UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL DEPARTAMENTO DE HIDRÁULICA LABORATORIO LABORATORIO DE FLUIDOS (1368) PROF. JURGEN TORRES
FUERZA SOBRE COMPUERTA (CANTIDAD DE MOVIMIENTO)
INTEGRANTES (GRUPO 3) LUIS ESCOBAR EDEL!N LUCENA AVELINO AVELINO MEDINA CARLIS RAMÍREZ
CARACAS" OCTUBRE DE #$1%.
CONTENIDO INTRODUCCI&N..........................................................................1 OBJETIVOS..................................................................................# PROCEDIMIENTO E'PERIMENTAL...........................................# MATERIALES MATERIALES ! EUIPOS............... EUIPOS........................ ...........................................% ..................................% DATOS DATOS E'PERIMENTALES......... E'PERIMENTALES.................. ................. ...................................... .............................. RESULTADOS ! ANALISIS........................................................1$ CONCLUSIONES.............. CONCLUSIONES....................... .................. ................. ................. ...............................1 ......................1 BIBLIOGRAFÍA.............. BIBLIOGRAFÍA....................... .................. .................. ................. ................. ..........................18 .................18
TABLAS Y GRAFICOS
T*+,* T*+,* N-1 P/0, 24/05*, **2 *+*7 9 ,* 5:4/;* ........... T*+,* N-# D2;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 2+/ , 0=9 9, 5*=*,....8 T*+,* T*+,* N-3 D2;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 2+/ ,* 5*/* 9 ,* 5:4/;*................. 5:4/;*.......................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .......................... .......................> ......> G/?05 N-1 D2;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 @ 4/0, 9 **................> **................> F/* N- 1 R2*,; H9/?,5................... H9/?,5............................ ................................1% .......................1% F/* N- # F/*2 2+/ =* 5:4/;* 4,*=*......................1
INTRODUCCIÓN
E= ==/* 2 9=:=* 5*=*, * =* 5=2;/55<= 92;=*9* *, ;/*=24/; 9 0,92 =/*,:=; ;,*9* 4*/* **" ,* 5*, * 90/=5* 9 ,*2 ;+/*2" 2 *+/;* * ,* *;:<20/*. E= , 5*=*, 2;9*:2 , 5:4/;*:=; 9, 0,9 *, ;=/ 4/2=; =* 5:4/;* 9/?,5*" , 5*, 2 = 9242; 9/?,5 :5?=5 92;=*9 * /,*/ , 4*2*7 9 ** = = 5*=*, @ = /;9/ 9 4*/9 9,*9*2" , 5*, 2 =* 2;/5;/* 92;=*9* * 4/:;/ , 4*2" ,+/ 5=;/,*9 9, **" = = 25//:=; 24/05*," 2=9 , *,*9/ = 5,2* 4*/* , 92*. U= 5*=*, 5= = /;9/ 9 4*/9 @ 5= 5:4/;* =2 4/:; *,*/ ,* ,@ 9 5=;=9*9 @ ,* 5*=;9*9 9 ::=; = , 5*=*, /=;*,. A, 2;9*/ , 5:4/;*:=; 9 0,7 4/2=; = , 5*=*, /5;*=,*/ 5= 5:4/;*" 4 9:2 +;=/ = 2;9 4/,:=*/ 9 ,* 5*=;9*9 9 ::=; 4*2* * ;/*2 9 =* 255<= 9, 5*=*, 4/ =9*9 9 ;:4" ;*:+= 49:2 9;/:=*/ 4/:=;*,:=; ,* 92;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 2+/ ,* 5:4/;* 4,*=* @ *4,5*/ ,*2 5*5=2 9 /2*,; 9/?,5 4*/* 5*=*,2 /5;*=,*/2" 2*+=9 ,*2 90/=;2 *,;/*2 9, /2*,; 9/?,5 @ 2 ;/*;* 9 = 0,7 4/:*==; 2 49 +;=/ , /:= 9, /2*,;. E= ,* 4/?5;5* 49/:2 *,9*/ ,2 9*;2 4/:=;*,2 5= ,2 9*;2 ;
1
OBJETIVOS
*) V/05*/ ,* *5;;9 5= ,* 5*, 2 +;= ,* 0/* *5;*=; 2+/ =* 5:4/;* :9*=; ,* *4,5*5<= 9 ,* 5*5<= 9 5*=;9*9 9 ::=;. +) D;/:=*/ 4/:=;*,:=; ,* 92;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 2+/ =* 5:4/;* 4,*=*. 5) E2;:*/ 4/:=;*,:=; , 505=; 9 5=;/*55<= 9 =* 5:4/;* 4,*=* @ ,* 92;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 = ,* =* 9 *5,/*5<= 2+/ , 0=9 9, 5*=*,. 9) V/05*/ ,*2 *,;/*2 5=7*9*2 *4,5*9*2 = = /2*,; 9/?,5 ) A4/=9/ * ;,*/ , 4 9 +:+ 9, ,*+/*;/ @ /*,*/ *0/2 5= /;9/2 9 4*/9.
