CHAPTER 1: THE SETTING THE PEOPLE -A Filipino is basically a Malay. COMMON TRAITS Hospitality- makes life worth living for you. Close family ties-father is the head of the family. -the mother governs. -the grandparents’ opinions and decisions are the most sought. -the tyranny of the elders has remained basically the same. Respect for elders- the filipino parent exercise almost absolute powers. -the elders believe and demand that they must be obeyed- whether right or wrong. -Yours is the knowledge, theirs is the wisdom. -the closeness of the family ties, the collective responsibility, accounts for late development of Filipino nationalism. Fatalistic- he believes that whatever happens to him is a work of fate. -“bahala na” - such fatalism has bred in Filipino a sense of resignation. -bahala na attitude prevents him from being a crackpot. Loyalty- ostracism is the lightest punishment that can be meted out to a person who betrayed his friend. Sensitive- the “Anglo Saxon” frankness is something the Filipino seldom appreciates. -He would not tolerate anyone berating his countryman. Indolent- Rizal explained this as a result of the tropical climate. -also because of abundance of Nature.
Lack of Iniative- explained by filipino’s fear of competition. -filipinos are cooperative, not competitive. - the segurista attitude of Filipinos. Curious- tainted with sympathy. -filipinos are solicitous. They offer unsolicited help. Individualistic Jealousy- A Filipino requires complete faith and loyalty of his wife or sweetheart. YUN OHHH! XD <3 -blood is required to wash his stain of honor. Regionalistic- lalo na kapag political situations. -Tagalogs are the least, if, all, regionalistic. -Thye Filipino region looks down upon his countryman of another region. -influenced by the “divide and conquer” of Spain. Pakikisama- most discussed trait. -nagbago na ang meaning as time pass by. -mabuting pakikisama= stealing at government. -masamang pakikisama= too honest. REGIONAL TRAITS -
Poor isolated regions are frugal and industrious. More opulent areas are known for their careless abandon and love for finer things. Ilocano- also called as Samtoy. -adventurous, industrious, hardy, patient, frugal. -carves fortune and most of his time succeeds. - not born humorist. Serious. -epic type sa writings. -elephantine. -most regionalistic. Tagalog- feeling superior
-ethics are strict, pride is fierce. -strongest tendency to live with his parents even after marriage. -lyrical in writing. - a dreamer.
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Indian influences were mainly reflected on Philippine languages.
Chapter 3 - EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
Bicolano- calm temper and is religious. [CULTURE CLOSE TO MALAYS] Visayan- happy go lucky. -spendthrift. -afflicted with wanderlust. -hedonist. -more in music. Muslim- fiercest lover of freedom.
CHAPTER 2: BEFORE THE CONQUEST -
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Philippines was part of mainland China daw nung Pleistocene or Ice Age. Dr Fritjof Voss: Philippines was never a mainland of Asia but it rose from the bottom of the sea. H. Otley Beyer- Malays migrated to the Phils. Landa Jocano- fossil evidences are found in Phils. Tabon cave in Palawan etc.. Mudum founded Islam in Malaysia. Serif Kabungsuan spreaded Islam in Mindanao. First sultan of Mindanao. Orang Dampuan, or the Men form Champa, established trading posts in Sulu,resulting to flourishing trade between Sulu and Southern Annam. Ming emperor Yung Lo sent a large fleet consisting of more than sixty vessels under command of Admiral Cheng Ho. The Ten Bornean Datus, reached Panay, which was inhabited by Atis, to buy land where their families could settle peacefully. The Alleged Code of Kalantiyaw- by thirrd chief of Panay, Datu Kalantiyaw. China influences Filipino life were mainly economic.
CLOTHING - Male – KANGGAN – upper, black or blue collarless jacket w/ short sleeves. BAHAG – strip of cloth; thighs and legs exposed. PUTONG – cloth wrapped around the head. - Woman – BARO/CAMISA – jacket with sleeves. SAYA – by the Tagalogs. PATADYONG – by the Visayas. TAPIS – cloth wrapped around the waist. ORNAMENTS – Bracelets, rings, earrings, leglets, gold ornaments, and tatoos. Pintados – the Visayans or ‘tattooed people’ called by the early Spanish writers HOUSES Barrio House = Ancient House (made of wood, bamboo and nipa-palm leaves) - Ilongots , Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos – houses on tree tops - Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) – houses on boats SOCIAL CLASSES 3 Classes of the Philippine Society: 1. Nobles – cheifs and their families, tremendous influence. In the Taglog region they are are called GAT of LAKAN. 2. Mahadlika/Freeman – dependents who earned freedom. 3. Alipin/Dependents – acquired his status by inheritance, captivity in war, failing to pay his debts, by purchase, or by commiting crime. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – has own family and house, helps his master. ALIPING SAGIGILID – no property of his own, lived with his master, cannot marry without master’s consent. VISAYANS: TUMATABAN (work when told so) TUMARAMPUK (one day work) AYUEY (three-day work)
POSITION OF WOMEN - Right to be equal of men, own and inherit property, engage in trade and industry, chief of a barangay in the absence of a male heir, right to give names to their children. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS - No strict custom; courtship, marriage ceremony, and wedding festival - BIGAY-KAYA or dowry, land, gold or dependents - PANGHIMUYAT payment for the mother’s nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood. - BIGAY-SUSO girl’s wet nurse who fed her during her infancy with her own milk. - HIMARAW reimbursement for the amount spend in feeding the girl during her infancy; for the parents - SAMBON bribe to be given to the girl’s relatives; from the Zamblas - PAMUMULUNGAN/ PAMAMALAE courtship immediately before the marriage (Muslim customs are a bit similar pp.38-39) - PEGKAWIG wedding festival; six days of festivity; seventh night is when the groom spends the night with his bride - HADJI or judge that reads instructions to the couple MIXED MARRIAGES - If a couple belonged to different classes, they would divide their children in so far as social status was concerned INHERITANCE and SUCCESSION - The legitimate children automatically inherits the property of their parents. - Property was divided among the children (favoritism may occur) - The first son of a barangay chiefcaptain can succeed his father, if he died without leaving an heir the second son will follow. - In absence of any male heir , the eldest daughter will became chiefcaptain. GOVERNMENT - BARANGAY (Malay word balangay or boat) - Ruled by a chieftain (executive, legislator, judge and supreme commander in time of war)
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Consisted from 30-100 families BUWIS or tributes paid to the chieftain; crops SANGDUGUAN/blood compact, a treaty of friendship and alliance; “blood-brothers” VENGEANCE motive power that drove the men of the barangays to cut each other’s throat.
