ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL
MONOGRAFÍA:
INDUSTRIA DE LA CERAMICA INTEGRANTES: • • • • •
ANTONIO LUNA , DENIS BENDEZU MORALES , ROSENDO BOCANEGRA CASTILLO , LUCIA CANGAHUALA SEDANO, MIGUEL A. GONZALES VILLAFUERTE , LILIANA
GRUPO 40 – SUBE
TURNO: NOCHE
ASESOR: LEONIDAS YACHAS JIMENEZ
ATE, ATE, ABRIL ABRIL DE 0!"
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AGRADECIMIENTO
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INDICE
INTRODUCCION
CAPITULO 1 !.9 CONCEPTO GENRALES !.!.9 DEFINICIN LOS MATERIALES CER;MICOS !..9 EVOLUCIN DE LA CER;MICA. !..!.9 EL PREINDUSTRIAL !...9 EDAD MEDIA Y LA REVOLUCIN INDUSTRIAL !..<.9 ÉPOCA ACTUAL REVOLUCION CIENTIFICA 9 TECNICA
CAPITULO 2 .9 PROCESOS CERAMICOS. .!.9 MATERIA PRIMA. .!.!.9 MATERIA PRIMA MINERAL .!..9 ARCILLA Y CAOLINES .!.<.9 MINERALES SILICEOS .!.4.9 FELDESPATOS .!.4.!.9 COMPOSICIONES =UÍMICAS TÍPICAS DE LOS FELDESPATOS
CAPITULO 3 <.9 PROCESOS DE CONFORMADO <.!.9 DEFORMACIÓN PLÁSTICA 3.2.- TORNEADO Y CALIBRADO <.<.9 PRENSADO <.4.9 E>TRUSION <.?.9 COLADO <.".9 SECADO <
[email protected] COCCION <..9 TRATAMIENTOS POSTERIORES <..9 ESMALTADO
CAPITULO 4
4.9 APLICACIONES 4.!.9 CERAMICA ROJA 4..9 REVESTIMIENTO PARA PISO Y PAREDES. 4.<.9 VAJILLAS 4.4.9 PORCELANAS 4.?.9 CERAMICOS AVANZADOS 4.?.!.9 CER;MICOS PIEZOELÉCTRICOS 4.?..9 CER;MICOS PARA REACTORES NUCLEARES 4.".9 ELEMENTOS CALEFACTORES CER;MICOS
CAPITULO 5
?.9 INDUSTRIA DE LA CERAMICA EN EL PERU
CAPITULO 6
".9 CONCLUSIONES @.9 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR;FICAS
INTRODUCCIÓN
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CAPÍTULO I CONCEPTOS GENERALES
1.- CONCEPTOS GENERALES. 1.1.- DEFINICIÓN LOS MATERIALES CERÁMICOS.
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
CAPÍTULO II PROCESOS CERAMICOS
2.- PROCESOS CERÁMICOS L- '%*#))1- *%(+2*- 7- 2/) %)$*2)#-#/), /%&/% - K)*- %# $% ')/) /%%#//% -& +-'%(2-& (2+-& /2&)#2%& %# -*2+2%#')& 7-&'- - -*'$-2/-/, %# $% ) $#/-+%#'- %& % ()*%&) *%(+2*), %& /%*2( % #) H) - +%')/))1*2%#'2*- &$&'2'$% % &%*(%') /% - +-'%(2- (2+- $'228-/-. Y- *-&2 #) &% $&-# )& +2#%(-%& '- *$- &)# %6'(-/)& )( ) 1%#%(- &% )& &)+%'% - '(-'-+2%#')& /% *)#*%#'(-*23# $(22*-*23# -(- )/%( %&'-%*%( -& %&%*22*-*2)#%& ) +& (%*2&-& )&2% &)(% - *-2/-/ $% %(+2'-# *-(-*'%(28-(, %(%*'-+%#'%, - +-'%(2- (2+- %# %&%*2- *)# (%&%*') -: C)+)&2*23# $+2*-, +2#%(-312*- *)+)#%#'%& (2#*2-%&, 2+$(%8-&, %'*., /2&'(2$*23# 1(-#$)+K'(2*-, *-(-*'%(&'2*-& 2&2*)9$+2*-&, %#&-)& )(2%#'-'2)& $&) )'%#*2-, %'*. L-& +-'%(2-& (2+-& '(-/2*2)#-%& $&-/-& %# )(+- +-&2-, -&- - &%( ()/$*')& 2#/$&'(2-%& &2*)& *)+)/2'2%&, %# *$-#') - -& *%(+2*-& --#8-/-& &% $&-# +-'%(2-& (2+-& #$#*- -#'%& $'228-/-& /% -'- $(%8-.
