[ueârci [DMT_BNÍB NB[ CN[P CN[PBGBÍÔD[ BGBÍÔD[
Cntri`uíëi
Dedn`bs de @drcvbíëi
Kuc`b`is Dspdkcbcs
Dedn`bss de @drcvb Dedn`b @drcvbíëi íëi de Kbcxbs
Btdrrbednti ‛ Aci Pdrrb
Actb Csigbntd
[ceoigimcb Dgãtrckb
_d`d Einiaâsckb, Ocaâsckb d Prcaâsckb
Pcpis `d Dntrb`b `d sdrvcíi
_ig`bnbs, ‗Kgctds― dtk
Dgdtri`utis
Cnstbgbíëi _dsc`dnkcbg
Kbcxbs
Kintcnubíëi...
Gïepb`bs d Kcb
Dskigfb `i Kin`utir
_dbtirds pbrb Gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds
Ni nissi Zrihdti...
Cntdrruptirds
Cnstbgbíëi `is Cntdrruptirds d Pieb`bs
Pieb`bs
Cntdrruptirds
Zbssbmde `is Kin`utirds
Pieb`bs
Dedn`bs
Iosdrvbíôds Cepirtbntds
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri CTO_B - Cn`østrcb Mrâackb d D`cti D`ctirb rb Gt`b Gt`b.. @crdtircb Gucz Adrnbn`i @cncz Nbsi Hisã Kbrgis @cncz Nbsi
Kiir`dnbíëi @c`âtckb ]bg`iecri _dkkfc
_dvcsëi _isdgc Bnbstâkci [cgvb
Kbpb Krcbíëi8 Ebrkis Zrb`i `d Kbrvbg Krcbíëi8 Kbrvbgfi fi Aitimrbacb8 _iodrti Kbrgis Bgvds
Butircb d Kiir`dnbíëi Pãknckb Zd`ri Fdnrcqud Kbgvëi
Kiepiscíëi d Brtd-Acnbgczbíëi HK Zuogckc`b`d
Ceprdssëi CTO_B - Cn`østrcb Mrâackb Pi`is is `crdct `crdctis is sëi rdsdr rdsdrvb`is. vb`is. Nëi ã pdrec pdrectc`b tc`b b rdpri rdpri`uíëi `uíëi titbg iu pbrk pbrkcbg cbg `dstd kursi.
[DMT_BNÍB NB[ CN[PBGBÍÔD[ CN[PBGBÍÔD[ CN[P BGBÍÔD[ Cntri`uíëi
;- Kdrtcacqud-sd qud is kin`utirds nëi dstdhbe dndrmczb`is bntds `d ebnusdâ-gis< usd ue dqucpbednti `d tdstd. 0- Nunkb tiqud de cnstbgbíôds, cnstbgb íôds, bpbrdgfis d dqucpbedntis dgãtrckis kie bs eëis, pãs iu riupbs eigfb`bs. 4- Qdr Qdrcacacq cqud ud sd bs kb kbpb pbkc kc`b `b`d `dss `i `iss ausåvdcs iu `is `cshuntirds sëi b`dqub`bs bi kcrkucti dgãtrcki. Prbobgfd gfd kie unc uncair aired. ed. [bp [bpbti btiss d 1- Prbob guvbs guv bs ds dspd pdkcb kcbcs cs `d oi oirrb rrbkf kfb b iu qu qubgq bgqud udr r iutri ebtdrcbg ‗bntckfiqud―, abzde vikè ackbr csig cs igb` b`i i `i kf kfëi ëi.. Në Nëi i ut utcgc cgczd zd `u `urb rbnt ntd d ue ueb b cnstbgbíëi rdgûmci, bndg, pugsdcrb dtk. =- Tsd adrrbedntbs kie kboi csigb`i (bgckb (bg ckbtds tds,, kfb kfbvds vds dtk dtk), ), pic picss dgb dgbss mbr mbrbnt bntcrë crëi i qud vikè nëi vikè nëi acqud dxpisti b kfiquds. 6- Dvc Dvctd td tr trbo bobg bgfb fbrr de be beoc ocdn dntd tdss depidcrb`is, øec`is iu eigfb`is. 3- Ttcgczd ûkugis `d pritdíëi. Dgds dvctbrëi qud rdså`uis dntrde de sdus igfis. 2:- De ti`b d qubgqudr sctubíëi ebntdnfb i kcrkucti `dsgcmb`i. 22- Ttcgczd ebtdrcbcs `d oib qubgc`b`d. [û dg dgds ds mb mbrb rbnt ntde de ue ueb b pd pdrad radctctb b d `u `urâ râvd vdgg cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb. 2?- Iosdrvd is bvcsis nis qub`ris `d `cstrco `cs trcoucí ucíëi ëi iu de qub qubcsq csqudr udr iut iutris ris gik gikbcs bcs suhdctis b tdnsôds dgdvb`bs. Ebntdnfb bs cnst cnstbgbíô bgbíôds ds dgãtrc dgãtrckbs kbs 2;- Ebntdnfb de pdradcti dstb`i. 20- Priqud Priqud is kin`u kin`utirds tirds `dsdn `dsdnkbp kbpbb`is, vdgfis d cntdrruptirds d tieb`bs `bncackb`bs. Dedn dn`b `bss `d acaci i `d `dvd vde e sd sdrr od ode e ad adctctbs bs<< 24- De csigd-bs sdeprd kie actb csigbntd bpriprcb`b.
@bn`i @bn` i ki kint ntcn cnuc uc`b `b`d `d bi ni niss ssi i ku kurs rsi, i, `dvdeis gdeorbr qud, `urbntd b cnstbgbíëi iu edsei nbs ebnutdníôds dgãtrckbs, bgmuns kuc`b`is `dvdrëi sdr iosdrvb`is qubnti ê sdmurbníb ni sdu ebnusdci. Kuc`b`is dspdkcbcs `dvde sdr tieb`is pdgi tãkncki cnstbgb`ir. I "kfiqud dgãtrcki" kiei kinfdkdeis, btub ni irmbncsei `d airebs `cadrdntds. B kirrdntd dgãtrckb tde b kbpbkc`b`d `d kcrkugbr btrbvãs `i kirpi fuebni sde euctb `cackug`b`d, ueb vdz qud i kirpi ã obsckbedn td kinstc kin stctuå tuå`i `i pir âmub. âmub. Gde Gdeord ord-sd -sd88 b âmu âmub bã ueb mrbn`d kin`utirb `d kirrdntd dgãtrckb. Gdvbr ue kfiqud pi`d bkbrrdtbr ueb sãrc sã rcd d `d ki kiep epgck gckbí bíôd ôdss ni ir irmb mbnc ncse sei. i. Zi Zir r dxde dx depgi pgi88 ni niss rcn rcns8 s8 cn cnsu suack ackcèn cènkc kcb b rd rdnb nbg
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Kuc`b`is dspdkcbcs
de ue tdepi bprixceb`i `d 4::es, pir cssi acqud bgdrtb. I rcski `d kfiqud dgãtrcki pi`d ikirrdr de `ubs kin`cíôds, iu sdhb, pir kintbti `crdti iu cn`crdti. I kintbti `crdti ikirrd qubn`i sd dsobrrb iu sd sdmurb ue kin`utir dndrmczb`i, d i kintbti cn`crdti ikirrd qubn`i sd dnkistb de ue bpbrdgfi `ieãstcki qud nëi sd dnkintrb `dvc`bedntd btdrrb`i, acmurb 2.
Kiei nissi kursi ã `crdkcinb`i pbrb cnstbgbíôds rdsc`dnkcbcs, kuc`b`is dspdkcbcs tbeoãe `dvde sdr iosdrvb`is pbrb mbrbntcr sub sdmurbníb bssce kiei b sdmurbníb `i sdu kgcdntd. Dntrd dgds tdeis8 Bntds ds `d cn cnst stbg bgbr br eâ eâqu qucn cnbs bs iu :2- Bnt dqucpbedntis `ieãstckis, `ieãstckis, gdcb btdntbedntd i ebnubg `d cnstruíôds `i pri`uti. :?- Kfuv Kfuvdcr dcris, is, tirn tirndcr dcrbs bs dgã dgãtrck trckbs, bs, mdgb md gb`d `dcr crbs bs d iu iutr tris is bp bpbr brdg dgfi fiss dg dgãt ãtrc rcki kiss `dvde sdr `itb`is `d scstdeb `d aci tdrrb. kfb vds sdgdtirbs :;- Bntds `d eu`br bs kfbvds - cnvdrni d vdrëi/ qudntd d arci - `i kfuvdcri iu tirndcrb dgãtrckb, `dsgcmud-is btrbvãs `i rdmcstri (adkfbr i kfuvdcri iu b tirndcrb). :0- @dsgcmud i adrri dgãtrcki `b tieb`b sdeprd qud cntdrriepdr i trbobgfi, ebntdn`i-i nb piscíëi vdrtckbg. :4- Bi trikbr ueb gïepb`b, sdmurd-b siedntd pdgi kirpi `d vc`ri. Kuc`b`i kie bs pbrtds edtâgckbs `b gïepb`b d `i siqudtd qud pi`de privikbr kfiqud dgãtrcki. :1- Dvctd gcmbr de ueb edseb tieb`b drsiss bpb bpbrdgfi rdgfis< s< btrbvã btr bvãss `d "od "odnhb nhbece ece"" `cv `cvdrsi vikè pi`drâ dstbr siordkbrrdmbn`i bs cnstbgbíôds, pi`dn`i kbusbr kurti-kcrkucti d btã cnkèn`cis. :=- @dsgcmud is bpbrdgfis dgãtrckis `b tieb` tie b`b b bn bntds tds `d rde rdeiv ivèè-gis gis pb pbrb rb iu iutri triss gikbcs. :6- Bi `dsgcmbr ue bpbrdgfi dgãtrcki `b tieb`b sdmurd sdeprd nb pbrtd csigb`b `i pgum. :3- Zritdhb bs tieb`bs kie `cspisctcvis prûprcis pbrb qud bs krcbníbs nëi tiqude nb pbrtd dndrmczb`b. Dadctis acscigûmckis privikb`is pdgb kirrdntd rdn td dgã dgãtrc trckb8 kb8 tdt tdtbn bnczb czbíë íëi, i, pb pbrb` rb`b b rd rdsp spccrbtûrcb, qudceb`urbs d acorcgbíëi vdntrckugbr. I kirpi fuebni supirtb ni eâxcei ;:eB Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
dgãtrcki Acmurb 2 - Kfiqud dgãtrcki
Btdrrbednti - Aci tdrrb @dskrdvdeis bntdrciredntd siord btdrrbed rb ednt nti i `b kb kbcx cxb b pb pb`r `rëi ëi.. Zb Zbrb rb qu què9 è9 Zi Zir r sdmurbníb. Bssce kiei `dvdeis btdrrbr i pb`rëi, iutriss dquc iutri dqucpbed pbedntis ntis `dvd `dvde e sdr btdrrb btdrrb`is, `is, dvctbn dvc tbn`i `i pis pissåv såvdcs dcs kfi kfiqud qudss qud pi` pi`drc drcbe be btcnmcr qude i dstcvdr ebnusdbn`i. Qikè hâ pdrkdodu qud bpbrdgfis kiei mdgb`d mdg b`dcrb crbs, s, aim aimôds ôds,, airn airnis is `d eck eckrii riin`b n`bs, s, kfuvdcris, tirndcrbs dgãtrckbs dtk, sëi privc`is `d ue aci vdr`d/bebrdgi iu dqucpbedntis qud pissude pgum kie très pcnis9 Dstd aci iu pgum `d très pcnis, qud pbrb eucti eu ctiss nb nb`b `b rd rdprd prdsd sdnt ntb, b, pb pbrb rb nû nûss cn cnst stbbgb`irds rdprdsdntb eucti. Ã b sdmurbníb kintrb pissåvdcs kfiquds, acmurb ?. I btdrrbednti `d kfuvdcris d tirndcrbs dgãtrckbs ã eucti 0
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
cepirtbnt cepirt bntd, d, pic picss dvc dvctbr tbrâ â pis pissåv såvdcs dcs kfi kfiqud qudss kbsi kbs i iki ikirrb rrb ue `da `dadct dcti, i, prc prcnkc nkcpb pbged gedntd ntd sd ueb `bs absds tikbr bkc`dntbgedntd nb kbrkbíb `is edseis.
tieb`bs, gïepb`bs, kin`utirds dtk, pbrb qud sdhb rdbgczb`b b cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb. Dntrd is `cvdrsis såeoigis utcgczb`is ndstb ârdb, sdgdkcinbeis is ebcs usubcs pbrb vikè cntdrbmcr kie is edseis, ueb vdz qud auturbedntd ndkdssctbrâ `dgds. Bs acmurbs ; d 0 bprdsdntbe is såeoigis dgãtrckis (BONP) ebcs usubcs utcgczb`is de ueb cnstbgbíëi rdsc`dnkcbg.