LAWS - Customary laws handed down orally from generation to another and consisted the bulk of the laws of the barangay - Written laws made by the chieftain and his elders; Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim Laws - Major crimes punishable by death or heavy fine - Minor crimes punished by exposure to ants, small fine, flogging, cutting fingers, swimming for a number of hours HOW A LAW WAS MADE ELDERS the ones who approve of the chieftains decisions; the jury - UMALOHOKAN or public announcer; announcer of new rules and regulations; carries a bell to call attention JUDICIAL PROCESS - Trials were held publicly and decisions were rendered promptly -
TRIAL BY ORDEAL - Taking out a stone by dipping ones hand in a vessel with boiling water; refuse=guilty; most scalded hand=guilty - Lighted candles; fire out=guilty - Plunge into the river or lake with lances; came to the surface first=guilty - Chewing of uncooked rice and then spitting it out; thick saliva=guilty IFUGAOS - BULTONG/wrestling ordeal; loser=guilty - ALAW/combat;loser=guilty RELIGIOUS BELIEFS - Immortality of the soul and life after death - BATHALANG MAYKAPAL a ranking deity - BATHALA equivalent of the Spanish DIOS; creator of the earth and man
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Deities: Idiyanale - agriculture Sidapa – death Balangaw – rainbow Mandarangan – war Agni – fire Magwayen – other world Lalahon – harvest Siginarugan – hell Diyan Masalanta – love Importance of the relationship between man and the object of Nature Anitos or saints (Tagalog); diwata (Visayan) Baylana or Katalona priests or priestesses
BURIAL - MOROTAL mourning for a woman - MAGLAHI mourning for a man - LARAW mourning for a dead chief - SIPA or fasting; limited nutrition of vegetables - BALATA or avenging the death of a relative from an act of foul play or battle - PASIYAM the ninth night after the death of a person - TIBAWAN a play in honor of the dead - TIBAW the play so staged DIVINATION and MAGIC CHARMS - Interpreted signs in Nature Beings: - PANGATAUHAN tells the fortune of anybody who cared to know beforehand what the days ahead had in store for him - ASUWANG or poltergeist (European) - MANGKUKULAM pricking an image of a man in any part of the anatomy - MANGGAGAWAY brings harm to anybody he wanted to destroy - TIYANAK sucking blood from unborn babies - TIKBALANG misleads travelers by shifting its own form Charms: Anting-anting/agimat – insured against dangers Gayuma – makes a man lovable to all the ladies Odom/Tagabulag(Tagalog) – makes a Bicolano invisible
Wiga(Visayan)/Sagabe(Tagalog) – walk in a storm or swim in a river without getting wet Tagahupa – the unfortunate drinker will be a vassal to the man with the magic potion ECONOMIC LIFE - AGRICULTURE is the main source of livelihood - Land cultivation: Kaingin and Tillage - Foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam, Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the old Malaysia. - Barter System was used - Prices in terms of gold or metal gongs
Chapter 4 – PRE-COLONIAL CULTURE LANGUAGES - 8 major languages; Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan, Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and Magindanao SYSTEM OF WRITING - TAGALOG has four qualities of the four greatest languages of the world; Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Spanish. - Ancients wrote on the bark of trees, on leaves and bamboo tubes, using their knives, daggers, pointed sticks or iron as pens LITERATURE - Floating or oral literature and written literature. - Examples: sabi, sawikain, bugtong, suliranin and indulanin, talindaw, diyuma, kumintang,tagumpay,hiliraw,uyayi and hele MUSIC and DANCE - Filipinos are born musicians, for they easily learn tunes by ear - KUDYAPI small guitar; symbol of poetry - Numerous musical instruments, songs, and dances around the country (pp.62-64) ART
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First glimpse of artistic sense are through tools and weapons Zizag designs on combs, rough jewalries or weapons before now smoothened, embroidered garments Basketry, weaving, metal work, wood carving, wood painting, multi-colored paintings by the Lanao Muslims
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Pope Alexander VI mediated between Spain and Portugal INTER CAETERA and EXIMIAE DEVOTIONIS giving Spain the right over any lands newlydiscovered by Columbus equivalent to the Portuguese territories; the Portuguese did not agree and worked on its revision.
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Chapter 5 – UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN GOSPEL – spreading of the Catholic religion GOLD – economic ideals, riches, spices, minerals GLORY- to be known throughout the world; strong country, more territories Maritime discovery of the Philippines, (1) by Portugal (2) by Spain EAST MEETS WEST - Food more palatable; search for spices: pepper, cinnamon, cloves,nutmeg and ginger - Black pepper (very expensive) = buy land, pay taxes, liberate a city, pay dowries - The POPE, only known power in European relations LUISTANIAN-HISPANIC RIVALRY IN MARITIME DISCOVERIES - PORTUGAL was the first country to use innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding with the eastablishment by HENRY ‘THE NAVIGATOR’ of the first navigational school in the globe at SAGRES POINT in 1419 - Paolo Toscanelli a Florentine mapmaker - Christopher Columbus wanted to discover westward sea route to India; his voyage generated misapprehension and dispute between Spain and Portugal. - King John (OF Portugal) protested that Columbus’ voyage was an incursion by Spain oh his sphere of influence
THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION(1518-1521) - RUY FALEIRO a brilliant cosmographer that egged to serve Spain as he was then not in the good graces of Lisbon court - FERDINAND MAGELLAN received royal instruction to sail directly to the Maluku and to bring back a cargo of the priceless spices; five antiquated shipes and with a crew of 235 men - MARCH 17, 1521 Magellan reached the Philippines - APRIL 1521 Magellan was defeated and killed in battle in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula, the chieftans of Mactan - VICTORIA the only ship that completed the voyage back to Spain in 1522, led by JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; 18 Europeans and 4 Malays survived MALUKU and the PHILIPPINES - Three Spanish expeditions that followed Magellan’s; Saavedra (1527), Villalobos(154146), Legazpi(1564) - Seven ships, with a crew of 450 under the joint command of GARCIA JOFRE DE LOAISA and JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; the two commanders died and was replaced by HERNANDO DE LA TORRE - ALONSO DE SAAVEDRA CERON, squadron of 3 ships and 150 men; search for any survivors of the Magellan, Loaisa, and Cabot(1526) TREATY OF ZARAGOZA(1529) - Lack of proper geographical knowleadge
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King Charles V ceded his alleged rights to Maluku to John III of Portugal for 350,000 ducats.