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
P()/$*')& $+2*)& +-'%(2-& (2+-& &2#'K'2*-&. M-'%(2-%& (%*2*-/)& /% )(21%# ()2) ) %6'%(#)&. L-& *-(-*'%(&'2*-& /% ()/$*') 2#- -# - /%%#/%( /% -& *-(-*'%(&'2*-& /% +-'%(2- (2+- $'228-/-.
2.1.1. MATERIA PRIMA MINERAL D%&/% )& *)+2%#8)& /% - *%(+2*-, -& +-'%(2-& (2+-& +2#%(-%& &2*-& 7-# &2/) &%1$2(# &2%#/) )& &22*-')& -$+2#)&22*-')& $% &)# -& ()*-& +& -$#/-#'%& %# - *)('%8- '%((%&'(%. L-& -(*2-& %# -('2*$-(, 7-# *)#&'2'$2/) *)#&'2'$%# - -&% /% - 2#/$&'(2- *%(+2*-, )'()& +2#%(-%& $'228-/)& &)# )& %/%&-')&, *$-(8), *-()#-')& /% *-*2) +-1#%&2), %'*. GUÍA DID;CTICA C-'$) " CER;MICOS
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
L-& -(*2-& &22*)-$+2#-')& 72/(-'-/)&, %# *$- %&'($*'$(- $+2*- -('2*2-# (2#*2-+%#'% S22*2) S2, A$+2#2) A, O61%#) O % H2/(31%#) H, %('%#%*%# - -+22- /% )& 2)&22*-')&, *$- $#2/-/ %&'($*'$(- &2*- %& % '%'(-%/() *)+$%&') )( S22*2) O61%#) S2O4
2.1.3. MINERALES SILÍCEOS E *$-(8) %& - )(+- *(2&'-2#- /% - &2*% S2O +& -$#/-#'% %# - #-'$(-%8-. E *$-(8) &% %#*$%#'(- %# /%3&2')& &)) ) %# +%8*-& *)# )'(-& ()*-&, *)+) +2*-&, %/%&-')& ) *)+) &$()/$*')& /% --/) /% *-)#. L- 2#/$&'(2- /% - *%(+2*$'228- - *$-(8) +)2/). L-& -(%#-& &)# ()/$*')& /% - /%&2#'%1(-*23# +%*#2*)9 1%)312*- /% ()*-& &2*%-&, &$ *)+)#%#'% (2#*2- %& % *$-(8) *$-#/) &$%(- % ?W /% &$ *)+)&2*23# +2#%(-312*- &% -+- -(%#-& &2*%-&.
1.2.4. FELDESPATOS L)& %/%&-')& &)# &22*)-$+2#-')& /% &)/2) X) )'-&2), &% %#*$%#'(- %# -& %1+-'2'-&, &)# )(+-*2)#%& /% ()*-& +-1+'2*-& %# -& $% &% %#*$%#'(-# $()& ) +%8*-/)& *)# )'()& +2#%(-%& *)+#+%#'% *$-(8) +2*-&. R-(-+%#'%, &% %#*$%#'(- %# - #-'$(-%8- %&%*2%& +2#%(-312*-& $(-& )( ) $% &$ *)+)&2*23# -(- -+2-+%#'%. E &)/2) N- % )'-&2) &% &$&'2'$%# +$'$-+%#'% % - +2*()*2#- - -2'- (%&%*'2-+%#'%, +2%#'(-& $% % N- $%/% (%%+-8-( -(*2-+%#'% - *-*2) C- %# - -#)('2'-.