Pcpis `d Dntrb`b `d [drvcíi Btã b kfdmb`b `b dndrmcb dgãtrckb de ueb rdsc`ènkcb, ti`i i kbecnfi `b edseb ã adctb adc tb btr btrbvã bvãss `d kin kin`ut `utird irdss cns cnstbg tbgb`i b`iss de pistds. Bgmuns kuc`b`is `dvde sdr iosdrvb`is nb cntdrgcmbíëi `b rd`d qud vde `b "rub" btã kfdmbr bi cntdrcir `b rdsc`ènkcb. Cnckcb Cnc kcbrde rdeis is eis eistrb trbn`i n`i tcp tcpis is `d cns cnstbtbgbíôds qud pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs pbrb dstd ace. B acmurb 4 eistrb is kiepindntds `b dntrb`b `d sdrvcíi kie ed`cíëi de pistd pbrtckugbr. Bs dspdkcackbíôds rdgbtcvbs b ed`c`bs d iutrbs cnairebíôds tãknckbs pi`de sdr vcstbs nb `dskrcíëi `d Pcpis `d Zb`rëi `d Dntrb`b, kiedntb`is bntdrciredntd nb acmurb ;= `b bpistcgb 2.
Acmurb ? - Btdrrbednti.
I btdrrbednti pbrb kindxëi `d bpbrdgfis ã adcti `b edseb aireb `i `dskrcti pbrb i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b. Nunkb utcgczbr i btdrrbednti `i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b pbrb kindxëi `d bpbrdgfis.
[ceoigimcb dgãtrckb Pi`i prihdti dgãtrcki cnaireb is pintis in`d in `d `d `dvd vde e sd sdrr cn cnst stbg bgb` b`is is is ki kin` n`uå uåtd tds, s,
Acmurb ; - [åeoigis. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
4
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb 0 - [åeoigis.
Acmurb 4 - Ed`cíëi de pistd pbrtckugbr.
kie kbcxb Pcpi C kie cnstbgbíëi de pbrd`d btrbvãs `d pintbgdtd. Dstb cnstbgbíëi sdrâ pdrectc`b siedntd sd nëi fiuvdr kin`cí kin `cíôds ôds pb pbrb rb cns cnstbg tbgbíë bíëi i `is pb pb`rô `rôds ds nirebcs. B acmurb 3 eistrb ue pb`rëi `d dntrb`b kie kbcxb Pcpi C, CC iu CCC kie cnstbgbíëi nb pbrd pb rd`d `d.. Ds Dstb tb cn cnst stbg bgbí bíëi ëi sd sdrâ râ pd pdre rectc ctc`b `b siedntd sd nëi fiuvdr kin`cíôds pbrb cnstbgbíëi `is pb`rôds nirebcs.
Qik ikè è pi pi`d `d dn dnki kint ntrb rbrr dn dntrd trd is tctcpi piss eistrb`is b sdmucr ue qud pi`d sdr utcgczb`i pir vikè de ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb. acmurb rb 1 eistrb B acmu eistrb kie kiepin pindnt dntds ds `d dntrb`b `d sdrvcíi kie ed`cíëi de euri. B acmurb = eistrb is kiepindntds `d dntr dn trb` b`b b `d ue pb pb`r `rëi ëi ki kie e gd gdctctur urb b vi vigtgtb` b`b b pbrb b kbgíb`b. B acmurb 6 eistrb ue pb`rëi `d dntrb`b Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
1
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb 1 - Ed`cíëi de euri.
Acmurb = - Ed`cíëi pdgb kbgíb`b
Cnstbgbíëi gbíëi de pbrd`d kie pintb pintbgdtd. gdtd. Acmurb 6 - Cnstb Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
=
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb 3 - Cnstbgbíëi de pbrd`d.
deprdmbe riskb pbrb bkipgbednti. Is dg dgdt dtri ri`u `uti tiss agd agdxå xåvd vdcs cs pi pi`d `de e sd sdr r dnkintrb`is ni edrkb`i kinadkkcinb`is pir ueb ue b acactb tb ed edtâ tâgcgckb kb dn dnri rigb gb`b `b de ai aire reb b fd fdgcgckic`bg iu aborckb`is de ZQK (kin`uåtd agdxåvdg bgbíôds btub bt ubge gedn dntd td eu eucti cti ut utcgc cgczb zb`i `i de cn cnst stbgbíôds dgãtrckbs), acmurb 22.
Dgdtri`utis Is kin`utirds de ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb `dvde pdrkirrdr i cntdrcir `d dgdtri`utis (`utis). @ds`d i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b btã i øgtcei kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti `b rd rdsc sc`è `ènk nkcb cb,, is ki kin` n`ut utir irds ds `dvd `d vde e ack ackbr br pr prit itdm dmc` c`is is,, dv dvct ctbn bn`i `i `d `dst stb b aireb sdu `dsmbstd, qud privikbrcb kurtiskcrkuctis kcrku ctis,, pi` pi`dn` dn`i i cnk cnkgus guscvd cvd bad badtbr tbr `ds `ds`d `d dqucpbedntis btã i ipdrb`ir `is edseis. Is dg dgdt dtri ri`u `uti tis, s, `d `dpd pdn` n`dn dn`i `i `d su sub b dstruturb pi`de sdr råmc`is iu agdxåvdcs. Dgdtri`utis råmc`is nb`b ebcs sëi qud "tuois `d adrri" kie bs dxtrdec`b`ds privc`bs `d riskb, b ace `d sdrde bkipgb`bs kurvbs btrbvãs `d guvbs, acmurb 2:.
Acmurb 22 - Dgdtri`uti agdxåvdg.
Pbn bnti ti i dg dgdt dtri ri`u `uti ti rå råmc mc`i `i ki kiei ei is agdxåvdcs `dvdrëi sdr deoutc`is nbs pbrd`ds, bssce kiei is bkdssûrcis qud sëi utcgczb`is, tbcs tb cs ki kiei ei gu guvb vbs, s, ku kurv rvbs bs,, kb kbcx cxbs bs dt dtk. k. Zb Zbrb rb cnstbgbíôds in`d nëi ã pissåvdg deoutc-gis, utcgczbe-sd bs kbnbgdtbs (scstdeb V), dgdtri`utis råmc`is `d ZQK iu råmc`is edtâgckis, `d bkir`i kie i nåvdg `d sdmurbníb dxcmc`i. De ce ceûv ûvdc dcss bn bntctcmi mis, s, b ut utcgcgcz czbí bíëi ëi `d dgdtri`utis `d adrri ã eucti kieue, pics i "pgâstcki" (ZQK) siedntd siedntd a ic ic cnkirpirb`i ês kins ki nstru truíô íôds ds b pb pbrt rtcr cr `b `ã `ãkb kb`b `b `d 1: 1:/= /=:. :. Qik ikè è `d `dvd vdrâ râ ack ackbr br bt btdn dnti ti nb cn cnst stbg bgbí bíëi ëi `d kin`utirds ni sdu cntdrcir, pics pi`drâ `bncackbr ack br is ed edse seis is `u `urb rbnt ntd d i sd sdu u eb ebnu nusd sdci ci (dgdtri`utis `d adrri, `dpdn`dn`i `d in`d dstdhbe cnstbgb`is, pdgb uec`b`d, krcbe adr-
Acmurb 2: - Dgdtri`uti råmc`i - tuoi `d adrri råmc`i.
Zi`deis tbeoãe utcgczbr `utis tdreipgâstckis pigcvcnågckis (ZQK) råmc`is nbs cnstbgbííôd gb ôdss dg dgã ãtr trck ckb bs. Is ed edse seis is tbe beo oãe Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
6
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
rumde ni sdu cntdrcir pi`dn`i kirtbr b kbpb `is acis. Is dgdtri`utis sëi kiedrkcbgczb`is de pigdmb`bs d `dpdn`dn`i `d in`d i edsei air utcgczb`i pi`d vbrcbr `d µ (edcb) btã 4 (kcnki) pigdmb`bs.
btrbvãs `d pbrbausis, acmurb 2;.
Kbcxbs Nbs cnstbgbíôds dgãtrckbs, pbrb is pintis b sdrde cntdrgcmb`is bi ginmi `is dgdtri`utis, utcgczbe-sd kbcxbs de ti`is is pintis `d dedn`bs, pbssbmdns, `drcvbíôds, cnstbgbíôds `d tieb`bs d cntdrruptirds dtk. [ëi aborckb`bs de kfbpb `d adrri d ZQK. `d td tdei eiss @dpdn` @dp dn`dn` dn`i i `b ndk ndkdss dssc`b c`b`d kbcxbs kie `cvdrsis tcpis d airebtis d dntrd bs ebcs usb`bs tdeis8 kbcxb 0 x ? rdtbnmugbr, 0 x 0 qub`rb`b, kbcxb iktiminbg ; x ; iu 0 x 0 dtk, acmurb 2?.
Acmurb 2; - Kbcxb 0 x 0.
Gïepb`bs & Kcb Qikè gimckbedntd sbod i qud ã ueb gïepb`b d qubg sub acnbgc`b`d. Teb gïepb`b cnkbn`dskdntd mdrb guz brtcackcbg. [drvd pbrb trbn tr bnsa sair ireb ebrr b dn dndr drmc mcb b dg dgãt ãtrc rckb kb de dn dndr drmc mcb b guecnisb. guecn isb. B guz `dssb `dssb gïepb`b gïepb`b privãe privãe `d ue acacgb gbed ednt nti i ed edtâ tâgcgcki ki ei eint ntb` b`i i `d `dnt ntri ri `d ue ougoi `d vc`ri, qud ackb cntdnsbedntd bqudkc`i qubn`i ueb kirrdntd dgãtrckb pir dgd kcrkugb. Obsckbedntd b gïepb`b ã kinstctuå`b pdgi ougoi, obsd d acgbednti (tunmstènci). Ni sdu cntdrcir fâ mâs cndrtd iu vâkui qud dvctb b kieoustëi `i acgbednti, acmurb 20.
Acmurb 2? - Pcpis `d kbcxbs
Pi`bs bs kbcxbs sëi privc`bs `d auris qud sd `dstcnbe ê cnsdríëi `is dgdtri`utis. Dstds Dst ds aur auris is dnk dnkint intrbe rbe-sd -sd adk adkfb` fb`is, is, btã i eiednti qud b piscíëi `d dntrb`b `i dgdtri`uti sdhb `dtdrecnb`b. Dstds auris sëi `d aâkcg bodrturb. Ni aun`i `d kb`b kbcxb tdeis ue pdqudni auri qud sd `dstcnb ê acxbíëi `b edse ed seb b de pb pbrd rd`d `dss iu de eb eb`d `dcr crbs bs.. Bs "irdgfbs" nb kbcxb sdrvde pbrb acxbíëi `d tbep tb epbs bs,, cnt cntdrr drrup uptir tirds ds,, tie tieb`b b`bss dt dtk, k, adc adctb tbss Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
Acmurb 20 - Gïepb`b cnkbn`dskdntd.
Teb cnacnc`b`d `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d gïepb`bs dstëi `cspinåvdcs ni edrkb`i pbrb qud vikè cnkrdedntd beocdntds rdacnb`is. B dski ds kigf gfb b `d ue ueb b `d `dtd tdre recn cnb` b`b b gï gïep epb` b`b b ã 3
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
rdbgczb`b de auníëi `b pitènkcb d tdnsëi b qud b edseb sdrâ suoedtc`b. Rubnti ebcir b pitènkcb ebcir sdrâ i aguxi guecnisi (bssce kiei i kinsuei). Is pirtb-gïepb`bs (siqudtds) sëi `cspisctcvis `d acxbíëi d kindxëi dgãtrckb dntrd b gï gïep epb` b`b b d is ki kin` n`ut utir irds ds.. Dx Dxcs cstd td ue ueb b cnacnc`b`d `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d pirtb-gïepb`bs, aborckb`is de obqudgctb iu pirkdgbnb. Ni kbsi `d rdkdptâkugis, sëi pirtb-gïepb`bs kuhb obsd pdrectd sub acxbíëi kie pbrbausis. Bs gïepb`bs cnkbn`dskdntds pi`de cnkbn`dskdntds pi`de sdr b`qucrc`bs b`qu crc`bs de `cvd `cvdrsbs rsbs pitèn pitènkcbs kcbs,, vbrcb vbrcbn`i n`i `d 24 b 24:: ]. B gïepb`b aguirdskdntd utcgczb b `dskbrmb dgãtrckb de ue edci mbsisi pbrb pri`uzcr dndrmcb guecnisb. Ã obsckbedntd kinstctuå`b `d ue tuoi `d vc`ri kcgån`rcki, kintdn`i de sdu cntdrcir mâs brmðnci, fãgci iu ndðnci d pdqu pd qudnb dnbss qu qubnt bntc`b c`b`d `dss `d edr edrkør kørci ci.. [ub pbrd`d cntdrnb ã rdvdstc`b pir ue ebtdrcbg aguirdskdntd. Nis sdus dxtrdeis ackbe `cspistis is acgbedntis `d tunmstènci, Acmurb 24.
Acmurb 21 - Zitènkcbs d ed`c`bs `bs gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds.
