 0;:: :: ], pd pdgb gb tb tbod odgb gb `b acacmu mu--

Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis

Abtir `d `debn`b

Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis

Abtir `d `debn`b

2 ? ; 0 4 1 = 6 3 2: 22 2? 2;

2,:: 2,:: :,60 :,=1 :,=: :,14 :,1: :,4= :,40 :,4? :,03 :,06 :,01

20 24 21 2= 26 23 ?: ?2 ?? ?; ?0 ?4 bkceb `d ?4

:,04 :,00 :,0; :,0? :,02 :,0: :,0: :,;3 :,;3 :,;3 :,;6 :,;6 :,;6

Acmurb 0: - Abtir `d `debn`b `d kfuvdcris, tirndcrbs,

Kbrmb cnstbgb`b (L])

Abtir `d `debn`b

: 7 K ≠ 2 27 K ≠ ? ?7 K ≠ ; ;7 K ≠ 0 07 K ≠ 4 47 K ≠ 1 17 K ≠ = =7 K ≠ 6 67 K ≠ 3 3 7 K ≠ 2: > 2:

:,61 :,=4 :,11 :,43 :,4? :,04 :,0: :,;4 :,;2 :,?= :,?0

bqudkdìrds `d âmub `d pbssbmde d adrris dgãtrckis .

tbodgb `b acm tbodgb acmurb urb 0:, tde tdeis is ìc ìcss bp bpbrd brdgfi gfis, s, in`d in `d i ab abti tirr `d `de deb bn` n`b b ã cm cmub ubgg b 2,: ,:.. Zirtbnti i abtir `d `debn`b sdrâ cmubg b8 A@ 5 4::: x 2,: 5 4::: QB. `debn`b `d bpbrdgfis. bpbrdgfis. B K - Kâgkugi `b `debn`b kbrmb cnstbgb`b de wbtts sdrâ cmubg b8 Airn Ai rni i `d ec eckr krii iin` n`bs bs 5 24 24:: :: ] (i (iu u 2, 2,4l 4l]) ]).. Kie i vbgir `b kbrmb cnstbgb`b, `dvdeis `dtdrecnbr qubg i abtir `d `debn`b rd-

K 5 Kbrmb cnstbgb`b

Acmurb ;3 - Abtir `d `debn`b pbrb tieb`bs d cguec-

nbíëi


23


adrdntd bi airni `d eckriin`bs. Csti ã adcti kbgk kb gkug ugbn bnì ì i vb vbgi girr `b kb kbrm rmb b pd pdgi gi ab abti tirr `d `debn`b eistrbì nb tbodgb `b acmurb 02 (NPT.:2). Kiei i vbgir dnkintrbì pbrb i airni `d ec eckkri riin in`b `bss ã cm cmub ubgg b 24: 4:: : ], pd pdgb gb Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis 2 ?b0 4b1 =b6 bkceb `d 6

`debn` `deb n`b b b qu qud d i kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti ds dstb tbrâ râ su suhd hdctcti. i. @dpdn`dnì `b rdmcëi in`d sd dnkintrb b rdsc`è rds c`ènkc nkcb, b, pi` pi`dei deiss tdr trè trèss sct sctubí ubíôds ôds `d airndkcednti. 2- [cstdeb dstrdgb kie ndutri (2?=/??: Q - AN). B kirrdntd kirrdntd sdrâ cmubg b8

Abtir `d `debn`b 2,:: :,=: :,1: :,4: :,4:

i k c s â a i n i E

Abtir irds ds `d `d `deb ebn`b n`b `d sd sdkb kbìr ìrb b `d Acmurb 02 - Abt Acmurb riupb, airni dgãtrcki, eâqucnb `d gbvbr giuíb d airni `d eckriin`bs.

tbodgb tbod gb `b acacmu murb rb 02 02,, td tdei eiss ue bp bpbr brdg dgfi fi,, in`d i abtir `d `debn`b ã cmubg b 2,:. Zirtbnti i abtir `d `debn`b sdrâ cmubg b8 A@ 5 24:: x 2,: 5 24:: QB.

in`d8 in` d8 C 5 kir kirrdnt rdntd d Q 5 tdnsëi @ 5 `debn`b C 5 2::: x 6,= 5 16,4: B 2?=

?- [cstdeb `dgtb kie ndutri (224/?;: Q - AAN ). B kirrdntd kirrdntd sdrâ cmubg b8

[ d n` i @ b ` de b n` b `b s kb r m bs einiaâsckbs d/iu ocaâsckbs de lQB, tdeis8 @ 5 B + O + K (qud kirrdspin`de bis vbgirds `d `debn`b dnkintrbìs ), iu sdhbe8 @ 5 ??;1 + 4::: + 24:: 5 6=;1 QB iu 6,= lQB. @dpi @d pics cs `d da dadt dtub ubì ìss is kâ kâgk gkug ugis is `b `debn` `de bn`b, b, `dv `dvdei deiss kbg kbgkug kugbr br b kir kirrdn rdntd td `d Kbrmb Kbtdmircb cnstbgb`b (l])

C 5 2::: x @ Q

i k c s â a c O

C 5 2::: x @ Q in`d8 in` d8 C 5 kirrdn kirrdntd td Q 5 tdnsëi @ 5 `debn`b C 5 2::: x 6,= 5 ;=,6?B ?;:

Dgdtriùti tbebnfi Gcectbíôds (?) Kinùtir ì Zritdíëi @debn`b rbebg `d dntrbEitirds (KQ) @cshuntir (B) iu Kfbvd Ausåvdg niecnbg ee (pig) Ed`cíëi (lQB) ausåvdg kbrtukfi (1)(B) NF (0)(B) AN AA AAAN `b (ee¿) (;) ZQK Bíi (4) 0: 1: ?: (;/0) 1 ;4 ?4 (;/0) 4: 1: 2: 4: 2 ?4 (;/0) ?: (;/0)

B2

K ≠ 4

B?