2.1.4.1. COMPOSICIONES "UÍMICAS TÍPICAS DE LOS FELDESPATOS E# - 2#/$&'(2- *%(+2*- 2#'%(%&-# )& %/%&-')& -*-2#)& *)+) - )(')*-&-, +2*()*2#- - -2'-. L)& %/%&-')& **2*)& -#)('2'- )'()& #) &% %+%-# +$*7) %# *%(+2*-. L)& %/%&-')& &% $&-#, -+2-+%#'%, %# - -(2*-*23# /% )(*%-#-, )8-&, %&+-'%&, )(*%-#-'), %'*. L- (%&%#*2- /% *-2& 7-*% $% &$ $#') /% $&23# &%- +$*7) +& -5) $% % /% *$-(8) -+2#-, /% 7%*7) *$+% *)# - $#*23# /% $#/%#'% /%#'() /% - +%8*-.
CAPÍTULO III PROCESOS DE CONFORMADO
3.- PROCESOS DE CONFORMADO E *)#)(+-/) %# () (%2) - - *)**23#, &% %- - *-) )( /%)(+-*23# &'2*- /% $#- -&'-, )( (%#&-/) %# &%*) ) )( *)-/) /% $#- -()'2#- &$&%#&23# /% &32/)& %# -1$-. E62&'%# $#- 1(-# -(2%/-/ /% &2&'%+-& %$2)& -(- %-( - *-) %&')& ()*%&)&.
3.1.-DEFORMACIÓN PLÁSTICA E & % (2+%( +K')/) $'228-/) )( % 7)+(% -(- /-( )(+- - $#- -&'- )(+-/- )( -(*2-& -1$- +-#$-+%#'% ) *)# - -$/- /% 7%((-+2%#'-& &%#*2-& ')#)&, +)/%&, %'*..
3.2.-TORNEADO Y CALIBRADO E ')(#%-/) +%*#2*) %& - )%(-*23# 7-2'$- -(- - -(2*-*23# /% -')& %&')& '-+2K# &% (%-28-# )( (%#&-/), -2&-/)(%& %K*'(2*)& , %# 1%#%(-, -(- -(2*-( )5%')& /% &2+%'(- -62-. E *-2(-/) %& - )%(-*23# *)+%+%#'-(2-: +2%#'(-& &% 7-*% 12(-( - -&'*))*-/- %# $# +)/%, &% -2*- )( &$ -('% %6'%(#- ) 2#'%(#- $#- -#'2- +%'2*/%#)+2#-/- *-2(% '-+2K# &% - -+- -'(3# ) &*7-3# --(- /% )(21%# -%+#, *)#)(+-/- &%1# % /2&%) ) %(2 (%$%(2/). A %*%& &% $'228- $# +)/% &$%(2)( $% 12(- *)# (%&%*') - 2#%(2)(. L)& +)/%& $%/%# &%( /% %&) ) +%'2*)&.
3.3.- PRENSADO H - $#- 1(-# -(2%/-/ /% 'K*#2*-& %$2)&. S%1# % *)#'%#2/) /% -1$-, - (%&23# -2*-/-, - /2(%**23# /% -2*-*23# /% - (%&23# $#2-62- ) 2&)&''2*-, '%+%(-'$(- /% +)/% 00 - !.000 C, -2*-#/) -*), 2(-*23# (%2- ) &2+$'#%-.
