FACULTA FACULTADA DA DE ARQUITECTURA ARQUITECTUR A Y DISEÑO CURSO: PROCESOS CONTRUCTIVOS II
ESTRUCTURAS PRE Y POS TENSADAS
ALUMNOS:
PIMINCHUMO GANOZA LISSETH MARIN YUCRA GRACIELA RODRIGUEZ DAVILA YESSICA CACEDA RODRIGUEZ DANIEL PINEDO JORGE
DOCENTES:
FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y DISEÑO
Arq. JUAN CARLOS GASTAÑADUI
pág.
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!NDICE CAR"TULA.......................................................................................................... !NDICE..................................................................................................................# .
INTRODUCCI INTRODUCCI$N... $N......... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............. ............. ............ ............ .............. .........% .%
#.
DESARROLL DESARROLLO..... O........... ............ ............ ............. ............. ............ ............ ............ ............ .................... ............................... ...................& ..& I.
ANTECE ANTECEDEN DENTE TES.. S..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ......... ......... ....
II. DEFINICIONES '"SICAS........................................................................ A. CONCRETO PRE TENSADO....................................................................
A. VENTAJAS ((((((((((((((((((((((((. A.# DESVENTAJAS................................................................................... A.% MATERIALES .................................................................................... A.4 PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO.............................................................
'. CONCRETO POS TENSADO................................................................... B.1 VENTAJAS........................................................................................... B.2 DESVENTAJAS.................................................................................. B.2 ESPESOR DE LOSAS POS TENSADAS .......................................... B.2 MATERIALES...................................................................................... B.2 MATERIALES PARA LOS ANCLAJES ............................................... B.2 PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO............................................................ B.2 ESTAPA ESTAPA DE TRANSFERENCIA TRANSFER ENCIA ......................................................... B.2 ESPECIFICACIONES DE LOS CABLES ........................................... B.2 CABLE TRENZADO............................................................................
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REFERENCIA REFERENCIAS S 'I'LIOGR" 'I'LIOGR"FICAS. FICAS....... ............. ............. ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............. .......
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. IN INTR TROD ODUC UCCI CI$N $N En el presente informe se tratara de explicar del método del presforzado, que son tanto el pretensado como el postensado, trataremos sobre sus ventajas y desventajas, proceso constructivo, como de sus aplicaciones en losas y vigas; también se hablara sobre los diversos materiales que se emplean en estos trabajos, que son materiales de alta resistencia, tanto el concreto como el acero. Explicaremos el método del hormigón presforzado, el cual se obtuvo su patente en !"" pero se empezó a usar hasta la década de los cuarenta, debido a la guerra. Este método se divide en dos el pretensado y el postensado. #a principal diferencia entre estos dos métodos radica en el tensado de los cables de acero, ya que el hormigón pretensado como su nombre lo dice se tensa antes del vertido del concreto, mientras que en el sistema postensado, los cables se tensan luego del vaciado y de que el concreto consiga su resistencia m$xima.
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2.