PROCEDIMIENTO EXPER IMENTAL
1. S 9=;05< , 4 * ;,*/ = , L*+/*;/" ,*2 5==2 4:;/5*2 929 , +*=5 9 4<:;/2 *2;* ,2 *7/2 4:;/52 2;?= = ,* 5*/* 9 ,* 5:4/;*" , /;9/ 9 4*/9 9,*9* 2 =5=;/* = ,* 925*/* 0=*, 9, 5*=*, 9 =2*@2" ,* ,,* 9 4/* 2 =5=;/* 2+/ , +*=5 9 4<:;/2" ,2 :99/2 9 4=;*" ;5.
2
#. S =5=9< , 4 9 +:+ 2 =5=;/* = 4,*=;* +*7*" 4/*:=; /05*=9 ,* ?,,* 9 ;+/* 9 :4,2<= 2 =5=;/*/* 5//*9*.
3. S 9=;05< , =K:/ @ ,* 5=<= 5//24=9 * ,2 *7/2 4:;/52 9 ,* 5*/* 9 ,* 5:4/;* 2 *=;*/= 2;2 9*;2. ,
4.
S *//*=5< , 4 9 +:+ 2 =5=;/* = 4,*=;* +*7*" :*=;==9 5//*9* ,* ,,* 9 4*2 9, 5*=*, 9 5:4/;*.
. S :*=; 5//*9* ,* ,,* 5//24=9 *, 5*=*, 9 5:4/;*. L 2 *+/< ,* 5:4/;* 5= =* *+/;/* 9 8 5:" :99* 929 , 0=9 9, 5*=*,.
6. S 4/59< * 4/*/ ,2 4<:;/2 9, 0=9 9, 5*=*, /=;*, /;=9 ** 2+/ 5*9* ;+ 9, +*=5 4:;/5" 5= ,* :*=/* 2 =5=;/* 9+*7 9, 5*=*,.
. S *=;*/= ,*2 ,5;/*2 * ,* 5*, ,,*= ,*2 5,:=*2 4:;/5*2 = , +*=5 9 4<:;/2.
3
8. S 4/59/= * 4/*/ ,2 4<:;/2 9 ,* 5:4/;* 9 ,* :2:* 0/:* ,2 4=;2 9, 0=9 9, 5*=*," 2 *+/< ,* ,,* 9 4*2 *, 5*=*, *2;* 2;*+,5/ 4*/* ,* *+/;/* 9 5:4/;* 9 85:.
>. S *=;*/= ,*2 ,5;/*2 2 /2;/*= = , +*=5 9 4<:;/2 @ ;*:+= ,* ,5;/* 2 /2;/* = , :99/ 9, 4 9, /;9/ /5;*=,*/ 4*/* *0/2. L* 90/=5* =;/ ,2 *,/2 /2;/*92 = , +*=5 9 4<:;/2 ( 4 γ ) @ ,*2 ,5;/*2 5/ ;:*9*2 = , 4*2.
1$.S :*=; , *2; 5=2;*=; @ 2 ;,*/= ,2 :99/2 9 4=;* 2;?= 2+/ , 5*=*," 5= , +7; 9 :9/ ,* */*5<= 9 ,* 24/05 ,+/ 929 ,* 5*/* 9 ,* 5:4/;* *2;* ,* 4/0=99*9 9 ** 2 :*=;=* 4/?5;5*:=; 5=2;*=;.
11. S :< ,* 5:4/;* 9 5,* +5*9* *, 0=9 9, 5*=*, *2;* 2;*+,5/ = /2*,; 9/?,5 = , 5*=*,. C= , :99/ 9 4=;* 2 :9< ,* 4/0=99*9 *=;2 @ 9242 9, /2*,;.
1#.S 5//< ;;*,:=; ,* ?,,* 9 4*2" 2 24/< * = , /;9/ 9 *0/2" , =, 9 ** 2; * ,* *,;/* 9 ,* 5/2;* @ , 2 /2;/< ,* ,5;/* 5/ 9, /;9/.
4
MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS
*) C*=*, 9 9/ 5= 5:4/;* 92,*=; @ 5:4/;* 9 5,*. +) E4 9 +:+ 9, L*+/*;/. 5) V/;9/ /5;*=,*/ 9 4*/9 9,*9*" 5= 4 :99/. 9) M99/2 9 4=;*. ) B*=5 9 4<:;/2 *+/;2. 0) L,* 9 4/* 4*/* 4<:;/2.
Conce!o" B#"$co"% P&$nc$$o" 'e $'&o"!#!$c * P$e+o,e!&- P&$nc$$o 'e P"c.% E2; 4/=54 ==5* 5*=9 2 7/5 =* 4/2<= 2+/ ,* 24/05 9 = ,9 2;* 2 ;/*=2:; 5= *, =;=29*9 = ;9*2 ,*2 9/55=2.
5
P&$nc$$o 'e A&/0-,e'e"% E2; 4/=54 2;*+,5 5*,/ 5/4 2<,9 2 =5=;/ 2:/9 ;;*, 4*/5*,:=; (942;*9) = = 0,9 2/? :47*9 = 9/55<= *25=9=; 4/ =* 0/* *, *, 42 9, ,:= 9, ,9 4/ , 5/4 2<,9.
Ec0c$1n 'e Con!$n0$''% L* 5=2/*5<= 9 ,* :*2* 9 0,9 * ;/*2 9 92 255=2 (2*= 2;*2 A1 @ A#) 9 = 5=95; (;+/*) ;+ 9 5//=; 2;*+,5 ,* :*2* =;/* 2 *, * ,* :*2* 2*,.
P&$nc$$o 'e Be&no0..$% E2; 4/=54 ==5* ,* =/* = = 4=; 9 = ;+" 4/ , 5// 0,9" 2/? *, * ,* 9 ;/ 4=; = , :2: ;+ 4/ , 4*2* , :2: 0,9 :=2 ,*2 4/99*2 4/ 5=95=2 9, ;+ (4/99* 4/ 0/55<= @ ,5*,*9*2).
Ene&2- E"ec-3$c ,* =/* 24505* = = 5*=*, 2 90= 5: ,* =/* 9, ** = 5*,/ 255<= 9, 5*=*, :99 5= /245; *, 0=9 9 2;. L* =/* 24505* 9 =* 255<= 2 *, * ,* 2:* 9 ,* 4/0=99*9 9, ** @ ,* *,;/* 9 ,59*9.
Coe3$c$en!e 'e con!&cc$1n (Cc)% S 9=:=* *, 505=; 9 5=;/*55<= *, 55=; =;/ ,* *,;/* 9, 5// = ,* 5=;/*55<=" !#" @ , ?/* 9, /05 *" 2 ,,*:* 505=; 9 5=;/*55<= C5.
Coe3$c$en!e 'e 'e"c&2 (C')% , 505=; 9 925*/* 2 = 0*5;/ *9:=2=*, 5*/*5;/2;5 9 ,* ?,,*" 4/:; 5*,5,*/ , 5*9*, () 5= , 92:+*,2* =* ?,,* = 0=5<= 9, =, 9, 0,9 = , 5*=*,.
N0,e&o 'e F&o0'e% E, /:= 9, 0,7 94=9 9 F. •
•
•
F < 1 regimen subcritico
F =1 regimen critico F > 1 regimen supercritico ¿
6
E, /2*,; 9/?,5 2 , 5*:+ /4=;= 9 /:= 24/5/;5 * /:= 2+5/;5 (9 =* *,;* ,59*9 * =* +*7* ,59*9).
F.04o "o5&e 6e&!e'e&o"% E, /;9/ 2 = 9 ,2 *4*/*;2 :?2 *=;2 @ :?2 2=5,,2 2 49* 2*/ 4*/* :9/ ,2 5*9*,2 = ,2 5*=*,2. P9= 2*/2 =/*,:=; 5*=9 *@ =* 90/=5* = =, = = 5*=*, 9 *4/:*9*:=; 1 5: :?2. T= =* 25;*9/* * ;/*2 9 ,* 5*, 5// , **. D *5/9 * ,* 0/:* 9 95* 25;*9/* 2;2 2 5,*205*= = ;/*=,*/2" /5;*=,*/2 @ ;/*49*,2 C4,;;. L2 ;/2 ;42 2= 9 5/2;* *9* 5/2;* *0,*9*" , 5*, 2=05* , 242/ 9 ,* 5/2;* = ,* 9/55<= 9, 0,7 2 :=/ 9 # ::. S , :*;/*, 9, /;9/ 2 :?2 /2 ,2 # ::.
P&o$e''e" 'e. 3.0$'o 0!$.$+'o (T Q # C) γ (agua )
1$$$ :3
A* 1$6 :#2
DATOS EXPERIMENTALES
TABLA N-1 PE RFIL SUPERFICIAL AGUAS ABAJO DE LA COMPUERTA 7
P=;
7 8 9 :; :: :< := :> :? :@ :7 :8 :9 <; <: << <= <>
! S4/05 (:) $"$8 $"$6% $"$6% $"$6# $"$6% $"$6% $"$6% $"$63 $"$66 $"$68 $"$ $"$1 $"$ $"13 $"18 $"1>% $"#1 $"#$> $"#$8 $"#$8 $"#$8 $"#$ $"1>> $"1>8
! 0=9 (:) $"$$> $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$$> $"$$> $"$$> $"$$> $"$$> $"$$> $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$1 $"$11
! (:) $"$6> $"$% $"$% $"$# $"$% $"$% $"$ $"$% $"$ $"$> $"$61 $"$6# $"$6 $"163 $"1 $"18% $"# $"1>> $"1>8 $"1>8 $"1>8 $"1> $"18> $"18
' (:) $ $"$#1 $"$ $"# $"3 $"%8 $"% $"8% $"> 1"$% 1"#38 1"36# 1"%1 1"6#1 1"> #"$1% #"131 #"#% #"%> #"6%3 #"83 #"8% 3"$8# 3"#18
TABLA N-# DISTRIBUCI&N DE PRESIONES S OBRE EL FONDO DEL CANAL
8
P$e+1,e!& + (,) + (,) (,) o (,) $"$% $"### $"168 $ 7 $"$3% $"#13 $"1> $"$#1 8 $"$8 $"1>3 $"113 $"$ 9 $"$# $"1# $"$8 $"# :; $"$ $"1 $"$# $"3 :: $"$1 $"$>8 $"$# $"%8 :< $"$6> $"$> $"$#8 $"% := $"$63 $"1$3 $"$% $"8% :> $"$6 $"1$1 $"$3% $"> :? $"$6 $"1$3 $"$36 1"$% :@ $"$6 $"1$3 $"$36 1"#38 :7 $"$68 $"11# $"$%% 1"36# :8 $"$6 $"1%6 $"$> 1"%1 :9
<< <= <>
$"$6 $"$63 $"$6# $"$6% $"$63 $"$6# $"$6 $"$66 $"$68
$"163 $"16% $"13 $"1% $"16 $"1 $"18% $"186 $"11
$"$>8 $"1$1 $"111 $"11 $"113 $"113 $"11> $"1# $"1$3
#"$1% #"131 #"#% #"%> #"6%3 #"83 #"8% 3"$8# 3"#18
TABLA N-3 DISTRIBUCI&N DE PRESIONES SOBRE LA CARA DE LA COMPUERTA
P$e+1,e!& o :
+ (,) $"66
+ (,) $"1 9
(,) $"$%
P&e"$1n(2 3) %
< = > ? @
$"36 $"3 $"#6 $"16% $"136
$"%1 $"%1 $"38 $"3# $"#>3
$"$ $"$6 $"113 $"163 $"1
$ 6$ 113 16$ 1
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
$"#
altura del agua
0.3
presión sobre el fondo fuerza so bre la copuerta
0.2 0.1
-0.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
!"#
GRÁFICO N-1 DISTR IBUCI&N DE PRESIONES ! PERFIL DE AGUA
RESULTADOS Y ANLISIS
S /*,< = 4/:9 9 ,*2 *,;/*2 4*/* 49/ +;=/ ,2 *,/2 4/:=;*,2 * 5:4*/*/ @ *=*,*/. 10
A=5 9, 5*=*, (+) Q $"%$:.
A.!0& 'e 20 en e. cn. en .
A.!0& 'e 20 en e. cn. en .
+on S05c&-!$c (De"0" 'e.
+on S0e&c&-!$c (An!e" 'e.
&e".!o) (c,)
&e".!o)(c,) ;H:9>
;H;?=
Coe3$c$en!e 'e Con!&cc$1n (Cc)
FIGURA N-1 COEFICIENTES DE CONTRACCI &N ! DESCARGA
V*,/ 4/:=;*,
11
Y ₂ Altura de agua ( supercrítico ) = a abertura dela compuerta
Cc=
0,053
Cc=
0,08
= 0,6625
V*,/ ;
A, +25*/ = , /?05 9, ,+/ M5?=5* E,:=;*, 9 L2 F,92" J*= J2 B,=**" =5=;/*:2 , *,/ 2 C5Q$"61.
L* 90/=5* =;/ , *,/ 4/:=;*, @ , *,/ ;
Coe3$c$en!e 'e 'e"c&2 (C')% V*,/ 4/:=;*, Cd =
Cc
√(
1+
Cc∗a Y 1
)
12
Cd =
√(
1+
0,61 0,61 ∗0,08 0,40
)
=0,58
V*,/ ;
E= , ,+/ M5?=5* E,:=;*, 9 L2 F,92" J*= J2 B,=** (1)" 5=2:2 , /?05 *//7* = *,/ ;"%3 9, *,/ ;
C0'. (Q) U2*:2 ,*2 5*5=2
C0'. !&6" 'e 0n co,0e&! .n (Q) Q=Cd∗a∗B √ 2 g∗Y 1 Q=0,58∗0,08 m∗0,40 m √ 2 ( 9,81 m / s )∗0,40 m 2
3
Q=0,052 m / s 3
•
•
m Q= caudala trav é s dela compuerta ( ) s cd = coeficiente de descarga de lacompuerta ( adimensional )
13
•
•
•
a =altura de abertura de lacompuerta ( m)
B =ancho delcanal ( m) y 1=alturadel flujo, aguasarriba dela compuerta
C0'. !&6" 'e 0n Ve&!e'e&o &ec!n20.& 'e c&e"! 'e.2' (Q) S :9< ,* 90/=5* 9 *,;/*2 9*=9 *2 $"1#:. A4,5*=9 ,* 0/:,* =2 9* 3 /2
Q=1,27 C ! "
•
•
•
Q=Caudal ( lps)
" =altura de agua sobrela cresta del vertedero ( cm ) C ! =0,605 + 0,00219 " +
1
"
Q=1,84∗0,40 m∗√ ( 0,12 m) =0,0306 m / s 3
3
Ve&$3$cc$1n 'e . &o30n'$'' 'e. &e".!o $'�.$co S=9 @# 4/0=99*9 *=;2 9, /2*,; @ @3 , 9, /2*,;" 2*=9 , =K:/ 9 F/9 F =
F 2 =
# 2
√ g∗ y 2
1,530 m / s
√ 9,81 m / s 2∗0,053 Q #"1# 1 (S4/5/;5)
H*,,*:2 ,* ,59*9 3 2 ,* ,59*9 9242 9, /2*,; 5= , 5*9*, 5*,5,*9 * ;/*2 9 = /;9/ /5;*=,*/.