E# % (%#&-/) %# &%*) +%#)& /% 4 W /% -1$- &% -2*-# (%&2)#%& /% )(/%# /% )& !.000 M- &% (%$2%(% $# '-+-) /% -('*$-& (%-'2-+%#'% %$%-&. E&'% &2&'%+- '2%#% $# 1(-# %%*') &)(% - *)**23# - $% - +-)( (%&23# -2*-/- +-)( *)+-*'-*23# +-)( /%#&2/-/ /% ()/$*') 2#-, ) $% /2&+2#$% % '2%+) /% *)**23#. GUÍA DID;CTICA C-'$) " CER;MICOS
3.4.- E#TRUSIÓN E ()*%&) *)#&2&'% %# %6'($2( - -&'- - '(-K& /% $#- +-'(28. S% )1(-# /2&'2#')& %(2%& &%**2)#%& *-+2-#/) -& )$2-& /% - %6'($&)(-. C$-#/) - &-2%#/) -&'- - '(-K& /% - )$2- &% ) -+- *7)(28) &% - *)('- +%/2-#'% $# 72) /% -*%() *$%(/- /% 1$2'-((- %# '()8)& -/%*$-/)&. L- *)#/2*23# %& $% % *7)(28) '%#1- - &%**23# %(2 *)#&'-#'%. M%/2-#'% %&'% ()*%&) &% )'2%#%#: L-/(2)& +-*28)& 7$%*)&, '%5-&, )$%&, '$)&, *-%(-&, %(2%&.
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
3.6.- SECADO U#- %8 )'%#2/-& )& ()/$*')&, &-) %# % (%#&-/) %# &%*), %# ')/)& )& /%+& ()*%&)& 7- $% %2+2#-( % *)#'%#2/) /% -1$- -#'%& /% (%-28-( - *)**23#. P$%& /% )'(- +-#%(- K&'- &%(- %6$&-/- %# )(+- +$ 2)%#'- ()/$*2%#/) (-5-/$(-& ()'$(- /% )& +2&+)&. D$(-#'% % ()*%&) /% &%*-/) % *-%#'-+2%#') /% -& 2%8-& &% /%% /% (%-28-( %# )(+- %#'- +%/2-#'% *2(*$-*23# /% -2(% *-2%#'%, &% ()/$*% % -&-5% /% -1$- $% %&' %# - &$%(2*2% /% %&'-/) $2/) - -)( &$&21$2%#'% +21(-*23# /% -1$- $% %&' %# % 2#'%(2)( - - &$%(2*2%. A +%/2/- $% &% - %2+2#-#/) % -1$- &% - ()/$*2%#/) - *)#'(-**23# - $% - /2&+2#$%#/) - /2&'-#*2- %#'(% -& -('*$-&. E&'- *)#'(-**23# $%/% &%( /% )(/%# /% - 0 W /%%#/2%#/) /% ()*%&) /% -(2*-*23#. L-& '%+%(-'$(-& /% &%*-/) %&'# %# % )(/%# /% )& ? - C #) +-)( - $% &2 % -1$- %#'(- %# %$2*23# /%#'() /% -& 2%8-& -& $%/%# /--(. S2 % &%*-/) %& +$ (2/) $%/%# --(%*%( 2&$(-&, )( ) '-#'), - %)*2/-/ /% &%*-/) 7- $% %&'-%*%(- /% -#'%+-#) - - /%%#/%( /% '-+-) - )(+- /% -& 2%8-&.
3.$.- COCCIÓN %SINTERI&ADO' E ()*%&) /% *)**23# &2#'%(28-/) &% ) -2*- - ')/) ()*%&) $% *)#&2&'% %# *)#&)2/-( +-'%(2- $%($%#') &%*) &2# -*-#8-( - '%+%(-'$(- /% $&23#. E& % ()*%&) /% *)#&)2/-*23# +& *)+# %# - 2#/$&'(2- *%(+2*-. C$-#') +-)( %& - '%+%(-'$(- /% *)**23# +-)( &%( - *-#'2/-/ /% 21- '(%- )(+-/- $% $#% )& 1(-#)& *(2&'-2#)&.