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION(1542-1546) - RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS, 6 ships and 370 men - Naming of Tandaya of Kandaya (LEYTE) in 1543 as LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of then crownprince Philip II, by BERNANRDO DE LA TORRE, commander of the ship San Juan de Letran LEGAZPI-URDANETA EXPEDITION(1564) - Feb 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached Cebu and contracted blood compacts with Si Katunaw ans Si Gala at Bohol. - VILLA DE SAN MIGUEL, later changed to CIUDAD DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, after the discovered SANTO NINO OF CEBU became the first Spanish town established in the Archipelago. THE SPANISH INDIO - it was very easy for Legazpi to accomplish an almost bloodless conquest of the Philippines considering its physical and human geography - with the permanent colonization by Legazpi, the indios lost the freedom they earlier enjoyed POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS - 1565-1821, the Philippines was a captaincygeneral administered by the Spanish king through the viceroyalty of Nueva Espana(Mexico) - Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias) governed all Spanish possesions - The King is the paramount lawmaker and administrator over-seeing the colonies of the Spanish empire. - The King is guided by laws compiled in 1681
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Diff. levels of administration: Central or National, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barrio levels Intramuros, seat of power in Manila GOBERNADOR-GENERAL commander-in-chief of the army and the navy; president of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court - highest judicial body); power over ecclesiastical appointments in the church; supervise mission work; salary P40,000 per annum ALCALDE MAYOR for the pacified provinces; corregimientos were headed by corregidores; executive, military and judicial powers; engaging in trade; only a SPANIARD Villas were governed by the AYUNTAMIENTO
RESIDENCIA AND VISITA - RESIDENCIA the judicial review of a residenciado conducted at the end of his term of office, supervised publicly by a juez de residencia; if guilty of misconduct= fines, dismissed from office, expelled from colony, or a combination of all - VISITA specific visita, an investigation of a single official or a province; general visita, an investigation of the whole viceroyalty (Mexico or Philippines) FILIPINO BUREAUCRATS - Gobrnadorcillo headed the pueblo or municipio - GOBERNADORCILLO the highest government position a Filipino could attain during the Spanish regime. - CABEZA DE BARANGAY tax and contributions collector for the gobernadorcillo. THE AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE - ANTI-FRIAR DEMONSTRATION by DOROTEO CORTES - FRAILOCRACIA/FRIAROCRACY friars or monastic orders ruled supreme
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Filipinos against the church, its ECONOMIC ROLE AS LANDOWNERS, the Dominicans, Augustinians, and the Recollects
CHAPTER 6: Institutional Impact of Spanish Rule Fr. Juan de Plasencia -presented the reduccion(resettlement) plan, a device to make the Filipinos law-abiding citizens and into little brown Spaniards ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: mediquillos -Filipinos who had medical experience but no title bandala -from the word mandala (a round stack of rice stalks to be threshed) -annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods. buwis (tribute) -may be paid in cash or in kind, partly or wholly, as palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles, or even wax and special regional produce, depending on the area of the country Polo y servicio -forced labor among Filipino or Chinese mestizos ranging from 16 to 60 years old, for forty days until 1884, when labor was reduced to fifteen days. Negative effects: 1. Upsetting of the village economy because labor drafts usually coincided with the planting and harvesting seasons. 2. Forced separation from the family and relocation to the Philippines. 3. Decimation of the male population Encomienda -from the word encomendar, to entrust -a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place including its inhabitants. Encomendero -granted the right of imposing tribute according to the limit and kind set by higher authorities TWO KINDS OF ENCOMIENDA 1. Royal or crown
-lands reserved for the crown and included the principal towns and ports 2. Private -were granted to individuals who were either the King's proteges or men who served with merit during the conquest and pacification campaigns The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade -trade between Manila and Acapulco, reaching as far as Callao in Peru. -a trip lasted 200 days, the return voyage taking 70 days Damaging effects: 1. the neglect of native extractive industries like agriculture 2. arrest of population growth Royal Philippine Company -created by Charles III -has a 25-year charter for the main purpose of uniting American and Asian commerce Compana de los Tranvias de Filipinas -established in Manila in 1885 by Jacobo Zobel de Zangroniz and Adolfo Bayo provided street car service lines Puente Colgante -the first suspension bridge in the Far East designed by Gustave Eiffel EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION: College of the Immaculate Concepcion - now ADMU, founded by Jesuits Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo Rosario -now UST, converted into a Dominican University College of San Juan de Letran -originally founded as the Seminario de Ninos Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphaned Spanish children -considered as the oldest secondary school in the Philippines first boarding schools for Spanish girls: 1. Colegio Santa Potenciana 2. Colegio Santa Isabel - oldest school for girls in the archipelago SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION: Governor Narciso Claveria -decreed the adoption of Hispanic names -obligated Filipinos to adopt surnames based on compiled names of saints etc.
La Funeraria - first funeral parlor established by Carlos March in Manila CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION: Doctrina Christiana -first published book, 1593 Francisco Tello instructed by the Crown that in order to make reduccion successful, the Filipinos should be taught Castillian and the friars should learn the language of the Indians Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay -first Filipino engraver
-said woman or child could easily change the enemies into clay Francisco Dagohoy -led the longest revolt in Phil. history -cabeza de barangay of Bohol Fr. Gaspar Morales -refused to give Sagarino, Dagohoy's brother, a Christian burial Sagarino -brother of Dahohoy, his rotten corpse was exposed for three days in front of Inabangan church **RELIGIOUS MOTIVES**
Juan de los Santos -sculpted the baroque altar of San Agustin Church Franciscan friars -most zealous in utilizing music in Christianization CHAPTER 7 : FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO **Personal Motives** Lakandula and Soliman -last of the Manila chieftains -revolted against Lavezares, who sequestered their landed properties and even tolerated the encomendero's abuse and oppression of their people Conspiracy of the Maharlikas -led by the kin related datus of Manila and towns of Bulacan and Pampanga, under Agustin de Legazpi, son of Lakandula and his first cousin, Martin Pangan Antonio Susabao and Amarlahagi -divulged the plot led by Agustin de Legazpi to the Spanish authorities Tamblot (of Bohol) -employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and return to their former beliefs -cut a bamboo with a small knife and wine allegedly gushed forth, even rice emerged Bankaw -datu of Limasawa -apostasized in his old age Pagali -a babaylan who helped Bankaw build an appropriate temple to the diwata and pressed six towns to rise up in arms
Miguel Lanab, Francisco Rivera, Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz, Muslims and Igorots Miguel Lanab and Alabanan -Christianized Isnegs -revolted by beheading Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao (Fr. Garcia was cut into pieces and was thrown into pigs) Tapar -a newly Christianized babaylan -proclaimed himself God Almighty and went about in the garb of a woman Francisco Rivera - a visionary who appropriated for himself the title of Papa Rey Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz -founded the Confradia de San Jose Ermano Pule -founded the confradia centering around the cults of San Francisco and the famous brown image Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo **RESISTANCE INSTITUTIONS**
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SPANISH-IMPOSED
Magalat -chief in Tugegarao, revolted against illicit tribute collection Gen Luis Magtangaga -chief of Malaueg, led the Itawis and Gaddangs to rise up in arms Juan Caragay -led a revolt in Pangasinan
Juan de la Cruz Palaris -spearheaded a rebellion against Gamboa( alcalde mayor, Pangasinan)
Joaquin
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Diego Silang -opposed the exaction of comun(annual tribute of one real fuente) **PEASANT UNREST** Maginoos of Silang - disputed land surveys which usurped a large portion of the communal lands in Latag and Lantic Joseph de la Vega, Francisco Santos de Medina, Ignacio Marvelo, Julio Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido, Francisco Gonzales -principales of Silang, assaulted the controversial hacienda and razed granaries Casimiro Camerino -unjustly labeled El Tulisan by the Spaniards **THE MORO RESISTANCE** Moro raids -in retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro captives to slavery and razing their homes **FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS** Reasons for the failure -insular make-up of the Philippines -no lingua franca **FILIPINO NATIONALISM:DECELERATORS** -Philippines was called Las Islas Filipinas -The term Filipinos only applied to insulares, Spaniards born in the Phil. Divide and Rule Policy **ACCELERATORS** •The Philippines in World Commerce *Manila proper and the suburban areas developed by leaps and bounds with the official and permanent opening of the port to international trade. Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II -first Phil. bank to issue the first paper money •Rise of the Clase Media *The Clase Media rose from the economic boom derived from expanded agriculture and commerce embarked on by the rising native entrepreneurs
principalia -an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos and minor native bureaucrats
•European Liberalism John Locke -wrote Two Treatises on Govt -posited that social contract between the King, who did not exercise absolute powers, and his subjects, means that if the king failed to do his duty and did not respond to natural rights, his subjects had the rights to overthrow him. Jacques Rousseau -re echoed the same in The Social Contract -if a govt didnt satisfy subjects, they have all the reason to alter the govtto whatever they thought best Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre -abolished press espionage and proclaimed freedom of speech -led a group of elites in a toast of liberty •Racial Discrimination Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante -opined that Filipino could never learn the Spanish language or be civilized -indio will always be an indio... Francisco Canamaque -hated Filipino laziness and incapacity Pablo Feced -described rural folks as carabao herd Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin -quoted that God created the indios with the rattan •Regular-Secular Conflicts Fr. Jose Burgos Francisco Baluyot -first known indio priest •La Algarada Cavitena *there was an unreasonable deduction in the Cavite arsenal workers' measly wages caused by the imposition of new tribute ordered by Izquierdo *they revolted as other workers lost their lost exemption privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales *believed to have stemmed from the worker's strike of the Cavite arsenal
GOMBURZA -accused as agitators of the Spanish movement Archbishop Meliton Martinez -refused to defrock Gomburza Rafael de Izquierdo - said "I shall govern with a cross on one hand and a sword in the other
CHAPTER 8 The Campaign for Reforms Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain. Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines. They were also called Filipinos. Indios – the name given to the Filipinos by the Spaniards. Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin – the indios were called Filipinos during his regime. Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre – the governor whom the Filipino middle class found as an ally. July 12, 1869 – the Filipino middle class went to Gov. Gen. De la Torre’s residence. Assimilation – thez transformation of the Philippines to a province of Spain and making the Filipinos fellow-Spaniards. Graciano Lopez Jaena – the Great Orator. He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec. 17, 1856. His parents are: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena. He died because of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896 in Barcelona. Fray Botod – one of the works of Lopez Jaena that deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a friar. Botod (fat) – Hiligaynon word for big-bellied man. The tagalog equivalent of Botyok.