4 7 K ≠ 6

B;

6 7 K ≠ 2?

2

O2

(=) K ≠ 2?

2

O?

2? 7 K ≠ 26

O;

267 K ≠ ?4

@crdtb

-

21

=:

2::

1;

;? (2)

?4 (2)

?

-

2:

0:

1:

;4

;? (2)

?4 (2)

2

;

-

21

1:

1:

4:

;? (2)

?4 (2)

2

;

-

?4

=:

2::

1;

0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)

K2

@ ≠?;

2

;

=,4

21

1:

1:

1;

0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)

K?

?;7 @≠ ;:

2

;

2:

?4

1:

2::

6:

0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)

K;

?4 7 K ≠ =4 ;:7 @≠ ;6

2

;

24

;4

2::

2::

2::

0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)

K0

;67 @≠ 0=

2

;

?:

4:

2?4

?::

2::

4:(22/?) 0: (22/?)

K4

0=7 @≠ 4= Cn`crdtb 2

;

?4

=:

24:

?::

2?4

1: (?)

4: (?)

K1

4=7 @≠ =1

;

;:

34

?::

?::

21:

1: (?)

4: (?)


2

Acmurb 0? ?:


;- [cstdeb dstrdgb kie ndutri (2?=/??: Q - AAAN). B kirrdntd sdrâ cmubg b8

i k c s â a c r P

?- Bpg Bpgckb ckb-sd -sd,, tb tbeo eoãe ãe ê eâ eâqu qucn cnb b `d sig`b b eitir. ;- Is kinùtirds ì rbebg `d dntrb`b d btdrrbednti `dvde sdr `d kiord. 0- Zbrb bs kbtdmircbs `d B2 b K4 cnkguscvd sc vd,, b kb kbp pbk bkc` c`b` b`d d `b kf kfbv bvd d b sd sdrr ut utcgcgcz czb` b`b b `d `dvd vd sdr `d 2?4 (B). Zbrb b kbtdmircb K1, ?4: (B). 4- Is tbebnfis niecnbcs ìs dgdtriùtis `d bíi, cn`ckbìs nb tbodgb, rdadrde-sd bi tcpi gdvd C (NO_-41?0). 1- Nbs dntrb`bs `d sdrvcíi kie ed`cíëi ed`cíëi cn`crdtb, rdkiedn`b-sd qud b kfbvd cnstbgb`b, bpûs b ed`cíëi, sdhb `d bodrturb kie kbrmb kie ausåvdg `cshuntir tdreiebmnãtcki. =- B kb kbtd tdmi mircb rcb `d bt btdn dn`c `ced ednt nti i O2 ai aicc prdvcstb pbrb btdn`dr kbsis dspdkcbcs `d kinsuecìrds qud ndkdssctde `d ? absds, kie dxkdíëi `d kfuvdcris d tirndcrbs dgãtrckbs. 6- Zbrb sdíôds supdrcirds b 2: ee¿ ã ior cmbtûrci cmbtûrci i usi `d kbois. Kie is kâgkugis rdbgczbìs d bs cnairebíô eb íôds ds `b tb tbod odgb gb ei eist strb rb`b `b nb acacmu murb rb 0? 0?,, pi`deis b pbrtcr `bå `dtdrecnbr ni kbsi `d nissi dxdepgi8 2- B kb kbtd tdmi mircrcb b 5 O2 ?- I kinùtir `d dntrb`b 5 2: ee¿. `csp spis isctctcv cvi i `d `dpr prit itdí díëi ëi5 5 `c `csh shun unti tirr `d `d0:B. 0:B. ;- I `c 0- I dgdtriùti 5 ;? ee iu 2 pigdmb`b. 4- I kinùtir pbrb btdrrbednti 5

C 5 2::: x @ Q in`d8 C 5 kirrd kirrdntd ntd Q 5 tdnsëi @ 5 `debn`b C 5 2::: x 6,= 5 6=:: 5 ??,63 B ;6 : ∘; x ??:

Qikè pi`d iosdrvbr qud `dpdn`dnì ì Qikè scstdeb d `bs tdnsôds niecnbcs `d airndkcednti, tdeis ue vbgir `d kirrdntd b qubg sdrâ utcgczb`b pbrb `dtdrecnbreis b kbtdmircb `d btdn`cednti bssce kiei i `cednscinbedn dnti ti ì rb rbeb ebgg `d dn dntr trb b`b (p (pb b`r `rëi ëi). ). [upinì [upin ì qud b KZAG ã b Kink Kinkdssci dsscinârcb nârcb qud btdn`d b ueb `dtdrecnb`b rdmcëi, b tbodgb `b acmurbs 0? eistrbe bs dspdkcackbíôds `dstb pbrb pb rb i @c @ced edns nsci cinb nbed ednt nti i ì _b _beb ebgg `d Dntrb` Dnt rb`b b ([c ([cstd stdeb eb Dst Dstrdg rdgb b kie Ndu Ndutri tri kie Pdnsëi `d airndkcednti `d 2?=/??: Q). Nitbs8 (nøedris dntrd pbrèntdsds nb tbodgb). 2- Dstb tbodgb sd bpgckb ês gikbgc`b`ds btd tdn n`c` c`b bs ndssd scstd tde e b nb â r d b ` d Kinkdssëi `b KD[Z d KZAG. Btdrrbednti Kinùtir Dgdtriùti tbe. nie. ee (pig) (ee¿)(;) ZQK

1 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 21 ?4 ;4

?: (2 (2/? /?))

Bíi (4)

24 (2 (2/? /?))