A '%+%(-'$(- /% &2#'%(28-/) &% )(+- $#- 1(-# *-#'2/-/ /% $2/) <0 - 40 W %# )$+%# /%2/) - -& 2+$(%8-& $% %62&'%# %# -& /2&'2#'-& +-'%(2-& (2+-& $% )(+-# %$'K*'2*)& /% -5) $#') /% $&23# ) 2%# )( )& ()/$*')& /% -& (%-**2)#%& $+2*-& $% -# '%#2%#/) $1-(. E&'% $2/) *$-#/) &% %#(- &% '(-#&)(+- %# 2/(2) -&% '(%- $% $#% - -& -('*$-& &32/-&. E&' - 21- '(%- '2%#% -(2)& %%*')&: M)5-/) /% -& -('*$-& &$ )&'%(2)( /2&)$*23#. D2&+2#$*23# ) %2+2#-*23# /% - )()&2/-/. I#*(%+%#') %# - *2#K'2*- /% ()*%&). C)#&)2/-*23# /% +-'%(2- )( %%*')& /% - '%#&23# &$%(2*2-. I#*(%+%#') %# - /%#&2/-/. GUÍA DID;CTICA C-'$) " CER;MICOS
3.(.- TRATAMIENTOS POSTERIORES E# - 2#/$&'(2- *%(+2*- /% -52-, &-#2'-(2)& (%%&'2+2%#')& &% (%-28- % %&+-'-/) % /%*)(-/) -(- % *-&) /% - *%(+2*- %K*'(2*-, &3) &% ()/$*% % %&+-'-/).
3.).-ESMALTADO
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
CAPITULO I APLICACIONES
4.- APLICACIONES. 4.1.- CERÁMICA RO*A E&')& +-'%(2-%& &% *)*2#-# %# 7)(#)& '#% $ 7)(#)& %(23/2*)& - $#- '%+%(-'$(%#'(% 00 - !.000 C. E #)+(% 2%#% /%2/) - $% &% $'228-# -(*2-& ()5-& )( &$ -') *)#'%#2/) %# 362/) /% 72%((). L)& ()/$*')& +& 2+)('-#'%& &)#: L-/(2)&, -/(2)& 7$%*)&, '%5-&, (%%&'2+2%#')& *)+) &%( -/)&-&, -8$%5)& +-32*-& *)# &$%(2*2%& %&+-'-/-& -(- 2&)& -(%/%&.
4.2.- REESTIMIENTOS PARA PISOS Y PAREDES E# -& '2+-& /K*-/-& 7-# '%#2/) $# #)'-% /%&-(()) )& 2&)& (%%&'2+2%#')& *%(+2*)& -( &%( $&-/)& %# -)& *)*2#-&. E&')& ()/$*')& &% )'2%#%# )( (%#&-/) %# &%*), $%1) &% )& *-*2#- %# 7)(#) '#%, $#- %8 )'%#2/- - -/)&- *)*2/- &% - /%*)(- %&+-'- &% - $%% -&-( % 7)(#) '#% -(- *)#&)2/-( % %&+-'% (%-8-( )& *))(%& /% +2&+). A %&'% ()*%&) &% ) -+- 2*)**23# - $% &% *$%*% /)& %*%& -( )'%#%( % ()/$*') 2#-. D%#'() /% %&'- *-'%1)(- &% %#*$%#'(-# )& )(*%-#-')&, ()/$*') $% &% )'2%#%# *-*2##/))& - +-)( '%+%(-'$(- $% )& *%(+2*)& *)#%#*2)#-%& 1%#%(-#/) %# &$ 2#'%(2)( +-)( *-#'2/-/ /% -&% '(%-, %&')& &% $%/%# $&-( %&+-'-/)& ) &2# %&+-'-(.