DESARROLLO #. A,-/0 A,-/0,-1: ,-1: En 1866 en Cal!"#na $e "%&'(" 'na )a&en&e *el +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*" )e#" !'e -a$&a !nale$ *e la *+a*a *e l"$ +'a#en&a$ +'an*" #eal/en&e $e e/)e,0 a *e$a##"lla# *e%*" a la #an e$+a$e, *e a+e#" 'e )#e$en&0 E'#")a )a#a $e# #e+"n$'*a al !nal,a# la II 'e##a /'n*al. Se +"n$*e#a a E'ene F#e3$$ne& +"/" el )a*#e *el +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*". l )en$0 'e el )#e$!'e#," )"*#5a $e# /'3 &l al &ene# *$)"n%l*a* *e a+e#" *e al&a #e$$&en+a +"n +"n+#e&" *e al&a +al*a*. E$&"$ /a&e#ale$ !'e#"n )#"#e$an*" len&a/en&e 3 !'e -a$&a 1728 +'an*" l"#0 +"n$e'# 'na )a&en&e *e e$&"$ 3 )'%l+a# el l%#" Una #e("l'+0n #e ("l'+0n en el a#&e *e la +"n$'++0n9 )e#" l"$ nene#"$ *e e$a )"+a $')'$e#"n 'e e#a 'na *ea n"(ele$+a 3a 'e n'n+a al+an,a#5a ;&". Sn e/%a#" -'%" al'n"$ +"/" Manel en Bl+a 3 <"3e# en Ale/ana 'e #e+"n"+e#"n $' !'&'#" -a+en*" $'## *ea$ %=$+a$ *e l"$ $$&e/a$ *e )#e$!"#,a*"$ 3a 'e en $' )"+a -a+5an !al&a. Se +"n&a%a +"n n'e(a$ -e##a/en&a$ 3 /a&e#ale$ )"# l" 'e !'e#"n l"$ nene#"$ e'#")e"$ 'ene$ en+a%e,a#"n el n'e(" /&"*" *e +"n$'++0n 'e a+a)a#0 la a&en+0n *el #e$&" *el /'n*". Al'n"$ e>e/)l"$ e>e/)l"$ $e *an en E$&a*"$ Un*"$ *e%*" a 'e $e -a%5a an&+)a*" el '$" *e e$&e /a&e#al &'%e#5a$ )l"&e$ *e)0$&"$ )a#a a'a e&+. Pe#" n" !'e -a$&a 17?1 'e #eal/en&e $e '&l,0 el (e#*a*e#" +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*" al -a+e# el )#/e# )'en&e (e-+'la# *e e$&e /a&e#al. En 17?2 $e +#e0 'na $"+e*a* n&e#na+"nal %a>" el n"/%#e *e F*#a&"n In&e#na&"nale *e la P#+"nan&e @FIP en Ca/%#*e. S' "%>e&(" e#a *$e/na# el '$" *e e$&e /a&e#al 'e en e$e en&"n+e$ n" e#a /'3 +"n"+*". E$&" -," 'e en (a#a$ )a#&e$ *el /'n*" $e +#ea#an "a$ $"+e*a*e$ 3 $e !"/en&0 a 'n n&e#+a/%" *e n!"#/a+0n. P"# l" ene#al la la%"# *el FIP $e #eal,a +alla*a/en&e )"# +"/$"ne$ &+n+a$ 'ene$ n(e$&an l"$ a$)e+&"$ e$)e+ale$ *e la &e+n"l"5a *el +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*" )#")"#+"nan*" #e+"/en*a+"ne$ #e+"/en*a+"ne$ )a#a /&"*"$ *e *$e" 3 +"n$'++0n 3a 'e +a*a 4 a"$ $e +ele%#a 'n +"n#e$" 'e aae a la /a3"#5a *e la$ a'&"#*a*e$ /'n*ale$ /=$ #ele(an&e$ en la /a&e#a. El )#e$!"#,a*" -a -e+-" )"$%le la +#ea+0n *e e$'+&'#a$ 'e $n e$&e /&"*" n" $e -'%e#an )"**" l"#a#. Sn e/%a#" e;$&e 'n n/e#" l/&a*" *e /e*"$
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D"$ *e la$ a)l+a+"ne$ /=$ /)"#&an&e$ 'e &ene el )#e$!"#,a*" $e -an #eal,a*" 3 *e$a##"lla*" al +"n$'# #an*e$ e$'+&'#a$ /a#5&/a$ @)'e#&"$ &e#/nale$ !'e#a *e la +"$&a )la&a!"#/a$ !>a$ ! >a$ 3 !l"&an&e$ )a#a la )#"*'++0n *el )ele" 3 e$&a+"ne$ *e ene#5a n'+lea#. A$/$/" e$ )"$%le 'e 'e el +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*" n+#e/en&e n+#e/en&e $' )a#&+)a+0n en en la +"n$'++0n *e )'en&e$ 3 l"$ *e!en$"#e$ *el +"n+#e&" *e al&a #e$$&en+a +"/)&an +"n l"$ *e!en$"#e$ *el +"n+#e&" ale#a*" $"%#e la /e>"# !"#/a *e +"n$'++0n. Al +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*" &a/%n $e le +"n"+e +"/" +"/" )#e +"/)#/*" e$&" $n!+a 'e an&e$ *e e/)e,a# $' (*a *e a%a>" $e le a)l+an e$!'e#,"$ *e +"/)#e$0n en a'ella$ ,"na$ *"n*e $e *e$a##"lla#=n e$!'e#,"$ *e &en$0n %a>" +a#a$ *e a%a>".
#.#. D23,3/34,1: A. C4,/r C4,/r-4 -4 Pr -,150 -,1504 4 El -"#/0n $e (e#&e al#e*e*"# *e &en*"ne$ &en$a*"$. E$&e /&"*" )#"*'+e 'n %'en (5n+'l" ene el &en*0n 3 el -"#/0n el +'al )#"&ee al &en*0n *e la ";*a+0n 3 )e#/&e la an$!e#en+a *#e+&a *e &en$0n. El -"#/0n " +"n+#e&" +'#a*" $e a*-e#e a la$ %a##a$ 3 +'an*" la &en$0n $e l%e#a e$ an$!e#*a -a+a el -"#/0n en !"#/a *e +"/)#e$0n )"# /e*" *e la !#++0n. Sn e/%a#" $e #e'e#en !'e#&e$ )'n&"$ *e an+la>e e;&e#"#e$ ene l"$ 'e el &en*0n $e e$&#a 3 l"$ &en*"ne$ e$&=n ene#al/en&e en 'na l5nea #e+&a. P"# l" &an&" la /a3"#5a *e ele/en&"$ )#e&en$a*"$ *e e$&a !"#/a $"n )#e!a%#+a*"$ en &alle# 3 *e%en $e# an$)"#&a*"$ al l'a# *e +"n$'++0n l" 'e l/&a $' &a/a". Ele/en&"$ )#e&en$a*"$ )'e*en $e# ele/en&"$ %al+0n *n&ele$ l"$a$ *e )$" (a$ *e !'n*a+0n " )l"&e$. El )#e&en$a*" )'e*e '$a#$e en la "%#a +'an*" $e #e'e#a *e 'n #an n/e#" *e 'n*a*e$ $/la#e$ )#e!a%#+a*a$ )e#" n"#/al/en&e $e lle(a a +a%" en la )lan&a *"n*e 3a -an $*" )#e(a/en&e +"n$'*a$ /e$a$ )e#/anen&e$ *e &en$a*". El /&"*" /=$ e!e+&(" e$ el *e )#"*'++0n a #an e$+ala en la 'e 'n +e#&" n/e#" *e 'n*a*e$ an=l"a$ $e )#"*'+en $/'l&=nea/en&e. L"$ &en*"ne$ *e a+e#" $e &en$an ene la$ )la+a$ *e an+la>e $&'a*a$ en +a*a e;e/" *e 'na /e$a la#a *e &en$a*". D+-a$ )la+a$ $e en+'enan $")"#&a*a$ )"# #an*e$ $e++"ne$ *e a+e#" a-"a*a$ en 'n /a+," *e +"n+#e&" @/'e#&" *e an+la>e en +a*a
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an+la>e 3 la$ ('e&a$ *e a)"3". La$ )la+a$ *e an+la>e $"n )la+a$ #'e$a$ *e a+e#" +"n a'>e#"$ )"# *"n*e l"$ ala/%#e$ " &"#"ne$ )'e*en n"*'+#$e 3 an+la#$e. L"$ e;e/"$ *e +a*a 'n*a* &enen 'n &")e 'e $e &ala*#a *e a+'e#*" +"n la +"l"+a+0n *e l"$ &en*"ne$ #e'e#*"$ 3 *el *=/e" *e l"$ ala/%#e$ " &"#"ne$ '&l,a*"$. L"$ &"#"ne$ " ala/%#e$ $e a##a$an a &"*" l" la#" *e la /e$a *e &en$a*" en-e%#=n*"$e en l"$ &")e$ 3 en la$ )la+a$ *e an+la>e 'e !nal/en&e $e $'>e&an al a)"3" !>". En el "" e;e/" *e la /e$a el &en$a*" $e n+a 'na (e, 'e -a3an $*" +"l"+a*"$ &"*"$ l"$ ala/%#e$. L"$ +a%le$ $e e$&#an )a#a le(an&a#l"$ *e la /e$a 3 a)l+a# la +a#a. P'e*e &"/a#$e le+&'#a *e la e;&en$0n 3 +"/)a#a#$e +"n el (al"# +al+'la*" )e#" +"/" *e -e+-" l"$ &en*"ne$ &enen l%e#&a* *e /"(/en&" e$ la !'e#,a en el +a%le la 'e #e($&e 'na /)"#&an+a )#/"#*al. En $e'*a $e an+la el ala/%#e 3 $e *e$+a#a el a&". La $e+'en+a *el &en$a*" n" e$ /'3 /)"#&an&e en el )#e&en$a*" )e#" e$ e$en+al 'n &en$a*" )#e+$".
%istema pretensado
En el )#e&en$a*" la a*-e#en+a ene el a+e#" &en$a*" 3 el +"n+#e&" $"n *e (&al /)"#&an+a 3 en $&a *e%e )#e(e#$e 'e el a+e#" 'e*e l%#e *e +'al'e# /a&e#al &al +"/" el a+e&e " #a$a *e l"$ /"l*e$ 'e n&e#!e#a +"n la a*-e#en+a. Pa#a "%&ene# 'na +"/)a+&a+0n +"/)le&a *el +"n+#e&" $e *e%en *e e/)lea# (%#a*"#e$
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)#e&en$a*a$ $e +"n$'3en *e e$&a /ane#a n" )#")"#+"na el '$" /=$ e!+en&e *e la !'e#,a *e )#e$!'e#," en l" 'e #e$)e+&a # e$)e+&a a /e/%#"$ a !le;0n *e $e++0n +"n$&an&e.
A. V,-5751 FALTAAA A.# D18,-5751 FALTA A.% M5-r3591 La /a&e#a )#/a ne+e$a#a )a#a la !a%#+a+0n *e la$ )e,a$ *e -"#/0n e$&= +"/)'e$&a )"# +e/en&" a#ea*"$ a'a *'+&"$ 3 &en*"ne$ *e a+e#" " &a/%n )'e*e $e# e/)lean*" -"#/0n )#e!a%#+a*" #e!"#,a*" +"n &en*"ne$ *e a+e#" e$&=n*a#. El -"#/0n e/)lea*" en *+-"$ ele/en&"$ e$ n"#/al/en&e *e #e$$&en+a /=$ al&a 'e el *e la$ e$'+&'#a$ +"la*a$ en "%#a a$/$/" $e e/)lea a+e#" *e al&a #e$$&en+a )a#a el )#e$!'e#," 'e )'e*a $")"#&a# la$ &en$"ne$ a la$ 'e $e#= $"/e&*".
A/r4: ene#al/en&e el #e!'e#," '&l,a*" en el )#e$!'e#," e$ en !"#/a *e ala/%#e$ *e al&a #e$$&en+a a la &en$0n e$&#a*"$ en !#5" " (a#lla$ *e alea+0n en +"n>'n&" )a#a !"#/a# &"#"ne$.
C59: #')" *e &en*"ne$.
T,0;,: Ele/en&" e$&#a*" 'e $e '$a )a#a an$/&# )#e$!'e#,"$ en 'n ele/en&" *e +"n+#e&". L"$ &en*"ne$ )'e*en +"n$$&# *e ala/%#e$ n*(*'ale$ e$&#a*"$ en !#5" (a#lla$ " &"#"ne$.
A95<r: L"$ ala/%#e$ en $' *=/e" *e$*e 2 -a$&a 8 // )e#" el *=/e" /=$ )e'e" *e '$" ene#al )a#a ele/en&"$ e$'+&'#ale$ e$ *e 4 // 3 )'e*e $'/n$a#$e 3a $ea +"/" $e e;ae9 " )#e$&#a*"9. La )#/e#a +"n*+0n +"n$$&#= *e #"ll"$ )#"(enen&e$ *el la/na*" +"n 'na +'#(a&'#a na&'#al. El ala/%#e 'e -a $*" )#en*e#e,a*" /e*an&e 'n )#"+e$" 'e +"/)#en*e 'n
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T4r;,: #')" *e ala/%#e$ &"#+*"$ en !"#/a *e -l+e al#e*e*"# *e 'n e>e l"n&'*nal +"/n el +'al $e !"#/a /e*an&e 'n ala/%#e #e+&". E;$&en 2 &)"$ %=$+"$ *e &"#0n )a#a )#e$!'e#," +"n G " 17 ala/%#e$. S' ele++0n *e)en*e *el #a*" *e !le;%l*a* 3 #e$$&en+a #e'e#*a$. El /=$ )")'la# e$ el *e G ala/%#e$ 3 $e '$a ene#al/en&e en &a/a"$ *e$*e 6.4 -a$&a 18// *e *=/e" e;&e#"#.
A.4 SISTEAMS H EUIPOS : FALT FALTA A A.? PROCESO CONTRUCTIVO: CONTRUCTIVO: FALT FALTA A
'. C4,/r C4,/r-4 -4 P41 P41 -,1 -,1504 504:: Se *en"/na $$&e/a )"$&en$a*" a la &)"l"5a *e +"n$'++0n *e ele/en&"$ e$'+&'#ale$ *e -"#/0n $"/e&*"$ n&en+"na*a/en&e a e$!'e#,"$ *e +"/)#e$0n )#e("$ a $' )'e$&a en $e#(+". D+-"$ e$!'e#,"$ $e +"n$'en /e*an&e +a%le$ *e a+e#" 'e $"n &en$a*"$ 3 an+la*"$ al -"#/0n. L51 94151 p41-,15051 +"n$$&en en l"$a$ +"la*a$ en $&" )"$&en$a*a$ /e*an&e el '$" *e +a%le$ *e a+e#" " &"#"ne$ *e al&a #e$$&en+a *$)'e$&"$ $en 'n a,a*" )a#a%0l+" 3 an+la*"$ a a($ *e +'a$ a $'$ an+la>e$ e;e/"$. Una (e, +"la*a la l"$a +a*a +a%le e$ &en$a*" en !"#/a n*e)en*en&e $en la$ n*+a+"ne$ *el )#"3e+&" ene#an*" *e e$&a /ane#a 'na +"/)#e$0n en &"*a $' $e++0n 3 'n %alan+e" *e la$ +a#a$ en el +en" *e $&a$. La !le;%l*a* *el $$&e/a "!#e+e /e>"#e$ )"$%l*a*e$ +#ea&(a$ )a#a el *$e" )e#/&en*" /a3"#e$ l'+e$ )lan&a$ l%#e$ 3 e$'+&'#a$ /=$ e$%el&a$. E$ /)"#&an&e *e$&a+a# 'e +"n e$&e $$&e/a )'e*en el/na#$e la$ (a$ a*+"nale$ e$&=&+a$ l"#=n*"$e a$5 'na /a3"# al&'#a &l *e )$" a )$" 3 *e>an*" /a3"# e$)a+" )a#a la n$&ala+0n *e *'+&"$ 3 $e#(+"$. E$&" )e#/&e #e$"l(e# )#"%le/a$ *e #a$an&e a$5 +"/" en al'n"$ e*!+"$ en al&'#a a#ea# )$"$ a*+"nale$ $n /"*!+a# la al&'#a &"&al *el e*!+" " %en
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+/ #e!"#,a*a +"n /alla ele+"$"l*a*a " /alla *e ala/%#e &)" allne#" l'e" $e +"l"+an l"$ +a>"ne$ ale#an&e$ $e '%+a el #e!'e#," *e a+'e#*" al )lan" e$'+&'#al $e !'n*e el -"#/0n 3 !nal/en&e en la )a#&e $')e#"# *el ale#an&e $e !'n*e 'na +a)a @*a!#a/a /"n"l5&+a +"n la$ ne#(a*'#a$ *e la l"$a 3 *e 'n"$ ? +/ *e e$)e$"# .
'.+ M5-r3591
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A95<r1 0 5/r4 -
e+'&a en !#5" l" 'e /"*!+a n"&a%le/en&e $'$ )#")e*a*e$ /e+=n+a$ e n+#e/en&a $' #e$$&en+a. P"$&e#"#/en&e $e le$ l%e#a *e e$!'e#,"$ #e$*'ale$ /e*an&e 'n a&a/en&" +"n&n" *e +alen&a/en&" +alen&a/en&" -a$&a "%&ene# "%&ene# )#")e*a*e$ /e+=n+a$ $')e#"#e$. $')e#"#e$.
L41 595<r1 r04,041: Se '$an en la +"n$'++0n *e +"n+#e&" )#e$!"#,a*" )"$&en$a*" 3 "+a$"nal/en&e en "%#a$ )#e&en$a*a$. L"$ ala/%#e$ n*(*'ale$ $e !a%#+an la/nan*" en +alen&e ln"&e$ *e a+e#" -a$&a "%&ene# (a#lla$ #e*"n*a$. De$)'$ *el en!#a/en&" la$ (a#lla$ $e )a$an a a($ *e "'ele$ )a#a #e*'+# $' *=/e" -a$&a el &a/a" #e'e#*". En el )#"+e$" *e e$&a ")e#a+0n *e e$&#a*" $e e>e+'&a a%a>" en !#5" $"%#e el a+e#" l" +'al /"*!+a #an*e/en&e $'$ )#")e*a*e$ /e+=n+a$ e n+#e/en&a $' #e$$&en+a. L"$ ala/%#e$ $e !a%#+an en *=/e"$ *e 4 ? 6 G 7.4 3 1 // 3 l a$ #e$$&en+a$ (a#5an ene 16 3 17 K+/2. L"$ ala/%#e$ *e ? 6 3 G )'e*en &ene# a+a%a*" l$" *en&a*" 3 *en&a*". *en&a*".
T4r;,: Se !a%#+a +"n $e&e ala/%#e$ !#/e/en&e &"#+*"$. S'$ )#")e*a*e$ /e+=n +a +"/)a#a*a$ +"n la$ *e l"$ ala/%#e$ /e>"#an n"&a%le/en&e $"%#e &"*" la a*-e#en+a. La #e$$&en+a #e$$&en+a a la #')&'#a e$ *e 17 K+/2.
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)#"*'+en )#"*'+en en *=/e"$ 'e 'e (a#5an *e 12 -a$&a 189.
'.) M5-r3591 p5r5 941 A,/9571.
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M490 0 p413/3;, Se +la(a al /"l*a>e )a#a )"$&e#"#/en&e al -"#/"na*" #e&#a#l" *e /ane#a 'e )"*a/"$ &en$a# el +a%le.
C?@51 Una (e, #e&#a*" el /"l*e *e )"$+0n $e n"*'+en (e#&+al/en&e *"$ +'a$ 'e n"$ )e#/&#=n &en$a# el +a%le.
'.* Pr4/03<3,-4 /4,1-r?/-384 El )#"+e*/en&" +"n$'+&(" +"/en,a +"n la n$&ala+0n *el $$&e/a *e /"l*a>e el +'al )'e*e $e# *e +'al'e# &)" *$)"n%le en el /e#+a*". E$&e )#"+e*/en&" $e $/)l!+a en !"#/a +"n$*e#a%le 3a 'e )"# l" ene#al n" +'en&a +"n (a$ -a+en*"
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+a(*a* /e*an&e 'n /"#&e#". D$)"$+0n *e l"$ /"l*e$ en en la %a$e 3 el )e#5/e" . D$)"$+0n
#. Se +'%#e +"n la #e>lla *e en!e##a*'#a e$)e+!+a*a en l"$ )lan"$ *e e$'+&'#a %. Se n$&ala el $$&e/a *e &en*"ne$. Tan&" Tan&" el la*" )a$(" +"/" el a+&(" *e%en !>a#$e +"n(enen&e/en&e a la a#/a*'#a a#/a*'#a *e #e!'e#," 3 al /"l*a>e. +. Se *$)"ne *e 'na $e'n*a #e>lla $ el +=l+'l" e$'+&'#al l" e$)e+!+a Se (e#&e el -"#/0n ). Se
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Se +"n$*e#an la$ +"n*+"ne$ *e $e#(+" &"/an*" en +'en&a e$!'e#,"$ )e#/$%le$ *e!"#/a+"ne$ 3 a#e&a/en&"$ 3 la$ +"n*+"ne$ *e #e$$&en+a l&/a *e &al /ane#a 'e a*e/=$ *e al+an,a# la #e$$&en+a a*e+'a*a $e "%&ena 'na !alla *+&l @el ele/en&" +'an*" al+an,a $' #e$$&en+a /=;/a e/)e,a a &ene# *e!"#/a+"ne$ )e#" /an&ene el n(el *e #e$$&en+a
'.& E1p/323/5/34,1 0 941 /591 El '$" *e +a%le$ *e a+e#" *e al&a #e$$&en+a )a#a el )"$&en$a*" e$ ne+e$a#" )"# #a,"ne$ !5$+a$ %=$+a$. La$ )#")e*a*e$ /e+=n+a$ *e e$&e a+e#" &al +"/" l" #e(elan l a$ +'#(a$ *e e$!'e#,"*e!"#/a+0n $"n al" *!e#en&e$ *e a'ella$ *el a+e#" +"n(en+"nal '$a*" )a#a el #e!'e#," *el +"n+#e&".
T3p41 0 S31-<51 0 P41-T,1504: 5B P41-,1504 3,-r,4 '$" e;&en$" 3 +"/n. B P41-,1504 E-r,4 )a#a )'en&e$ #e)a#a+"ne$ 3 "a$ a)l+a+"ne$. El P"$&Ten$a*" In&e#n" $e $'%*(**a a $' (e, en:
5.B S31-<5 N450r304 /"n"!la/en&" +'%e#&" +"n #a$a n-%*"#a *e +"##"$0n 3 )#"&e*" +"n 'na +a)a!"##" *e )l=$&+". 5.#B S31-<5 A0r304 *e 'n" " /=$ !la/en&"$ n$&ala*"$ en &'%"$ " *'+&"$ )l=$&+"$ "
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#a*" 2? 3 2G l"$ +'ale$ &enen 'na #e$$&en+a l&/a /5n/a *e 1G2 3 186 N//2 #e$)e+&(a/en&e e$&an*" e$&a$ %a$a*a$ en el =#ea n"/nal *el +a%le.
%. C4,/ C4,/9? 9?13 134, 4,1 1 De la n!"#/a+0n #e+"*a en e$&e a%a>" a +e#+a *el +"n+#e&" )#e &en$a*" 3 )"$ &en$a*" $e )'e*e llea# a la$ +"n +"n+l'$"ne$:
El -"#/0n )#e&en$a*" 3 )"$&en$a*" $e #e!e#e la &)"l"5a *e +"n$'++0n *e ele/en&"$ e$'+&'#ale$ *e -"#/0n $"/e&*"$ n&en+"nal/en&e a e$!'e#,"$ *e +"/)#e$0n )#e("$ a $' )'e$&a en $e#(+".
E$&a$ &+n+a$ $e e/)lean )a#a $')e#a# la *e%l*a* na&'#al *el +"n+#e&" a l"$ e$!'e#,"$ *e &en$0n.
Pa#a l"#a# $')e#a# e$&a *e%l*a* a la &en$0n *el +"n+#e&" $e '&l,an ala/%#e$ *e a+e#" &"#+*"$ al#e*e*"# *e 'n e>e l"n&'*nal lla/a*"$ &"#"ne$.
L"$ *=/e"$ *e l"$ ala/%#e$ '&l,a*"$ (an *e$*e 2 -a$&a 8 //.