14
# 3=
0,0306 0,194 $ 0,40
=0,39 m / s
C= ,* ,59*9 3 *,,*:2 F , 9, /2*,; F 3 =
0,39 m / s
√ 9,81 m / s ∗0,194 m 2
=0,282 > 1
(S+5/;5)
A/* 2 5*,5,* @3 ; Y 2 2
(
)
O+;==9 @3Q$"13 E, *,/ 4/:=;*, 9 @3 0 $"1>%
F=*,:=; 2 +;= , *,/ ;
= y 2 Q$"$6
E, *,/ 4/:=;*, 9 @# 0 $"$3 L2 *,/2 9 *,;/* :992 2= 5/5*=2 * ,2 *,/2 ;
Ene&2- E"ec-3$c * P&'$' 'e Ene&2- en e. Re".!o
15
FIGURA N- # RESALTO HIDRÁULICO
C*,5,*=9 ,* E=/* *=;2 9, /2*,; 2
( 1,53 ) # " 2=Y 2 + =0,053 + =0,172 m 2g 2∗9,81 2
C*,5,*=9 ,* E=/* 24505* 9242 9, /2*,;
( 0,39 ) # = 0,194 + =0,201 m " 3=Y 3 + 2g 2∗9,81 2
2
P*/* ,* 4/99* 9 =/* 9, /2*,; 9/?,5 2 ;,< ,* 2=; 0
E= , /2*,; 9/?,5 2 924* =/*" 2;* 2 ,* 5*,5,*9* @ 5:4/+*9* *=;//:=;.
$1 F0e&+" "o5&e . co,0e&! (R)
%& '1 (&1
$2
16
'2 (&2
FIGURA N- 3 FUE RZAS SOBRE UNA COMPUERTA PLANA
∑ F$ = '(Q % #$ ∑ F$ = F 1− )$ − F 2 A, *,*/" 2 +;=
∑ F$ = F 1− )$ − F 2 = '(Q ( # −# ) 1
2
D=9 Q1 *gf F 1= γ ( agua )
Y 1 2
( Y b )=1000
m
3
1
2
*gf F 2= γ ( agua )
Y 2 2
( Y b )=1000
∗0,40 m
m
2
3
∗( 0,40 m .0,40 m )=32,00 *gf
∗0,053 m 2
∗( 0,053 m .0,40 m )=0,56 *gf
P/ 5*5<= 9 5=;=9*9
17
3
# 2=
0,0306 m / s 0,020 m
2
=1,530
m s
3
# 1=
0,0306 m / s 0,37 m .0,40 m
=0,206
m s
L =2 9* ,* 0/* /2,;*=; ;
)$ = F 1− F 2 − '(Q ( # 2 −# 1 )
(
)
m m 3 )$ =32,00 *gf − 0,56 *gf −( 102∗ 0,052 m / s 0,206 − 1,530 ) s s )$ =24,41 *gf
F/* /2,;*=; 4/:=;*, D ,*2 4/2=2 2+/ ,* 5*/* 9 ,* 5:4/;* ;=:2
T=:2 , ?/* 2 $"$16:# =;=52
+=
F A
E=;=52 ,* 0/*
)$ = +∗ A =585 gf ∗0,016 m 2= 9,36 gf
18
CONCLUSIONES
A, 0=*,*/ ,* 4/?5;5* @ /*,*/ ,2 5?,5,2 4/;==;2 2 ,,< * ,*2 2=;2 5=5,2=2 •
S 49/= 5:4/+*/ ,2 505=;2 9 5=;/*55<= @ 925*/* =5=;/*92
•
;
•
:9*=; ,*2 0
9*9*2
*=;2
9 /*,*/
,* 4/?5;5* 4*/* 925*/;*/
•
5*5=2. S /?05 ,* 92;/+5<= 9 4/2=2 @ 2 +2/* ,*2 90/=;2 */*+,2
•
*5;*=;2 * , ,*/ 9, 5*=*,. (F/*" 4/2<= @ *,;/* 9, **). S *4/=9< * ;,*/ , 4 9 +:+ 9 ,*+/*;/ @" ,*2 90/=;2 //*:=;*2 2*9*2 = ,* /*,*5<= 9 ,* 4/?5;5*.
19
BIBLIOGRAFA
F=;2 I:4/2*2 1. J*= J2 B,=**. M5?=5* E,:=;*, 9 L2 F,92. C*/*5*2" #$$. #. I=;/955<= * ,* M5?=5* 9 L2 F,92. R. R5* V,*. F=;2 E,5;/=5*2 1. WWW.9;5=.;=.9.*/:5*=5*X0,92:5*=5*X0,92X#.490 #. 0,92.*.9.5...0/*2+/5:4/;*0/*22+/5:4/;*.;:, 3. WWW.025*==/*.2/2/529/2;*;5*.490
20