4.3.- A*ILLAS L)& ()/$*')& /% -52- *%(+2*- 2#*$%# -')&, '-8-&, $%#'%&, )-&, -&)&, *)-& 5-((-&, (%*22%#'%& /% ')/) '2) *)# ) &2# '--& '-+2K# )5%')& /% -/)(#). S% )& -1($- %# *%(+2*- ()5- -#*- %# #%-& 1%#%(-%& &% )& $%/% *-&22*-( %# )& &21$2%#'%& 1($)&:
V-52- /% +%&-. V-52- /% *)*2#-. A('*$)& -(- /%*)(-*23# -/)(#)&. D%% '%#%(&% %# *$%#'- % 7%*7) $% &%1# -& #)(+-& &-#2'-(2-&, ')/) +-'%(2- *%(+2*) %# *)#'-*') *)# -2+%#')& %# *$-$2%( *)#/2*23# #) /%% &%( )()&), %& /%*2(, /%% &%( %&+-'-/) ) 2'(22*-/).
4.4.- PORCELANAS L-& )(*%-#-&, )( '%#%( $#- 1(-# *-#'2/-/ /% -&% '(%-, #) (%&%#'-# )()&2/-/ #2 -&)(*23# /% -1$-, &)# '(-#&*2/-& , )( ) 1%#%(-, -#*-&.
4.5.- CERÁ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
4.5.1.- CERÁ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
4.5.2.- CERÁMICOS PARA REACTORES NUCLEARES E $#*2)#-+2%#') /% )& (%-*')(%& #$*%-(%& -(- ()/$*2( %%*'(2*2/-/ &% 7- 7%*7) )&2% 1(-*2-& - /%&-(()) /% )& %%+%#')& *)+$&'2%& -&-/)& %# 362/) /% $(-#2) UO. E&'% 362/) '2%#% $#- %&'($*'$(- /% $)(2'- *$) %+-$%'-+2%#') %& *2*) *%#'(-/) %# -& *-(-&, ) $% *(%- 7$%*)& %# % *%#'() /% - *%/-. E&') -*22'- - $2*-*23# %# /2*7)& 7$%*)& /% )& ()/$*')& /% 2&23# &2# $% - %&'($*'$(&% /%)(+% +$*7). L$%1) /% )& '(-'-+2%#')& /% $(22*-*23# %#(2$%*2+2%#'), *)# % )) /% 362/) /% $(-#2) &% 7-*%# -&'2-& $%, $%1), &% &2#'%(28-# - -''%+%(-'$(- *)# -& $% &% (%%#-# )& '$)& /% $#- -%-*23# /% 82(*)#2) )(+-#/) )& %%+%#')& *)+$&'2%& $% $%1) &% )& 2#'()/$*%# %# % (%-*')(. A %&')& %%+%#')& *)+$&'2%& '-+2K# &% )& -+- 82(*-). U# -&%*') 2+)('-#'% /% ()*%&) /% &2#'%(28-/) %& % *)#'() /% - (%&23# -(*2- /% )61%#), $%& /% %) /%%#/%( $% % UO *)#'%#1- +& ) +%#)& )61%#) $% % %&'%$2)+K'(2*), ) *$- '2%#% 2#$%#*2- %# % (%#/2+2%#') /% -& (%-**2)#%& /% 2&23#.
4.6.- ELEMENTOS CALEFACTORES CERÁMICOS
H- %%+%#')& *-%-*')(%& *%(+2*)& *)+) &%( *-($() /% &22*2) S2C, &22*2$() /% +)2/%#) M)S2, -#'-#).*()+2'- *2(*)#-, ')/)& %&')& '2%#%# -'- '%+%(-'$(- /% $&23#: .400, .0<0, .40 ."0 C (%&%*'2-+%#'%. E&'- '%+%(-'$(- 2#/2*-(*$- &%(- - +62+- '%+%(-'$(- /% $&). S2# %+-(1), $% '%#1-# $#- -''%+%(-'$(- /% $&23# #) %& % #2*) (%$2&2') #%*%&-(2) -(- &%( $&-/)& *)+) %%+%#')&
*-%-*')(%&.
