UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL
AA223 QUÍMICA II INFORME DE LA SEGUNDA PRACTICA DE LABORATORIO.
EXTRACCIÓN LIQUIDO-LIQUIDO. GUPO: LOS CHALONES INTEGRANTES: CARLOS HERRERA, CRISTIAN DAVILA DAV ILA MARTINEZ, NICOLAS ESPINOZA TRUCIOS, ROMARIO JARA TREBEJO, MAYCOL MAYCOL
PROFESOR: CHIRINOS COLLANTES, HUGO DAVID.
LIMA 22 DE ABRIL DEL 2016 EXTARCCIÓN LIQUIDO-LIQUIDO
OBJETIVOS: GENERALES
Separaci! "e #$#%a!cia# e&p'ea!"( "i#(')e!%e# apr(pia"(#.
ESPECIFICOS
O*#er)ar "e%a''a"a&e!%e '(# +e!&e!(# $e (c$rre! e! !$e#%ra prac%ica "e 'a*(ra%(ri(. C(¶r 'a e+icie!cia e!%re $!a e-%racci! #i&p'e $!a e-%racci! &/'%ip'e.
METODLOGIA: MATERIALES
U! )a#( "e precipi%a"( "e 01 &'. E# $! recipie!%e ci'2!"ric( "e )i"ri( *(r(#i'ica%a"( +i!(, #e $%i'i3a para preparar ( ca'e!%ar #$#%a!cia#, #e 'e# e!c$e!%ra "e *aria# capaci"a"e# "e#"e 4 &' 5a#%a "e )ari(# 'i%r(#. U!a pera "e "eca!%aci!. E# $! e'e&e!%( "e )i"ri( $e #e p$e"e e!c(!%rar e! '(# 'a*(ra%(ri(#, $e #e e&p'ea para #eparar "(# '2$i"(# i!&i#ci*'e#. E! 'a par%e #$peri(r pre#e!%a $!a e&*(ca"$ra %ap(!a*'e p(r 'a $e #e pr(ce"e a car6ar #$ i!%eri(r. E! 'a par%e i!+eri(r p(#ee $! 6ri+( "e cierre ( ''a)e "e pa#( $e per&i%e re6$'ar ( c(r%ar e' +'$7( "e '2$i"( a %ra)8# "e' %$*( $e p(#ee e! #$ e-%re&( &9# *a7(. T$*(# "e e!#a(. E! $! pe$e:( %$*( ci'2!"ric( "e )i"ri( c(! $! e-%re&( a*ier%( ;$e p$e"e p(#eer $!a %apa< e' (%r( cerra"( re"(!"ea"(, $e #e $%i'i3a! e! '(# 'a*(ra%(ri(# para c(!%e!er pe$e:a# &$e#%ra# '2$i"a# ( #'i"a#, a$!$e p$e"e! %e!er (%ra# +a#e#, c(&( rea'i3ar reacci(!e# $2&ica# e! pe$e:a e#ca'a. U!a pipe%a "e 41 &'. E# $! i!#%r$&e!%( )('$&8%ric( "e 'a*(ra%(ri( $e per&i%e &e"ir 'a a'2c$(%a "e $! '2$i"( c(! *a#%a!%e preci#i!. S$e'e! #er "e )i"ri(. E#%9 +(r&a"a p(r $! %$*( %ra!#pare!%e $e %er&i!a e! $!a "e #$# p$!%a# "e +(r&a c!ica, %ie!e $!a 6ra"$aci! ;$!a #erie "e &arca# 6ra*a"a#< c(! 'a $e #e i!"ica! "i#%i!%(# )('/&e!e#. U!a pi#e%a. E# $! recipie!%e ci'2!"ric( c(! pic( 'ar6(, #e $%i'i3a c(! '2$i"(# "i#(')e!%e# c(&( $! e$ip( "e 'a)a"(. U! #(p(r%e. Se $%i'i3a para $e #$7e%e 'a pera "e "eca!%aci!. U!a 6ra"i''a. S(p(r%e "(!"e #e c('(ca! '(# %$*(# "e e!#a(.
REACTIVOS
R(7( "e Me%i'( ;=1 &'<. E# $! i!"ica"(r "e PH, Ac%/a e!%re pH >,? @,= )aria!"( "e#"e r(7( ;pH >,?< a a&ari''( ;pH @,=<. P(r '( %a!%(, per&i%e "e%er&i!ar 'a +(r&aci! "e 9ci"(# $e #e pr("$ce! "$ra!%e 'a +er&e!%aci! "e $! car*(5i"ra%( Fr&$'a C40H40 N=O?. C'(r(+(r&( ;=1 &'<. E# $! c(&p$e#%( $2&ic( "e +r&$'a $2&ica CHC'=. P$e"e (*%e!er#e p(r c'(raci! c(&( "eri)a"( "e' &e%a!( ( "e' a'c(5(' e%2'ic( (, &9# 5a*i%$a'&e!%e e! 'a i!"$#%ria +ar&ac8$%ica, $%i'i3a!"( 5ierr( 9ci"( #(*re %e%rac'(r$r( "e car*(!(. E' c'(r(+(r&( +$e #i!%e%i3a"( "e +(r&a i!"epe!"ie!%e p(r "(# 6r$p(# e! 4=4 Lie*i6 ''e) a ca*( 'a e#ci#i! a'ca'i!a "e c'(ra', &ie!%ra# $e S($*eirai! (*%$)( e' c(&p$e#%( p(r 'a acci! "e *'a!$ea"(r "e c'(r( %a!%( #(*re e' e%a!(' 'a ace%(!a. E! 4=0,D$&a# prepar 'a #$#%a!cia &e"ia!%e 'a e#ci#i! a'ca'i!a "e 9ci"( %ric'(r(ac8%ic(. Re6!a$'% prepar c'(r(+(r&( p(r c'(raci! "e&(!(c'(r(&e%a!(. E! 'a "8ca"a "e 401, e' c'(r(+(r&( #e pr("$c2a c(&ercia'&e!%e &e"ia!%e e' pr(ce"i&ie!%( "e Lie*i6, $e c(!#er) #$ i&p(r%a!cia 5a#%a 'a "8ca"a "e 4@1. H( e! "2a, e' c'(r(+(r&( 7$!%( c(! e' "ic'(r(&e%a!( #e prepara e-c'$#i)a&e!%e "e +(r&a &a#i)a &e"ia!%e 'a c'(raci! "e &e%a!( &(!(c'(r(&e%a!(. E-peri&e!%( 4. E-%racci! #i&p'e. A6re6a&(# e! $!a pera 40"e&' "e 'a S('$ci! "e "eca!%aci! "e Me%i'( . R(7( Y a6i%a&(# #$a)e&e!%e
40 &' "e C'(r(+(r&(
S('$ci! ac$(#a "e r( ( S('$ci! ac$(#a "e r(7( "e &e%i'(
S('$ci! c'(r(+r&ica
Decantam
E-peri&e!%( ?. E-%racci! &/'%ip'e.
S('$ci! c'(r(+r&ica
De7a&(# rep(#ar 5a#%a $e #e "i#%i!6a! 'a# "(# +a#e#.
5 ml
40 &' R(7( "e Me%i'(
5 ml
1ra decantación 2da decantación
Solución clorofórmica Solución clorofórmic Solución clorofórmica
5 ml
3ra decantación Solución acuosa rojo de metilo
L$e6( &e3c'a&(# 'a# %re# #('$ci(!e# c'(r(+r&ica#.
MARCO TEORICO: 4. PROPIEDADES DE LOS LUIDOS UTILIZADOS. S(*re 9ci"(# *a#e# !(# ce!%rare&(# e! '(# +$!"a&e!%(# "e 'a pr9c%ica "e e$i'i*ri(# 9ci"(*a#e a#2 c(&( '(# +$!"a&e!%(# "e '(# e$i'i*ri(# $2&ic(#, p(r e''(, &e!ci(!are&(# p(c( e! re'aci! a '( $e e#%a pr9c%ica "ar2a "e #2 e! #$ par%e %erica c(&( '(# 9ci"(# *a#e#, e$i'i*ri(#, pri!cipi( "e Le C5a%e'ier,PH U! "i#(')e!%e e# $!a #$#%a!cia '2$i"a $e "i#$e')e ( "i#(cia a (%ra #$#%a!cia e! $!a +(r&a &9# e'e&e!%a', $e !(r&a'&e!%e e#%9 pre#e!%e e! &a(r ca!%i"a" $e e#a (%ra #$#%a!cia. E' a6$a, p(r e7e&p'(, e# $! "i#(')e!%e "e 'a #a' c(&/!. U!a ca!%i"a" "e #a' c(&/! ;c'(r$r( "e #("i(< &e3c'a"a c(! a6$a #e "i#(cia e! #$# c(&p(!e!%e#, i(!e# #("i( c'(r(, $e aca*a! p(r "i#per#ar#e e! e' a6$a. E! e#%e ca#(, e' a6$a e# e' "i#(')e!%e, 'a #a' e# e' #('$%( 'a &e3c'a e# 'a "i#('$ci!. Si! e&*ar6(, e' #('$%( !( e# #'( $! c(&p(!e!%e pa#i)( ( i!er%e "e 'a "i#('$ci!. Ta!%( e' "i#(')e!%e c(&( e' #('$%( #e p$e"e! c(!#i"erar ac%i)(#. U! "i#(')e!%e p$e"e p(#eer $!a c(&p(#ici! c(&p'e7a, p(r e7e&p'(, e' a'c(5(' $%i'i3a"( para +a*ricar 'a# ''a&a"a# %i!%$ra# c(!%ie!e #ie&pre $! 0 ( &9# "e a6$a. L(# "i#(')e!%e# %ie!e! $! )a'(r c(&ercia' par%ic$'ar. S(! $! c(&p(!e!%e i&p(r%a!%e "e 'a# pi!%$ra#, 'aca# pr("$c%(# +ar&ac8$%ic(#, #e $%i'i3a! para pr("$cir &a%eria'e# #i!%8%ic(#.
Se'ecci(!a!"( e' "i#(')e!%e a"ec$a"(, #e p$e"e #eparar $! i!6re"ie!%e ( 6r$p( "e i!6re"ie!%e# "e $!a #$#%a!cia c(&p'e7a. E#%e pr(ce#( #e ''a&a e-%racci! c(! "i#(')e!%e#. P(r e7e&p'(, $! "i#(')e!%e p$e"e e-%raer $!a +ra6a!cia ( #a*(r "e $!a p'a!%a ( #$#%a!cia a!i&a'. U!a )e3 "i#$e'%a, #e p$e"e c(!ce!%rar 'a +ra6a!cia ( #a*(r e)ap(ra!"( e' "i#(')e!%e. E! $! pr(ce#( "e e-%racci! c(! "i#(')e!%e# *ie! "i#e:a"(, e' "i#(')e!%e #e rec$pera #e )$e')e a $%i'i3ar $!a (%ra )e3. L(# #i#%e&a# "e e-%racci! p(r &e"i( "e "i#(')e!%e# "e*e! #er "i#e:a"(# &a!e7a"(# c(! &$c5( c$i"a"(. P(r e7e&p'(, e' #a*(r "e $!a +r$%a !( #e "e*e a $!a #$#%a!cia i!"i)i"$a', #i!( a $!a c(&*i!aci! c(&p'e7a "e #$#%a!cia#. La e#e!cia "e +re#a# %ie!e &9# "e 1 c(&p(!e!%e#, e' #a*(r "e !ara!7a &9# "e 1. Si 'a# pr(p(rci(!e# "e e#(# c(&p(!e!%e# ca&*ia! "e*i"( a' pr(ce#( "e e-%racci! c(! "i#(')e!%e#, e' ar(&a ( e' #a*(r p$e"e! #er a'%era"(# i!"e*i"a&e!%e. E-i#%e! "i#(')e!%e# ''a&a"(# p('are# "i#(')e!%e# p('are#, %ie!e! e! c(&/! $e "i#$e')e! #$#%a!cia#, per( #e "i+ere!cia! e! $e "i#$e')e! &e7(r #$#%a!cia# c(! $!a c(&p(#ici! p('ar ap('ar re#pec%i)a&e!%e. E#%( #e "e*e a $e 'a c(&p(#ici! "e 'a# &('8c$'a# "e "i#(')e!%e # p('are# 'e# pr()ee "e $!a p('ari"a" e#%r$c%$ra', $e 5ace $e "i#$e')a! #$#%a!cia# p('are# a ca$#a "e i!%eracci(!e# "e %ip( "e, p(r e7e&p'(, c(&( e! e' ca#( "e' a6$a, "e car6a parcia'. La &('8c$'a "e a6$a !( p(#ee car6a !e%a, per( #$ 6e(&e%r2a %ria!6$'ar 'a e'ec%r(!e6a%i)i"a" "e #$# 9%(&(# ;&$c5( &a(r 'a "e' (-26e!(< 5ace! $e '(# e'ec%r(!e# ;c(! car6a !e6a%i)a< e#%8! &9# cerca!(# a' 9%(&( "e (-26e!( crea!"( $!a car6a parcia' !e6a%i)a a're"e"(r "e 8#%e 9%(&( $!a car6a parcia' p(#i%i)a a're"e"(r "e' 9%(&( "e 5i"r6e!(, '( $e a$"a a $e e#%a# &('8c$'a# "e a6$a %ire! "e 'a# "e&9# &('8c$'a# a "i#(')er #e6/! 'a car6a $e %e!6a!, e# "ecir, #e6/! #i #(! ( !( p('are#. L( $e (c$rre e! !$e#%ra pr9c%ica e# $! e$i'i*ri( e!%re "(# +(r&a# "e $! c(&p$e#%( $e "epe!"e! "e' PH "e' &e"i( para #er 'a# pre"(&i!a!%e#, #i e' &e"i( e# 9ci"(, !e$%r( ( *9#ic( pre#e!%ar9 $!a "e 'a# +(r&a#. A%e!"ie!"( a e#%( a '( "e+i!i"( a!%eri(r&e!%e #(*re 'a p('ari"a" '(# "i#(')e!%e# p('are# ap('are#, p("e&(# "ecir $e !$e#%ra #$#%a!cia c$a!"( #e e!c$e!%re e! #$ +(r&a i!ica #er9 &9# #('$*'e e! e' "i#(')e!%e p('ar, e' a6$a, &ie!%ra# $e c$a!"( #e e!c$e!%re e! #$ +(r&a !e$%ra #er9 &9# #('$*'e e! e' "i#(')e!%e ap('ar. Para c(!#e6$ir 'a +(r&a i!ica ( !e$%ra "e !$e#%r( c(&p$e#%(, #('( %e!"re&(# $e aci"i+icar , *a#i+icar ( !e$%ra'i3ar e' &e"i(, "e ac$er"( a' P "e 8#%e, "e &a!era $e #i %e!e&(# $! &e"i( !e$%r(, c(&( e' Pa "e 'a #$#%a!cia e# cerca!( a =, e#%a #e e!c(!%rar9 e! #$ +(r&a i!ica, #i '( aci"i+ica&(# #e e!c(!%rar9 e! #$ +(r&a !e$%ra.
2 DECANTACIN. La "eca!%aci! e# $! pr(ce#( +2#ic( "e #eparaci! "e &e3c'a e#pecia' para #eparar &e3c'a# 5e%er(68!ea#, e#%a# p$e"e! #er e-c'$#i)a&e!%e '2$i"( K '2$i"( #'i"( K '2$i"(. La "eca!%aci! #e *a#a e! 'a "i+ere!cia "e "e!#i"a"e# e!%re '(# "(# c(&p(!e!%e#, $e 5ace $e "e7a"(# e! rep(#(, a&*(# #e #epare! 5a#%a #i%$ar#e e' &9# "e!#( e! 'a par%e i!+eri(r "e' e!)a#e $e '(# c(!%ie!e. De e#%a +(r&a, p("e&(# )aciar e' c(!%e!i"( p(r arri*a ;#i $ere&(# %(&ar e' c(&p(!e!%e &e!(# "e!#(< ( p(r a*a7( ;#i $ere&(# %(&ar e' &9# "e!#(<.
Pri!cipa'e# %ip(# "e "eca!%aci!
D!"#$%#"&'$ !(%)%&"# P$e"e pr(ce"er#e p(r i!%er&i%e!cia, ''e!a!"( $! "ep#i%( e! e' $e e' a6$a per&a!e3ca e! rep(#( "$ra!%e )aria# 5(ra#, )acia!"( a c(!%i!$aci! 'a capa #$peri(r "e a6$a 5a#%a $! !i)e' p(r e!ci&a "e' "e '(# +a!6(# "ep(#i%a"(#. P$"e #er i!%ere#a!%e e#%e pr(ce"i&ie!%( para i!#%a'aci(!e# pr()i#i(!a'e#, per( e! $!a e-p'(%aci! i!"$#%ria', #ie&pre e# pre+eri*'e $%i'i3ar $! "eca!%a"(r e! circ$'aci! c(!%i!$a, c(! e' +i! "e e)i%ar +rec$e!%e# i!%er)e!ci(!e# &a!$a'e#. E' "eca!%a"(r e#%9 c(!#%i%$i"( p(r $! "ep#i%( rec%a!6$'ar ( circ$'ar. Para $e #e "ep(#i%e! '(# +a!6(#, e# preci#( $e 'a )e'(ci"a" a#ce!#i(!a' "e' a6$a #ea i!+eri(r a 'a )e'(ci"a" "eca2"a "e 'a# par%2c$'a#, '( $e, !a%$ra'&e!%e, "epe!"e "e 'a "e!#i"a" %a&a:( "e 'a# &i#&a#. L(# "eca!%a"(re# e#%9%ic(# "e*e! +$!ci(!ar pre+ere!%e&e!%e "e +(r&a re6$'ar, p$e#%( $e #i''a# )ariaci(!e# "e ca$"a' pr()(ca! 'a +(r&aci! "e re&('i!(# $e 5ace! $e '(# +a!6(# #$*a! a 'a #$per+icie. I6$a'&e!%e, c$a'$ier )ariaci! "e %e&pera%$ra, p(r pe$e:a $e #ea, e!%re e' a6$a *r$%a e' a6$a "e' "eca!%a"(r, "a '$6ar a &()i&ie!%(# "e c(!)ecci! $e pr("$ce! e' &i#&( e+ec%(. D!"#$%#"&'$ *+, "+$%#"%+ ! .#$/+(: L(# pr(6re#(# "e 'a %8c!ica, 5a! &e7(ra"( 'a +'(c$'aci! a$&e!%a!"( 'a c(!ce!%raci! "e' +'(c$', ( recirc$'a!"( '(# +a!6(#, c(! '( c$a' #e ace'era 'a "eca!%aci!. E! e' ca#( "e %ra%a&ie!%( *i('6ic(, '(# "eca!%a"(re# +i!a'e#, e! '(# $e #e #epara e' +'(c$' *i('6ic( "e' a6$a "ep$ra"a, #e "e!(&i!a! c'ari+ica"(re#. E#%(# "eca!%a"(re# "e*e! a"&i%ir 6ra!"e# p(rce!%a7e# "e recirc$'aci!, "e +(r&a $e '(# +a!6(# per&a!e3ca! e' &e!(r %ie&p( p(#i*'e e! e' apara%(, a!%e# "e )(')er a '(# "ep#i%(# "e aeraci!. C(! '(# #i#%e&a# "e "eca!%aci! p(r c(!%ac%( "e +a!6(# &e7(ra! '(# +e!&e!(# "e +'(c$'aci! #e (*%ie!e $! re!"i&ie!%( p%i&( "e 'a ca!%i"a" "e reac%i)( i!%r("$ci"a, "e*i"( a 'a c(!ce!%raci! $e #e pr("$ce e! e' 'ec5( "e' +a!6(. Se c(!#i6$e a#2 $!a &e7(r a"#(rci! "e 'a# &a%eria# "i#$e'%a# #(*re e' +'(c$' +(r&a"(. =. CONSTANTE DE REPARTO. E' "+!.&"&!$%! ! ,!*#,%+ "e $!a #$#%a!cia, %a&*i8! ''a&a"( c(e+icie!%e "e "i#%ri*$ci! ;D<, ( c(e+icie!%e "e par%ici! ;P<, e# e' c(cie!%e ( ra3! e!%re 'a# c(!ce!%raci(!e# "e e#a #$#%a!cia e! 'a# "(# +a#e# "e 'a &e3c'a +(r&a"a p(r "(# "i#(')e!%e# i!&i#ci*'e# e! e$i'i*ri(. P(r %a!%(, e#e c(e+icie!%e &i"e 'a #('$*i'i"a" "i+ere!cia' "e $!a #$#%a!cia e! e#(# "(# "i#(')e!%e#.
D(!"e (4(%#$"3 e# 'a c(!ce!%raci! "e 'a #$#%a!cia e! e' pri&er "i#(')e!%e , a!9'(6a&e!%e (4(%#$"4 e# 'a c(!ce!%raci! "e 'a &i#&a #$#%a!cia e! e' (%r( "i#(')e!%e. E# $! %8r&i!( &$ $#a"( e! Bi($2&ica, Ge($2&ica, $2&ica (r69!ica e! $2&ica +ar&ac8$%ica. E! 'a# "(# /'%i&a# cie!cia# '(# "i#(')e!%e# &9# $#a"(# #(! e' a6$a $! "i#(')e!%e 5i"r+(*( c(&( e' (c%a!(' ;(c%a!K4K(', ( !K(c%a!('<. E! e#%e ca#( reci*e e' !(&*re "e c(e+icie!%e "e repar%( (c%a!('Ka6$a ;P(<. E' c(e+icie!%e "e
repar%( i!"ica e' car9c%er 5i"r+i'( ( 5i"r+(*( "e $!a #$#%a!cia, e# "ecir #$ &a(r ( &e!(r %e!"e!cia a "i#(')er#e e! "i#(')e!%e# p('are# ;c(&( e' a6$a< ( e! "i#(')e!%e# ap('are# ;c(&( '(# "i#(')e!%e# (r69!ic(#<. L(# c(e+icie!%e# "e par%ici! ( repar%( #(! $#a"(#, p(r e7e&p'(, para e#%i&ar 'a "i#%ri*$ci! "e +9r&ac(# e! e' c$erp(. L(# +9r&ac(# c(! e'e)a"(# c(e+icie!%e# "e par%ici! #(! 5i"r+(*(# #e "i#%ri*$e! pre+ere!%e&e!%e e! e!%(r!(# 5i"r+(*(# c(&( 'a# *icapa# 'ip2"ica# "e 'a# c8'$'a#, &ie!%ra# $e '(# +9r&ac(# c(! c(e+icie!%e# "e repar%( *a7(# #(! 5i"r+i'(# #e e!c$e!%ra! pre+ere!%e&e!%e e! '(# e!%(r!(# 5i"r+i'(# c(&( e' #$er( #a!6$2!e(.
DATOS OBSERVACIONES: Ta*'a N4 Ma#a;6<
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E! e' pri&er e-peri&e!%( 'a #('$ci! c'(r(+r&ica #e %i:e "e $!a %(!a'i"a" a!ara!7a"a !$e#%ra #('$ci! ac$(#a #(*ra!%e "e#p$8# "e 'a e-%racci! e# ca#i i!c('(ra. E! e' #e6$!"( e-peri&e!%( e! 'a pri&era e-%racci! 'a #('$ci! c'(r(+r&ica %(&a $! c('(r !ara!7a i!%e!#(, e! 'a #e6$!"a e-%racci! $! c('(r !ara!7a "e#%e:i"( e! 'a %ercera e-%racci! $! c('(r a&ari''e!%( "e#%e:i"( #i! &$c5a i!%e!#i"a". A"e&9# (*#er)a&(# $e '(# )('/&e!e# e-%ra2"(# )a! a$&e!%a!"( e! ca"a e-%racci! pe#e a $e #e $# 'a &i#&a ca!%i"a" "e c'(r(+(r&( e! ca"a "eca!%aci!, #er9 p(r$e %ie!e! $e )er +ac%(re# $e i!+'$e! c(&( 'a )('a%i'i3aci!, per( 'a "i+ere!cia "e )('/&e!e# !( e# %a! #i6!i+ica%i)(. Y !$e#%ra #('$ci! ac$(#a #(*ra!%e "e#p$8# "e 'a# = e-%racci(!e# e# &9# i!c('(ra $e e! e' pri&er e-peri&e!%(. C$a!"( )er%i&(# 'a# = e-%racci(!e# c'(r(+r&ica# "e' #e6$!"( e-peri&e!%( e! $! &i#&( recipie!%e #a'e $!a #('$ci! "e &e!(r )('$&e! e! c(¶ci! c(! e' pri&er e-peri&e!%(, per( c(! &a(r %(!a'i"a" !ara!7a.
C7LCULOS 8 RESULTADOS: E' "+!.&"&!$%! ! ,!*#,%+ T(&a!"( e! c$e!%a $e 'a (4(%#$"3 e# 'a c(!ce!%raci! "e 'a #$#%a!cia e! e' pri&er "i#(')e!%e , a!9'(6a&e!%e (4(%#$"4 e# 'a c(!ce!%raci! "e 'a &i#&a #$#%a!cia e! e' (%r( "i#(')e!%e.
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DISCUSION 8 CONCLUCIONES: Para '(# e-peri&e!%(# "e e-%racci! rea'i3a"(# e! e' 'a*(ra%(ri( N ? c(!c'$i&(# '( #i6$ie!%e
E' &8%("( "e e-%racci! e# e' a"ec$a"( para '(# ca#(# "e $e $! #('$%( #e e!c$e!%re "i#$e'%( e! $! #(')e!%e A ;i!icia'< a"ici(!a!"( (%r( #(')e!%( B ;+i!a'< $e 5a6a $e e' #('$%( #ea &9# #('$*'e e! 8'. E#%e pr(ce#( re$iere "e $! p'$# "e +$er3a "(%a"( p(r a6e!%e e-%er!( $e 5a6a $e 'a# #$#%a!cia# #e &e3c'e! para a#2 "i#%ri*$ir e' #('$%(. Ta&*i8! c(!c'$i&(# $e &ie!%ra# e#%e pr(ce#( #e rea'ice e! &9# e%apa#, La ca!%i"a" "e #('$%( #epara"( #er9 &a(r $e 'a #epara"a e! $!a #('a e%apa, c'ar( %e!ie!"( e! c$e!%a $e &ie!%ra# &a(r #ea 'a ca!%i"a" "e e%apa# e' re!"i&ie!%( e! ca"a $!a "e e''a# ira "i#&i!$e!"( e' re!"i&ie!%( p(r e''( e#%e pr(ce"i&ie!%( %e!"r9 $! '2&i%e "e e%apa#.
CUESIONARIO:
4. C$9'e# #(! '(# re$i#i%(# $e "e*e %e!er $! "i#(')e!%e para rea'i3ar $!a *$e!a e-%racci! E!$&era a'6$!(# "i#(')e!%e# Re$i#i%(# "e' "i#(')e!%e
Ser i!&i#ci*'e# e! a6$a. Di#(')er &e!(r $e e' a6$a a 'a #$#%a!cia $e #e pre%e!"e e-%raer. Te!er $! p$!%( "e e*$''ici! *a7(. N( reacci(!ar c(! e' pr("$c%( $e #e $iere e-%raer. N( #er i!+'a&a*'e, !i %-ic(. E!%re )ari(# "i#(')e!%e# e'e6ir e' &9# *ara%(.
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Ace%a%( "e e%i'( Be!ce!( Cic'(5e-a!( C'(r(+(r&( Dic'(r(&e%a!( Te%rac'(r$r( "e car*(!(
?. C$9' e# 'a "i+ere!cia $e e-i#%e a' $#ar e' %e%rac'(r$r( "e car*(!( 8%er. Y e-p'i$e e! c$9' "e e''(# 'a e-%racci! e# &e7(r P(r $8 La "i+ere!cia e# $e e# &a(r e! 6ra"( &i#ci*'e e! c(¶ci! c(! (%r(# '2$i"(# $e par%icipa! e! 'a reacci! %ie!e "i+ere!%e pe#( e#pec2+ic( p(r '( c$a' #er9 &e7(r 'a e-%racci!. =. Se "ice $e a' a$&e!%ar e' !/&er( "e e-%racci(!e# e' re!"i&ie!%( "e e-%racci! a$&e!%a "e ac$er"( a e#%a !(ci! para c$a!%a# e-%racci(!e# e' re!"i&ie!%( #eria 411. Ser2a e' !/&er( "e )ece# !ece#ari( e! e' c$a' #e p$e"a (*#er)ar $!a #eparaci! &9# p$r( e!%re 'a# #('$ci(!e#. >. E!$&ere 0 ap'icaci(!e# "e 'a e-%racci! "e 'a i!"$#%ria Separaci! "e c(&p$e#%(# i!(r69!ic(# c(&( 9ci"( +(#+ric(, 9ci"( *ric( e 5i"r-i"( "e #("i(. Rec$peraci! "e c(&p$e#%(# ar(&9%ic(#. O*%e!ci! "e cera# para+2!ica#. O*%e!ci! "e &e%a'e# c(#%(#(#, e7e&p'( $ra!i( )a!a"i(. Pr("$c%(# +ar&ac8$%ic(#, e7e&p'( 'a (*%e!ci! "e 'a pe!ici'i!a. 0. E! e' &8%("( "e e-%racci! P(r $8 5a $e e'i&i!ar 'a #(*repre#i! Si &ie!%ra# #e a6i%a !( #e e'i&i!a 'a #(*repre#i!, e' %ap! p("r2a #a'%ar *r$#ca&e!%e "erra&ar#e par%e "e' c(!%e!i"(. @. C$9!%a# #(! 'a# !(r&a# "e 5i6ie!e #e6$ri"a" a&*ie!%a' $e #e "e*e %e!er e! c$e!%a e! 'a rea'i3aci! "e e#%a pr9c%ica "e 'a*(ra%(ri( e-%racci! "e r(7( &e%2'ic(
E! e' ca#( "e' c'(r(+(r&(
E' $#( "e e#%e pr("$c%( "e*e 5acer#e e! $! 9rea )e!%i'a"a, e)i%a!"( re#pirar '(# )ap(re# e' c(!%ac%( c(! 'a pie'. P(r e''( #e "e*e $%i'i3ar &a!"i', 'e!%e# "e #e6$ri"a", 6$a!%e# "$ra!%e #$ &a!e7(. N( "e*e $#ar#e 'e!%e "e c(!%ac%( a' %ra*a7ar c(! e#%e pr("$c%( Para %ra#)a#ar pe$e:a# ca!%i"a"e# "e*e $#ar#e $!a pipe%a, !$!ca a#pirar c(! 'a *(ca E! e' ca#( "e' r(7( "e &e%i'( N( e# $!a #$#%a!cia pe'i6r(#a, per( #i 5a c(!%ac%( c(! 'a pie' ( '(# (7(# 'a)ar#e c(! a*$!"a!%e a6$a.
BIBLIOGRAFIA:
Raymond Chang, 10cima edición.
