En la ingeniería se establecen puntos de control: poligonales, líneas de base, etc. Los levantamientos topográficos y los mapas proporcionan información sobre la localización horizontal y so…Descripción completa
Descripción: Informe sobre una nivelación cerrada, teoría y ejemplos
Descripción: TOPOGRAFÍA
En este informe damos a conocer nuestras actividades, como futuros ingenieros civiles, y este trabajo esta hecho por los propios alumnos.
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7.-Agohtivas Agohtiva Nhkhrdf Hstdgfhmhr fd kivhfdmiýk fikhdf ch uk trdla makamica i d fd vhz edmhr sus marths ch shmmiýk trdksvhrsdf. Agohtivas Hsphmìbimas Hstdgfhmhr fd kivhfdmiýk nhalétrimd ch ukd cistdkmid. Hstdgfhmhr fd kivhfdmiýk fikhdf ch uk trdla makamica Whdfizdr hf phrbif faknitucikdf ch cimea trdla. Whdfizdr fd shmmiýk trdksvhrsdf ch hf trdla lhkmiakdca. Dprhkchr d iguodr phrbifhs tapanr!bimas d pdrtir ch ldpds tapanr!bimas. Dprhkchr d ciguodr phrbifhs faknitucikdfhs i trdksvhrsdfhs. "akamhr fds dpfimdmiakhs chf phrbif tapanr!bima hk pra#hmtas ch $knhkihrìd. =.-Ldrma Shýrima Phrbif Sapanrdbima Hf phrbif tapanr!bima hs ukd rhprhshktdmiýk ch tipa fikhdf% &uh phrlith hstdgfhmhr fds cibhrhkmids dftitucikdfhs &uh sh prhshktdk d fa fdrna ch uk rhmarrica% ch dmuhrca mak fd rhnufdricdc &uh nudrch fd cirhmmiýk ch su rhmarrica% sh fhs mfdsibimd mala faknitucikdfhs i trdksvhrsdfhs. 'k phrbif faknitucikdf hs d&uhf hk hf mudf sh tald fd lisld cirhmmiýk curdkth taca hf rhmarrica% sik mdlgidr hf rulga. 'k phrbif trdksvhrsdf hs d&uhf hk hf mudf sh tald fd lisld cirhmmiýk curdkth taca hf rhmarrica% sik mdlgidr hf rulga. (d fìkhd chf pfdka chbikicd par fas puktas &uh filitdk hf phrbif sh ffdld cirhmtriz i fd fìkhd earizaktdf ch malpdrdmiýk sagrh fd &uh sh makstru#h hf phrbif% gdsh. 'kd ch fds dpfimdmiakhs l!s ilpartdkths ch fas phrbifhs a shmmiakhs vhrtimdfhs% hs hk fd makstrummiýk ch agrds ch nrdk faknituc i pamd dkmeurd% par hohlpfa mdlikas a mdrrhthrds% dfmdktdriffdcas% afhacumtas% htm.
Miktd létrimd Hf bfh)ýlhtra a miktd létrimd hs uk ikstrulhkta ch lhcimiýk mak fd pdrtimufdricdc ch &uh hst! makstruica hk medpd lht!fimd bfh)igfh chgica su hsmdsa hsphsar% civicicd hk ukicdchs ch lhcimiýk% i &uh sh hkraffd hk hspirdf chktra ch ukd mdrmdsd lht!fimd a ch pf!stima. Dfnukds ch hstds mdrmdsds cispakhk ch uk sisthld ch brhka a dkmfdoh pdrd ilphcir hf hkraffdca dutal!tima ch fd miktd% i ldkthkhr biod dfnukd lhcicd prhmisd ch hstd barld. *h suhfhk bdgrimdr hk faknituchs malprhkcicds hktrh uka i mikma lhtras% i h)mhpmiakdflhkth ch amea a cihz lhtras. (d miktd lht!fimd hst! sugcivicicd hk mhktìlhtras i lifìlhtras. Hs pasigfh hkmaktrdrfas civicicas tdlgiék hk pufndcds. *u bfh)igificdc i hf pama hspdmia &uh amupdk fa edmhk l!s ikthrhsdkth &uh atras sisthlds ch lhcimiýk% mala rhnfds a vdrds ch lhcimiýk. hgica d hsta% hs uk ikstrulhkta ch nrdk utificdc% ka sýfa pdrd fas prabhsiakdfhs témkimas% mudf&uihrd &uh shd su hsphmidficdc + baktdkhras% dfgd,ifhs% hfhmtrimistds% dr&uhýfanas% htm.-% sika tdlgiék pdrd mudf&uihr phrsakd &uh prhmish lhcir dfnk agohta hk fd vicd maticidkd. /dlgiék hs prhmisa hvitdr cagfdr fd miktd edmid dtr!s par&uh sh chbarldr! ch barld phrldkhkth i d fd pastrh dmdgdr! ralpiékcash par deì.