N%*%&2'-# $% '%#1-# $#- -()2-/- (%&2&'22/-/ %& - (%&2&'%#*2- )( $#2/-/ /% )#12'$/ -/%+& %& $#- *-(-*'%(&'2*- /% +-'%(2- -(- %# $#*23# /% '%+%(-'$(- *$- $#2/-/ %& [.+ -(- *)#%('2( - %%*'(2*2/-/ %# *-)(. S2 - $#&$&'-#*2- *)# $#- *2%('- (%&2&'%#*2- &% % -2*- $# )'-5%, %& *)#)*2/) $% %#%(1- 1%#%(-/-, $% %& ())(*2)#- - *$-/(-/) /% - *)((2%#'% $% *2(*$- )( &$&'-#*2-, &% *)#2%('% %# *-)( %%*') J)$%.
CAPITULO 5 INDUSTRIA DE LA CERAMICA EN EL PERU
5.-
INDUSTRIA CERAMICA EN EL PERU D%&/% 7-*% ?00 -)& )& %($-#)& /)+2#-# - *%(+2*- ')/)& &$& &%*(%')&. L-& +%5)(%& 2%8-& %1-/-& )( - *$'$(- *)+) : CHAVIN , MOCHE NAZCA '%#-# +& /% /2%8 &21)& /% -#'21Q%/-/ , *$-#/) )& 2#*-& $#/-()# % I+%(2) I#*-2*) *)#'2#$-()# % %1-/) 7) %# /- % P%( '2%#% - %#'-5- /% *)#'-( *)# -& +2&+-& +-'%(2-& (2+-& /% %6*%%#'% *-2/-/, '-%& *)+) :-(*2- '2%((-& %6'(-/-& - ) -(1) -#*7) /% -& .I#2*2-+%#'% % '(--5) (%-28-/) -(- - )'%#*23# /% 2&)& +-32*-& %(- -('%&-#- , +& %# - -*'$-2/-/ &% 7-# )(+-/) %+(%&- $% 7-# 2/) -/$2(2%#/) +-$2#-(2-& $% -*22'% - )'%#*23# /% %&')& ()/$*')& *)+) -)&-& , )&%'-& ')/) *2+%#'-/) %# %&'- '(-/2*23# +2%#-(2-.
P)/%+)& ')+-( *)+) %5%+) ) &$*%/2/) %# - 2#/$&'(2- *%(+2*- $% 7- 2/) /%&-(()#/)&% %# % *-+) /% - -$')+-'28-*23# 2#/$&'(2-, %)$*2)#-#/) %# $# +-(*) /% *(%*2%#'% *)+%'%#*2- $% % 7- %(+2'2/) -+2-( &$ *--*2/-/ ()/$*'2-, )(%*2%#/) +& +%5)(%& ()/$*')& -(- $# 2*) *-/- %8 +& %621%#'%. E# ! &% $#/- - (2+%(- %+(%&- /% *%(+2*- %# % P%(, /%#)+2#-/)
CERAMICA LIMA S.A %# - -*'$-2/-/ CELIMA /)#/% &% %-)(-# &-#2'-(2)& )'()& -2#%& *)+) 5-)#%(-&, ')-%()&, %'*.
CAPITULO 6
6.-CONCLUSIONES E# %&'- (%*)2-*23# /% 2#)(+-*23# &% $%/% *)#)*%( /% +)/) 1%#%(- - *%(+2**)+) /%&-(()) /%#'() /% - 72&')(2- -& %)$*2)#%& /%#'() /% &%*')( 2#/$&'(2-
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
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS