ADA 123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TOPIC OUTLINES 1: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT & SYLLABUS OUTLINE 1.1 Introduction to History & Theory of Architecture 1.2 A word about Drawing & Images 1.3 Ancient Mesopotamia 1.3.1 Sumerians & Akkadians 1.3.2 Neo-Sumerians 1.3.3 Babylonians & Hittities 1.3.4 Assyrians 1.3.5 Neo-Babylonians 1.3.6 Persians
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 2 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the course, students should be able to: LO1
Students able to understand the world architecture and able to identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and temples.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 3 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction
YEARS
Called MESOPOTAMIA= between rivers (by Greek)
ACHIEVEMENTS
Starts: 4000 BCE
Developed WRITTEN LANGUAGE for DOCUMENTING GOVERNMENTAL TRANSACTION + LITERARY PURPOSE
Outstanding: 3500 BCE Ended: 331 BCE
Developed in independent URBAN COMMUNITIES=CITY STATES
AREA TIGRIS & EUPHRATES rivers, Middle Eastern= NOW IRAQ & IRAN * MESOPOTAMIA HISTORIC PERIOD HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY EVOLVED BY ITS PEOPLE NAMELY SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 4 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction Called MESOPOTAMIA= between 2 rivers
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 5 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Introduction
4000-2350 BCE
525-331 BCE
SUMERIANS
2350-2150 BCE AKKADIANS
PERSIANS
THE CIVILIZATION EVOLVED BY PEOPLE
2150-2000 BCE
612-539 BCE NEOBABYLONIANS 900-612 BCE
NEOSUMERIANS
ASSYRIANS
1800-1600 BCE
1200-900 BCE
BABYLONIANS
HITTITIES
1400-1200 BCE SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 6 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians Al-Ubaid,Indo-Europian a nomadic people from steppes of Central Asia migrated to CASPIAN SEA.
YEARS
SUMERIANS
AREA Fertile valley of East Region of Caspian Sea.
Starts: 4000 BCE
ACHIEVEMENTS
ARCHITECTURE
1-Mastered ART OF AGRICULTURE
Influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER:
2-Developed system of IRRIGATION=use flood waters of Euphrates.
MONUMENTAL
3-Believed in GOD=NATURAL ELEMENTS
SHRINES,
4-Urban Communities developed around SHRINES= SACRED PLACES OF GOD.
COMPLEXES,
TEMPLE,
CULT STATUES SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 7 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians Temple stood on PLATFORM
SUMERIANS
ARCHITECTURE
Greatly influenced by the RELIGIOUS POWER
YEARS / AREA •ERIDU= earliest development (3800 BCE)
A RECTANGULAR BUTTRESSED WALLS enclosed LONG SHRINE ROOM flanked by smaller SIDE CHAMBERS. © 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
Slide 8 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d.. YEARS/ PERIOD • 3800 BCE at GAWRA
STYLES / ELEMENTS
•MASTER PLANNING=Featured ACROPOLIS with TWO TEMPLES, A SHRINE, and DWELLING HOUSES •DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS. •FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD. •FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture •MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 9 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
SUMERIANS
YEARS / AREA •GAWRA= 3800 BCE
ARCHITECTURE
U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 10 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
SUMERIANS ARCHITECTURE= SHRINES & TEMPLES cont’d.. YEARS/ PERIOD
STYLES / ELEMENTS
• 3500-3000 BCE at •METHOD OF CONTSTRUCTION=Developed by means of built on 40’H BASE of URUK=WHITE rubble+coated with whitewash over BRICKS+panels with SLOPING BUTRESS TEMPLE •DESIGN PLANNING=Temple had CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS. •FORM=U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD. •FINISHES=FAÇADE was articulated by BUTTRESSES AND PILASTERS, MOTIFS OF EGYPTIAN Architecture •MATERIALS= (super-structure) Sun-Baked BRICK by means of MUD IN MOLDS. (Roof) light weight WOODEN MEMBERS or REEDS
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 11 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Sumerians
SUMERIANS
CENTRAL HALL with SIDE CHAMBERS.
ARCHITECTURE U-SHAPED form with OPEN COURTYARD.
YEARS / AREA
40’H BASE of SLOPING BUTRESS
•URUK= 3500-3000 BCE
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 12 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians
The settlements of the Sumerians were disrupted about 2350 BCE, by the arrival of a new group of Semitic people from the steppes of central Asia.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 13 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.1
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Akkadians
An IMMIGRANTS=SEMITIC people from steppes of Central Asia
AKKADIANS
YEARS
AREA City of AKKAD= West Bank of Euphrates
Starts: 2350-2150 BCE
ACHIEVEMENTS 1-Establishments of WARRIOR KING 2-Imperial States + Many urban Cities SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 14 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.2
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians
The Akkadian Empire was overthrown in about 2150 BCE by the Guti, a group of savage tribes from the mountain regions of Iran.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 15 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.2
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians
Guti= A group of savage tribe from mountain of Iran,caused of POLITICAL allegiance reminiscent of the FIRST SUMERIAN CITY STATES
YEARS
NEO-SUMERIANS
AREA City of AKKAD= West Bank of Euphrates
Starts:
ACHIEVEMENTS
ARCHITECTURE
1-Development of URBAN TEMPLES FORM
TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT:
2-Elevated temple on
1-Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD 2- Protection of Scared precinct from flood 3-Visual prominence (HIERARCHY) 4-Create Highland Dwelling Place
ARTIFICIAL MOUNT=ZIGGURAT
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 16 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.2
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Sumerians NEOSUMERIANS
ARCHITECTURE
TEMPLE OF ZIGGURAT: Stepped platform to elevate temples to GOD.
YEARS / AREA IRAQ 2100 BCE School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 17 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
Dominance in the turbulent Mesopotamian region passed to the Amorite Dynasty in the city-state of Babylon from about 1800-1600 BCE.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 18 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
AMORITE DYNASTY= King Hammurabi (1728-1686 BCE) who restored Akkadian Tradition
YEARS
BABYLONIANS
AREA
Starts: 1800-1600 BCE
City of state of Babylon
ACHIEVEMENTS
ARCHITECTURE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States
GREAT TEMPLE OF MARDUK=KING OF GOD
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 19 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Babylonians
HITTITIES
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA MARDUK TEMPLE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT leading diverse City States SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 20 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
About 1530 BCE the Hittities, a vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia, overran the First Dynasty of Babylon.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 21 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
Vigorous Indo-European people from Anatolia overran 1st Dynasty of Babylon
YEARS
HITTITIES
AREA
Starts: 1400-1200 BCE
City of state of Babylon
ACHIEVEMENTS
ARCHITECTURE
Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)
Asymmetrically built City of HATTUTAS
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 22 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.3
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Hittities
HITTITIES
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA HATTUSAS, TURKEY 1400-1200 BCE
Flanked Gates=Sculptures andofSphinxes/lions Asymmetrical city Hattusa SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 23 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.4
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians
Fierce people from Northern Mesopotamia
YEARS
ASSYRIANS
AREA
Starts: 900 BCE NINEVEH (Kuyunjik)
ACHIEVEMENTS
ARCHITECTURE
Ruled Northern Mesopotamia and Syria from homeland capital=HATTUSAS (now Bogazkoy in Turkey)
THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 24 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.4
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Assyrians THE ROYAL CITY OF KHORSABAD built by Sargon II 720 BCE ASSYRIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA KHORSABAD 720 BCE
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 25 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.5
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians
After first losing the more remote portions of their Empire, the Assyrians finally fell in 612 BCE to the combined assaults of Babylonianss, Scythians, Persians, and Medes.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 26 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.5
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Neo-Babylonians
Combined assaults of Babylonians, Scythians, Persians, and Medes
YEARS
NEO-BABYLONIANS
AREA
Starts:
ACHIEVEMENTS
ARCHITECTURE
Rebuilding and enlargements of Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE)
1-City processional way= ISHTAR GATE 2Planted terraces= HANGING GARDEN 3-Crumbled Ruin of Ziggurat=TOWER OF BABEL
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 27 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
NEO-BABYLONIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE
City processional way= ISHTAR GATE with animal motifs SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 28 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
NEO-BABYLONIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE
This hand-coloured engraving by the 16th-century Dutch artist Martin Heemskerck depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 29 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
Babylon’s greatness was eclipsed in 539 BCE when it became part of the Persian Empire of Cyrus II. The Persian had previously overthrown the Medes, and they continued to expand outward from their capital at Susa (Iran) to conquer all Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and even Egypt by 525 BCE.
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 30 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
Persian Empire of Cyrus II
YEARS
PERSIANS
AREA Persepolis (Iran)
Starts: 525 BCE
ARCHITECTURE ACHIEVEMENTS 1- EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES and hypostyle halls CEREMONIAL CITY founded by Darius (518 BCE) to supplement Susa (Administrative capital) and Pasargadae (centers of court life)
2- Hittie Audience Chambers 3-Mesopotamian Sculpted animal motifs 4-The Great Palace 5- King Xerxes throne room=Hall of A Hundred columns SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 31 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians Plan of the Palace,Persepolis, (Iran, 518 BCE) PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 32 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians EGYPTIAN TEMPLE GATES PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 33 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
PERSIANS
HYPOSTYLES HALLS= Resting on pillars (by Greek term)
ARCHITECTURE
YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 34 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.3.6
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- Persians
PERSIANS
ARCHITECTURE Mesopotamian Column Sculpted animal motifs YEARS / AREA BABYLON 612 BCE
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 35 of 36
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
THANK YOU YOUR NEXT SESSION WILL BE:
PLEASE READ: Chapter 3 A World History of Architecture: ANCIENT EGYPT SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD School Of Architecture Faculty Of Built Environment
© 2010 Cosmopoint
Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)
Slide 36 of 36