Fihd tdeis `cvdrsis tcpis d ei`dgis `d gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds tbcs kiei is `i tcpi ginmi gin mi d acn acni i (sg (sgceg cegcnd cnd), ), kie kiepb pbkt ktb, b, kcr kcrkug kugbr br,, pbrb gdtrdcris guecnisis, dntrd iutrbs. _dbtirds pbrb gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds
Is rdb rdbtir tirds ds së sëi i is rd rdsp spin insâ sâvd vdcs cs pd pdgi gi airndkcednti `d tdnsëi pbrb i aunkcinbednti `b gïepb`b aguirdskdntd, pics b edseb nëi pi`d sdr gcmb`b `crdtbedntd nb rd`d dgãtrckb. Dntrd is tcpis qud pi`deis dnkintrbr tdeis i rdbtir pbrb ueb iu `ubs gïepb`bs kie stbrtdr< rdbtir `d pbrtc`b râpc`b (nëi utcgczb stbrtdr) d rdbtirds dgdtrðnckis. [tbrtdr ã ue cntdrruptir tãrecki qud tde b auníëi `d borcr d adkfbr i kcrkucti `is acgbednt ed ntis is `b gï gïep epb` b`b b, `bn bn`i `i ue td tdep epi i ndkdssârci pbr b i prã-bqudkcednti `is kâti`is, d b pbrtcr `bå dntrbr de aunkcinbednti. Dxcstde `cvdrsbs kbpbkc`b`ds `d cntdrrupíëi `d kirrdntd pbrb b gïepb`b, pir cssi `dpdn`dn` `d n`i i `b su sub b pi pitè tènk nkcb cb dx dxcs cstcr tcrâ â ue st stbr brtd tdr r prûprci pbrb b edseb.
Acmurb 24 - Gïepb`b aguirdskdntd.
Bs gïepb`bs aguirdskdntds pi`de sdr dnkintrb`bs de vârcbs `cednsôds d pitènkcbs, kinaired eistrb b acmurb 21, d vikè pi`drâ pi` drâ dsk dskigf igfdr dr bqu bqudgb dgb qud ebc ebcss kin kinvãe vãe pbrb i beocdntd de qud sdrâ cnstbgb`b. [ëi cn cnst stb bgb gb`b `bss de rd rdkd kdpt ptâk âkug ugis is prûp pr ûprc rcis is,, cn cnsd sdrc` rc`is is de kb kbgf gfbs bs iu si sigtgtbs bs btrbvãs `d "rbockfis". Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
Cntdrruptirds
Cntdrruptirds sëi kiepindntds qud tèe pirr acacnb pi nbgc` gc`b` b`d d ki kirt rtbr br b bg bgce cedn dntb tbíë íëi i `d ue 2:
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
`dtdrecnb`i kcrkucti, tirnbn`i-i cnipdrbntd. Ã i kbsi `d bkcinbr i cntdrruptir pbrb bkdn`drr iu bp `d bpbm bmbr br ue ueb b gï gïep epb` b`b. b. Dx Dxcs cstd td ue ueb b mbeb `d cntdrruptirds qud pi`de sdr utcgczb`is de ueb rdsc`ènkcb, ackbn`i b kbrmi `i kgcdntd b dskigfb dskigfb ebcs b`dqub`b. Zi`de sdr `i tcpi kieue - 2 tdkgb, `upgi - ? tdkgbs, trcpgi - ; tdkgbs, pbrbgdgi, cntdred`cârci dtk.
@dpdn`dn`i `b `cstïnkcb dxcstdntd dntrd i qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi d i pinti b sdr bgcedntb`i, `dvdeis utcgczbr i "pbssb-acis", qud cnsdrc`i ni dgdtri`uti råmc`i iu agdxåvdg borcrâ kbecnfi pbrb b pbssbmde `is acis. Is pbssbacacis is së sëi i `d su sueb eb ce cepi pirt rtïn ïnkc kcb b pbr brb b b pb pbss ssbm bmde de `is acis btrbvãs `is kin`uåtds. Ã dnkintrb`i de `cvdrsis tcpis d tbebnfis, aborckb`i de pgâstcki råmc`i. De ueb `d subs dxtrdec`b`ds pissuå ueb pintb edtâgckb qud ã cnsdrc`b ni kin`uåtd d nb iutrb pintb ueb brmigb (iu bndg) pbrb b kindxëi kie i aci. B aireb kirrdtb `b kindxëi pi`d sdr iosdrvb`b nb acmurb 2=. B pbssbmde `is acis btrbvãs `is dgdtri`utis `dvd sdr adctb `d prdadrènkcb pir `ubs pdssibs8 ueb "puxb" d b iutrb "mucb". Bpûs b kindxëi `i aci ni pbssb-acis, untbr b rdmcëi `b actb csigbntd kie vbsdgcnb cn`ustrcbg i qud abkcgctbrâ b pbssbmde pdgi kin`uåtd. Rude "puxb" `dvd ackbr btdnti kie b pbssbmde `i aci, pics i edsei de fcpûtdsd bgmueb `dvdrâ pdr`dr sub csigbíëi. Iosdrvbr `urbntd i prikdssi i prikdssi sd "gbskbs" `d edtbg nbs kbcxbs edtâgckbs (iu kurvbs, kitivdgis dtk) iu edsei ni btrcti kie ue iutri aci, nëi i `bncackbe. I "mucb" `dvd cnsdrcr i aci btrbvãs `i kin`uåtd, iosdrvbn`i is edseis kuc`b`is `dskrctis. Ttcgczd ue pd`bíi `d pbni mucbn`i
Pieb`bs
@cspisctcv @cspis ctcvi i utc utcgcz gczb`i b`i pb pbrb rb bgce bgcednt dntbr br bpbr bp brdg dgfi fis, s, ue ueb b vd vdzz qu qud d is ed edse seis is nd ndgd gd airde air de cns cnsdrc drc`is `is.. Dxc Dxcstd std ueb cna cnacnc cnc`b` `b`d d `d tcpis `d tieb`bs qud pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs de ue ueb b rd rdsc sc`è `ènk nkcb cb,, acackb kbn` n`i i b kb kbrm rmi i `i kgcdntd sub dskigfb. Zbssbmde `is kin`utirds
Zi`deis tdr `ubs kin`cíôds qubn`i ueb `dtdrecnb`b cnstbgbíëi ã sigckctb`b8 qubn`i i pb`rëi `d dntrb`b dnkintrb-sd cnst cn stbg bgb` b`i i de ue ueb b ni nivb vb rd rdsc sc`è `ènk nkcb cb iu qubn`i qub n`i ueb cnst cnstbgbí bgbíëi ëi bntc bntcmb mb ndk ndkdss dssctb ctb sdr suostctuå`b. Nbs `ubs kin`cíôds `dvdeis ackbr btdntis bi "pbssbr" is kin`utirds (acis (ac is iu "ac "acbí bíëi ëi") ") bt btrbv rbvãs ãs `is dgd dgdtri tri`ut `utis is (`utis iu "kin`uåtds").
Acmurb 2= - Ttcgczbíëi `i pbssb-acis. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
22
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
i acaci i bt btrb rbvã vãss `i ki kin` n`uå uåtd td,, dv dvctctbn bn`i `i `d `dst stb b aireb i btrcti, acmurb 26.
dedn`b dedn `b pi pi`d `d sd sdrr io iosd sdrv rvb` b`b b bt btrbv rbvãs ãs `b acmurb 23. IO[8 Bs dedn`bs nis acis `dvde sdr ode adctbs, dvctbn`i qud dgbs sd bqudíbe iu sd sigtde i qud pi`drâ privikbr bkc`dntds. Bpûs dxdkutbr ueb dedn`b, csigd-b kie actb csigbntd `d oib qubgc`b`d (nunkb utcgczd actb krdpd, dspbrb`rbpi, actb "@urdx" dtk de csigbíôds).
Acmurb 26 - "Zbssbmde `is acis"
Dxdkutd b pbssbmde `is acis sde prdssb, vbmbrisbedntd. Ni kbsi `d `cackug`b`d, cnckcd nivbedntd i prikdssi.
Ttcgczd ue kbncvdtd iu bgckbtd `dkbpb`ir pbrb rdtcrbr i csigbednti nb pintb `i aci. De kbsi `d ebnutdníëi, gcxbr b pintb `i aci btã qud i edtbg acqud orcgfbntd. Cnckcd i dnrigbednti kie bs eëis d nbs vigtbs acnbcs utcgczd i bgckbtd uncvdrsbg. Ttcgczbn`i-sd acis agdxåvdcs, i prikdssi ã i edsei `i `dskrcti pbrb acis sûgc`is, dnt rdtbnti pbrb mbrbntcr ue oie kintbti dgãtrcki dntrd is edseis, sig`br (dstbnfbr) b rdmcëi `b dedn`b, acmurb ?:.
Dedn`bs Nde ti`i aci kin`utir cnckcb d tdrecnb ue kcrkucti sde dedn`bs, `urbntd sdu pdrkursi de ue prihdti dgãtrcki. Euctbs vdzds ikirrd iki rrd b ndk ndkdss dssc`b c`b`d `d `d sdk sdkkci kcinânâ-gi gi pb pbrb rb cntdrgcmbíëi kie iutri aci kin`utir. I edr edrkb` kb`i i `d ebt ebtdrc drcbg bg dgã dgãtrck trcki i btu btubgbgedntd kintb kie `ics tcpis `d kin`utirds qud pi`de sdr utcgczb`is nb cnstbgbíëi8 is acis råmc`is d is acis agdxåvdcs. B ebndcrb kirrdtb nb dxdkuíëi d xdkuíëi `d ueb u eb
Dedn`b de `drcvbíëi Dstd Ds td pr prik ikds dssi si ki kins nscs cstd td de un uncr cr i dxtrdei `d ue aci kin`utir (rbebg) nb rdmcëi cntdred`cârcb `d iutri aci kin`utir, acmurb ?2.
Acmurb 23 - Dedn`b de aci sûgc`i. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
2?
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb ?: - Dedn`b de aci agdxåvdg.
Acmurb ?2 - Dedn`b de `drcvbíëi.
Kiei nireb, i kin`utir absd ã `d kir prdtb (iu vdredgfb) d i kin`utir ndutri ã `d kir bzug kgbri. Ikirrde kbsis qud is kin`utirds `d ue `dtdrecnb`i kcrkucti dgãtrcki bprdsdntbe bpdnbs ueb kir (pir dxdepgi, vdredgfi). Csti tirnb, ni prcedcri cnstbntd, `caåkcg c`dntcackbr i qud ã absd, i qud ã ndutri, is 22: Q `is ??: Q.
Dedn`bs de `drcvbíëi de kbcxbs
Obsckbedntd i prikdssi ã sdedgfbntd bis `dsk `dskrctis rctis bntd bntdrcire rciredntd dntd,, btdn btdntbn tbn`i-s `i-sd d bpdnbs bis kuc`b`is qud `dvde sdr iosdrvb`is `urbntd b sub dxdkuíëi, acmurb ??.
IO[8 Nunkb, de qubgqudr fcpûtdsd, abíb ueb dedn`b `d kin`utirds qud crâ ackbr cnsdrc`b ni cntdrcir `is kin`uåtds. Pbnti de kin`utirds råmc`is kiei de agdxåvdcs, dstbnfd b rdmcëi `b dedn`b, pics mbrbntcrâ ue kintbti pdradcti. Acmurb ?? - Dedn`b de kbcxbs.
Zbrb c`dntcackbr i qud ã absd d i qud ã ndutri pi`deis abzdr i usi `d ueb gïepb`b `d privb (iu gïepb`b `d tdstd). Kie ueb gïepb`b `d 0: ] - ??: Q, cnstbgb`b de ue siqudtd eint eintbe beis is b ni niss ssb b "gï "gïep epb` b`b b `d privb". Kiei b gïepb`b `d privb ipdrb de kcrkuctis `d ??: Q, sd b edseb air gcmb`b dntrd i ndutri d b absd 2, acmurb ?;, b guz qud dgb
Actb csigbntd à ueb tcrb pgbnb, ginmb d b`drdntd, pissucn`i ueb mrbn`d rdscstènkcb dgãtrckb d bntckfbeb, kfb eb, abo aborck rckb`b b`b kie ebt ebtdrc drcbcs bcs pgâ pgâstc stckis kis,, oirrbkfbs iu tdkc`is. _d`d einiaâsckb, ocaâsckb d trcaâsckb Is kin`utirds dgãtrckis qud kfdmbe b nissb kbsb sëi kfbeb`is `d absd d ndutri. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
2;
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
crrb`cb tdrâ piukb cntdnsc`b`d. [d eu`breis b piscíëi `b pdrnb `i siqudtd `b gïepb`b pbrb b absd ?, b guz qud dgb crrb`cb tbeoãe tdrâ piukb cntdnsc`b`d. Ios osdr drvd vd qu qud d bpd pdnb nbss eu` u`b bn` n`i i b piscíëi `d ueb `bs pdrnbs `i siqudtd `b gïepb`b kinsdmuceis `dtdrecnbr qude ã i ndut nd utri ri `i kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti.. Eb Ebrq rqud ud-i -i ki kie e ue ueb b act actb b csigbntd bzug. [d pisckcinbreis i siqudtd nbs `ubs absds (2 d ?), b guz qud b gïepb`b crrb`cb sdrâ eucti eu cti cn cntdn tdnsb sb.. @d @dst stb b air aireb eb ki kins nsdm dmuc ucei eiss `dtdrecnbr qubcs is acis qud kirrdspin`de ê tdnsëi `d ??: Q, iu sdhb, bs `ubs absds.
Zi`deiss dad Zi`dei dadtub tubrr `cv `cvdrs drsis is tds tdstds tds kie dstb ds tb gï gïep epb` b`b, b, bs bssc sce e ki kiei ei nb si sigu guíë íëi i `d `dadctis qud pissbe ikirrdr de ueb rd`d dgãtrckb, acmurb ?0.
Acmurb ?0 - Gïepb`b `d tdstds.
Ttcgcz Ttcg czd d b gï gïep epb` b`b b `d td tdst stds ds bn bntd tdss `d tikbr de qubgqudr pbrtd `i kcrkucti, kdrtcackbn`i-s `i -sd d `d qu qud d dg dgd d në nëi i ds dstd tdhb hb dn dndr drmc mczb zb`i `i.. Zi`d Zi `dei eiss tb tbeo eoãe ãe ut utcgcgcz czbr br pb pbrb rb td tdst stds ds ue privb`ir b nãin, dnkintrb`i de gihbs dspdkcbgczb`bs `d ebtdrcbcs dgãtrckis. Acnbgczbn`i dstd tûpcki, nb acmurb ?4 tdeis is pissåvdcs pissåvdc s tctcpi piss `d ai airn rndk dkce cedn dnti ti d su subs bs td tdns nsôd ôdss qu qud d pi`de abzdr pbrtd `d ueb cnstbgbíëi rdsc`dnkcbg.
Acmurb ?; - Absds d ndutri.
Acmurb ?4 - Pcpis `d airndkcednti. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
20
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
IO[8 i aci ndutri nirebgedntd nëi tde tdnsëi,
iu sdhb, "nëi `â kfiqud" qubn`i ndgd tikbeis, ebs vbc bå ueb `ckb8 dvctd tikâ-gi, sdeprd.
_ig`bnbs, "kgctds" dtk Nbs cnstbgbíôds rdsc`dnkcbcs `ics tcpis `d sctubíôds pi`de ikirrdr `urbntd sub dxdkuíëi8 ueb qud bpdnbs utcgczb kin`uåtds pbrb pbssbmde `is kin`utirds d iutrb qud, bgãe `d utcgczbr kin`uåtds, ã `cstrcouå`b pdgi airri. Zbrb qud b rd`d dgãtrckb acqud uncaired siord i airri, is acis `dvdrëi sdr acxb`is de csigb`i gb `ird rdss (ri (rig` g`bn bnbs bs)) iu "k "kgcgctd tds" s",, nb su sub b `c `csstrcoucíëi (`cstrcoucíëi de gcnfb bodrtb). [ëi acacxb xb`i `iss ni niss kb kbco cori riss iu vc vcmb mbss `d eb eb`d `dcr crb b btrbvã btr bvãss `d prdmis prdmis (ri (rig`b g`bnbs nbs)) iu pb pbrba rbausi usiss ("kgctds"), acmurb ?1.
Acmurb ?= - Cnstbgbíëi de rig`bnbs.
Acmurb ?6 - Bebrrbíëi.
Acmurb ?1 - Csigb`irds.
B cnst cnstbgb bgbíëi íëi `d ue aci btr btrbvãs bvãs `b rig` ri g`bn bnb b ã ad adctctb b eb ebrk rkbn bn`i `i-s -sd d `i `ics cs iu eb ebcs cs pintis pin tis,, prd prdmbn mbn`i`i-b. b. [d pis pissåv såvdg, dg, `dc `dcxâxâ-gbs gbs de gcn gcnfb fb rd rdtb tb,, ds dstctckb kbn` n`i i bi eâ eâxc xcei ei i acaci. i. Dvctd `dcxbr is acis siord gbhds, sigtis, bssce kiei dvctbr pisckcinâ-gis nbs ârdbs `d kcrkugbíë gb íëi i qu qud d pi pi`d `de e sd sdrr ad adctctbs bs pd pdgi gi ai airr rri, i, acm acmur urb b ?=. Dstbn`i i aci dstckb`i, bebrrd-i kie ue pd pd`b `bíi íi `d ki kin` n`ut utir ir rå råmc mc`i `i,, ki kina nair ired ed eistrb b acmurb ?6. cnbg sdrâ kiei Kinkgucn`i, i bspdkti a cnbg eistrb b acmurb ?3. B bebrrbíëi acnbg `i aci `dvd sdr adctb kinaired eistrb b acmurb ;:. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
Acmurb ?3 - Cnstbgbíëi kinkguå`b.
Pbeoãe pi`deis utcgczbr is "kgctds" nb cnst cn stbg bgbí bíëi ëi `d acacis is,, qu qud d së sëi i pr prds dsis is pd pdgb gb prdssëi `is pbrbausis acxb`is nb eb`dcrb, acmurb ;2. B cnstbgbíëi `d ue aci btrbvãs `d "kgctds" ã ad adctctb b eb ebrk rkbn bn`i `i-s -sd d `i `ics cs iu eb ebcs cs pi pint ntis is,, in`d sd `dsdhbr. @dcxâ-gis sd pissåvdg de gcnfb rdtb, dstckbn`i bi eâxcei is acis bntds `d acxâ-gis btrbvãs `is pbrbausis, acmurb ;?. Dstbn`i is acis dstckb`is, pisckcinbr b 24
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
pbrtd supdrcir siord b cnadrcir `i kgctd d de sdmu sd muc` c`b b acx acxââ-gi giss bt btrb rbvã vãss `i `iss pb pbrb rbau ausi sis. s. B bebrrbíëi acnbg `i aci `dvd sdr adctb kinaired eistrb b acmurb ;;.
priprc prip rcdt dtâr ârci ci pb pbrb rb qu qud d i ed edse sei i cn cn`c `cqu qud d qu qubc bcss is pintis de qud sdrëi cnstbgb`is nb rdsc`ènkcb. "Zin "Z inti tiss `d us usi" i" së sëi i is gi gikb kbcs cs in in`d `d sdrëi cnstbgb`bs bs gïepb`bs, tieb`bs dtk.
Acmurb ;: - Bebrrbíëi acnbg.
[igckctd bi priprcdtârci i "dsqudeb dgãtrcki" iu "pgbntb dgãtrckb", sd fiuvdr, pbrb qud vikè c`dntcacqud is pintis `d cnstbgbíëi, iu, nb abgtb `is edseis, abíb ue `dsdnfi, cn`ckbn`i bs ki kirr rrdt dtbs bs pi pisc scíô íôds ds.. Te ei ei`d `dgi gi `d dsqudeb dgãtrcki qud vikè pi`drâ rdkdodr pi`d sdr iosdrvb`i btrbvãs `b acmurb ;0. Iosdrvd qud is såeoigis cn`ckb`is nb pgbnt pgb ntb, b, ki kirrd rrdsp spin` in`de de b ue `d `dtdr tdrecn ecnb`i b`i "pinti "pi nti"" kie kiei8 i8 tie tieb`b b`bs, s, gïe gïepb pb`bs `bs,, kin kin`u`utird ti rds, s, ki kin` n`uå uåtd tdss dt dtk. k. (Q (Qc` c`d d acm acmur urbs bs ; d 0) 0).. nstbgbí bgbíëi ëi dgãt dgãtrckb rckb Kiei is kâ kâgk gku ugi giss `b c nst `dpdn`de obsckbedntd `b pgbntb dgãtrckb, nb abgtb `b edseb, vikè pi`drâ c`dbgczbr ueb pgbntb qud sdrâ `d euctb utcgc`b`d. Iosdrvd b acmurb ;4. Ã ueb pgbntb scepgds, kie is edseis pintis `d usi eistrb`is nb acmurb ;0, pirãe, cn`ckb`is btrbvãs `d nøedris. Cnck Cn ckcb cbge gedn dntd td,, `d `dvd vdei eiss rd rdgb gbkc kcin inbr br b qubntc`b`d `d gïepb`bs, tieb`bs iu dqucpbedntis edn tis qud sdr sdrëi ëi utc utcgcz gczb`i b`iss nb rds rdsc`è c`ènkc nkcb. b. Iosdrvd8 tdeis qud kbgkugbr b pitènkcb dgãtrckb `b cnstbgbíëi sdmucn`i ueb nireb, pbrb ni acacnb nbgg `d `dtd tdre recn cnbr br b `d `deb ebn` n`b b b qu qud d b edseb dstbrâ suhdctb. Mdrbgedntd, ti`i bpbrdgfi trbz i vbgir `d pi pitèn tènkc kcb b cn cn`ck `ckb` b`i i de wb wbtt. tt. Ru Rubn` bn`i i ds dstb tb pitènkcb nëi dstcvdr `cspinåvdg, utcgczd b tbodgb
Acmurb ;2 - Acxbíëi `i "kgctds".
Acmurb ;? - Acxbíëi `i kgctd.
Cnstbgbíëi rdsc`dnkcbg Zbrb ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb sdr rdbgczb`b,, bn `b bntd tdss `b bq bquc ucsc scíë íëi i `i eb ebtd tdrc rcbg bg b sd sdr r deprdmb`i nb edseb, `dvd-sd kinsugtbr i Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
21
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
acmur urb b ;1, qu `b acm qud d cn cn`c `ckb kb b pi pitè tènk nkcb cb `d bp bpbr brdg dgfi fiss qud pi`de sdr cnstbgb`is de ueb rdsc`ènkcb. Kinsc`drbn`i b pgbntb `b acmurb ;4, d cnckcbn`i-sd pdgbs tieb`bs, tdeis 24 pintiss. I nøe ti øedr dri i eå eån nce cei i `d ti tieb eb`b `bss de auníëi `b ârdb kinstruå`b pi`d sdr iosdrvb`b nb tbodgb `b acmurb ;= (NPT.:2).
Pieb`bs -
kinsc` kins c`dr drbr br ni eå eånc ncei ei i nøedri `d tieb`bs cn`ckb`bs nb tbodgb `b acmurb ;= de auníëi b ârdb kinstruå`b. Kbsi b ârdb kinstruå`b sdhb ebcir qud ?4: e? i cntd cn tdrd rdss ssb` b`i i `d `dvd vd `d `dkg kgbr brbr br i nø nøed edri ri `d tieb`bs prdvcstbs prdvcstbs d kinsc`drbr 2:: ] pir tieb`b. Kinsc`drbr tbeoãe b kbrmb eånceb
Acmurb;; - Acxbíëi d bebrrbíëi acnbg..
Acmurb ;0 - Zgbntb kie "pintis `d usi" iu "dsqudeb dgãtrcki". Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
Acmurb ;4 - Zgbntb scepgds. 2=
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
`d ti tieb eb`b `bss pbr brb b ki kizc zcnf nfb b cn cn`c `ckb kb`i `iss nb edseb tbodgb (NPT.:2). Cguecnbíëi - kinsc`drbr ni eåncei ue pinti `d guz pir kðei`i iu kirrd`ir d pitèn-
tis dxcstdntd dxcstdntds, s, `dtdrecn `dtdrecnbrdeis brdeis nb sdq÷èn sdq÷ènkcb, kcb, b kbrmb cnstbgb`b `i kcrkucti, acmurb ;6. Ni nissi dxdepgi, b kbrmb cnstbgb`b ã cmubg b 2:.6:: ] iu 2:,6 l].
Pcpi `d dqucpbednti Zitènkcb Niecnbg (]) Bqudkd`ir `d âmub kdntrbg (Oiggdr)8 * 4: b 2:: 2:: gctris gctris 2::: * 24: b ?:: gctris 2?4: * ?4: gctris 24:: * ;:: b ;4: gctris ?::: * 0:: gctris ?4:: Bqudkd`ir `d âmub `d pbssbmde 0::: b 6::: Bqudkd`ir `d beocdntd pirtâtcg 4:: b 24:: Bspcrb`ir `d pû rdsc`dnkcbg 4:: b 2::: Obrodb`ir 6: b 2? Obtd`dcrb 2:: b ;:: Kbadtdcrb 2::: Kdntråaumb 24: 24 : b ;: ;:: : Kfurrbsqudcrb ;::: Kin`ckcinb`ir `d br kdntrbg 6::: Kin`ckcinb`ir tcpi hbndgb8 * =.2:: OPT/f 3:: * 6.4:: OPT/f 2;:: * 2:.4:: OPT/f 20:: * 2?.::: OPT/f 21:: * 20.::: OPT/f 23:: * 26.::: OPT/f ?1:: * ?2.::: OPT/f ?6:: * ;:.::: OPT/f ;1::
Pcpi `d dqucpbednti Kinmdgb`ir (arddzdr) `ieãstcki Kirtb`ir `d mrbeb Kfuvdcri dgãtrcki rdsc`dnkcbg Dougc`ir Dxbustir `d br pbrb kizcnfb Adrri `d pbssbr riupbs Airni rdsc`dnkcbg Airni `d eckriin`bs rdsc`dnkcbg Mdgb`dcrb rdsc`dnkcbg Mrdgfb Gbvb`irb `d prbtis rdsc`dnkcbg Gbvb`irb `d riupbs rdsc`dnkcbg Gcquc`cackb`ir Eâqucnb `d dskrdvdr Zrihdtir `d sgc`ds _dtriprihdtir [dkb`ir `d kbodgis rdsc`dnkcbg [dkb`irb `d riupbs rdsc`dnkcbg Pdgdvcsir Pirndcrb dgãtrckb rdsc`dnkcbg Pirrb`dcrb dgãtrckb rdsc`dnkcbg Prcturb`ir `d pcb rdsc`dnkcbg Qdntcgb`ir pirtâtcg Qdntcgb`ir `d pd`dstbg
Zitènkcb Niecnbg (]) ;4: b 4:: QB 6:: b 24:: 0::: b 14:: ?::: ;:: b 4:: QB 6:: b 2=:: 04:: 24:: 24: b 4:: QB 2?:: 2?:: b ?6:: QB 6:: QB ?=: 24: QB ?4: 2?:: 4:: b 24:: ?4:: b 1::: =4 b ;:: ?6:: b 04:: 4:: b 24:: ;:: 1: b 2:: ;::
Acmurb ;1 - Zitènkcb `is bpbrdgfis.
Ârdb titbg e¿
Nøedri `d tieb`bs (2::])
[uo titbg C (])
Nøedri `d tieb`bs p/ kizcnfb (1::])
[uo titbg CC (])
Pitbg 5 [uo C + [uo [u o CC (] (]))
2 ; 0 4 1 = 6 3 2: 22 2? 2; 20
2:: ;:: 0:: 4:: 1:: =:: 6:: 3:: 2::: 22:: 2?:: 2;:: 20::
2 2 ? ? ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
1:: 1:: 2?:: 2?:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26:: 26::
=:: 3:: 21:: 2=:: ?0:: ?4:: ?1:: ?=:: ?6:: ?3:: ;::: ;2:: ;?::
[76 6 7 [ 7 24 24 7 [ 7 ?: ?: 7 [ 7;: ;: 7 [ 7 4: 4: 7 [ 7 =: =: 7 [ 7 3: 3: 7 [ 7 22: 22: 7 [ 7 20: 20: 7 [ 7 2=: 2=: 7 [ 7 ?:: ?:: 7 [ 7 ??: ??: 7 [ 7 ?4:
Acmurb ;= ;= - Nøedri eåncei `d tieb`bs.
kcb cmubg cmubg b 2:: ] pir pinti `d guz. guz. (NPT. :2) :2) Qigtbn`i b nissb pgbntb `b acmurb ;4, tdeis bmirb qud gdvbntbr i nøedri `d gïepb`bs `b rdsc`ènkcb, qud ni nissi kbsi ã `d 6 pintis, d i nøedri `d bpbrdgfis dxcstdntds, qud ni nissi kbsi ã cmubg b ; (kfuvdcri, adrri dgãtrcki d airni `d eckriin`bs). Kie is pin-
Zint Zi ntis is `d us usi i
Rubn Ru bntc tc`b `b`d `d Zi Zitè tènk nkcb cb (] (]))
Pieb`bs Gïepb`bs Kfuvdcri Adrri dgãtrcki Airni `d eckriin`bs Pitbg 5
24 6 2 2 2
;4:: 6:: 0::: 2::: 24:: 2:6::
Acmurb ;6 - Kbrmb cnstbgb`b.
Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
26
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Dntrdtbnti nëi obstb bpdnbs bkfbreis b pitènkcb titbg `i kcrkucti pbrb kâgkugi `b kirrdntd d `i tcpi `d kbtdmircb `d btdn`cednti. @dvdeis ndstd kbsi `dtdrecnbr b `debn`b, qud ã b qubntc`b`d `d dndrmcb kinsuec`b de ue `d `dtd tdre recn cnb` b`i i pi pint nti i `d dn dntrd trdmb mb,, ni nissi kbsi, rdsc`dnkcbg. Zbrb Zbr b kâg kâgkug kugi i `b `de `debn` bn`b, b, gdv gdvbn` bn`i-s i-sd d de kintb is vbgirds `b acmurb ;6, tdeis8
rb ;3, dstd vbgir dnkintrb-sd dntrd 0 7 K ≠ 4, in`d in `d i ab abti tirr `d `d `deb ebn` n`b b ã cm cmub ubgg b :, :,4? 4?.. Zirtbnti i abtir `d `debn`b sdrâ cmubg b8 A@ 5 0;:: x :,4? 5 ??;1 QB.
IO[8 B `debn`b titbg `b cnstbgbíëi ã `b`b de lQB (lcgi Qigt-Bepdrd). Qigt-Bepdrd rdprdsdntb b pitènkcb ed`c`b de wbtts qubn`i sd tde b kirrdntd d tdnsëi de absd de kcrkuctis rdscstcvis. Ã kfbeb`b tbeoãe `d pitènkcb bpbrdntd. B pitènkcb bpbrdntd de kirrdntd bgtdrnb`b ã i pri`uti `b tdnsëi pdgb kirrdntd.
Kie i vbgir `b kbrmb cnstbgb`b, `dvdeis `dtdrecnbr qubg i abtir `d `debn`b rdadrdntd bi kfuvdcri d bi adrri dgãtrcki. Csti ã adcti kbgkugbn`i i vbgir `b kbrmb pdgi abtir `d `debn`b eistrb`i nb tbodgb `b acmurb 0: (NPT.:2). Kiei i vbgir dnkintrb`i pbrb i kfuvdcri d i adrri dgãtrcki ã cmubg b 4::: ], pdgb
O - Kâgkugi `b `debn`b `debn`b `d bpbrdgfis. bpbrdgfis. B kbrmb cnstbgb`b de wbtts sdrâ cmubg b8 Kfuvdcri + adrri dgãtrcki 5 0::: + 2::: 5 4::: ] (iu 4l]).
B - Kâgkugi `b `debn`b `bs tieb`bs d cguecnbíëi. B kbrmb cnstbgb`b de wbtts sdrâ cmubg b8 Gïepb`bs + tieb`bs 5 6:: + ;4:: 5 0;:: ] (iu 0,; l]). Nb sdq÷ènkcb, `dvdeis `dtdrecnbr qubg i abtir `d `debn`b rdadrdntd ê tieb`bs d cguecnbíëi. Csti ã adcti kbgkugbn`i i vbgir `b kbrmb kbr mb pdg pdgi i abt abtir ir `d `de `debn` bn`b b eis eistrb trb`i `i nb tbodgb `b acmurb ;3 (NPT.:2). Kiei i vbgir dnkintrb`i pbrb tieb`bs d cgcgue uecn cnbí bíëi ëi ã cm cmub ubgg b 0; 0;:: :: ], pd pdgb gb tb tbod odgb gb `b acacmu mu--
Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis
Abtir `d `debn`b
Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis
Abtir `d `debn`b
2 ? ; 0 4 1 = 6 3 2: 22 2? 2;
2,:: 2,:: :,60 :,=1 :,=: :,14 :,1: :,4= :,40 :,4? :,03 :,06 :,01
20 24 21 2= 26 23 ?: ?2 ?? ?; ?0 ?4 bkceb `d ?4
:,04 :,00 :,0; :,0? :,02 :,0: :,0: :,;3 :,;3 :,;3 :,;6 :,;6 :,;6
Acmurb 0: - Abtir `d `debn`b `d kfuvdcris, tirndcrbs,
Kbrmb cnstbgb`b (L])
Abtir `d `debn`b
: 7 K ≠ 2 27 K ≠ ? ?7 K ≠ ; ;7 K ≠ 0 07 K ≠ 4 47 K ≠ 1 17 K ≠ = =7 K ≠ 6 67 K ≠ 3 3 7 K ≠ 2: > 2:
:,61 :,=4 :,11 :,43 :,4? :,04 :,0: :,;4 :,;2 :,?= :,?0
bqudkd`irds `d âmub `d pbssbmde d adrris dgãtrckis .
tbodgb `b acm tbodgb acmurb urb 0:, tde tdeis is `ic `icss bp bpbrd brdgfi gfis, s, in`d in `d i ab abti tirr `d `de deb bn` n`b b ã cm cmub ubgg b 2,: ,:.. Zirtbnti i abtir `d `debn`b sdrâ cmubg b8 A@ 5 4::: x 2,: 5 4::: QB. `debn`b `d bpbrdgfis. bpbrdgfis. B K - Kâgkugi `b `debn`b kbrmb cnstbgb`b de wbtts sdrâ cmubg b8 Airn Ai rni i `d ec eckr krii iin` n`bs bs 5 24 24:: :: ] (i (iu u 2, 2,4l 4l]) ]).. Kie i vbgir `b kbrmb cnstbgb`b, `dvdeis `dtdrecnbr qubg i abtir `d `debn`b rd-
K 5 Kbrmb cnstbgb`b
Acmurb ;3 - Abtir `d `debn`b pbrb tieb`bs d cguec-
nbíëi
Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
23
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
adrdntd bi airni `d eckriin`bs. Csti ã adcti kbgk kb gkug ugbn bn`i `i i vb vbgi girr `b kb kbrm rmb b pd pdgi gi ab abti tirr `d `debn`b eistrb`i nb tbodgb `b acmurb 02 (NPT.:2). Kiei i vbgir dnkintrb`i pbrb i airni `d ec eckkri riin in`b `bss ã cm cmub ubgg b 24: 4:: : ], pd pdgb gb Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis 2 ?b0 4b1 =b6 bkceb `d 6
`debn` `deb n`b b b qu qud d i kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti ds dstb tbrâ râ su suhd hdctcti. i. @dpdn`dn`i `b rdmcëi in`d sd dnkintrb b rdsc`è rds c`ènkc nkcb, b, pi` pi`dei deiss tdr trè trèss sct sctubí ubíôds ôds `d airndkcednti. 2- [cstdeb dstrdgb kie ndutri (2?=/??: Q - AN). B kirrdntd kirrdntd sdrâ cmubg b8
Abtir `d `debn`b 2,:: :,=: :,1: :,4: :,4:
i k c s â a i n i E
Abtir irds ds `d `d `deb ebn`b n`b `d sd sdkb kb`ir `irb b `d Acmurb 02 - Abt Acmurb riupb, airni dgãtrcki, eâqucnb `d gbvbr giuíb d airni `d eckriin`bs.
tbodgb tbod gb `b acacmu murb rb 02 02,, td tdei eiss ue bp bpbr brdg dgfi fi,, in`d i abtir `d `debn`b ã cmubg b 2,:. Zirtbnti i abtir `d `debn`b sdrâ cmubg b8 A@ 5 24:: x 2,: 5 24:: QB.
in`d8 in` d8 C 5 kir kirrdnt rdntd d Q 5 tdnsëi @ 5 `debn`b C 5 2::: x 6,= 5 16,4: B 2?=
?- [cstdeb `dgtb kie ndutri (224/?;: Q - AAN ). B kirrdntd kirrdntd sdrâ cmubg b8
[ d n` i @ b ` de b n` b `b s kb r m bs einiaâsckbs d/iu ocaâsckbs de lQB, tdeis8 @ 5 B + O + K (qud kirrdspin`de bis vbgirds `d `debn`b dnkintrb`is ), iu sdhbe8 @ 5 ??;1 + 4::: + 24:: 5 6=;1 QB iu 6,= lQB. @dpi @d pics cs `d da dadt dtub ub`i `iss is kâ kâgk gkug ugis is `b `debn` `de bn`b, b, `dv `dvdei deiss kbg kbgkug kugbr br b kir kirrdn rdntd td `d Kbrmb Kbtdmircb cnstbgb`b (l])
C 5 2::: x @ Q
i k c s â a c O
C 5 2::: x @ Q in`d8 in` d8 C 5 kirrdn kirrdntd td Q 5 tdnsëi @ 5 `debn`b C 5 2::: x 6,= 5 ;=,6?B ?;:
Dgdtri`uti tbebnfi Gcectbíôds (?) Kin`utir `i Zritdíëi @debn`b rbebg `d dntrbEitirds (KQ) @cshuntir (B) iu Kfbvd Ausåvdg niecnbg ee (pig) Ed`cíëi (lQB) ausåvdg kbrtukfi (1)(B) NF (0)(B) AN AA AAAN `b (ee¿) (;) ZQK Bíi (4) 0: 1: ?: (;/0) 1 ;4 ?4 (;/0) 4: 1: 2: 4: 2 ?4 (;/0) ?: (;/0)
B2
K ≠ 4
B?
4 7 K ≠ 6
B;
6 7 K ≠ 2?
2
O2
(=) K ≠ 2?
2
O?
2? 7 K ≠ 26
O;
267 K ≠ ?4
@crdtb
-
21
=:
2::
1;
;? (2)
?4 (2)
?
-
2:
0:
1:
;4
;? (2)
?4 (2)
2
;
-
21
1:
1:
4:
;? (2)
?4 (2)
2
;
-
?4
=:
2::
1;
0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)
K2
@ ≠?;
2
;
=,4
21
1:
1:
1;
0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)
K?
?;7 @≠ ;:
2
;
2:
?4
1:
2::
6:
0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)
K;
?4 7 K ≠ =4 ;:7 @≠ ;6
2
;
24
;4
2::
2::
2::
0:(22/0) ;? (22/0)
K0
;67 @≠ 0=
2
;
?:
4:
2?4
?::
2::
4:(22/?) 0: (22/?)
K4
0=7 @≠ 4= Cn`crdtb 2
;
?4
=:
24:
?::
2?4
1: (?)
4: (?)
K1
4=7 @≠ =1
;
;:
34
?::
?::
21:
1: (?)
4: (?)
Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
2
Acmurb 0? ?:
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
;- [cstdeb dstrdgb kie ndutri (2?=/??: Q - AAAN). B kirrdntd sdrâ cmubg b8
i k c s â a c r P
?- Bpg Bpgckb ckb-sd -sd,, tb tbeo eoãe ãe ê eâ eâqu qucn cnb b `d sig`b b eitir. ;- Is kin`utirds `i rbebg `d dntrb`b d btdrrbednti `dvde sdr `d kiord. 0- Zbrb bs kbtdmircbs `d B2 b K4 cnkguscvd sc vd,, b kb kbp pbk bkc` c`b` b`d d `b kf kfbv bvd d b sd sdrr ut utcgcgcz czb` b`b b `d `dvd vd sdr `d 2?4 (B). Zbrb b kbtdmircb K1, ?4: (B). 4- Is tbebnfis niecnbcs `is dgdtri`utis `d bíi, cn`ckb`is nb tbodgb, rdadrde-sd bi tcpi gdvd C (NO_-41?0). 1- Nbs dntrb`bs `d sdrvcíi kie ed`cíëi ed`cíëi cn`crdtb, rdkiedn`b-sd qud b kfbvd cnstbgb`b, bpûs b ed`cíëi, sdhb `d bodrturb kie kbrmb kie ausåvdg `cshuntir tdreiebmnãtcki. =- B kb kbtd tdmi mircb rcb `d bt btdn dn`c `ced ednt nti i O2 ai aicc prdvcstb pbrb btdn`dr kbsis dspdkcbcs `d kinsuec`irds qud ndkdssctde `d ? absds, kie dxkdíëi `d kfuvdcris d tirndcrbs dgãtrckbs. 6- Zbrb sdíôds supdrcirds b 2: ee¿ ã ior cmbtûrci cmbtûrci i usi `d kbois. Kie is kâgkugis rdbgczb`is d bs cnairebíô eb íôds ds `b tb tbod odgb gb ei eist strb rb`b `b nb acacmu murb rb 0? 0?,, pi`deis b pbrtcr `bå `dtdrecnbr ni kbsi `d nissi dxdepgi8 2- B kb kbtd tdmi mircrcb b 5 O2 ?- I kin`utir `d dntrb`b 5 2: ee¿. `csp spis isctctcv cvi i `d `dpr prit itdí díëi ëi5 5 `c `csh shun unti tirr `d `d0:B. 0:B. ;- I `c 0- I dgdtri`uti 5 ;? ee iu 2 pigdmb`b. 4- I kin`utir pbrb btdrrbednti 5
C 5 2::: x @ Q in`d8 C 5 kirrd kirrdntd ntd Q 5 tdnsëi @ 5 `debn`b C 5 2::: x 6,= 5 6=:: 5 ??,63 B ;6 : ∘; x ??:
Qikè pi`d iosdrvbr qud `dpdn`dn`i `i Qikè scstdeb d `bs tdnsôds niecnbcs `d airndkcednti, tdeis ue vbgir `d kirrdntd b qubg sdrâ utcgczb`b pbrb `dtdrecnbreis b kbtdmircb `d btdn`cednti bssce kiei i `cednscinbedn dnti ti `i rb rbeb ebgg `d dn dntr trb b`b (p (pb b`r `rëi ëi). ). [upin`i [upin `i qud b KZAG ã b Kink Kinkdssci dsscinârcb nârcb qud btdn`d b ueb `dtdrecnb`b rdmcëi, b tbodgb `b acmurbs 0? eistrbe bs dspdkcackbíôds `dstb pbrb pb rb i @c @ced edns nsci cinb nbed ednt nti i `i _b _beb ebgg `d Dntrb` Dnt rb`b b ([c ([cstd stdeb eb Dst Dstrdg rdgb b kie Ndu Ndutri tri kie Pdnsëi `d airndkcednti `d 2?=/??: Q). Nitbs8 (nøedris dntrd pbrèntdsds nb tbodgb). 2- Dstb tbodgb sd bpgckb ês gikbgc`b`ds btd tdn n`c` c`b bs ndssd scstd tde e b nb â r d b ` d Kinkdssëi `b KD[Z d KZAG. Btdrrbednti Kin`utir Dgdtri`uti tbe. nie. ee (pig) (ee¿)(;) ZQK
1 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 21 ?4 ;4
?: (2 (2/? /?))
Bíi (4)
24 (2 (2/? /?))
Pcpi `d kbcxb C, CQ iu QC CC, CQ iu QC
Puoi `d bíi zcnkb`i Eb`dcrb (sdíëi) Zintbgdtds ∄ dxt . x dspdssurb Puoi `d bíi zcnk Eb`dcrb sdíëi Rub`rb`b Kcrkugbr Kinkrdti ee x ee ∄ dxt. x dspds- qub`rb`b (ee x (ee x ee) (`bN) (`bN) surb (ee xee) ee)
1:,;; x ;,;4 2:2,1 x 4,:
2?: x 2?:
3:
3:
?::
?::
;::
;::
6: x 6:
CCC iu Q E
26: x 26:
Acmurb 0? Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
?2
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
2: ee¿, `dskbskb`i, nu. 1- B kbcxb `i pb`rëi 5 pi`dn`i sdr utcgczb`bs bs `is tcpis CC, CQ iu QC. =- Zistd 5 tuoi `d bíi zcnkb`i. Rubnti bis `debcs ctdns ct dns pbrb cnstbgbíëi `i pb`rëi, airbe `dskrctis bntdrciredntd. De ti ti`b `b d de qu qubg bgqu qudr dr cn cnst stbg bgbí bíëi ëi,, i kâ kâgk gkug ugi i `d @d @debn ebn`b `b `dv `dvd d sd sdrr adc adcti, ti,pdr pdrect ectcn` cn`i i `ds `dstb tbair aireb eb qud qu d b ed edse seb b ip ipdr drd d `d `dnt ntri ri `d su sub b kb kbp pbk bkc` c`b` b`d. d. Kiei Ki ei ni ni niss ssi i dx dxde depg pgi i `d pr prih ihdt dti i siednt sie dntd d utc utcgcz gczbei beiss bgm bgmuns uns tcp tcpis is `d bp bpbrd brd-gfis gf is,, vb vbei eis, s, nb sd sdq÷ q÷èn ènkc kcb, b, bt btrb rbvã vãss `d Pbodgbs (NPT. :2), eistrbr iutris tcpis `d bpbrdgfis qud pi`de sdr cnstbgb`is nis pintis `d ueb rdsc`ènkcb d qud vikè, ni kbsi, pi`drâ dadtubr is kâgkugis de auníëi `i abtir `d `d `deb ebn` n`b, b, bk bkie iepb pbnf nfbn bn`i `i bs acm acmur urbs bs eistrb`bs b sdmucr, bssce kiei iutrbs cnairebíôds.
Acmurb 01 01 - Abtirds `d `debn`b pbrb bpbrdgfis `d br kin`ckcinb`i tcpi hbndgb pbrb usi kiedrkcbg.
NØED_I NØE D_I @D BZ BZB_D B_DGFI GFI[ [
ABPI_ AB PI_ @D @DE @DEBN@ BN@B B
2 b 2: 22 b ?: ?2 b ;: ;2 b 0: 02 b 4: 42 b =4 =1 b 2:: bkceb `d 2::
2,:: :,3: :,6? :,6: :,== :,=4 :,=4 :,=4
Nitb8 qubn`i sd trbtbr `d unc`b`d kdntrbg `d kin`ckcinb`ir `d br, `dvd-sd tiebr i abtir `d `debn`b cmubg b 2,::. Acmurb 0= 0= - Abtirds `d `debn`b pbrb eitirds.
Acmurb 0; - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d bqudkd`ir kdntrbg iu
Eitir
`d bkueugbíëi (oicgdr).
Nøedri `d bpbrdgfis 2 ? ; bkceb `d ;
Abtir `d `debn`b 2,:: :,=? :,1? :,1?
Abtir `d `deb `debn`b n`b
Ebcir eitir
2,::
rdstbntds
:,4:
Acmurb 00 - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d aimôds dgãtrckis Nøedri `d bpbrd rdgf gfi is
Abtir `d `debn`b
2 ? ; 0 4 1 = 6 3 2: b 22 2? b 24 21 b ?: ?2 b ?4 bkceb `d ?4
2,:: :,1: :,06 :,0: :,;= :,;4 :,;; :,;? :,;2 :,;: :,?6 :,?1 :,?1 :,?1
Kbp (OPT/f) =2:: Kbp (lKbg/f) 2==4 22: ??: Pdnsëi (Q) Kirrdntd (B) 2: 4 Zitèn Zi tènkcb kcb(Q (QB) B) 22: 2:: : 22:: 22:: Zitènkcb (]) 3:: 3::
64 6 4:: ?2?4 ?2 22: ??: 20 = 244: 24 4: 244: 244: 2;:: 2;::
2:::: ?4:: ?4 22: ??: 24 =,4 214: 214: 20:: 20::
Nitb8 2- [d is ebcirds eitirds airde cmubcs, pbrb dadcti `d kieputbíëi `d subs pitènk pit ènkcbs cbs,, `dv `dvd-s d-sd d kin kinsc` sc`drb drbrr bpd bpdnbs nbs ue kiei ebcir, d i (s) iutri (s) kiei sdmun`i de pitènkcb. ?- Dxcs Dxcstcn tcn`i `i eit eitird irds, s, qud ior iorcmb cmbtir tircbcbednt ed ntd d pb pbrt rtbe be bi ed edse sei i td tdep epi i (e (eds dsei ei sdn` sd n`i i is eb ebci cird rds) s),, `d `dvd vd-s -sd d si sieb ebrr su subs bs pitènkcbs d kinsc`drâ-gis kiei ue sû eitir. 2?::: ;::: 22: ??: 2= 6,4 23:: 23: : 23: 23:: : 21:: 21::
20::: ;4:: ??: 3,4 ?2::
26::: 04:: ??: 2; ?61:
?2::: 4?4: ??: 20 ;:6:
23::
?1::
?6::
;:::: =4:: ??: 26 0::: ;1::
Acmurb 04 - Bpbrdgfi `d br kin`ckcinb`i tcpi hbndgb (2 OPT/f 5 :,?4 LKbg/f).
Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
??
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb 06 06 - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d dqucpbedntis dspdkcbcs.
Dqucpbednti
Abtir `d `debn`b
ebcir dqucpbednti
2,::
rdstbntds
:,1:
Acmurb 42 - Eitirds trcaâsckis 1: Fz-Zitènkcb niecnbg, pitènkcb bosirvc`b `b rd`d de lQ d lQB, kirrdntds niecnbcs d `d pbrtc`b. Zitènkcb Zitènkcb bosirvc`b `b rd`d niecnbg kv iu fp l] lQB 2/; :,;3 :,14 2/? :,46 :,6= ;/0 :,6; 2,?1 2 2,:4 2,4? 2 2/? 2,40 ?,2= ? 2,34 ?,=: ; ?,34 0,:0 0 ;,=? 4,:; 4 0,42 1,:? = 2/? 1,4= 6,14 2: 6,63 22,40 2? 2/? 2:,64 20,:3 24 2?,6? 21,14 ?: 2=,:2 ??,2: ?4 ?:,3? ?4,6; ;: ?4,:; ;:,4? 0: ;;,;6 ;3,=0 4: 0:,3; 06,=; 1: 03,0? 46,24 =4 12,00 =?,?6 2:: 62,?; 34,41 2?4 2::,1= 22=,:4 24: 2?:,:3 202,?3 ?:: 212,14 23:,26
Nitb8 [d is ebcirds bpbrdgfis airde cmubcs, pbrb dadcti `d kieputbíëi `d subs pitènkcbs, `dvd-sd kinsc`drbr bpdnbs ue kiei ebcir, d i (s) iutri (s) kiei sdmun`i de pitènkcb. Acmurb 03 - Abtirds `d `debn`b `d fc`riebssbmde.
Nøed Nø edri ri `d bp bpbr brdg dgfi fis s
Abti Ab tirr `d `d `deb ebn` n`b b
2
2,::
?
:,41
;
:,0=
0
:,;3
bkceb `d 0
:,;3
Acmurb 4: 4: - Eitirds Einiaâsckis - Zitènkcb niecnbg, pitènkcb bosirvc`b `b rd`d de l] d lQB, kirrdntds niecnbcs niecnb cs d `d pbrtc`b. Zitènkcb Kirrdntd Kirrdntd `d Kis Zitènkcb ∄ niecnbg bosirvc`b `b rd`d niecnbg (B) pbrtc`b(B) kv iu fp l] lQB 22:Q ??:Q 22:Q ??:Q eã`ci lQB
2/0 2/; 2/? ;/0 2 2 2/? ? ; 4 = 2/? 2: 2? 2/? 24
:,0? :,42 :,=3 :,3: 2,20 2,1= ?,2= ;,?? 4,22 =,:= 3,;2 22,46 2;,=?
:,11 :,== 2,26 2,;0 2,41 ?,;4 ?,3= 0,:= 1,21 6,60 22,10 20,30 21,30
4,3 =,2 22,1 2?,? 20,? ?2,0 ?=,: ;=,: -
;,: ;,4 4,0 1,2 =,2 2:,= 2;,4 26,4 ?6,: 0:,? 4?,3 1=,3 ==,:
?= ;2 0= 1; 16 31 2;? ??: -
20 21 ?0 ;; ;4 06 16 22: 204 ?2: ?1: ;;: 0:6
Kirrdntd niecnbg (B) ;6:Q ??:Q :,3 2,= 2,; ?,; 2,3 ;,; ?,; 0,: ;,; 4,= 0,2 =,2 1,2 2:,1 =,1 2;,? 3,2 24,6 2?,= ??,= 2=,4 ;:,; ?2,; ;=,: ?4,? 0;,= ;;,4 46,: ;3,2 1=,6 01,? 6:,2 1:,? 2:0,; =;,6 2?=,3 66,2 24?,1 2:3,4 263,= 200,6 ?4:,6 2==,; ;:=,? ?20,: ;=:,6 ?66,2 033,2
Kirrdntd `d Kis pbrtc`b(B) ∄ ;6:Q ;6 :Q ?? ??:Q :Q eã`ci =,2 :,12 0,2 3,3 :,11 4,6 3,0 21,; :,11 22,3 ?:,= :,13 23,2 ;;,2 :,=2 ?4,: 00,; :,=? ;6,: 14,3 :,=; 0;,: =0,0 :,=0 4=,2 36,3 :,=4 3:,= 24=,2 :,=1 221,2 ?:2,2 :,== 241,: ?=:,4 :,== 231,1 ;0:,1 :,== ?0;,= 0??,2 :,== ?=4,= 0==,1 :,62 ;?1,= 411,: :,6? 020,: =2=,; :,60 4?6,4 324,4 :,60 1;?,1 2:34,= :,64 =0;,1 2?66,: :,64 3;0,= 2123,: :,64 221?,= ?:20,: :,64 2044,3 ?4?2,= :,64 2331,0 ;046,: :,64
Nitb8 2- Is vbgirds `b tbodgb airbe iotc`is pdgb eã`cb `d `b`is airndkc`is pir aborckbntds. ?- Bs kirrdntds `d pbrtc`b kctb`bs nb tbodgb bkceb pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs qubn`i nëi sd `cspusdr `bs edsebs nbs pgbkbs `is eitirds.
:,1; :,11 :,1= :,1= :,=; :,=2 :,=; :,=3 :,6; :,6: :,6: :,=6 :,62
Acmurb 4? - Kbois csigb`is kie ZQK =:ºK, de dgdtri`utis d tdepdrbturb beocdntd `d ;:ºK, kbpbkc`b`d de bepdrds, pbrb kin`utirds `d kiord. (vc`d nitb bobcxi). [díëi niecnbg (ee¿) 1 2: 21 ?4 ;4 4: =: 34 2?: 24: 264 ?0:
Nitb8 Bs kirrdntds `d pbrtc`b kctb`bs nb tbodgb bkceb pi`de sdr utcgczb`bs qubn`i nëi sd `cspusdr `bs edsebs nbs pgbkbs `is eitirds.
ZQK =:¸K `ics kin`utirds kbrrdmb`is
très kin`u kin`utirds tirds kbrrdmb`is
02 4= =1 2:2 2?4 242 23? ?;? ?13 ;:3 ;4; 024
;1 4: 16 63 222 22 2 2;0 2=2 ?:= ?;3 ?=4 ;20 ;13
Nitb8 2- Dstb tbodgb rdadrd-sd ê kbpbkc`b`d `d kin`uíëi `d kirrdntd `d kbois csigb`is, `dntri `i dgdtri`uti (de eintbmdns bpbrdntds, deoutc`bs de mdssi, bgvdnbrcb, pbrd`d `d kcednti iu de kbnbgdtb bodrtb iu vdntcgb`b). ?- Zbrb tdepdrbturbs beocdntds `cadrdntds `d ;:ºK, bpgckbr is abtirds `d kirrdíëi cn`ckb`bs nb NO_-402:. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
?;
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb 4; 4; - Kbrmb eånceb d abtirds `d `debn`b pbrb cguecnbíëi d tieb`bs `d usi mdrbg. @dskrcíëi
Kbrmb eånceb (]/ e¿)
Abtir `d `debn`b
2:
2,::
;:
2,::
;:
2,::
?:
2,:: 2,:: pbrb is prcedcris 2? l]. :,4: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b 2? l]. 2,:: pbrb is prcedcris ?: l]. :,=: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b ?: l].
Bu`ctûrci Bu` ctûrci,, sbgôds sbgôds pbrb dxpiscíôds dxpiscíôds d sdedgfbntds Obnkis, gihbs d sdedgfbntds Obrodbrcbs, sbgôds `d odgdzb d sdedgfbntds Kguods d sdedgfbntds Dskigbs d sdedgfbntds
;:
Dskrctûrci (D`caåkcis)
;:
Mbrbmdns kiedrkcbs d sdedgfbntds
4
Fispctbcs d sdedgfbntds
?:
Fitãcs d sdedgfbntds
?:
Cmrdhbs d sdedgfbntds
2:
:,0: pbrb is prcedcris 4: l]. :,?: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b 4: l]. :,4: pbrb is prcedcris ?: l]. :,0: pbrb i qud dxkd`dr b ?: l]. 2,::
Cn`østrcbs
kinaired `dkgbrb`i pdgi cntdrdssb`i.
2,::
_dstburbntds d sdedgfbntds
?:
2,::
`urbntd i `dsdnvigvcednti `i nissi prihdti, i pri priprc prcdtâ dtârci rci `b rds rdsc`è c`ènkc nkcb b cna cnaire ireiuiu-nis nis qud, auturbedntd b edseb siardrâ bgmuebs ei`cackbíôds, kiei, bepgcbíëi `b ârdb kinstruå`b, kigikbíëi `d ebcs pintis `d ??: Q dtk. Zbrb tbnti, ndstd kbsi, `dvdeis ebntdr rdsdrvb`i gikbcs pbrb cnstbgbíëi `is `cshuntirds qud pistdrciredntd sdrëi utcgczb`is ni qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi. Kie is vbgirds kinsdmuc`is btrbvãs `d kâgkugis, b pbrtcr `d bmirb, pi`deis rdbgczbr b cnstbgbíëi priprcbedntd `ctb,bssce kiei b eintbmde `i qub`ri. @i pb`rëi pb`rë i btã b dntrb`b `i qub`ri, `dvdeis "pbssbr" `ics kbois `d 2:ee¿, iu sdhb, pbrb bs absds d ue pbrb i ndutri (ocaâscki). Is `ics kbois kirrdspin`dntds ês absds sdrëi bkipgb`is ni `cshuntir mdrbg d b pbrtcr `dssd pinti btrbvãs `d ue obrrbe obr rbednt dnti i oca ocaâsc âscki, ki, is `cs `cshun huntir tirds ds `d pri pri-tdíëi `is kcrkuctis sdrëi bkipgb`is. I kboi ndutri sdrâ bkipgb`i, btrbvãs `d ue kindktir, b ê obrrb `d ndutri. B acmurb 40 eistrb kiei kie i dxd dxdepg epgi, i, ue qub qub`ri `ri `d `cs `cstrco trcoucí ucíëi ëi trcaâscki kiepgdti. Is qub`ris `d `cstrcoucíëi ` cstrcoucíëi sëi dnkintrb` tr b`is is ni ed edrk rkb` b`i i de `c `cad adrd rdnt ntds ds tctcpi piss d
Nitbs8 2) B kbrmb eånceb cn`ckb`b nb tbodgb rdadrd-sd ê kbrmb rdkiedn`b`b pbrb cnstbgbíôds `d cguecnbíëi d tieb`bs, utcgczbn`i gïepb`bs cnkbn`dskdntds. Ni kbsi `d iutri tcpi `d gïepb`b, kinsugtbr is kbtâgimis `is aborckbntds. ?) Ni kbsi `d gihbs, `dvd-sd kinsc`drbr b kbrmb b`ckcinbg `d =:: ]/e `d vctrcnd, ed`c`b firczintbgedntd bi ginmi `d sub obsd. abti tird rdss `d `d `deb ebn` n`b b cn cn`c `ckb kb`i `iss ;) Is ab vbgde pbrb qubgqudr tcpi `d gïepb`b `d cguecnbíëi cntdrnb. 0) Rubn`i b unc`b`d kinsuec`irb pissucr kizcnfb, `dvd sdr kinsc`drb`i dxkguscvbedntd pbrb dgb abtir `d `debn`b cmubg b 2, :: pbrb pb rb bs kb kbrm rmbs bs `d cgcgue uecn cnbí bíëi ëi d ti tieb eb`b `bss `dkgbrb`bs pdgi cntdrdssb`i. Zbrb bs `debcs `dpdn`ènkcbs `b unc`b`d kinsuec`irb, kinsc`drbr is vbgirds cn`ckb`is nb tbodgb. Kintcnubíëi...
Qigtbn`i bi nissi prihdti, tdeis bssce bs cnairebíôds qud sdrëi utcgczb`bs pbrb `br kintcnuc`b`d ê cnstbgbíëi. Qbeis supir qud Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
2,::
?0
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
tbebnfis, `dpdn`dn`i `b qubntc`b`d `d `cs huntirds b sdr utcgczb`is. Zi`de sdr aborckb`is de kfbpb iu ZQK, `d deoutcr iu siordpir. @dpdn`dn`i `i tcpi d ei`dgi pi`de sdr cnsdrc`is `d 2? btã =: `cshuntirds tcpis @CN iu TG (@CN 5 `i tcpi [cdedns< TG 5 `i tcpi Zcbg). B aireb `d b`bptbíë b`bptbíëi i `is kiepindntds kiepindntds ni qub`ri ã scepgds, `dvdn`i vikè bkiepbnfbr sub eintbmde btrbvãs `i ebnubg `d cnst cn stbg bgbí bíëi ëi qu qud d bk bkie iepb pbnf nfb b i ed edse sei. i. Te obrrbednti `d kiord cntdrgcmb i `cshuntir mdrbg
bis `d pritdíëi `i kcrkucti bssce kiei pbrb kindxëi `i ndutri d tdrrb. B kbpbkc`b`d `d kirrdntd `dstb obrrb pi`d vbrcbr `d 2:: b ??4 B. Bpûs i qub`ri sdr eintb`i, sub bpbrènkcb ackb kinaired eistrb b acmurb 44. Ni dx dxde depgi pgi,, utc utcgcz gczbe beis is ue qu qub` b`ri ri pbrb pb rb ?: `cs `cshu hunt ntird irds, s, pi pics cs,, `d `dvd vdei eiss td tdr r dspbíi dsp bíi `cs `cspinå pinåvdg vdg pb pbrb rb pis pissåvd såvdcs cs bkrã bkrãskc skc-eis `d kcrkuctis. Ni kbsi `d cnstbgbreis siedntd is `cs huntirds prdvcstis ni nissi prihdti, tdeis8
`cstrcoucíëi trcaâscki kiepgdti. Acmurb 40 - Ei`dgi `d qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi
b) @ics @ics `c `csh shun unti tird rdss `d ;: B, pbr brb b kindxëi `is kin`utirds `i kfuvdcr i - ??: Q. @ics `c `csh shun unti tird rdss `d 24 B, pb pbrb rb o) @ics kindxëi `is kin`utirds `i airni `d eckriin`bs - ??: Q. k) [dcs `cshuntirds `d 24 B, pbrb kindxëi `is kin`utirds `bs gïepb`bs d tieb`bs. `) @ics `cshuntirds `d 0: B - Mdrbg.
@dstb air @dstb aireb, eb, ein eintbn tbn`i`i-sd sd is `cs `cshun hun-tirds ni qub`ri, tdeis obsckbedntd kinkguå`i i edsei, kinaired eistrb b acmurb 41. Kbsi ikirrdr bkrãskcei ni qub`ri `d Acmurb 44 - Rub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi eintb`i. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
?4
Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
`cstrcoucíëi, vikè `dvdrâ rdkbgkugbr b `debn`b `i kc kcrk rkuc ucti ti,, bs bssc sce e ki kiei ei pr priv ivc` c`dn dnkc kcbr br b suostc suo stctuc tucíëi íëi `i `cs `cshun huntir tir mdr mdrbg, bg, vdr vdrcack cackbn` bn`i i tbeoãe b ndkdssc`b`d iu nëi `b suostctucíëi `i kboi privdncdntd `i pb`rëi btã i qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi.
Teb iu Teb iutr trb b ai aire reb b `d sd ei ein ntb tbrr ue qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi, ã eistrb`i nb acmurb 4=. Dstd qub`ri, `i tcpi ZQK, `d deoutcr, nëi pissuc pis suc obrr obrrbed bednti nti,, `dv `dvdn` dn`i-sd i-sd dadt dadtubr ubr bs gcmbíô mb íôds ds dn dntrd trd `c `cshu shunti ntirds rds btr btrbv bvãs ãs `d ue ki kin` n`uti utir r råmc`i iu agdxåvdg, kie agdxåvdg, kie sdíëi dntrd 0 b 1ee¿.
Acmurb 41 - Rub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi `i prihdti
Dskigfb Dskigf b `i kin`u kin`utir tir B dskigfb `i aci kin`utir pbrb cnstbgbíôds dgãtrckbs, ã `d sueb cepirtïnkcb nb sdmurbníb `b edseb. Ni nissi dxdepgi, qubn`i nb `dacncíëi `i tcpi `d kin`utir pbrb i pb`rëi, aic sdgdkcinb`i ue kin`utir `d 2:ee¿. Dstd kin`utir supirtb kirrdntds `d btã 4: B, ebcs `i qud suackcdntd pbrb i nissi prihdti. Iosdrvd8 sdn`i b rd`d ocaâsckb d b kirrdntd kbgkugb`b `d ;=,6? B (iu 0: B), dstd kin`utir ã i c`dbg. Kiei sumdstëi vbeis
Acmurb 4= - Eintbmde de qub`ri `d ZQK. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
iptbr pdgi usi `d ue kin`utir `d 21 ee¿, qud supirtb btã 16 B, de auníëi `i bkrãskcei `d kcrkuctis, qud sdrâ utcgczb`i ni auturi pbrb dadcti `d sdmurbníb d dstbocgc`b`d `b cnstbgbíëi.
cnstbgbr ue kin`utir `d 1ee¿, pics i edsei supirtb kirrdntds btã ;1 B (`dvd-sd tbeoãe suostctucr i `cshuntir ni qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi). Iosdrvd btdntbedntd bs dspdkcackbíôds kin stbntd tb ntdss ni niss bp bpbrd brdgf gfis is `d bq bqud udkc kcedn ednti ti ki kie e rdgbíëi bi tcpi d "octigb" `i kin`utir. Nirebgedntd gïepb`bs d tieb`bs sëi cnstbgb`is kie kin`utirds qud vbrcbe dntrd 2,4 ee¿ b ?,4 ee¿. Qikè `dvd bvbgcbr b qubntctc`b `b`d `d `d gï gïep epb` b`bs bs d ti tieb eb`b `bs, s, qu qud, d, sd sieb`bs, nëi ugtrbpbssde b kirrdntd b qud dstëi suhdctbs. I kin`utir `d 2,4 ee¿ supirtb kirrdntds btã 24,4 B d is `d ?,4 ee¿ kirrdntds `d btã ?2 B.
IO[8 Qdrcacqud sdeprd bs dspdkcackbíôds tãknckbs `is bpbrdgfis bntds `d dadtubr i prihdti.
Qikè sd gde gdeorb orb `b Pbod bodgb gb `i Dgd Dgdtrc trckcs kcstb tb eist ei strb rb`b `b nb acacmu murb rb ?3 `b bp bpis istctcgb gb 29 29Bk Bkie iep pbn bnfd fd b edseb `urbntd nissb dxpgbnbíëi. I kfuv kfuvdcri dcri iu tirndc tirndcrb rb dgãtrc dgãtrckb kb kieuedntd sëi cnstbgb`is de rd`ds `d ??: Q. Bprd Bp rdsd sdnt ntbe be pi pitè tènk nkcb cb dg dgdv dvb` b`b b (0 (0:: ::: : b 14:: ] pbrb kfuvdcris d ?6:: b 04:: ] pbrb pb rb tir tirnd ndcrb crbs), s), `d `dvd vdn` n`i-s i-sd d ds dski kigfd gfdrr i kin`utir kin` utir `d "octig "octigb" b" kirrdt kirrdtb. b. Nireb Nirebgednt gedntd d utcgczb-sd kin`utir `d 0ee¿ (supirtbe btã ?6 B)< dntrdtbnti sd ue kfuvdcri `d 14:: ] air cnstbgb`i nb rdsc`ènkcb, b kirrdntd pbrb sdu aunkcinbednti sdrâ `d bprixceb-`b eb -`bed edntd ntd ?3 ?3,4 ,40 0 B, bk bkce ceb b `b kb kbpb pbkckc`b`d `i kin`utir. Ndstd kbsi, i c`dbg ã
Ni nissi prihdti...
Aczdei Aczd eiss ue ob obgb gbnk nkdb dbed ednt nti i dn dntr trd d pitènkcbs iu i dqucgåorci `bs absds. Cs ti ã ndkdssârci pbrb qud ueb `bs absds nëi acqud ebcs siordkbrrdmb`b qud b iutrb, rdsugtbn`i i qub`ri eistrb`i nb acmurb 46. Kiei Kie i kur kurcis cisc`b c`b`d, `d, vbe vbeis is vdr vdrcac cackbr kbr bs kbrmbs de kb`b obrrbednti8 _dgdeorbn`i, dxcstde très kâgkugis `d
Absds
Acmurb 46 - Dqucgåorci `d absd. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
pitènkcb qud pi`de sdr rdbgczb`is de ueb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb, iu sdhb8
rdkdob ue kfiqud qubn`i air trikbr ueb gïepb`b, dstbn`i i cntdrruptir `dsgcmb`i, acmurb 43.
b) Zitènkcb titbg cnstbgb`b - ã b sieb `d ti`bs bs pitènkcbs cn`ckb`bs nbs gïepb`bs, tieb ti eb`b `bss d `i `iss bp bpbr brdg dgfi fiss dg dgãt ãtrc rcki kiss `b rdsc`ènkcb. o) Zitènkcb pir kcrkucti - b cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb ã `cvc`c`b de kcrkuctis pbrb qud nëi ikirrb ikirr b siordkbrmb siordkbrmb nb nb rd`d cntdrnb. cntdrnb. B pitèn pitènkcb kcb `d kb`b kcrkucti ã b sieb `bs pitènkcbs cn`ckb`bs nbs gïepb`bs, tieb`bs d nis bpbrdgfis dgãtrckis qud sëi cnstbgb`is ndstd kcrkucti. k) Zitènkcb pir absd - `dvdeis dqucgcorbr b sieb `bs pitènkcbs `b Absd 2 kie bs `b Absd ?. Dstds kâgkugis bhu`brëi nb dskigfb `b sdkí sd kíëi ëi trb trbns nsvd vdrs rsbg bg `i `iss aci aciss (o (octctig igb) b),, nb bepdrbmde `is `cshuntirds, ni dqucgåorci `d absds d ni `cednscinbednti `i qub`ri `d `cstrcoucíëi. Kie Ki e is ki kin` n`ut utir irds ds hâ cn cnsd sdrc` rc`is is ni niss kin`uåtds, `dvdeis b sdmucr dadtubr b cnstbgbíëi `is cntdrruptirds, tieb`bs, gustrds dtk, qud, qu d, ob obsck sckbed bedntd ntd adk adkfb fb b cns cnstb tbgbí gbíëi ëi `b rdsc`ènkcb.
Acmurb 43 - Cnstbgbíëi `i cntdrruptir.
Dntrd is `cvdrsis tcpis `d cntdrruptirds tdeis8 b) Cntdrruptir scepgds< scepgds pbrbgdgi. o) Cntdrruptir `upgi< `upgi kie ue pbrbgdgi< `upgi kie `ics pbrbgdgis. k) Cntdrruptir trcpgi< trcpgi kie ue, `ics iu très pbrbgdgis.
Cnstbgbíëi `is cntdrruptirds d tieb`bs
`) Cntdrruptir cntdred`cârci. d) Cntdrruptir ocpigbr.
Cntdrruptirds
B acmurb 1: eistrb bgmuns dxdepgis `d cntdrruptirds qud sëi vcstis pir trâs. I edrkb`i bprdsdntb ueb sãrcd `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d cntdrruptirds d tieb`bs pbrb b sub dskigfb, iu sdhb, scepgds, de eû`ugis, kie kiebn`is dtk. [ëi `d aâkcg cnstbgbíëi, cdntbíôds `i `dvdn`i-sd bpdnbs sdmucr bs ir cdntbíôds aborckbntd.
I ai airn rndk dkce cedn dnti ti `d "td "tdns nsëi ëi"" pb pbrb rb b gïepb`b, ã adcti btrbvãs `i bkcinbednti `i cn cntd tdrr rrup upti tirr. Ã ni cn cntd tdrr rrup upti tirr qu qud d b "dndrm "dn drmcb" cb" pri privdn vdncdn cdntd td `i qub qub`ri `ri `d `cs `cs-trco tr couc ucíë íëi i ã bp bpgck gckb` b`b. b. I aci nd ndut utri ri `d `dvd vd dstbr sdeprd gcmb`i ê gïepb`b, d i aci absd bi cntdrruptir. Dstb ed`c`b dvctb qud vikè Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
B acmurb 12 bprdsdntb ue dsqudeb `d gcmbíëi pbrb bkcinbednti `d ueb gïepb`b de `i `ics cs pi pint ntis is,, `d `dni niec ecnb nb`i `i gcgcmb mbíë íëi i de
pbrbgdgi, in`d b prûprcb acmurb `deinstrb sdu aunkcinbednti. B acmurb 1? bprdsdntb ueb gcmbíëi de
Acmurb 1: - Pcpis `d cntdrruptirds.
Acmurb 12 - Cntdrruptir pbrbgdgi Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
Acmurb 1? - Cntdrruptir cntdred`cârci.
pbrbgdgi kie ue cntdred`cârci, utcgczb`i qubn`i b `cstïnkcb dxcstdntd dntrd is cntdrruptirds pbrbg pb rbgdgi dgiss ã mr mrbn` bn`d. d. Zi Zi`d `d-sd -sd utc utcgcz gczbr br ue ueb b qubn qu bntc` tc`b`d b`d cn cnacn acnctctb b `d cnt cntdrr drrupt uptird irdss cnt cntdrdred`cârcis `dpdn`dn`i `b ndkdssc`b`d. Cntdrr Cnt drrupt uptir ir ocp ocpigb igbrr sce scepgd pgdss ã mdr mdrbge bgednt dntd d utc utc-gcgczb zb`i `i qu qubn bn`i `i i ai airn rndk dkce cedn dnti ti gi gikb kbgg ã `d ?? ??: : Q, iu pbrb qubgqudr iutri tcpi `d gcmbíëi, acmurb 1;. Zi`deis tbeoãe utcgczbr ue cntdrruptir trcpigb trcp igbrr kie kiei i pb pbrbg rbgdgi dgi,, kin kinair aired ed eis eistrb trb b acmurb 10.
Pieb`bs
Zbrb kindxëi kindxëi `d bpbrdgfis d dqucpbedntis. Bssce kiei nis cntdrruptirds, dxcstd ueb mrbn`d `cvdrscackbíëi `d tcpis d ei`dgis `d ti tieb eb`b `bss pbr brb b is eb ebcs cs `c `cvd vdrs rsis is acacns ns.. [dgdkcinbeis bgmuns tcpis, kinaired eistrb b acmurb 14. Iosdrvbíôds cepirtb cepirtbntds8 ntds8
Zrik Zr ikur urd d sd sdep eprd rd ue ueb b ki kirr ds dspd pdkc kcbg bg bzug, pir dxdepgi - pbrb c`dntcackbr i ndutri `cadrdnkcbn`i `d iutrbs kirds, i qud abkcgctbrâ eucti b dxdkuíëi `b cnstbgbíëi. Dvctbrâ qud vikè tdnfb qud abzdr tdstds ti`b vdz qud prdkcsbr dnkintrbr b dxtrdec`b`d `d ue aci. B`qucrcr sdeprd ebtdrcbcs `d oib qubgc`b`d, dvctbn`i rdbprivdctbedntis `d ebtdrcbcs. I obrbti sbc kbri. [cmb kirrdtbedntd bs nirebs `d sdmuAcmurb 1; - Cntdrruptir ocpigbr scepgds. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri
rbníb, `dsk rbníb, `dskrctbs rctbs bntdr bntdrcired ciredntd. ntd. @dsg @dsgcmud, cmud, `urbntd b ebnutdníëi, b kfbvd mdrbg `i kcrkucti. Teb cnstbgbíëi dgãtrckb pi`d bprdsdntbr "aumb" iu vbzbednti `d dndrmcb. Ndstd kbsi vikè "pbmbrâ" pir ueb dndrmcb qud nëi utcgcziu. Zbrb `dtdktbr dstb "aumb", `dsgcmud ti`is is cntdrruptirds d `dskindktd ti`is is bpbrdgfis `bs tieb`bs. Bmubr`d uns 2: ecnutis.
@crcmcn`i-sd bi rdgûmci `i pb`rëi, vdrcacqud kiei sd dnkintrb i ed`c`ir `i rdgûmci. [d pbrb`i, nëi fâ aumb `d dndrmcb, bi kintrârci, iu sdhb, kie i `cski mcrbn`i, vikè `dvdrâ bvbgcbr bs cnstbgbíôds. Qdrcacqud sd nëi fâ acis `dsdnk `ds dnkbp bpb`i b`is, s, ded dedn`b n`bss ebg adc adctb tbs, s, aci aciss dnkis dn kistb tbn`i n`i-sd -sd de adr adrris ris dtk dtk,, pri prikur kurbn bn`i `i sbnbr i `dadcti.
Acmurb 10 - Cntdrruptir trcpigbr pbrbgdgi.
Acmurb 14 - Pcpis `d tieb`bs. Cnstbgbíôds Dgãtrckbs - Bugb ?
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Cnstctuti Tncvdrsbg Orbscgdcri