Pcpi `d kbcxb C, CQ iu QC CC, CQ iu QC

Puoi `d bíi zcnkbì Eb`dcrb (sdíëi) Zintbgdtds ∄ dxt . x dspdssurb Puoi `d bíi zcnk Eb`dcrb sdíëi Rub`rb`b Kcrkugbr Kinkrdti ee x ee ∄ dxt. x dspds- qub`rb`b (ee x (ee x ee) (`bN) (`bN) surb (ee xee) ee)

1:,;; x ;,;4 2:2,1 x 4,:

2?: x 2?:

3:

3:

?::

?::

;::

;::

6: x 6:

CCC iu Q E

26: x 26:

Acmurb 0? Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

?2


2: ee¿, `dskbskbì, nu. 1- B kbcxb ì pb`rëi 5 pi`dnì sdr utcgczb`bs bs ìs tcpis CC, CQ iu QC. =- Zistd 5 tuoi `d bíi zcnkbì. Rubnti bis `debcs ctdns ct dns pbrb cnstbgbíëi ì pb`rëi, airbe `dskrctis bntdrciredntd. De ti ti`b `b d de qu qubg bgqu qudr dr cn cnst stbg bgbí bíëi ëi,, i kâ kâgk gkug ugi i `d @d @debn ebn`b `b `dv `dvd d sd sdrr adc adcti, ti,pdr pdrect ectcn` cnì i `ds `dstb tbair aireb eb qud qu d b ed edse seb b ip ipdr drd d `d `dnt ntri ri `d su sub b kb kbp pbk bkc` c`b` b`d. d. Kiei Ki ei ni ni niss ssi i dx dxde depg pgi i `d pr prih ihdt dti i siednt sie dntd d utc utcgcz gczbei beiss bgm bgmuns uns tcp tcpis is `d bp bpbrd brd-gfis gf is,, vb vbei eis, s, nb sd sdq÷ q÷èn ènkc kcb, b, bt btrb rbvã vãss `d Pbodgbs (NPT. :2), eistrbr iutris tcpis `d bpbrdgfis qud pi`de sdr cnstbgbìs nis pintis `d ueb rdsc`ènkcb d qud vikè, ni kbsi, pi`drâ dadtubr is kâgkugis de auníëi ì abtir `d `d `deb ebn` n`b, b, bk bkie iepb pbnf nfbn bnì ì bs acm acmur urbs bs eistrb`bs b sdmucr, bssce kiei iutrbs cnairebíôds.

Acmurb 01 01 - Abtirds `d `debn`b pbrb bpbrdgfis `d br kin`ckcinbì tcpi hbndgb pbrb usi kiedrkcbg.

NØED_I NØE D_I @D BZ BZB_D B_DGFI GFI[ [

ABPI_ AB PI_ @D @DE @DEBN@ BN@B B

2 b 2: 22 b ?: ?2 b ;: ;2 b 0: 02 b 4: 42 b =4 =1 b 2:: bkceb `d 2::

2,:: :,3: :,6? :,6: :,== :,=4 :,=4 :,=4

Nitb8 qubnì sd trbtbr `d unc`b`d kdntrbg `d kin`ckcinbìr `d br, `dvd-sd tiebr i abtir `d `debn`b cmubg b 2,::. Acmurb 0= 0= - Abtirds `d `debn`b pbrb eitirds.

Acmurb 0; - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d bqudkdìr kdntrbg iu

Eitir

`d bkueugbíëi (oicgdr).

Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis 2 ? ; bkceb `d ;

Abtir `d `debn`b 2,:: :,=? :,1? :,1?

Abtir `d `deb `debn`b n`b

Ebcir eitir

2,::

rdstbntds

:,4:

Acmurb 00 - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d aimôds dgãtrckis Nøedri `d bpbrd rdgf gfi is

Abtir `d `debn`b

2 ? ; 0 4 1 = 6 3 2: b 22 2? b 24 21 b ?: ?2 b ?4 bkceb `d ?4

2,:: :,1: :,06 :,0: :,;= :,;4 :,;; :,;? :,;2 :,;: :,?6 :,?1 :,?1 :,?1

Kbp (OPT/f) =2:: Kbp (lKbg/f) 2==4 22: ??: Pdnsëi (Q) Kirrdntd (B) 2: 4 Zitèn Zi tènkcb kcb(Q (QB) B) 22: 2:: : 22:: 22:: Zitènkcb (]) 3:: 3::

64 6 4:: ?2?4 ?2 22: ??: 20 = 244: 24 4: 244: 244: 2;:: 2;::

2:::: ?4:: ?4 22: ??: 24 =,4 214: 214: 20:: 20::

Nitb8 2- [d is ebcirds eitirds airde cmubcs, pbrb dadcti `d kieputbíëi `d subs pitènk pit ènkcbs cbs,, `dv `dvd-s d-sd d kin kinsc` sc`drb drbrr bpd bpdnbs nbs ue kiei ebcir, d i (s) iutri (s) kiei sdmunì de pitènkcb. ?- Dxcs Dxcstcn tcnì ì eit eitird irds, s, qud ior iorcmb cmbtir tircbcbednt ed ntd d pb pbrt rtbe be bi ed edse sei i td tdep epi i (e (eds dsei ei sdn` sd nì i is eb ebci cird rds) s),, `d `dvd vd-s -sd d si sieb ebrr su subs bs pitènkcbs d kinsc`drâ-gis kiei ue sû eitir. 2?::: ;::: 22: ??: 2= 6,4 23:: 23: : 23: 23:: : 21:: 21::

20::: ;4:: ??: 3,4 ?2::

26::: 04:: ??: 2; ?61:

?2::: 4?4: ??: 20 ;:6:

23::

?1::

?6::

;:::: =4:: ??: 26 0::: ;1::

Acmurb 04 - Bpbrdgfi `d br kin`ckcinbì tcpi hbndgb (2 OPT/f 5 :,?4 LKbg/f).


??


Acmurb 06 06 - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d dqucpbedntis dspdkcbcs.

Dqucpbednti

Abtir `d `debn`b

ebcir dqucpbednti

2,::

rdstbntds

:,1:

Acmurb 42 - Eitirds trcaâsckis 1: Fz-Zitènkcb niecnbg, pitènkcb bosirvc`b `b rd`d de lQ d lQB, kirrdntds niecnbcs d `d pbrtc`b. Zitènkcb Zitènkcb bosirvc`b `b rd`d niecnbg kv iu fp l] lQB 2/; :,;3 :,14 2/? :,46 :,6= ;/0 :,6; 2,?1 2 2,:4 2,4? 2 2/? 2,40 ?,2= ? 2,34 ?,=: ; ?,34 0,:0 0 ;,=? 4,:; 4 0,42 1,:? = 2/? 1,4= 6,14 2: 6,63 22,40 2? 2/? 2:,64 20,:3 24 2?,6? 21,14 ?: 2=,:2 ??,2: ?4 ?:,3? ?4,6; ;: ?4,:; ;:,4? 0: ;;,;6 ;3,=0 4: 0:,3; 06,=; 1: 03,0? 46,24 =4 12,00 =?,?6 2:: 62,?; 34,41 2?4 2::,1= 22=,:4 24: 2?:,:3 202,?3 ?:: 212,14 23:,26

Nitb8 [d is ebcirds bpbrdgfis airde cmubcs, pbrb dadcti `d kieputbíëi `d subs pitènkcbs, `dvd-sd kinsc`drbr bpdnbs ue kiei ebcir, d i (s) iutri (s) kiei sdmunì de pitènkcb. Acmurb 03 - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d fc`riebssbmde.

Nøed Nø edri ri `d bp bpbr brdg dgfi fis s

Abti Ab tirr `d `d `deb ebn` n`b b

2

2,::

?

:,41

;

:,0=

0

:,;3

bkceb `d 0

:,;3

Acmurb 4: 4: - Eitirds Einiaâsckis - Zitènkcb niecnbg, pitènkcb bosirvc`b `b rd`d de l] d lQB, kirrdntds niecnbcs niecnb cs d `d pbrtc`b. Zitènkcb Kirrdntd Kirrdntd `d Kis Zitènkcb ∄ niecnbg bosirvc`b `b rd`d niecnbg (B) pbrtc`b(B) kv iu fp l] lQB 22:Q ??:Q 22:Q ??:Q eã`ci lQB

2/0 2/; 2/? ;/0 2 2 2/? ? ; 4 = 2/? 2: 2? 2/? 24

:,0? :,42 :,=3 :,3: 2,20 2,1= ?,2= ;,?? 4,22 =,:= 3,;2 22,46 2;,=?

:,11 :,== 2,26 2,;0 2,41 ?,;4 ?,3= 0,:= 1,21 6,60 22,10 20,30 21,30

4,3 =,2 22,1 2?,? 20,? ?2,0 ?=,: ;=,: -

;,: ;,4 4,0 1,2 =,2 2:,= 2;,4 26,4 ?6,: 0:,? 4?,3 1=,3 ==,:

?= ;2 0= 1; 16 31 2;? ??: -

20 21 ?0 ;; ;4 06 16 22: 204 ?2: ?1: ;;: 0:6

Kirrdntd niecnbg (B) ;6:Q ??:Q :,3 2,= 2,; ?,; 2,3 ;,; ?,; 0,: ;,; 4,= 0,2 =,2 1,2 2:,1 =,1 2;,? 3,2 24,6 2?,= ??,= 2=,4 ;:,; ?2,; ;=,: ?4,? 0;,= ;;,4 46,: ;3,2 1=,6 01,? 6:,2 1:,? 2:0,; =;,6 2?=,3 66,2 24?,1 2:3,4 263,= 200,6 ?4:,6 2==,; ;:=,? ?20,: ;=:,6 ?66,2 033,2

Kirrdntd `d Kis pbrtc`b(B) ∄ ;6:Q ;6 :Q ?? ??:Q :Q eã`ci =,2 :,12 0,2 3,3 :,11 4,6 3,0 21,; :,11 22,3 ?:,= :,13 23,2 ;;,2 :,=2 ?4,: 00,; :,=? ;6,: 14,3 :,=; 0;,: =0,0 :,=0 4=,2 36,3 :,=4 3:,= 24=,2 :,=1 221,2 ?:2,2 :,== 241,: ?=:,4 :,== 231,1 ;0:,1 :,== ?0;,= 0??,2 :,== ?=4,= 0==,1 :,62 ;?1,= 411,: :,6? 020,: =2=,; :,60 4?6,4 324,4 :,60 1;?,1 2:34,= :,64 =0;,1 2?66,: :,64 3;0,= 2123,: :,64 221?,= ?:20,: :,64 2044,3 ?4?2,= :,64 2331,0 ;046,: :,64

Nitb8 2- Is vbgirds `b tbodgb airbe iotcìs pdgb eã`cb `d `bìs airndkcìs pir aborckbntds. ?- Bs kirrdntds `d pbrtc`b kctb`bs nb tbodgb bkceb pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs qubnì nëi sd `cspusdr `bs edsebs nbs pgbkbs ìs eitirds.

:,1; :,11 :,1= :,1= :,=; :,=2 :,=; :,=3 :,6; :,6: :,6: :,=6 :,62

Acmurb 4? - Kbois csigbìs kie ZQK =:ºK, de dgdtriùtis d tdepdrbturb beocdntd `d ;:ºK, kbpbkc`b`d de bepdrds, pbrb kinùtirds `d kiord. (vc`d nitb bobcxi). [díëi niecnbg (ee¿) 1 2: 21 ?4 ;4 4: =: 34 2?: 24: 264 ?0:

Nitb8 Bs kirrdntds `d pbrtc`b kctb`bs nb tbodgb bkceb pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs qubnì nëi sd `cspusdr `bs edsebs nbs pgbkbs ìs eitirds.

ZQK =:¸K ìcs kinùtirds kbrrdmbìs

très kinù kinùtirds tirds kbrrdmbìs

02 4= =1 2:2 2?4 242 23? ?;? ?13 ;:3 ;4; 024

;1 4: 16 63 222 22 2 2;0 2=2 ?:= ?;3 ?=4 ;20 ;13

Nitb8 2- Dstb tbodgb rdadrd-sd ê kbpbkc`b`d `d kinùíëi `d kirrdntd `d kbois csigbìs, `dntri ì dgdtriùti (de eintbmdns bpbrdntds, deoutc`bs de mdssi, bgvdnbrcb, pbrd`d `d kcednti iu de kbnbgdtb bodrtb iu vdntcgb`b). ?- Zbrb tdepdrbturbs beocdntds `cadrdntds `d ;:ºK, bpgckbr is abtirds `d kirrdíëi cn`ckb`bs nb NO_-402:. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

?;


Acmurb 4; 4; - Kbrmb eånceb d abtirds `d `debn`b pbrb cguecnbíëi d tieb`bs `d usi mdrbg. @dskrcíëi

Kbrmb eånceb (]/ e¿)

Abtir `d `debn`b

2:

2,::

;:

2,::

;:

2,::

?:

2,:: 2,:: pbrb is prcedcris 2? l]. :,4: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b 2? l]. 2,:: pbrb is prcedcris ?: l]. :,=: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b ?: l].

Bu`ctûrci Bu` ctûrci,, sbgôds sbgôds pbrb dxpiscíôds dxpiscíôds d sdedgfbntds Obnkis, gihbs d sdedgfbntds Obrodbrcbs, sbgôds `d odgdzb d sdedgfbntds Kguods d sdedgfbntds Dskigbs d sdedgfbntds

;:

Dskrctûrci (D`caåkcis)

;:

Mbrbmdns kiedrkcbs d sdedgfbntds

4

Fispctbcs d sdedgfbntds

?:

Fitãcs d sdedgfbntds

?:

Cmrdhbs d sdedgfbntds

2:

:,0: pbrb is prcedcris 4: l]. :,?: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b 4: l]. :,4: pbrb is prcedcris ?: l]. :,0: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b ?: l]. 2,::

Cn`østrcbs

kinaired `dkgbrbì pdgi cntdrdssbì.

2,::

_dstburbntds d sdedgfbntds

?:

2,::

ùrbntd i `dsdnvigvcednti ì nissi prihdti, i pri priprc prcdtâ dtârci rci `b rds rdsc`è c`ènkc nkcb b cna cnaire ireiuiu-nis nis qud, auturbedntd b edseb siardrâ bgmuebs ei`cackbíôds, kiei, bepgcbíëi `b ârdb kinstruå`b, kigikbíëi `d ebcs pintis `d ??: Q dtk. Zbrb tbnti, ndstd kbsi, `dvdeis ebntdr rdsdrvbì gikbcs pbrb cnstbgbíëi ìs `cshuntirds qud pistdrciredntd sdrëi utcgczbìs ni qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi. Kie is vbgirds kinsdmucìs btrbvãs `d kâgkugis, b pbrtcr `d bmirb, pi`deis rdbgczbr b cnstbgbíëi priprcbedntd `ctb,bssce kiei b eintbmde ì qub`ri. @i pb`rëi pb`rë i btã b dntrb`b ì qub`ri, `dvdeis "pbssbr" ìcs kbois `d 2:ee¿, iu sdhb, pbrb bs absds d ue pbrb i ndutri (ocaâscki). Is ìcs kbois kirrdspin`dntds ês absds sdrëi bkipgbìs ni `cshuntir mdrbg d b pbrtcr `dssd pinti btrbvãs `d ue obrrbe obr rbednt dnti i oca ocaâsc âscki, ki, is `cs `cshun huntir tirds ds `d pri pri-tdíëi ìs kcrkuctis sdrëi bkipgbìs. I kboi ndutri sdrâ bkipgbì, btrbvãs `d ue kindktir, b ê obrrb `d ndutri. B acmurb 40 eistrb kiei kie i dxd dxdepg epgi, i, ue qub qub`ri `ri `d `cs `cstrco trcoucí ucíëi ëi trcaâscki kiepgdti. Is qub`ris `d `cstrcoucíëi ` cstrcoucíëi sëi dnkintrb` tr bìs is ni ed edrk rkb` bì i de `c `cad adrd rdnt ntds ds tctcpi piss d

Nitbs8 2) B kbrmb eånceb cn`ckb`b nb tbodgb rdadrd-sd ê kbrmb rdkiedn`b`b pbrb cnstbgbíôds `d cguecnbíëi d tieb`bs, utcgczbnì gïepb`bs cnkbn`dskdntds. Ni kbsi `d iutri tcpi `d gïepb`b, kinsugtbr is kbtâgimis ìs aborckbntds. ?) Ni kbsi `d gihbs, `dvd-sd kinsc`drbr b kbrmb b`ckcinbg `d =:: ]/e `d vctrcnd, ed`c`b firczintbgedntd bi ginmi `d sub obsd. abti tird rdss `d `d `deb ebn` n`b b cn cn`c `ckb kbì ìss ;) Is ab vbgde pbrb qubgqudr tcpi `d gïepb`b `d cguecnbíëi cntdrnb. 0) Rubnì b unc`b`d kinsuecìrb pissucr kizcnfb, `dvd sdr kinsc`drbì dxkguscvbedntd pbrb dgb abtir `d `debn`b cmubg b 2, :: pbrb pb rb bs kb kbrm rmbs bs `d cgcgue uecn cnbí bíëi ëi d ti tieb eb`b `bss `dkgbrb`bs pdgi cntdrdssbì. Zbrb bs `debcs `dpdn`ènkcbs `b unc`b`d kinsuecìrb, kinsc`drbr is vbgirds cn`ckbìs nb tbodgb. Kintcnubíëi...

Qigtbnì bi nissi prihdti, tdeis bssce bs cnairebíôds qud sdrëi utcgczb`bs pbrb `br kintcnuc`b`d ê cnstbgbíëi. Qbeis supir qud Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

2,::

?0


tbebnfis, `dpdn`dnì `b qubntc`b`d `d `cs huntirds b sdr utcgczbìs. Zi`de sdr aborckbìs de kfbpb iu ZQK, `d deoutcr iu siordpir. @dpdn`dnì ì tcpi d ei`dgi pi`de sdr cnsdrcìs `d 2? btã =: `cshuntirds tcpis @CN iu TG (@CN 5 ì tcpi [cdedns< TG 5 ì tcpi Zcbg). B aireb `d b`bptbíë b`bptbíëi i ìs kiepindntds kiepindntds ni qub`ri ã scepgds, `dvdnì vikè bkiepbnfbr sub eintbmde btrbvãs ì ebnubg `d cnst cn stbg bgbí bíëi ëi qu qud d bk bkie iepb pbnf nfb b i ed edse sei. i. Te obrrbednti `d kiord cntdrgcmb i `cshuntir mdrbg

bis `d pritdíëi ì kcrkucti bssce kiei pbrb kindxëi ì ndutri d tdrrb. B kbpbkc`b`d `d kirrdntd `dstb obrrb pi`d vbrcbr `d 2:: b ??4 B. Bpûs i qub`ri sdr eintbì, sub bpbrènkcb ackb kinaired eistrb b acmurb 44. Ni dx dxde depgi pgi,, utc utcgcz gczbe beis is ue qu qub` b`ri ri pbrb pb rb ?: `cs `cshu hunt ntird irds, s, pi pics cs,, `d `dvd vdei eiss td tdr r dspbíi dsp bíi `cs `cspinå pinåvdg vdg pb pbrb rb pis pissåvd såvdcs cs bkrã bkrãskc skc-eis `d kcrkuctis. Ni kbsi `d cnstbgbreis siedntd is `cs huntirds prdvcstis ni nissi prihdti, tdeis8

`cstrcoucíëi trcaâscki kiepgdti. Acmurb 40 - Ei`dgi `d qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi

b) @ics @ics `c `csh shun unti tird rdss `d ;: B, pbr brb b kindxëi ìs kinùtirds ì kfuvdcr i - ??: Q. @ics `c `csh shun unti tird rdss `d 24 B, pb pbrb rb o) @ics kindxëi ìs kinùtirds ì airni `d eckriin`bs - ??: Q. k) [dcs `cshuntirds `d 24 B, pbrb kindxëi ìs kinùtirds `bs gïepb`bs d tieb`bs. `) @ics `cshuntirds `d 0: B - Mdrbg.

@dstb air @dstb aireb, eb, ein eintbn tbnìì-sd sd is `cs `cshun hun-tirds ni qub`ri, tdeis obsckbedntd kinkguåì i edsei, kinaired eistrb b acmurb 41. Kbsi ikirrdr bkrãskcei ni qub`ri `d Acmurb 44 - Rub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi eintbì. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

?4


`cstrcoucíëi, vikè `dvdrâ rdkbgkugbr b `debn`b ì kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti,, bs bssc sce e ki kiei ei pr priv ivc` c`dn dnkc kcbr br b suostc suo stctuc tucíëi íëi ì `cs `cshun huntir tir mdr mdrbg, bg, vdr vdrcack cackbn` bnì i tbeoãe b ndkdssc`b`d iu nëi `b suostctucíëi ì kboi privdncdntd ì pb`rëi btã i qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi.

Teb iu Teb iutr trb b ai aire reb b `d sd ei ein ntb tbrr ue qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi, ã eistrbì nb acmurb 4=. Dstd qub`ri, ì tcpi ZQK, `d deoutcr, nëi pissuc pis suc obrr obrrbed bednti nti,, `dv `dvdn` dnì-sd i-sd dadt dadtubr ubr bs gcmbíô mb íôds ds dn dntrd trd `c `cshu shunti ntirds rds btr btrbv bvãs ãs `d ue ki kin` nùti utir r råmcì iu agdxåvdg, kie agdxåvdg, kie sdíëi dntrd 0 b 1ee¿.

Acmurb 41 - Rub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi ì prihdti

Dskigfb Dskigf b ì kinù kinùtir tir B dskigfb ì aci kinùtir pbrb cnstbgbíôds dgãtrckbs, ã `d sueb cepirtïnkcb nb sdmurbníb `b edseb. Ni nissi dxdepgi, qubnì nb `dacncíëi ì tcpi `d kinùtir pbrb i pb`rëi, aic sdgdkcinbì ue kinùtir `d 2:ee¿. Dstd kinùtir supirtb kirrdntds `d btã 4: B, ebcs ì qud suackcdntd pbrb i nissi prihdti. Iosdrvd8 sdnì b rd`d ocaâsckb d b kirrdntd kbgkugb`b `d ;=,6? B (iu 0: B), dstd kinùtir ã i c`dbg. Kiei sumdstëi vbeis

Acmurb 4= - Eintbmde de qub`ri `d ZQK. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

?1


iptbr pdgi usi `d ue kinùtir `d 21 ee¿, qud supirtb btã 16 B, de auníëi ì bkrãskcei `d kcrkuctis, qud sdrâ utcgczbì ni auturi pbrb dadcti `d sdmurbníb d dstbocgc`b`d `b cnstbgbíëi.

cnstbgbr ue kinùtir `d 1ee¿, pics i edsei supirtb kirrdntds btã ;1 B (`dvd-sd tbeoãe suostctucr i `cshuntir ni qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi). Iosdrvd btdntbedntd bs dspdkcackbíôds kin stbntd tb ntdss ni niss bp bpbrd brdgf gfis is `d bq bqud udkc kcedn ednti ti ki kie e rdgbíëi bi tcpi d "octigb" ì kinùtir. Nirebgedntd gïepb`bs d tieb`bs sëi cnstbgbìs kie kinùtirds qud vbrcbe dntrd 2,4 ee¿ b ?,4 ee¿. Qikè `dvd bvbgcbr b qubntctc`b `b`d `d `d gï gïep epb` b`bs bs d ti tieb eb`b `bs, s, qu qud, d, sd sieb`bs, nëi ugtrbpbssde b kirrdntd b qud dstëi suhdctbs. I kinùtir `d 2,4 ee¿ supirtb kirrdntds btã 24,4 B d is `d ?,4 ee¿ kirrdntds `d btã ?2 B.