Odfýk 'k odfýk hrd arinikdridlhkth ukd vdrd fdrnd ch ldchrd% ch shmmiýk mifìkcrimd a prisl!timd rhldtdcd par uk rhndtýk ch dmhra% par cakch sh mfdvd hk hf thrrhka. Hk fd dmtudficdc% sh bdgrimdk hk medpd ch dmhra a bigrd ch vicria% hk trdlas ch 0%47 l. ý 0%77 l. ch fdrna% hkmeubdgfhs lhcidkth fas rhndtakhs a rasmdgfhs hktrh sì pdrd makbarldr uk odfýk ch ld#ar dfturd i phrlitir ukd lhoar visigificdc hk zakds gasmasds a mak buhrths chskivhfhs. *h hkmuhktrdk piktdcas +fas ch dmhra- a makbarldcas +fas ch bigrd ch vicria- mak brdkods dfthrkdcds nhkhrdflhkth ch mafar raoa i gfdkma ch =4 ml ch faknituc. (as mafarhs aghchmhk d ukd lhoar visudfizdmiýk hk hf thrrhka i hf dkmea ch fds brdkods sh usdgd pdrd lhcir hk barld dpra)ildcd lhcidkth hstdcilhtrìd. (as odfakhs sh utifizdk pdrd ldrmdr puktas bioas hk hf fhvdktdlihkta ch pfdkas tapanr!bimas% pdrd trdzdr dfikhdmiakhs% pdrd chthrlikdr fds gdshs i pdrd ldrmdr puktas pdrtimufdrhs sagrh hf thrrhka. 3arldflhkth% sak uk lhcia du)ifidr df thacafita% fd groufd% hf sh)tdkth u atras ikstrulhktas ch lhcimiýk hfhmtrýkimas mala fd hstdmiýk tatdf. /dlgiék sak usdcas hk fd dr&uhafanìd.
Kivhf Sapanräbima Hf kivhf hs hf dpdrdta tapanr!bima &uh phrlith chthrlikdr ukd fìkhd a uk pfdka earizaktdf ch malpdrdmiýk i sh usd hk tapanrdbìd pdrd chthrlikdr hf chskivhf hktrh puktas.
Hf kivhf cispakh ch ukd dkthaoa pdrd hbhmtudr fd pukthrìd i ch uk kivhf laktdca sagrh fd pfdtdbarld% naghrkdca par fas tarkiffas kivhfdkths. Hstd mdrdmthrizdca par fas dulhktas chf dkthaoa i par fd shksigificdc chf kivhf ch dirh. "ak fd d#ucd ch fds lirds ch kivhfdmiýk pachlas makamhr hf chskivhf hktrh cas puktas. (a prilhra &uh chghlas edmhr pdrd mdfmufdr hf chskivhf hktrh cas puktas hs hstdmiakdr hf kivhf.
MDWDMSHWI]SIMD]? 8uhchk shr ldkudfhs a dutal!timas% shnk sh chgd earizaktdfizdr hf kivhf prikmipdf hk mdcd fhmturd% a hsta sh ednd dutal!timdlhkth df pakhr hf ikstrulhkta 2hk hstdmiýk2 Hf kivhf ýptima makstd ch uk dkthaoa silifdr df chf thacafita mak uk rhtìmufa hstdcilétrima% pdrd dpuktdr i uk kivhf ch gurguod lu# shksigfh +a uk malphksdcar ch nrdvhcdc a ldnkétima hk hf mdsa ch fas kivhfhs dutal!timas-% &uh phrlitd ldkthkhr fd earizaktdficdc chf hoh ýptima chf dkthaoa% dlgas hst!k ukicas saficdridlhkth ch ldkhrd &uh mudkca hf kivhf hst! chskivhfdca% hf hoh chf dkthaoa ka ldktihkh ukd phrbhmtd earizaktdficdc% phra df kivhfdr hf kivhf tdlgiék sh earizaktdfizd hf hoh ýptima. Hk fas ftilas trhiktd d,as sh ed pracumica uk mdlgia tdf hk hstas ikstrulhktas% &uh par d&uhffd épamd% prikmipias ch fd cémdcd chf >57 mdsi tacas fas ikstrulhktas
&uh sh utifizdgdk hrdk chf tipa 2ldkudf2 phra hk hsth lalhkta hs rdra hkmaktrdr uka ch d&uhffas ikstrulhktas% ikmfusa sak rdrds fd ldrmds &uh duk fas bdgri&uhk #d &uh fds témkimds ch bdgrimdmiýk sh edk phrbhmmiakdca tdkta &uh fas dutal!timas sak tdk prhmisas i makbidgfhs mala fas ldkudfhs% d phsdr ch fd chsmakbidkzd &uh chsphrtdgdk hk fas vihoas tapýnrdbas fas prilhras lachfas dutal!timas. Hsth ikstrulhkta chgh thkhr ukds mdrdmthrìstimds témkimds hsphmidfhs pdrd pachr rhdfizdr su bukmiýk% tdfhs mala gurguod pdrd pachr kivhfdr hf ikstrulhkta% dkthaoa mak fas subimihkths dulhktas pdrd pachr vhr fds civisiakhs ch fd lird% i uk rhtìmufa mak eifas pdrd pachr edmhr fd pukthrìd i taldr fds fhmturds% dsì mala fd pasigificdc ch uk malphksdcar pdrd dshnurdr su phrbhmtd kivhfdmiýk i earizaktdficdc chf pfdka ch malpdrdmiýk.
