UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA CARRERA DE INGENIERIA QUIMICA LAB. DE OPERACIONES UNITARIAS (403)
INFORME # 2 FILTRACIÓN
ALUMNA: KATHERINE CHILIQUINGA CASTILLO PROFESORA: ING. MARIANA NAVARRO. PARALELO: B AÑO LECTIVO: 2015 201! 1
"NDICE INTRODUCCION OBJETIVO GENERAL OBJETIVO ESPECIFICO MARCO TEORICO CUESTIONARIO PROCEDIMIENTO DE LA PRÁCTICA EQUIPOS Y MATERIALES TABLAS CÁLCULOS RESULTADOS ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS CONCLUSIONES RECOMENDACIONES NOMENCLATURA BIBLIOGRAFIA APENDICE
2
INTRODUCCION En el pe!en"e #n$%&e !e 'e!(#)e l* p+("#(* 'e $#l"*(#,n- %pe*(#,n n#"*#* /e !e 'e)e e!"'#* p%/e 'e!e&pe0* n p*pel &1 #&p%"*n"e 'en"% 'e l%! p%(e!% 'e SEPARACI SEPARACION ON 'e !%l(#%ne!. !%l(#%ne!. E!"+ %pe*(#,n %pe*(#,n pe&#"e pe&#"e /e (%&p%nen" (%&p%nen"ee 12% #n!&%! #n!&%! e!"3n pe$e("*&en"e 4%&%53ne%! !e 6* * !ep** ! p*"e !,l#'*- 6* * 'epen'e &(4% &(4% l*! (**(" (**("e7 e7!"# !"#(* (* $n(#% $n(#%n*l n*le! e! 'el e/#p% e/#p% 8&e'#% 8&e'#% $#l"* $#l"*n"e n"e99 el (*l (*l 'e)e 'e)e *:!"*!e !e5;n l* %pe*(#,n- % e'#!e0* %"% /e pe'* pe'* lle6*l* * (*)%- l* p%"en(#* p%"en(#* 'e ! &%"%&%"%- el '#+&e"% '#+&e"% "*n"% "*n"% 'e l* "%"* "%"* (%&% (%&% 'el &*(% &*(% 6* p%p%(# p%p%(#%n* %n* l%! *!pe("%! * (%n!#'e* *l &%&en"% 'e e&pe<* * $#l"*. C%n!#!"e )+!#(*&en"e en !ep** l* p*"e l7/#'* 'e n !,l#'% * "*63! 'e n* '#$een(#* 'e pe!#,n 1 $e<*! #&pl!%*! *pl#(*'*! !%)e e!"e S,l#'%=L7/#'%- en el (*l !e "#l#<** el e/#p% 'e F#l"% Pen!*. El p%(e!% 'e $#l"*'% e! &1 #&p%"*n"e 1 *&pl#*&en"e "#l#<*'% en l* #n'!"#*. L* $#l"*(#,n (%&% Ope*(#,n Un#"*#* !*'* #n'!"#*l&en"e "#ene 6*#%! "#p%! % (l*!#$#(*(#,n 'epen'#en'% 'e l% /e !e e!"+ !ep**n'%. E>#!"en l* $#l"*(#,n p% (l*#$#(* (l*#$#(*(#,n(#,n- l* $#l"*(#,n $#l"*(#,n p% "%"* 1 l*! &#(%$#l"*( &#(%$#l"*(#%ne #%ne!! 1 l"*$#l"* l"*$#l"*(#%ne (#%ne!. !. L* $#l" $#l"* *(# (#,n ,n p% "%" "%"** e! l* /e /e e!"e e!"e "*)*:% *)*(* *)*(*-- e!*l"+n e!*l"+n'%! '%!ee ! (%n(ep"% 1 '#$een(#+n'%l* 'e l%! %"%! "#p%!. Se e!pe(#$#(* l* $%&* 'e (,&% !e '*n e!"*! $#l"*(#%ne! p% "%"* en l%! e/#p%! /e !%n $#l"*(#,n * Pe!#,n C%n!"*n"e Pe!#,n C%n!"*n"e 1 F#l"*(#,n * Vel%(#'*' (%n!"*n"e Vel%(#'*' (%n!"*n"e $%&l*n'% p** (*'* n* l*! e(*(#%ne! &*"e&+"#(*! * &*"e&+"#(*! * "#l#<* en el (+l(l% 'e (+l(l% 'e !! p*+&e"%! 'e '#!e0%. '#!e0%. A!#&#!&%- !e e>pl#(* l* &e"%'%l%57* p** &e"%'%l%57* p** l* e*l#<*(#,n 'e l%! p%)le&*! 'e p%)le&*! 'e $#l"*(#,n p% "%"*. En l%! '#$een"e! p%(e!%! 'e p%'((#,n 'e *l#&en"%!*l#&en"%!- !e pe!en"* l* ne(e!#'*' 'e !ep** !ep** l%! (%&p%nen" (%&p%nen"e! e! 'e n* &e<(l* en $*((#%ne!$*((#%ne!- p** 'e e!"* &*ne* &*ne* p%'e 'e!(#)# l%! !,l#'%! '#6#'#'%! 1 pe'e(# !! (**("e7!"#(*!.