IO[8 Qdrcacqud sdeprd bs dspdkcackbíôds tãknckbs ìs bpbrdgfis bntds `d dadtubr i prihdti.

Qikè sd gde gdeorb orb `b Pbod bodgb gb ì Dgd Dgdtrc trckcs kcstb tb eist ei strb rb`b `b nb acacmu murb rb ?3 `b bp bpis istctcgb gb 29 29Bk Bkie iep pbn bnfd fd b edseb ùrbntd nissb dxpgbnbíëi. I kfuv kfuvdcri dcri iu tirndc tirndcrb rb dgãtrc dgãtrckb kb kieuedntd sëi cnstbgbìs de rd`ds `d ??: Q. Bprd Bp rdsd sdnt ntbe be pi pitè tènk nkcb cb dg dgdv dvb` b`b b (0 (0:: ::: : b 14:: ] pbrb kfuvdcris d ?6:: b 04:: ] pbrb pb rb tir tirnd ndcrb crbs), s), `d `dvd vdn` nì-s i-sd d ds dski kigfd gfdrr i kinùtir kin` utir `d "octig "octigb" b" kirrdt kirrdtb. b. Nireb Nirebgednt gedntd d utcgczb-sd kinùtir `d 0ee¿ (supirtbe btã ?6 B)< dntrdtbnti sd ue kfuvdcri `d 14:: ] air cnstbgbì nb rdsc`ènkcb, b kirrdntd pbrb sdu aunkcinbednti sdrâ `d bprixceb-`b eb -`bed edntd ntd ?3 ?3,4 ,40 0 B, bk bkce ceb b `b kb kbpb pbkckc`b`d ì kinùtir. Ndstd kbsi, i c`dbg ã

Ni nissi prihdti...

Aczdei Aczd eiss ue ob obgb gbnk nkdb dbed ednt nti i dn dntr trd d pitènkcbs iu i dqucgåorci `bs absds. Cs ti ã ndkdssârci pbrb qud ueb `bs absds nëi acqud ebcs siordkbrrdmb`b qud b iutrb, rdsugtbnì i qub`ri eistrbì nb acmurb 46. Kiei Kie i kur kurcis cisc`b c`b`d, `d, vbe vbeis is vdr vdrcac cackbr kbr bs kbrmbs de kb`b obrrbednti8 _dgdeorbnì, dxcstde très kâgkugis `d

Absds

Acmurb 46 - Dqucgåorci `d absd. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

?=


pitènkcb qud pi`de sdr rdbgczbìs de ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb, iu sdhb8

rdkdob ue kfiqud qubnì air trikbr ueb gïepb`b, dstbnì i cntdrruptir `dsgcmbì, acmurb 43.

b) Zitènkcb titbg cnstbgb`b - ã b sieb `d ti`bs bs pitènkcbs cn`ckb`bs nbs gïepb`bs, tieb ti eb`b `bss d ì ìss bp bpbr brdg dgfi fiss dg dgãt ãtrc rcki kiss `b rdsc`ènkcb. o) Zitènkcb pir kcrkucti - b cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb ã `cvc`c`b de kcrkuctis pbrb qud nëi ikirrb ikirr b siordkbrmb siordkbrmb nb nb rd`d cntdrnb. cntdrnb. B pitèn pitènkcb kcb `d kb`b kcrkucti ã b sieb `bs pitènkcbs cn`ckb`bs nbs gïepb`bs, tieb`bs d nis bpbrdgfis dgãtrckis qud sëi cnstbgbìs ndstd kcrkucti. k) Zitènkcb pir absd - `dvdeis dqucgcorbr b sieb `bs pitènkcbs `b Absd 2 kie bs `b Absd ?. Dstds kâgkugis bhu`brëi nb dskigfb `b sdkí sd kíëi ëi trb trbns nsvd vdrs rsbg bg ì ìss aci aciss (o (octctig igb) b),, nb bepdrbmde ìs `cshuntirds, ni dqucgåorci `d absds d ni `cednscinbednti ì qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi. Kie Ki e is ki kin` nùt utir irds ds hâ cn cnsd sdrc` rcìs is ni niss kinùåtds, `dvdeis b sdmucr dadtubr b cnstbgbíëi ìs cntdrruptirds, tieb`bs, gustrds dtk, qud, qu d, ob obsck sckbed bedntd ntd adk adkfb fb b cns cnstb tbgbí gbíëi ëi `b rdsc`ènkcb.

Acmurb 43 - Cnstbgbíëi ì cntdrruptir.

Dntrd is `cvdrsis tcpis `d cntdrruptirds tdeis8 b) Cntdrruptir scepgds< scepgds pbrbgdgi. o) Cntdrruptir ùpgi< ùpgi kie ue pbrbgdgi< ùpgi kie ìcs pbrbgdgis. k) Cntdrruptir trcpgi< trcpgi kie ue, ìcs iu très pbrbgdgis.

Cnstbgbíëi ìs cntdrruptirds d tieb`bs

`) Cntdrruptir cntdred`cârci. d) Cntdrruptir ocpigbr.

Cntdrruptirds

B acmurb 1: eistrb bgmuns dxdepgis `d cntdrruptirds qud sëi vcstis pir trâs. I edrkbì bprdsdntb ueb sãrcd `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d cntdrruptirds d tieb`bs pbrb b sub dskigfb, iu sdhb, scepgds, de eûùgis, kie kiebnìs dtk. [ëi `d aâkcg cnstbgbíëi, cdntbíôds ì `dvdnì-sd bpdnbs sdmucr bs ir cdntbíôds aborckbntd.

I ai airn rndk dkce cedn dnti ti `d "td "tdns nsëi ëi"" pb pbrb rb b gïepb`b, ã adcti btrbvãs ì bkcinbednti ì cn cntd tdrr rrup upti tirr. Ã ni cn cntd tdrr rrup upti tirr qu qud d b "dndrm "dn drmcb" cb" pri privdn vdncdn cdntd td ì qub qub`ri `ri `d `cs `cs-trco tr couc ucíë íëi i ã bp bpgck gckb` b`b. b. I aci nd ndut utri ri `d `dvd vd dstbr sdeprd gcmbì ê gïepb`b, d i aci absd bi cntdrruptir. Dstb ed`c`b dvctb qud vikè Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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B acmurb 12 bprdsdntb ue dsqudeb `d gcmbíëi pbrb bkcinbednti `d ueb gïepb`b de ì ìcs cs pi pint ntis is,, `d `dni niec ecnb nbì ì gcgcmb mbíë íëi i de

pbrbgdgi, in`d b prûprcb acmurb `deinstrb sdu aunkcinbednti. B acmurb 1? bprdsdntb ueb gcmbíëi de

Acmurb 1: - Pcpis `d cntdrruptirds.

Acmurb 12 - Cntdrruptir pbrbgdgi Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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Acmurb 1? - Cntdrruptir cntdred`cârci.

pbrbgdgi kie ue cntdred`cârci, utcgczbì qubnì b `cstïnkcb dxcstdntd dntrd is cntdrruptirds pbrbg pb rbgdgi dgiss ã mr mrbn` bn`d. d. Zi Zi`d `d-sd -sd utc utcgcz gczbr br ue ueb b qubn qu bntc` tc`b`d b`d cn cnacn acnctctb b `d cnt cntdrr drrupt uptird irdss cnt cntdrdred`cârcis `dpdn`dnì `b ndkdssc`b`d. Cntdrr Cnt drrupt uptir ir ocp ocpigb igbrr sce scepgd pgdss ã mdr mdrbge bgednt dntd d utc utc-gcgczb zbì ì qu qubn bnì ì i ai airn rndk dkce cedn dnti ti gi gikb kbgg ã `d ?? ??: : Q, iu pbrb qubgqudr iutri tcpi `d gcmbíëi, acmurb 1;. Zi`deis tbeoãe utcgczbr ue cntdrruptir trcpigb trcp igbrr kie kiei i pb pbrbg rbgdgi dgi,, kin kinair aired ed eis eistrb trb b acmurb 10.

Pieb`bs

Zbrb kindxëi kindxëi `d bpbrdgfis d dqucpbedntis. Bssce kiei nis cntdrruptirds, dxcstd ueb mrbn`d `cvdrscackbíëi `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d ti tieb eb`b `bss pbr brb b is eb ebcs cs `c `cvd vdrs rsis is acacns ns.. [dgdkcinbeis bgmuns tcpis, kinaired eistrb b acmurb 14. Iosdrvbíôds cepirtb cepirtbntds8 ntds8

Zrik Zr ikur urd d sd sdep eprd rd ue ueb b ki kirr ds dspd pdkc kcbg bg bzug, pir dxdepgi - pbrb c`dntcackbr i ndutri `cadrdnkcbnì `d iutrbs kirds, i qud abkcgctbrâ eucti b dxdkuíëi `b cnstbgbíëi. Dvctbrâ qud vikè tdnfb qud abzdr tdstds ti`b vdz qud prdkcsbr dnkintrbr b dxtrdec`b`d `d ue aci. B`qucrcr sdeprd ebtdrcbcs `d oib qubgc`b`d, dvctbnì rdbprivdctbedntis `d ebtdrcbcs. I obrbti sbc kbri. [cmb kirrdtbedntd bs nirebs `d sdmuAcmurb 1; - Cntdrruptir ocpigbr scepgds. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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rbníb, `dsk rbníb, `dskrctbs rctbs bntdr bntdrcired ciredntd. ntd. @dsg @dsgcmud, cmud, ùrbntd b ebnutdníëi, b kfbvd mdrbg ì kcrkucti. Teb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb pi`d bprdsdntbr "aumb" iu vbzbednti `d dndrmcb. Ndstd kbsi vikè "pbmbrâ" pir ueb dndrmcb qud nëi utcgcziu. Zbrb `dtdktbr dstb "aumb", `dsgcmud tiìs is cntdrruptirds d `dskindktd tiìs is bpbrdgfis `bs tieb`bs. Bmubr`d uns 2: ecnutis.

@crcmcnì-sd bi rdgûmci ì pb`rëi, vdrcacqud kiei sd dnkintrb i ed`cìr ì rdgûmci. [d pbrbì, nëi fâ aumb `d dndrmcb, bi kintrârci, iu sdhb, kie i `cski mcrbnì, vikè `dvdrâ bvbgcbr bs cnstbgbíôds. Qdrcacqud sd nëi fâ acis `dsdnk `ds dnkbp bpbì bìs, s, ded dedn`b n`bss ebg adc adctb tbs, s, aci aciss dnkis dn kistb tbnì nì-sd -sd de adr adrris ris dtk dtk,, pri prikur kurbn bnì ì sbnbr i `dadcti.

Acmurb 10 - Cntdrruptir trcpigbr pbrbgdgi.

Acmurb 14 - Pcpis `d tieb`bs. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?

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Instalações Elétricas - Aula 02

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