OBETIVO $ENERAL An*l#<* &e'#*n"e n e/#p% 'e $#l"*(#,n 8en e!"e (*!% $#l"% pen!*9 l* !ep**(#,n /e e>#!"e 'e l* $*!e !,l#'* en !!pen!#,n (%n"en#'* en el !en% 'e n l7/#'%- "#l#<*n'% el l*)%*"%#% 'e Ope*(#%ne! Un#"*#*! 'e l* l * F*(l"*' 'e In5en#e7* Q7&#(*
OBETIVOS ESPECIFICOS •
•
Sep** l%! !,l#'%! 'e C*CO ? 'e l* !%l(# !%l(#,n ,n &e'#*n &e'#*n"e "e l* $#l" $#l"*(# *(#,n ,n 1 'e"e&#n* 'e"e&#n* e>pe#&en e>pe#&en"*l&e "*l&en"e n"e l*! '#$een"e '#$een"e!! 6*#*)le! 6*#*)le! /e *$e("*n *$e("*n *l p%(e!%- e&ple*n'% (%&% &e'#% $#l"*n"e p*pel $#l"%. O)"ene el "#e&p% $#("#(#% 'e $#l"*(#,n. 3
MARCO TEÓRICO CUESTIONARIO 1. %&'& *+,-+ + /, , + /*.
F#l"%! 'e "%"*.
F#l"%! 'e pe!#,n '#!(%n"#n%!.
F#l"% pen!*.
F#l"% 'e (*(*!* 1 4%:*!.
F#l"% 'e )*n'* *"%&+"#(%.
F#l"% '#!(%n"#n%! * 6*(7%.
F#l"% (%n"#n% * 6*(7%.
F#l"% 'e "*&)% %"*"%#%. F#l"% * pe!#,n %"*"%#% 'e "*&)%. F#l"% 'e e()#&#en"% pe6#%. F#l"% 'e )*n'* 4%#<%n"*l. F#l"*(#,n (en"7$5*. Cen"7$5*! '#!(%n"#n%! !!pen'#'*!. Cen"7$5*! *"%&+"#(*! '#!(%n"#n*!. Cen"#$5*! (%n"#n*! 'e $#l"*(#,n.
2. C/+, , /&, 6&*&7/+, 8+ &+9& +/ *9+, + /*&9. /*&9. E;/8+ 9&& . LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE SÓLIDOS. El "%"*l 'e !,l#'%! '#!el"%! 8TDS9 e! n* &e'#'* 'el (%n"en#'% (%&)#n*'% 'e "%'*! l*! !!"*n(#*! #n%5+n#(*! #n%5+n#(*! 1 1 %5+n#(*! %5+n#(*! (%n"en#'*! (%n"en#'*! en n l7/#'% en $%&* &%le(l*#%n#<* #%n#<*'* '* % en $%&* $%&* 'e !!pe !!pen!# n!#,n ,n &#(%= &#(%=5* 5*nl nl* * 8!%l (%l (%l%#' %#'ee9. En 5ene 5ene* *l-l- l* 'e$#n#(#,n %pe*"#6* e! /e l%! !,l#'%! 'e)en !e l% !$#(#en"e&en"e pe/e0% (%&% p** !%)e6#6# !%)e6#6# $#l"*(#,n $#l"*(#,n * "*63! 'e n $#l"% (%n p%%! 'e &#(,&e"%! &#(,&e"%! 8"*&*0% 8"*&*0% n%&#n*l- % &+! pe/e0%9. El "%"*l 'e !,l#'%! '#!el"%! !e '#$een(#* 'el "%"*l 'e !,l#'%! en !!pen!#,n 8TSS9!!pen!#,n 8TSS9- 1* /e e!"e ;l"#&% !e (%&p%ne 'e !!"*n(#*! /e n% pe'en p*!* * "*63! 'e n $#l"% 'e '%! &#(,&e"%!- *n/e e!"*! !e*n "*&)#3n !!pen'#'*! #n'e$#n#'*&en"e en n* !%l(# !%l(#,n ,n l7/#' l7/#'*. *. El "3&#n "3&#n%% @!,l# @!,l#'%! '%! !e'#&e !e'#&en"* n"*)le )le!@ !@ !e e$#e e$#eee * &*"e# &*"e#*le *le!! 'e 4
(*l/#e "*&*0% /e n% !e &*n"#enen !!pen'#'%! % '#!el"%! en n "*n/e 'e e"en(#,n /e n% e!"+ !:e"% * &%6#&#en"%- 1 p% l% "*n"% e>(l1e TDS 1 TSS. S,l#'%! !e'#&en"*)le! pe'en #n(l# p*"7(l*! 5*n'e! % &%l3(l*! #n!%l)le!. TAMAÑO DE LA PART"CULA #l4el& O!"*l' '#!"#n5e O!"*l' '#!"#n5e "e! "#p%! 'e &e<(l*! !e5;n el "*&*0% 'e l*! p*"7(l*! 'e !%l"% en l* '#!%l(#,n
D#!pe!#%ne!- !!pen!#%ne! !!pen!#%ne! % % $*l!*! '#!%l(#%ne! (*n'% el '#+&e"% 'e l*! p*"7(l*! 'e !%l"% e>(e'e 'e - &. D#!pe!%#'e!- (%l%#'e! (%l%#'e! el "*&*0% e!"+ en"e - & 1 - &. D#!p3!#'%! % '#!%l(#%ne! 6e'*'e*! 6e'*'e*! el "*&*0% e! &en% * - &.
LA TEMPERATURA P% l% 5ene*l l* !%l)#l#'*' 6*7* (%n l* "e&pe*"*. En l* &*1%7* 'e l*! !!"*n(#*!n #n(e&en"% 'e l* "e&pe*"* (*!* n *&en"% 'e l* !%l)#l#'*'. P% e!% el *<;(* !e '#!el6e &e:% en (*$3 (*$3 (*l#en"e (*l#en"e- 1 l* le(4e 'e)e 'e e!"* en el pn"% 'e e)ll#(#,n. En el*(#,n (%n l* "e&pe*"*- l%! 5*!e! '#!el"%! en l7/#'%! !e (%&p%"*n 'e $%&* #n6e!* * (%&% l% 4*(en l%! !,l#'%!. L* !%l)#l#'*' 'e n 5*! en *5* 'e(e(e * &e'#'* /e *&en"* l* "e&pe*"* e!"% !#5n#$#(* /e l* !%l)#l#'*' 1 l* "e&pe*"* !%n #n6e!*&en"e p%p%(#%n*le!. p%p%(#%n*le!. L%! 5*!e! '#!el"%! en *5* p%"*)le 8%>#5en% %>#5en%-- (l%% 1 n#",5en%9 !%n l*! pe/e0*! )):*! /e *p*e(en (*n'% 3l l#/#'% !e (*l#en"* 1 *;n n% lle5* *l pn"% 'e e)ll#(#,n. C*n'% el *5* 4#e6e /e'* "%"*l&en"e 'e!5*!#$#(*'*- p% l% (*l ! !*)% e! '#!"#n"% 'el /e p%!ee el *5* !#n 4e6#- p% ell% !e e(%&#en'* *#e* e!"* *5* *n"e! 'e )e)el*.
EL P%< LA DENSIDAD = LA VISCOSIDAD A pe!* 'e /e &(4%! p%"en(#,&e"%! "#enen e!(*l*! (%n 6*l%e! /e 6*n 'e!'e 4*!"* - l%! 6*l%e! 'e pH "*&)#3n pe'en !e *;n &en%e! /e % *;n &*1%e! /e . P% e:e&pl% el +(#'% 'e )*"e7* )*"e7* 'e 'e *"%&,6#le! "#ene 6*l%e! (e(*n%! 'e pH &en%e! /e n%. P% (%n"*!"e- el 4#',>#'% 'e !%'#% !%'#% M 6*7* 'e ?- * .A Cn pH #5*l * e! ne"%- n% &en% /e e! +(#'%- 1 !# e! &*1% /e e! )+!#(%. A '#!"#n"*! "e&pe*"*!- el 6*l% 'e pH ne"% pe'e 6*#* 'e)#'% * l* (%n!"*n"e 'e e/#l# e/ #l#)# )#%% 'el *5 *5** 8 89.9.L* L* 'e"e 'e"e& &#n #n*( *(#, #,nn 'el 'el pH e! n% n% 'e l%! l%! p%( p%(e' e'#& #&#e #en" n"%! %! *n*l7"#(%! &+! #&p%"*n"e! 1 &+! !*'%! en (#en(#*! "*le! (%&% /7&#(*- )#%/7&#(* 1 /7&#(* 'e !el%!. L* "e&pe*"* "e&pe*"*-- 1 en l%! (* (*&) &)#% #%!! 'e e! e!"* "*'% '%.. En p*" p*"#( #(l l* * !e 4* e!"* e!"*)l )le( e(#' #'%% e&p7#(*&en"e C*n'% *&en"* l* pe!#,n- l* 'en!#'*' 'e (*l/#e &*"e#*l e!"*)le 5
"*&)#3 "*&)#3nn *&en *&en"*. "*. C%&% C%&% e5l* e5l* 5ene 5ene*l*l- *l *&en" *&en"* * l* "e&pe "e&pe*" *"**- l* 'en!# 'en!#'*' '*' '#!&#n '#!&#n1e 1e 8!# l* pe!#, pe!#,nn pe&*n pe&*ne(e e(e (%n!"* (%n!"*n"e n"e9.9. S#n S#n e&)*5 e&)*5%%- e>#!"e e>#!"enn n%"*) n%"*)le! le! e>(ep(#%ne! * e!"* e5l*. P% e:e&pl%- l* 'en!#'*' 'el *5* 'l(e (e(e 'l(e (e(e en"e el pn"% 'e $!#,n 8* C C99 1 l%! C C *l5% !#&#l* %(e (%n el !#l#(#% !#l#(#% * * )*:*! "e&pe*"*!. En 5ene*l- l* 'en!#'*' 'e n* !!"*n(#* 6*7* (*n'% (*&)#* l* pe!#,n % E>#!"e E>#!"enn '#6e! '#6e!%! %! &%'el% &%'el%!! 'e 6#!(%! 6#!(%!#'* #'*'' *pl#( *pl#(*)l *)le! e! * !!"*n !!"*n(#* (#*!! /e pe!en pe!en"*n "*n (%&p%"*&#en"%! 6#!(%!%! 'e '#$een"e "#p%. El &%'el% % "#p% 'e $l#'% 6#!(%!% &+! !en(#ll% 'e (**("e#<* e! el $l#'% ne"%n#*n%ne"%n#*n%- /e e! n &%'el% l#ne*l 8en"e el 5*'#en"e 'e 6el%(#'*'e! 1 l*! "en!#%ne! "*n5en(#*le!9 pe% "*&)#3n e>#!"en &%'el%! n% l#ne*le! (%n *'el5*<*&#en"% % e!pe!*&#en"% p% (%"*n"e % (%&% l%! pl+!"#(%! 'e B#n54*&.. B#n54*&
3. C/+, , /&, 6&*&7/+, + ,+>.
ÁREA DE FILTRACIN. L* "e%7* !e0*l* /e- (%n!#'e*n'% *p*"e l*! (**("e7!"#(*! 'el &e'#% $#l"*n"e- el (*'*l /e en"* e! #5*l *l (*'*l /e !*le 8E(*(#,n 'e C%n"#n#'*'9.C%&% e!l"*'% 'e e!"*! '%! 6*#*)le! (%n:n"*!- p** n* &#!&* (*n"#'*' 'e $l#'% * $#l"* !e %)!e6*+ /e ! (*'*l e! #n6e!*&en"e p%p%(#%n*l *l (*'*'% 'el e!pe!% 'e l* "%"* *l $#n*l 'el p%(e!%. E!"* %)!e6*(#,n (%nlle6* /e l* &+>#&* p%'("#6#'*' !e *l(*n<* "e,#(*&en"e (%n */ell*! "%"*! 'e e!pe!% &1 $#n% (1* e!#!"en(#* !pe* * l* 'el &e'#% &#!&% $#l"*n"e. S#n e&)*5%- %"%! $*("%e! (%&% el "#e&p% p** e5ene* l* "%"*- ! '#$#(l"*' 'e 'e!(*5* 1 el (%!"e 'e n* !pe$#(#e $#l"*n"e &+! *&pl#* e>pl#(* /e en l* p+("#(* !e pe$#e* "*)*:* en (%n'#(#%ne! 'e "%"*! e!pe!*!. CA"DA DE PRESIÓN A TRAV?S DEL FILTRO L* &*1%7* 'e l%! (*!%!- l* (%&pe!#)#l#'*' 'e l* "%"* 'e $#l"*(#,n !e en(en"* en"e 6*l%e! 'e - 1 - 'e &*ne* /e l* &*1% p*"e 'el *&en"% 'e l* p3'#'* 'e (*5* 'el $l#'% e! (%n!e(en(#* 'el &e'#% $#l"*n"e. En 5ene*l- !# el *&en"% 'e pe!#,n (%nlle6* n *&en"% !#5n#$#(*"#6% 'el (*'*l % 6el%(#'*' 'e $#l"*(#,n- e! n #n'#(#% 'e l* $%&*(#,n 'e n* "%"* 5*nl*'*. En (*&)#%- p** l*! "%"*! e!pe!*! % &1 $#n*!- n *&en"% 'e l* pe!#,n 'e )%&)e% n% e!l"* en n *&en"% !#5n#$#(*"#6% 'el (*'*l 'e $#l"*'%. En %"% (*!%- l* "%"* !e (**("e#<* p% n* pe!#,n (7"#(* p% en(#&* 'e l* (*l- l* 6el%(#'*' 'e $#l"*(#,n #n(l!% '#!&#n1e. En l* p+("#(*- !e pe$#ee %pe* * n 6el%(#'*' (%n!"*n"e- e&pe<*n'% * )*:* pe!#,n- *n/e p% el e&ple% 5ene*l#<*'% 'e !#!"e&*! 'e )%&)e% (en"7$5%!- l*! (%n'#(#%ne! 4*)#"*le! !%n 'e pe!#,n 1 (*'*l 6*#*)le!. RESISTENCIA DEL MEDIO FILTRANTE L* 6*#e'*' 'e "#p%! 'e &e'#%! p%%!%! "#l#<*'%! (%&% &e'#%! $#l"*n"e! e! &1 '#6e!*- en $%&* 'e "el*! 1 $#)*! "e:#'*!- $#el"%! $#el"%! 1 $#)*! n% "e:#'*!- !,l#'%! p%%!%! % pe$%*'%!- &e&)*n*! p%l#&3#(*! % !,l#'%! p*"#(l*'%!- * l% /e !e !&* l* 5*n 5*n 6*#e' 6*#e'*' *' 'e &*"e# &*"e#*le *le! ! $#)*! $#)*! n*" n*"*le *le!!- $#)*! $#)*! !#n"3" !#n"3"#(* #(*!!- &*"e# &*"e#*le *le!! •
6
&e"+l#(%! &e"+l#(%!-- &*"e#*le &*"e#*le!! (e+&#(% (e+&#(%!! 1 p%l7&e%! p%l7&e%!.. El e$e("% 'e l* 6#!(%!#'* 6#!(%!#'*'' e! (%&% l% #n'#(*n l*! e(*(#%ne! 'e 6el%(#'*' l* 6el%(#'*' 'e $l:% 'e $#l"*'% en (*l/#e #n!"*n"e e! #n6e!*&en"e p%p%(#%n*l * 6#!(%!#'*' 'e $#l"*'%. El e$e("% 'e l* "e&pe*"* !%)e l* 6el%(#'*' 'e $#l"*(#,n 'e !,l#'%! #n(%&pe!#)le! e! e6#'en"e!%)e "%'%- &e'#*n"e ! e$e("% !%)e l* 6#!(%!#'*'.
FLUO DE FILTRADO El $l:% 'el &e'#% $#l"*n"e e! el ele&en"% $n'*&en"*l p** l* p+("#(* 'e l* $#l"*(#,n 1 ! ele((#,n e!- 4*)#"*l&en"e- l* (%n!#'e*(#,n &+! #&p%"*n"e p** 5**n"#<* el $n(#%n*&#en"% 'el p%(e!%. En 5ene*l- en"e l%! p#n(#p*le! (#"e#%! 'e !ele((#,n 'el &*"e#*l 'e &e'#% $#l"*n"e!e pe'en 'e!"*(* C%&p*"#)#l#'*' 1 e!#!"en(#* /7&#(* (%n l* &e<(l* Pe&e*)#l#'*' *l $l#'% 1 e!#!"en(#* * l*! pe!#%ne! 'e $#l"*(#,n C*p*(#'*' en l* e"en(#,n 'e !,l#'%! A'*p"*(#,n *l e/#p% 'e $#l"*(#,n 1 &*n"en#&#en"% Rel*(#,n 6#'* ;"#l 1 (%!"e CANTIDAD DE SÓLIDOS RETENIDOS El e$e("% 'el "*&*0% 'e l*! p*"7(l*! !%)e l* e!#!"en(#* 'e l* "%"* 1 l* "el* e! &1 n%"*)le. A$e("*n *l (%e$#(#en"e en l* e(*(#,n p** l* e!#!"en(#* 'e l* "%"*- 1 l%! (*&)#%! &*1%e! *$e("*n l* (%&pe!#)#l#'*'. %UMEDAD DE LA TORTA T%'*! l*! e(*(#%ne! 'e l* $#l"*(#,n 6#enen '*'*! en $n(#,n 'e C- l* (%n(en"*(#,n en )*!e *l 6%l&en 'e $#l"*'% p% l% /e !# '*n el '*"% 'e C! !e 'e)e (*&)#* (%n l* $%&l* *#)* &%!"*'*. P** "#l#<* l* $%&l*- '*+n l* 4&e'*' 'e l* "%"* en )*!e 4;&e'* % en )*!e !e(*- 'epen'#en'% 'e e!"% l%! 6*l%e! 'e 6*l%e! 'e &$ 1 &( !e )!(*n 'e l* !#5#en"e $%&* %-+& + 7&,+ @-+& M -9 8 4&e'*'2 9 = 4&e'*' %-+& + 7&,+ ,+9& M9 M 84&e'*' 2 9 4&e'*' • • • • •
7
TIEMPO DE LAVADO P** l*6* el &*"e#*l !%l)le /e pe'* /e'* e"en#'% p% l* "%"* 'e $#l"*(#,n !e "#l#<* n '#!%l6en"e &#!(#)le (%n el $#l"*'%. El *5* e! el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% &+! (%&;n. S%n #&p%"*n"e! en el '#!e0% 1 %pe*(#,n 'e n $#l"% l* 6el%(#'*' 'e $l:% 'el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% 1 el 6%l&en 'e l7/#'% /e !e e/#ee p** e'(# el (%n"en#'% 'e !%l"% en l* "%"* 4*!"* n 5*'% 'e!e*'%. An/e !%n *pl#(*)le! l%! p#n(#p#%! 5ene*le! /e !e (%&en"*n * (%n"#n*(#,n. L*! pe5n"*! n% pe'en e!%l6e!e p% (%&ple"% !#n e>pe#&en"*(#,n. El 6%l&en 'el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% /e !e e/#ee e!"+ el*(#%n*'% (%n l* e6%l(#,n (%n(en"*(#,n="#e&p% 'el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% /e *)*n'%n* el $#l"%. D*n"e l* p#&e* p*"e 'el pe#%'% 'e l*6*'% l* (%n(en"*(#,n e! (*!# (%n!"*n"e. El e$len"e (%n!#!"e )+!#(*&en"e en el $#l"*'% /e 4* /e'*'% !%)e el $#l"% 1 /e e! 'e!pl*<*'% p% el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% !#n n* '#l(#,n *pe(#*)le. *pe(#*)le. E!"* e"*p* 'e l*6*'% /e e(#)e el n%&)e 'e l*6*'% p% 'e!pl*<*&#en"%. E! el &3"%'% #'e*l p** l*6* n* "%"*. B*:% (%n'#(#%ne! $*6%*)le! '%n'e el "*&*0% 'e l*! p*"7(l*! 'e l* "%"* e! pe/e0%. E! p%!#)le e(pe* 4*!"* 'el !%l"% (%n"en#'% en l* "%"* '*n"e e!"* e"*p*. El 6%l&en 'el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% /e !e e/#ee p** n l*6*'% l*6*'% p% 'e!pl* 'e!pl*<*& <*&#en #en"% "% e! #5*l #5*l *l 6%l&en 6%l&en 'e $#l" $#l"* *'% '% /e /e 4* /e' /e'*' *'%% e"en#'% en l* "%"*. D%n'e L e! el e!pe!% 'e l* "%"* 1 3 e! l* p%%!#'*' &e'#* 'e l* "%"*. L* !e5n'* !e5n'* e"*p* e"*p* 'e l*6*'% l*6*'% !e (**("e#<* (**("e#<* p% n +p#'% + p#'% 'e!(en!% 'e l* (%n(en"*(#,n 'el e$len"e. El 6%l&en 'el l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% "#l#<*'% en e!"* e"*p* e! 'el &#!&% %'en 'e &*5n#"' /e el !*'% en l* p#&e* e"*p*. En l* "e(e "e(e** e"*p* e"*p* l* (%n(en (%n(en"* "*(#, (#,nn 'el !%l"% en el e$le e$len"e n"e +, )*:* )*:*.. Y el !%l" !%l"%% e!"*n"e e! l#>#6#*'% len"*&en"e 'e l* "%"*. S# !e "#l#<* !$#(#en"e l7/#'% 'e l*6*'% e! p%!#)le e'(# 4*!"* (*l/#e 6*l% 'e!e*'% el (%n"en#'% 'e !%l"% e!#'*l en l* "%"*. Pe% el l*6*'% 'e)e+ #n"e&p#!e (*n'% el 6*l% 'el !%l"% n% e(pe*'% !e* #n$e#% *l (%!"% 'e e(pe*l%. 4. COMO INTERPRETA LAS $RFICAS DE DE V VS = LA DE V VS V
8
PROCEDIMIENTO DE LA PRCTICA . Pep* Pep** * l* !%l(# !%l(#,n ,n * $#l"* $#l"*. . Pe!* l)! 'e *5* Pe!* l)! 'e C*)%n*"% 'e C*l(#% Pep** l* !!pen!#,n . Al#&en"* Al#&en"* l* !%l(#,n !%l(#,n *l "*n/e "*n/e &e<(l*'% &e<(l*'%.. ?. Pep* Pep** * el $#l"% $#l"% pen!* pen!* (%l%(* (%l%(*n' n'%% el &e'#% &e'#% $#l"* $#l"*n"e n"e 1 l%! &*(%! &*(%! 1 pl*"%! pl*"%! *'e(*'*&en"e. . P%ne P%ne en en &*(4 &*(4** el el &e<(l &e<(l*'% *'% A$ITACIÓN MANUAL . P%ne P%ne en &*(4* &*(4* el $#l"% $#l"% pen!* pen!* (%n el el en(en'# en(en'#'% '% 'e l* )%&)*. )%&)*. . A)# A)# l* 6+l6l* 6+l6l* 'e *l#&en"*( *l#&en"*(#,n #,n *l $#l"%. $#l"%. . A)# A)# l* 6+l6l* 6+l6l* 1 ? 1 'e !*l#'* !*l#'* 'el $#l"*'%. $#l"*'%. . C%n V+l6l* V+l6l* e5l* e5l* l* pe!#,n pe!#,n 'e "*)*:%. "*)*:%. . Se e5#! e5#!"* "* el el "#e&p% "#e&p% /e "*'* "*'* en en e(%5e e(%5e (*'* l#"% 'e $#l"* $#l"*'%. '%. . A5%"*'* A5%"*'* l* (*p*(#'* (*p*(#'*'' 'el $#l"% $#l"% (*n'% (*n'% 1* n% n% !*le $#l"*' $#l"*'%. %. Se *)e *)e el $#l"% $#l"%-!e e"#* l* "%"* 4&e'*' 'e!p3! 'e &#n"%!- 1 !e pe!* l* "%"*. . Se "%&* l* "e&pe*"* 'el $#l"*'% p** 'e"e&#n* ! 'en!#'*' 'en!#'*' 1 6#!(%!#'*' 6#!(%!#'*' . Se 'e"e&#n* el pe!% 'e "%"* !e(* 1 ! 'en!#'*'.
EGUIPO = MATERIALES •
F#l" F#l"% % Pen!* Pen!* 'e pl*( pl*(*! *! 1 &*( &*(%! %! e!"e e!"e e/#p% e/#p% e! "#l "#l#< #<*' *'%% p** p** !ep* !ep** * !%l(#%ne! /e (%n"en5*n p*"7(l*! !,l#'*! 1 l#/#'*!.
9
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T*n/e A5#"*'% e!"e e/#p% !e l% "#l#<* p** &e<(l* l* !%l(#,n 1 /e e!"* !e 4*5* 4%&%53ne* *n"e! 'e !%&e"el* * l* $#l"*(#,n.
•
C*)%n*"% 'e C*l(#% 8!%l"%9 "#l#<*'% p** l* $#l"*(#,n '#l#'% en *5*
•
A5* 8 !%l6en"e 9 l#/#'% /e 'e)e !e $#l"*'%.
•
•
•
•
P*pel P*pel $#l"*n"e $#l"*n"e 8Me&)*n 8Me&)*n*9 *9 e"#ene e"#ene l*! l*! p*"7(l*! p*"7(l*! !%l#'*! !%l#'*! 1 !e !e "#l#<* "#l#<* (%&% &e'#% $#l"*n"e. En6*!e !e "#l#<* p** e(%5e el l7/#'% $"*'%. C%n%& C%n%&e" e"% % "#l#<* "#l#<*'% '% p** p** "%&* el "#e&p% "#e&p% 'e llen*' llen*'%% 'el en6*!e en6*!e (%n el $#l"*'%. M*n,& M*n,&e" e"% % "#l#<* "#l#<*'% '% p** p** "%&* "%&* l* pe!#,n pe!#,n * l* /e !e e!"+ lle6+ lle6+n'% n'%!e !e el p%(e!% 'e $#l"*(#,n.
TABLAS
10
DATOS EWPERIMENTALES
A'& DATOS PROPORCIONADOS C&*7& + 9&/9 D+,& + 9&*7& T*& @-+& (9 /&9& H -&*9)+ 9&/9 T*& @-+& (9 -&*9) V,9,& T*& ,+9& T*& @-+& A/*& + /& *& A9@ + /& *& Volum Tiempo de V2 E,+,* + /& *& en Filtrado θ *& + /& +,8& + /& *& Lts 0.1 0.2 0.3
? l#)*! - l#)*! ?- 52l#&)?*! l#)*! - NX!2& - l#)*! 2.5876 l#)*!
ΔV
Δθ
Seg
- & -? & -Δ V/Δθ& - &
1.8
324
0.1
1.8
18
2.4
625
0.1
1.3
25
4.6
115
0.1
2.2
34
0.1
3.6
48
0.1
5.3
57
0.1
9.0
65
0.1
14.2
81
6
0.4
8.2
230 4
0.5
13.4
324 9
0.6
22.4
422 5
0.
36.6
656 1
CLCULOS Datos para la Densidad Densidad h 0,094 m b 0,0935 m L 0,026m =
=
=
%&//& D+,& + /& *&:
Volumen del cubo V B x h x L V (0,0935m) x (0,094m) x (0,026m) =
=
−
4
V 2,28 x10 m 3 =
11
Peso torta 1.6lb =
Peso torta 0,72575ki log ramos =
Densidad Densidad de la Torta 0.72575 Ki log ramos masa 4 volumen 2,28 x10 m 3 =
=
−
3183,1140 =
Kgmasa m3
%&//& *+& + /*&:
12
Área de lacircufer encia = π r 2 Área de lacircufer encia =(3.14cm) x ( 2.5cm ) 2 Área de lacircufer encia = 19.62cm 2 Área del Re c tan gulo = B x h Área del Re c tan gulo = (14.6 x 14.7 ) Área del Re c tan gulo = 214.62 cm 2
Área Total de filtrado = ! Área del rec tan gulo − ! Área de la circuferencia Área Total de filtrado = ( 214.62cm 2 ) − ! 19.63cm 2 Área Total de filtrado = 194.99cm 2
*+& + /*& * 4. P*8+ ,&-, 4 &+/ /* H +,+ 9**+,+ & *+& + /*& H& 8+ +;,+ 2 /&, , H 2 -6/+,. Área Total de filtrado ! 194.99 x( 4) Área Total de filtrado 779.96cm 2 =
=
%&//& P L* pe!#,n pe!#,n #n#(#*l #n#(#*l e! *"& 1* /e "*)*:*&%! "*)*:*&%! * l* pe!#,n *"&%!$3 *"&%!$3#(* #(* 1 l* pe!#,n $#n*l e! P!# &*(*'* en el &*n,&e"% 'el $#l"% pen!*.
13
P $ = 1 atm x
1.013 x10 5 # " m 2
P f = 2 Psi x
1 atm
6894,75 # / m 2 1 Psi
= 1.013 x105 # " m 2
= 13789,5 # / m 2
∆ P = P f − P $ ∆ P = (13789,5 # / m 2 ) − (1.013 x10 5 # / m 2 ) ∆ P = 87510,5 # / m 2
%&//& M (C9+*&9 + C&*7& + 9&/9). ' =
' =
Peso de Torta &umeda Peso de la Torta %eca
2,5876 lb 1.6 lb
= 1.6172
%&//& JK F*&99 F*&99 + +, + ,/, + ,,+,
14
(=
4,5 libras
de )a)$3 34 libras de agua + 4,5 libras de )a)$3 ( = 0.1168
%&//& J (C,&+ + R@) D+ /& '*&9& &allar &allar pendiente
Dados +ue :
* 2 − *1 81 − 34 = x 2 − x1 7−4 seg m = 16 litros 2 . m=
* 2 *1 x 2 x1
=
=
=
=
81 34 7 4
,ntercepto 41 seg / litros =
O7++ J lit lit 2 = 0.125 K = = 2 m 16 seg / lit seg lit 2
2
6 m6 lit lit 2 −7 m K = 0.125 x = 1.25 x 10 seg 1000000 lit seg lit 2
15
C6*+ ' 9 + @*&, & ,+' 2
1 hora kg masa k g masa g c = 127 x 106 m x m = 9 . 8 3600 segundos k g fuer-a * hr 2 k g fuer-a * seg 2
R++-/&&* D&, + /& E9&9 + R@ %&//&-, /& R+,,+9& R+,,+9& +,+99& + + /& *& α =
2 * 2 g
∆Ρ (1− Μ() ) µ K (
mKgm x 87510,5 # x(1 − (1,6172 * 0,1168) ) 2 m2 Kgf seg 6 3183,1140 Kgm x 0.00085 # , seg 1.25 x10− 7 m ( 0.1168) seg m3 m2
2(0.0779m 2 )2 x 9.8
α =
α
=
2,13 x1011
m Kgf Kg f
16
%&//& P*,& -+& / = 1 −
T$RT )a)$ 3
3183,1140 kg m9 / = 1 − 25876 kg m9 / = 0,1230
%&//& V/-+ F99 seg b0K 41 lit li t lit 0 0.125 = V / = 2 seg 2
V / = 2,5625 litros segundos
%&//& +- 99
17
(V − V / ) 2 = K (θ + θ / ) ( 2 + 2,5625 ) 2 litros seg = 0.125 litros seg (108 seg + θ / )
20,8164 = 13,5 + ( 0.125 θ / ) 20,8164 − 13,5 = 0.125 θ / θ /
=
7,3164
0.125 θ / = 58.5312
θ /
seg
= 58,5312 segundos x
utos = 0,9755 min utos 60 segundos 1 min
18
RESULTADOS
TABLA DE RESULTADOS $*&9&* V 6, ! $*&9&* V2 6, ! $*&9&* ! V 6, V In"e(ep"% Pen'#en"e C%n! C%n!"* "*n" n"ee 'e l* e(* (*(#,n (#,n R"4 R"4 V%l&en $#("#(#% 'e $#l"*'% T#e&p% $#("#(#% 'e l* e(*(#,n 'e R"4 Re!#!"en(#* e!pe(#$#(* e!pe(#$#(* 'e l* "%"* P%%!#'*' Me'#*
G*$#(* G*$#(* G*$#(* ? !e5n'%! 2 l#"%! ? !e5n'%! 2 l#"%! - - l#" l#"%%! 2 !e5 !e5n' n'%%! - l#"%! 2 !e5n'%! . !e5n'%! % .? &#n"%! 1.35 × 10 &2K5$ -? 12
ANLISIS DE RESULTADOS. •
An*l#<*n'% l%! e!l"*'%! %)"en#'%! p%'e&%! (%n(l# /e l* 6el%(#'*' &e'#* 'el $l#'% $e &en% 'e)#'% * /e "*)*:*&%! * pe!#,n (%n!"*n"e. L* e!#!"en(#* e!pe(7$#(* $e 1.35 × 10 &2K5$- *&en"*)* !e5;n $e!e el e!pe!% 'e l* "%"*. L* p%%!#'*' &e'#* $e -? l% /e n%! #n'#(* /e n% $e "*n *l"*- '*n'% n -? e!"% e! 'e)#'% * l* (*n"#'*' 'e *5* (%n"en#'* en l* "%"*. L* pen'#en"e 1 el #n"e(ep"% l% %)"6#&%! 'e ne!"* 5*$#(* ? ! V 6, V. 12
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19
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En l* e(*(#,n 'e R"4 'e)e&%! "ene &1 (l*% l*! n#'*'e! 'e (*'* n* 'e l*! 6*#*)le! 1 *!7 n% e/#6%(*n%!.
CONCLUSIONES En e!"* p+("#(* (%n(l#&%! /e l* pe!#,n 'e "*)*:% en el $#l"% pen!* 6*#* * &e'#'* /e el 6%l&en $e !)#en'%. T*&)#3n (%n(l#&%! /e l* "%"* /e !e $%&, *l $#n*l 'e l* p+("#(* e! n* "%"* (%&pe!#)le 'e)#'% * /e e!"*)* $%&*'* p% p*"7(l*! !,l#'*! $le>#)le!- )l*n'*! 1 l* e!#!"en(#* *l $l:% 'epen'e 'e l* (*7'* 'e pe!#,n 1 6*#% * l% l*5% 'e l* "%"*. N%! '#% n $#l"*'% (l*% e!% !#5n#$#(* /e el e/#p% /e "#l#<*&%! e! el (%e("% p** $#l"* n* !%l(#,n 'e *5* 1 (*)%n*"% 'e (*l(#% 'e)#'% * /e el "*&*0% 'e !! p*"7(l*! $e%n e"en#'* p% el &e'#% $#l"*n"e "#l#<*'% 1 l* !!"*n(#* * $#l"* e* /7&#(*&en"e #ne"e 1 n% "%>#(*. C%n%(#&%! l%! p#n(#p#%! )+!#(%! 'e l* $#l"*(#,n 1 ! e&ple% (%&% %pe*(#,n n#"*#* en l* #n'!"#*. C%&pen'#&%! el $n(#%n*&#en"% 1 l*! p*"e! 'el $#l"% pen!* 'el l*)%*"%#% 'e %pe*(#%ne! n#"*#*!.
RECOMENDACIONES •
• •
•
• •
M*n#pl* *'e(*'*&en"e (*'* n* 'e l*! 6+l6l*! 'e p*!% 'el e/#p% 'e $#l"*(#,n. Tene &(4% (#'*'% *l &*n#pl* l* )%&)*. L* *5#"*(#,n 'el "*n/e n% 'e)e7* !e &*n*l- #&ple&en"* n *5#"*'% p** /e el &e<(l*'% & e<(l*'% !e* 4%&%53ne%. Se e(%&#en'* el*)%* n* )en* &e&)*n* $#l"*n"e- /e e!"e *(%'e * l*! &e'#'*! 'e l*! pl*(*! 1 'e l%! &*(%! 1 /e e!"e )#en )#(*'* en l* (+&** 'e $#l"*(#,n en &e'#% 'e l*! pl*(*! 1 l%! &*(%!. Re*l#<* n* )en* &e<(l* *n"e! 'e #n"%'(#l% *l !#!"e&* 'e $#l"*(#,n. A)# l* ll*6e 'e e(#(l*(#,n 'e $l#'% *n"e! 'e (%&en<* * *l#&en"* * l* (+&** 'e $#l"*(#,n 1* /e *!7 e6#"*&%! /e l*! l7ne*! 'e *l#&en"*(#,n !e "*p%nen p% #n(!"*(#%ne!
20
NOMENCLATURA SIMBOL O ρ ρ
μ α
Mw W
∆P gc
*& CO3C&
DESCRIPCIÓN Den!#'*' 'e l* "%"* Den!#'*' 'el C*)%n*"% 'e C*l(#%. V#!(%!#'*' Re!#!"en(#* e!pe(#$#(* 'e l* "%"* Pe!% "%"*l 4;&e'*2 Pe!% "%"* !e(*. F*((#,n en pe!% pe!% 'e !,l#'%! en !!pen!#,n !!pen!#,n 8-9 8-9 D#$een(#* 'e pe!#,n * "*63! 'el le(4% 85$2&9 C%n!"*n"e '#&en!#%n*l X 8 & K52K5$49
V f
P%%!#'*' &e'#* Spe$#(#e 'e $#l"*(#,n en & C%n!"*n"e- e!"+n "%'*! l*! (**("e7!"#(*! 'el l7/#'% 1 'el !%l#'% /e (%&p%nen el l7/#'% ")#% /e #n"e6#enen en el p%(e!%. Pen'#en"e 'e l* 5+$#(* In"e(ep"% 'e l* 5+$#(* V%l&en $#("#(#% 'el $#l"*'%
θf
T#e&p% ne(e!*#% ne(e!*#% p** /e !e p%'<(* l* "%"* $#("#(#*
F
A k
m b
BIBLIO$RAF"A M(C*)e- S&#"4- H*#%". . Ope*(#%ne! Un#"*#*! en In5en#e7* Q7&#(*. M3>#(% M( G* H#ll. 21
APENDICE $RAFICAS
22
23