La Solidaridad – the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in Spain. It was the newspaper founded by the Filipino reformists in 1889 to promote interests of the Philippines and the Filipinos. Financer: Pablo Rianzares; Editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena. Discursos y Articulos Varios - a book where Lopez Jaena compiled his speeches and articles. Marcelo H. Del Pilar – the Great Reformist and Political Analyst. He is the political analyst of the Filipino colony in Spain. He was born in Kupang, Bulakan, Bulakan on Aug. 30, 1850. His parents are: Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitan. He died on July 4, 1896. Marciana del Pilar – Marcelo’s first cousin whom he married. Diariong Tagalog – the nationalistic newspaper founded by Del Pilar in 1882. Caingat Cayo – one of the pamphlets issued by the Spanish friar, Jose Rodriguez stating that Rizal is an enemy of the holy Catholic religion. Parodied works of Del Pilar: Dasalan at Toksohan, a parody of the Prayer Book; Amain Namin, a prody of “Our Father” and; Ten Commandments of the Friars. The additional aims of the Sol during Del Pilar’s editorship: The removal of the friars and the secularization of the parishes; Active participation in the affairs of the government; Freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly; A wider social and political freedom; Equality before the law; Assimilation, and; Representation in the Spanish Cortes. Jose Rizal – was born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861. His parents are: Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo. He died on Dec. 30, 1896. Sa Aking Kabata – a tagalog poem allegedly said to be written by Rizal at the age of eight. A la Juventud Filipina – written by Rizal at eighteen, won the first prize in a literary contest.
Noli Me Tangere – is a socio-historical novel of Rizal based on facts that he gathered while he was in the Philippines which he finished at the age of 26. El Filibusterismo – Rizal’s second novel, a political novel in which he predicted the coming of a revolution. Feb. 15, 1889 – the first number of La Solidaridad came out in Barcelona. First editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena succeeded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Pen Names: Jose Rizal – Dimas Alang and Laong Laan; Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako; Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog; Marcelo H. Del Pilar – Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban – Jomapa. Hispano – Filipino Association – a society composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who banded together thier resources and efforts in the campaign to have thier voices heard in the Peninsular Government. Miguel Morayta – was the elected President of the Hispano – Filipino Assocation. 3 Sections of the Hispano – Filipino Association: Political Section – under Marcelo H. Del Pilar; Literary Section – under Mariano Ponce; Sports Section – under Tomas Arejola La Propaganda – a civil society established simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines. La Liga Filipina – a civic society founded by Rizal on July 3, 1892. Officers: President – Ambrosio Salvador; Fiscal – Agustin de la Rosa; Treasurer – Bonifacio Arevalo and; Secretary – Deodato Arellano
CHAPTER 9 Bonifacio and the Katipunan Katipunan – Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was formed on July 7, 1892 at a house on Azcarraga, near Elcano Street, Tondo. Triangle Method – a recruitment technique used by the Katipunan in order for the society to increase in number. 3 Governing Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian – the highest governing body of the society and was composed of the president, fiscal, treasurer and comptroller or interventor; Sangguniang Bayan – represents the province; Sangguniang Balangay – represents the municipality or town. Sangguniang Hukuman – a sort of a court where judicial matters affecting the member of the society were referred. 3 Grades of the Society: Katipon – wore black hood. Password: Anak ng Bayan; Kawal – wore green hood. Password: Gom-Bur-Za; Bayani – wore red mask and sash with green borders. Password: Rizal. Katipunan Codes – a system of writing made by Bonifacio to maintain the secrets of their society’s communications. Andres Bonifacio – the founder and organizer of the Katipunan. He was born in Tondo, Manila on Nov. 30, 1863. His parents are: Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro. Siblings of Bonifacio: Ciriaco, Procopio, Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima Monica – Andres Bonifacio’s first wife who died of leprosy. Gregoria De Jesus – second wife of Bonifacio whom he met in Kalookan. She was initiated in the Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan and was called the Lakambini of the Katipunan.
Emilio Jacinto – the Brains of the Katipunan. He was born in Tondo on Dec. 15, 1875. His parents are: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. He joined the Katipunan at the age of 18, making the youngest member of all. He studied at San Juan de Letran College then in University of Santo Tomas. He is the editor of the Kalayaan newspaper.
Kalayaan – the Katipunan society’s newspaper. Kartilla – written by Emilio Jacinto, a primer to indoctrinate the members of the society. It consists of 13 teachings.
Chapter 10 THE REVOLUTION: THE FIRST PHASE
Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to go to Dapitan in June 1896 to know Rizal’s opinion on the necessity of rising in arms against the Spaniards. The revolution might break out prematurely because of the impatience of the masses. Rizal was not against the revolution in itself, but pointed out that a revolution without sufficient arms should not be started against an armed nation. The first Cuban revolution against Spain failed because of lack of arms. Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the society (Katipunan) to ensure the success of the revolution. (To have unity among all classes of Filipinos) Further suggested Antonio Luna be appointed to direct all military operations against the Spaniards Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the Katipunan side; Rizal failed to give a solution to this problem. Kongo – Japanese warship on which Admiral Kanimura was on board Jose Moritaro Tagawa – Japanese employee of a Japanese bazaar through whom contacts were made to Kanimura Bonifacio led the Katipunan committee to seek the aid of Admiral Kanimura in the struggle for national liberation. However, the admiral refused to commit his country to the revolutionary plans of the society.
Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos – Katipuneros employed in the Maestranza (arsenal); ordered by Bonifacio to steal rifles and pistols from the arsenal so as to increase the weapons of the Katipunan. However, the quantity of such weapons was still insufficient to start a revolution. The increase in the number of the Katipunan affiliates, while advantageous to Bonifacio, was in a way a disadvantage: The new members were impatience, and in their impatience they met nightly, arousing the suspicion of the authorities. Rumors about the secret meetings circulated which the friars used to force then governorgeneral Blanco to act in order to prevent the uprising. However, Blanco was not sympathetic and refused to take any action. Father Mariano Gil, disgusted over the governor’s attitude, next ran to the military governor of Manila, Gen. Echaluce, and revealed what he knew about the Katipunan. Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño – had a misunderstanding. Patiño took revenge on dela Cruz by telling thea secrets of the society to his sister Honoria. August 19, 1896 Patiño exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil Proofs were found in the premises of the printing shop of Diario de Manila (lithographic stone used to print the receipts, dagger and the rules of the society along with other pertinent documents were found in the locker of Policarpio Turla) Following the discovery of the Katipunan were mass arrests of Filipino suspects—prominent men, even those who were innocent, were thrown into jail and convicted of illegal association. The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the Katipunan. In order to force them into joining the society, Bonifacio had some Katipuneros forge the wealthy Filipinos’ signatures on some documents, making it seem like they were in sympathy with the principles of the society. Instead being forced to join, the wealthy Filipinos denied any knowledge of the society but were still implicated since the authorities simply refused to believe them. “Cry of Balintawak” – August 23, 1986, Pugadlawin Katipuneros tore their cedulas Melchora Aquino “Tandang Sora” – Mother of the Katipunan
Reign of Terror – Gov-gen. Ramon Blanco issued a decree on August 30 declaring the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija in a state of war and placing them under martial law. Those who were accused of treachery and were against the government would be handed over to the military court or trial unless they surrendered within 48hrs. Taking advantage of this particular provision, some Katipuneros surrendered but were immediately forced to confess what they knew about the society and its members. Torture was employed to make them squeal. Hundreds were arrested and jailed. Some were even massacred. More often, the suspects were simply shot without any trial. Katipunan’s 2 factions: Magdalo (headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo at Kawit) and Magdiwang (headed by Mariano Alvarez at Noveleta) Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Gen. Aguirre’s troops in Imus and was afterwards recognized hero of the hour. From then on the Caviteños called him General Miong, not Capitan Miong. The successive defeats of the Spaniards led the friars to agitate against Gov-Gen. Blanco. Blanco was finally relieved as governor by the brutal Gen. Camilo de Polavieja on Dec. 13, 1896 Polavieja began his campaigns in Cavite and partially succeeded in driving away the rebels from several places. His order to massacre the civilians led Bonifacio to issue a proclamation denouncing the Spanish brutality. The Spaniards captured the territory they had lost until about 1/3 of Cavite fell into their hands. Magdalo vs. Magdiwang: On Dec31, an assembly was held to determine whether the Katipunan should be superseded by another form of government. o Magdalo: with the outbreak of the revolution the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society and should, therefore, be superseded by one or more in keeping with the demands of the period. o Magdiwang: the Katipunan should remain the gov’t of the revolutionists because it already had a constitution and by-laws recognized by all. The conflict was not resolved.
Tejeros Convention – Magdalo and Magdiwang factions met to solve their internal problem.
Bonifacio, as chairman, reminded the convention before the election that whoever should get elected to any position should be respected. This proposal was approved and the election got underway. Elected were: 1) Emilio Aguinaldo (President) 2) Mariano Trias (Vice-President) 3) Artemio Ricarte (Captain General) 4) Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of War) 5) Andres Bonifacio (Directory of the Interior) Daniel Tirona (Magdalo), when Bonifacio was being proclamated, declared that the position of Director of Interior should not be given to him as it was not proper that a person without a lawyer’s diploma should occupy it, and insisted that it should be given to Jose del Rosario instead, a lawyer. Bonifacio, feeling insulted, demanded Tirona to retract what he said, but Tirona merely disappeared from the scene. Tirona was almost shot by Bonifacio if not for Ricarte who held Bonifacio’s arm. Bonifacio, as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, declared the assembly dissolved and annulled the results of the meeting.
Acta de Tejeros – document stating the reasons why Bonifacio and his men, convinced that the election held was invalid, could not accept the results of the Tejeros Convention. Naik Military Agreement – another document drawn by Bonifacio and his men in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros; posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed enemy. Aguinaldo, realizing the significance of Bonifacio’s intentions through the Naik Military Agreement, ordered the arrest of the Bonifacio brothers. Col. Agapito Bonzon was dispatched to effect the arrest. Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were found guilty of treason despite the evidence being insufficient to prove their alleged guilt. The Council of War decided to have the brothers executed, but Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence to banishment. Under pressure from Bonifacio’s haters, however, Aguinaldo
withdrew his order and the original decision of the Council of War stood. May 10 – The brothers were executed at Mt. Tala Polavieja, tired of the endless battles, asked for his relief as gov-gen. and was replaced by Fernando Primo de Rivera. Primo de Rivera issued a decree granting pardon to those who, up to May 17, would give up their arms and surrender to the government. Most Filipinos ignored this decree. He then issued another decree in the hopes of winning over the Filipinos to his policy of attraction. A few took advantage of his decree, while the rest continued their resistance against the enemy. Biyak-na-Bato Republic – republican government established by Aguinaldo at Biyakna-bato The provisional constitution of the Biyak-nabato Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied almost word-forword the Cuban constitution of Jimaguayu Truce of Biyak-na-Bato –Pedro Paterno served as mediator between Spaniards and Filipinos to stop the conflict. He negotiated with Aguinaldo and Primo de Rivera. The truce provided: 1) that Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad 2) that Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3 installments: (a) P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biyak-na-bato, (b) P200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700, and (c) the remaining P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung and general amnesty proclaimed by the governor; 3) that Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of P900,000 to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict To make sure the Spanish authorities were sincere, the revolutionists demanded that 2 Spanish generals were to remain at Biyakna-Bato as hostages and another, Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, the governor’s nephew, to accompany the exiles to Hong Kong. Primo de Rivera agreed. Aguinaldo went to Hong Kong with his men and Pedro and Maximo Paterno, and thus received P400,000.
The truce failed because of suspicions among the two parties. Some Filipino leaders refused to surrender their arms. The Spanish authorities, on the other hand, did not trust the Filipinos. The consequence of this mutual suspicion was the resurgence of the revolution.
CHAPTER 11 THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE
Gen. Basilio Augustin succeeded Primo de Rivera, which was unfortunate, for he was ignorant of the actual conditions in the Philippines. Immediately upon his assumption of office, he announced that he would continue Primo de Rivera’s work of pacification. The Spanish-American relations were turning for the worse. Spain wanted to avoid getting into conflict with US, which was a rising powerful nation. Reasons for Spanish-American War: 1) Cuban Revolution – US sided with the Cuban rebels due to economic interests in the island. 2) Dupuy de Lome’s letter to his friend in Havana calling then President William McKinley a weakling and a low politician was stolen and published in a New York periodical, rousing the anger of the American public. 3) Blowing up of American warship Maine at Havana Harbor (Feb. 15, 1898) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. wanted war between Spain and US to break out in order to expand the navy; conceived the idea of attacking Manila in the event that war should break out between Spain and US Commodore George Dewey – instructed by Roosevelt to take offensive action against the Spanish flotilla based in Manila in case of a war with Spain Admiral Patricio Montojo – leader of the Spanish fleet defeated by Dewey in the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1,1898) The naval battle was one-sided, for while the Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans, the Spaniards were poorly armed. The Battle of Manila Bay enmeshed the US in the coils of world politics and signalized her entrance into the ―Days of Empire‖
Aguinaldo deposited the P400,000 he received from Primo de Rivera in two Hong Kong banks. Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles. Isabelo Artacho, however, wanted the money to be divided among them. Aguinaldo refused and Artacho sued him. To avoid appearing in court, he secretly left for Saigon where he took another ship to Singapore. E. Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cast his lot with the Americans, saying that the US had Cuba at their door but were disclaiming any desire to possess it, whereas the Philippines was 10,000miles away. Pratt cabled Dewey and arranged for Aguinaldo’s departure. Unfortunately, Dewey had already sailed for Manila Bay when Aguinaldo arrived. Rounseville Wildman – American consul at Hong Kong tasked by Dewey with making arrangements for Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines; suggested that Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government but, after the war and peace has been restored, Aguinaldo should establish a government similar to that of the US. Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchase arms and ammunition for the Filipinos. He gave Wildman P50,000 for 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition and, before his departure, P67,000 for another shipment of arms. The first shipment was accomplished, but the second one was never realized, nor did Wildman return or account for the money given to him by Aguinaldo. Hong Kong Junta – unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards. McCulloch – revenue cutter on which Aguinaldo was supposed to board, but the master of the ship told Aguinaldo that Dewey did not instruct him to take Aguinaldo on board. It wasn’t until its 2nd return to Hong Kong that Aguinaldo finally got on the ship. Upon arrival of the McCulloch at Cavite, Dewey’s launch took him to the Olympia where he was given honors due a general. Aguinaldo alleged that in his conference with Dewey, he was told that the US would recognize Philippine Independence. Dewey, however, denied he made such a statement to Aguinaldo and asserted that he treated the Filipino general in a personal manner without committing the US government.
The news of Aguinaldo’s return spread throughout Central Luzon. A number of Filipino volunteers in the Spanish army defected to the Filipino forces. So sweeping were Filipino victories that practically the whole Luzon, except the port of Cavite and Manila, were in rebel hands by June 1898. “Viva La Autonomia!” was a handbill circulated by some Spaniards in which they stated that the ―salvation of the unity of the Islands, the unity of its liberties, and the unity of its local and central government‖ lay with Spain. Pedro Paterno was behind this circular. Conservative Assembly – called by Gen. Augustin, appointing prominent mestizos to sit in it, in order to win over to his side the wealthy and influential segment of the Filipinos (the mestizos) and to make it appear that he had the welfare of the Filipinos at heart. Actually, the assembly was nothing but a decoration for its function was purely advisory and did not have the right to initiate reforms. Augustin’s attempts to win over the Filipinos to the side of Spain failed. City of Manila – Intramuros (Walled City) arrabales – districts outside the City; suburbs Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish ships from entering or leaving the bay. He thought it was useless to conquer the city by arms for he did not have enough men to occupy it, so he waited for reinforcements. The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged the city to starve out the enemy within its walls; Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and water supply. So effective was the strategy that the people inside the city—Spaniards, as well as Filipinos and aliens—suffered from hunger and thirst. Aguinaldo offered Augustin honourable surrender, but Augustin, thinking more of Spanish honor than his life, stubbornly refused. 1st reinforcements – under the command of Gen. Thomas Anderson 2nd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Francis V. Greene 3rd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Arthur Mac-Arthur When the Peninsular Gov’t heard of Augustin’s plan to surrender it relieved him as governor and appointed General Fermin Jaudenes instead. Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless. To save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of
honor there should be a mock battle, after which the Spanish forces would surrender. He further insisted that the Filipino rebels should be excluded from participating in the surrender of Manila Mock Battle – secret agreement between Jaudenes, Dewey and Meritt of a fake battle between the Spanish and American forces; August 13 Beginnings of Filipino-American Rift: o Meritt asked Aguinaldo’s troops to vacate the bay side area so that the Americans could occupy it. Aguinaldo demanded that the request be made in writing, but Greene only made a verbal promise which he did not even keep. o continuous stream of American reinforcements o General Anderson’s insolence towards Aguinaldo, evidenced by his telegraph prohibiting Aguinaldo’s troops from entering Manila without permission from their American commander Terms of Capitulation – The Spanish authorities agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the Filipino volunteers found inside the Walled City. The Americans, on the other hand, agreed to safeguard the city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship. Protocol of Peace – Before the mock assault on Manila, Spain and US were negotiating for the cessation of hostilities. Spain agreed to the terms of the peace treaty and consequently, on August 12, Pres. McKinley issued a proclamation directing that ―all military operations against the enemy be suspended.‖ However, Meritt did not receive the proclamation until August 16, when the mock battle of Manila had already been ―fought‖ and the terms of capitulation had been signed, because Dewey had cut the cable earlier.
CHAPTER 12 THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC
When Aguinaldo arrived from HK he had with him a draft of a plan prepared by Mariano Ponce for the establishment of a revolutionary government Consul Wildman had advised Aguinaldo earlier to establish a dictatorial government which later on could be the nucleus of a republican government like that of the US
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’s adviser, told him to form a dictatorial government. May 24, 1898 Aguinaldo inaugurated a dictatorial government under a decree nullifying the orders issued under the authority of the Biyak-na-bato Republic and asserted that the Dictatorial Government was temporary in nature. In general, the Filipinos treated the Spanish prisoners with justice. But there were times when, due to hatred of the former masters, the Filipinos maltreated some Spaniards. Aguinaldo appealed to them to treat the Spanish prisoners humanely by issuing a circular (May 29, 1898) urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of the Spanish prisoners. With a government in operation, Aguinaldo thought it necessary to declare Philippine Independence. Mabini objected, saying that it was more important to reorganize the government in such a manner as to convince the foreign powers of the competence and stability of the new government. Aguinaldo, however, stood his ground and won. Julian Felipe – composer of the National Anthem Marcha Filipina Magdalo Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) Marcela Agoncillo (assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza) – made the Philippine National Flag The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who also read it. Apolinario Mabini – Aguinaldo’s adviser, “Dark Chambers of the President” , “Brains of the Revolution” Reorganization of Local Government: Town Chief + Headman for each barrio + 3 Delegates (delegate for police & internal order, delegate for justice and civil registry, delegate for taxes and property) = POPULAR ASSEMBLY Town chief – President of the Assembly Headman – Vice President Delegate for Justice&Civil Registry – Secretary Chiefs of the towns, in consultation with their respective popular assemblies, elect the provincial chief and 3 councilors. Provincial Chief + Chief of the Capital and Province + 3 Councilors = PROVINCIAL COUNCIL
Provincial Council – chief duty was to propose measures for the general welfare of the provice Revolutionary Congress- made up of delegates from each province elected by the town chiefs (For the City of Manila and the province of Cavite: 3 delegates each, for the province of the 1st class: 2 delegates each, for the rest of the provinces: 1 delegate each); main function: ―to propose…measures concerning the preservation of internal order and external security of these islands…‖ In order to secure maximum efficiency in the implementation of the rules regarding the holding of elections, the decree provided for the appointment of a commissioner of the Central Government for each province. The military commanders who liberated any town from the Spaniards became automatically commissioners ―by virtue of their office.‖ Administration of Justice: The decree provided that the Spanish Penal Code, when not contrary to the decree of the government, was to remain in force for the time being. Town chief was automatically the judge of the town. Revolutionary Government – decree changed the title of the chief of state from Dictator to President and defined the object of the government as the ―struggle for the independence of the Philippines until all nations, including the Spanish, shall expressly recognize it, and to prepare the country so that the true republic may be established.‖ Malolos Congress – convocation of Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos. First significant act: ratification, on September 29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit on June 12. o President: Pedro Paterno o Vice-Pres: Benito Legarda o 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta o 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo Malolos Constitution – 1st democratic st constitution in Asia; 1 important Filipino document ever produced by the people’s representatives. It is anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots on American soil. It created a Filipino state whose government was ―popular, representative, and responsible‖ with 3 branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The constitution specifically provided for safeguards against abuses and enumerated the national and individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but
also of the aliens; is unique for 3 reasons: (1)because of the provisions making the Assembly or the legislative branch superior to either the executive or the judicial branch, (2)because it provided for a Permanent Commission to sit as a legislative body when the Assembly was not in session. and (3)because it established a unicameral legislature. Calderon purposely provided for a strong legislative arm so that the executive would not be able to create an oligarchy composed of ignoramuses. As to the unicameral legislature, he pointed out that there was no conflict of interests among the people to justify the creation of a bicameral legislature. Mabini envisioned the Congress as an advisory body of the President, but his idea was contradicted by Congress when it proposed to draft a constitution. Mabini, in the minority, was defeated by the majority under the leadership of Paterno. He submitted his Constitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic, but Congress, for the second time, overruled him. Paterno’s constitutional plan was also set aside by the committee tasked to draft the constitution. Felipe Calderon’s draft of constitution was eventually approved by Aguinaldo and used Assembly of Representatives – legislative branch Permanent Commission – law-making body when Congress was not in session The Cabinet or Council of Government – composed of the secretaries of the different departments of the government; responsible not to the President, but to the Assembly. Supreme Court – judicial branch During the inauguration of the Philippine Republic in Malolos, Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war who were not members of the Spanish regular army and, at the same time, granting to Spaniards and other aliens the right to engage in business within the limits of the Republic. Revolutionary Periodicals: o El Heraldo Filipino (changed to Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice Oficial and finally to Graceta de Filipinas) – official organ of the Revolutionary Government; published the official texts of the decrees of the government and some news items and
tagalog poems, all nationalistic in content o La Independencia (edited and partly owned by Antonio Luna), La Republica Filipina (Pedro Paterno), La Libertad (Clemente Jose Zulueta), Ang Kaibigan ng Bayan, Columnas Volantes, La Federacion, La Revolucion, La Oportunidad, etc. Education: o Burgos Institute o Literary University of the Philippines Diplomatic Activities: o promulgation of decrees creating committees abroad for the purpose of carrying on propaganda activities for the Revolutionary gov’t o establishment of Hongkong Junta whose members were to represent the Philippines in diff. countries Treaty of Paris o Dec. 10, 1898] o officially ended the Spanish-American War o conditions: 1. Annexation or cessation of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to US Sovereignity 2. US would pay $20M for the improvements made in the country 3. Ten-year duty-free entry of Spanish and American goods to the Philippines
Chapter 13 The Filipino-American Hostilities American Apostasy: There was an informal alliance between Dewey and Aguinaldo – an alliance to fight a common enemy, the Spaniards. Aguinaldo and his men looked upon the Americans with suspicion. Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation Benevolent Assimilation – proclaimed on December 21, 1898.
- The first official indication of American policy regarding the Philippines. - It has 2 versions, the original and edited. General Elwell Otis – published Mckinley’s proclamation with some amendments on January 4, 1899. Filipino Reaction Gen. Miller – published the original text of the proclamation in Iloilo. A copy fell into the hands of the Revolutionary Gov’t. Antonio Luna – led the attack on the proclamation. - Editor of La Independencia. - He issues a counter-proclamation on Jan. 5, 1899. Attempts to Relax the Tension Florentino Torres – A well-known American sympathizer whom Otis pleaded. The San Juan Bridge Incident Feb. 1 – a group of American engineers was arrested by the Filipino troops. Feb. 2 – Gen. Arthur MacArthur protested the presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel’s soldiers in his territory. Feb. 2 and 3 – Filipino employees in American ships were dismissed from the service for no reason at all. Feb. 4 – the encounter of Private William W. Grayson with 4 armed men.
Investigation of the Incident Captain Fernando Grey – wired Malolos saying that the Americans had started the hostilities. Felipe Buencamino, Sr. – ordered by Aguinaldo to start an investigation. Baldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of War asked by Buencamino on Feb. 7 for info regarding the incident. American Victories Battle of La Loma – Major Jose Torres Bugallon fell mortally wounded.
Luna retreated to Polo where he established his headquarters. The Drive to North Gen. Henry W. Lawton – ordered by Gen. Otis to take the offensive in the south. Gen. Wheaton – successively captured Las Piñas,, Parañaque and other towns of Laguna. March 25, 1899 – Filipinos repulsed Gen. Wheaton and killed Colonel Egbert. April 23, Quingua (Plaridel) – Americans under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the hands of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar. - Colonel Stotsenberg was killed in the battle. Gen. Lawton – killed in the battle of San Mateo. The Fall of Mabini Apolinario Mabini – president of the cabinet. - Most powerful man behind Aguinaldo. Secretary John Hay – offered autonomy to the Filipinos. May 7, 1899 – Mabini was notified by Aguinaldo of the new Cabinet under Paterno. Assassination of Luna Antonio Luna – has an unruly temper. - Best prepared to fight the American enemy. - He received no less than 40 wounds. Kawit Company – group of man who ganged up on him. - Insisted that they took orders only from Gen. Aguinaldo. Colonel Francisco Roman – left Bayambang Pangasinan with Aguinaldo. American Conquest of the Visayas Gen. Miller – instructed Gen. Otis to attach Iloilo. Gen. Martin Delgado – ordered the burning of the city to prevent the enemy from using it. Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer – designated as military governor of Cebu. Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro Fullon – guerilla leaders. The Negros Constitution Negrenses sympathized with the Americans.
Visayan Military District – Panay, Cebu, and Negros. - Issues on March 1. The Bates Treaty Gen. John C. Bates – was appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan of Jolo. Aguinaldo Flees to the Mountains Reasons: 1. Assassination of Luna that caused some Filipinos to be demoralized. 2. Army officers surrendered to the enemy. Dec. 25, 1899 – women with him were surrendered to the enemy. The Battle of Pasong Tirad Gen. Gregorio del Pilar – noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad. - suggested that he would stay behind and make a last stand. - killed by a Krag rifle. Pasong Tirad – 4,500 ft. high. - Only one man could climb up the hill. Major March – fought Gen. del Pilar. Januario Galut – helped the American fins a secret trail to the top. The Capture of Aguinaldo Pardo de Tavera – founded La Democracia. Colonel Frederick Funston – planning for the capture of Aguinaldo. - employed some Macabebes & 2 army officers (Lazaro Segovia & Hilario Tal Placido) to put his plan into execution. Gen. Urbano Lacuna – whose signature is ordered to be forged by Funston. - Aguinaldo wrote an order to send reinforcements to Palanan. Tal Placido – grabbed Aguinaldo from behind. - The firing shot him in the stomach. Colonel Simeon Villa – shielded Aguinaldo from the bullets. Dr. Santiago Barelona – helod Aguinaldo when he wanted to fight back.
Barbarous Acts Brutality is an instrument to weaken an enemy’s resistance. Gen. Jake Smith – assigned to Pacify Samar. Gen. Miguel Malvar – took over the leadership of the Filipino gov’t. Gen. Vicente Lukban – ambushed American soldiers. Gen. Jacob Smith – ordered the massacre of all men and children below 10 yrs. old. :| Macario Sakay – established a Tagalog Republic but was not serious enough to endanger American rule.
Chapter 14 The Religious Schism Aglipayan or Philippine Independent Church – the Filipino church. - Only living and tangible result of the revolution. Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene Gregorio Aglipay – appointed as Military Vicar General on Oct. 20, 1898. - Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldo’s movement upon his return from the Northern provinces. Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda – together with Gen. Basilio Agustin, commissioned Aglipay to confer with revolutionary leaders to bring them back to the Spanish side. Colonel Luciano San Miguel – sent by Aguinaldo to persuade Aglipay for the Filipino cause. Validity of civil marriage was recognized by the revolutionary gov’t. Nozaleda against Aglipay. Aglipay was assigned by … as …: Revolutionary Gov’t – Military Vicar General Catholic Hierarchy – Ecclesiastical Governor Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of power. Juan de Vargas – punished with less than excommunication.
- forced to stand at the entrance of the Manila church for 4 months. Mabini and the National Council Mabini directed a manifesto urging the Filipino clergy to organize a Filipino National Church. Chapelle and Filipinization Mons. Placido Chapelle – pro-friar. - said that those who opposed friars will be treated as enemies of religion and order. The Schism One of the factors was Chapelle’s undiplomatic language. Isabelo de los Reyes – radical propagandist. - founded the first labor union in the Philippines: Union Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor Union) Establishment of Iglesia Filipina Independiente on Aug. 2, 1902. (Phil. Independent Church) First Converts De los Reyes had luck from some residents of Navotas, Rizal and the defection of Father Pedro Brillantes of Ilocol Norte. Aglipay & the Jesuits Aglipay was invited to an interview at the Jesuit house in Sta. Ana Manila. Father Francisco Foradada – persuaded Aglipay to the Catholic fold. - insulted the Filipino clergy which caused Aglipay’s anger. Father Joaquin Villalonga – Aglipay asked the moon from him. Significance Two bases pf Spanish prejudice: 1. Feeling of racial superiority. 2. Alleged incompetence of Filipino Clergy. Two results: 1. Liquidation of the Spanish empire in the orient. 2. alienation of a segment of the population from the Catholic church.
God bless everyone! :)) – :))
CHAPTER 16 Compromise W/ Colonialism Schurman Commission (1899)1st significant body by McKinley which introduced non military approach of Am. Colonialism Military government (1898-1901)- Replaced by civil govt Taft Commission- Phil Commission with William Howard Taft as the 1st military gen Gregorio Araneta & Benito LegardaCayetano Arellano- 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Osmena- 1907 pres of phil assembly Jones Law- Phil autonomy Act of 1916; created bicameral legislature composed of 24 member (upper house) and House of Representatives (house Chamber) Filipinization- actual grant of substantial participation in govt to Filipinos (elite class only) Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)- “Free Trade” only American goods didn’t have limitation; Filipino goods were limited by quota system Underwood-Simmons Act- abolished quotas on Phil exports
2 reasons “why the Elite?”
Tydings McDuffie Law (1934)- quotas were reimposed
1. fear of losing security of their interest
Exported oriented- XD
2. distrust in character of the masses Najeeb Saleeby- itong “mama” na ito ang isa mga successful na nag educate sa mga Muslim (sori Teacher Emie <3) Carpenter-Kiram Agreement (1915)Changed the term in Bates Treaty; Divested the Sultan of all his political power and only allowed to execise rights and duties of spiritual leader Woodraw Wilson- elected democratic Pres in 1912 Democratic Party- Labor and Farm bloc Republican Party- Capitalist and landlords Francis B. Harrison- 1st democratic gov gen in Phil 1913 Cooper Act- Phil bill of 1902 (sori di ko mahanap )
CHAPTER 17 Colonial Politics: Towards Complete Autonomy Warren G. Harding (1921)- US Republican President Wood Forbes Mission- led by Cameron Forbes and Leonard Wood; indicted the Harrison Era for many problems during investigation Leonard Wood- became gov gen during Harding era Cabinet Crisis- open break between Wood and Filipino leaders led by Manuel Quezon Manuel Quezon- president of the Senate Manuel Roxas- Speaker of the House
Board of Control- regulated govt participation in buss corp and firms
Ray Conley (American)- Chief of the vicesquad of the Secret Service Branch of Manila Police Dept; charged of keeping mistress, bribery from Manila gamblers known as “Conley Case”
Phil Commission- upper house
Veto- power to reject/ not pass bills
Council of State- advisory body of Chief Executive
Phil Assembly- lower house
Harrison- has the least vetoed Wood- has the most vetoed bills; abolished the board of control Henry Stimson- 1928 gov gen in Phil; restored the Harrison era and sympathy w/ Filipino leaders Stimson’s SuccessorDwight Theodore Roosevelt Jr Frank Murphy
Davis,
CHAPTER 18 Campaign for Independence Commission of Independence (1918)created by Phil Legislature to study the negotiation of Phil Independence 1918- Commission is composed originally by 11 senators and 40 congressmen. After subsequent recruitment, leadership remained Nacionalista. Missions were sent with Nacionalista (Qurzon, osmena, Roxas, Santos, Quirino etc) and Democrata (Recto, gil, Tirona etc) 1st Parliamentary Mission (1919)- led by Quezon and Palma with both parties; during Wilson era; received by war sec, Newton Baker; at bad timing of War 2nd Parliamentary Mission (1922)- led by Quezon & Osmena to present Fil viewpoints on the questions raised by Wood Forbes Mission; missions successively sent to Washington in 1923-1925. Happened during the Cabinet Crisis Manuel Roxas- led a special mission in Nov 1923to protest alleged illegal and arbitrary acts of Wood Calvin Coolidge- delivered the the Pres.’ Reply that the American govt would take measures to grant the Phil independence since Filipinos are unprepared because they can’t cooperate with Wood administration Fairfield Bill- Administration alternative to independence measure after the Ind. Missions;
introduced in apr 1924; proposed a 30 yr period of autonomy in which the Phil would have controlof insular affairs with elected gov gen for “commonwealth of the Phil”.
Roxas- showed the Fairfield Bill to special mission in dec 1923 Quezon and Osmena advised the admin that they get the bill accepted if the admin would offer assurance that it would pass the Congress. But Fairfield himself announced that he was unwilling to see the bill passed. 3rd Parliamentary mission- bitter struggle ensued between two parties leadership over the Fairfield where Recto charged P20, P50 and P100 i mean Quezon, Osmena Roxas, with double dealing and insincerity to Fairfield Bill Bacon Bill- separates Mindanao, Sulu, & Palawan from govt jurisdiction. Supreme National Council- launched by Quezon, uniting all pol. parties to attract not so prominent Filipinos in the ind campaign, to decentralize the campaign and to achieve peaceful use of pol authority. The org structure is similar to insular govt. It is “Ind Commission” under diff name expect that it invited non politician to participate. In 1928 it faded away. Senate Bill 198- passed by Phil Legislature which provided for plebiscite on immediate independence in Nov 1925; aimed to counteract the anti- independence campaign of State. American Interest Groups “Friends” of Phil. Independence
Labor and farm bloc Isolationist Anti imperialist Extreme patriotic societies
OsRox Mission- First to succeed in securing the passage of independence bill, Hare Hawes Cutting Law on jan 17, 1933; provided for
establishment of 10 year commonwealth before the proclamation of ind. On jul. 4, 1946. It was rejected by Filipinos because of provisions affecting trade relations, power of high commissioner is too indefinite & military and naval provisions. Tydings McDuffie (1934)- “hare hawes cutting law” under diff nameby Quezon; eliminates the provisions for military reservations. US- in 1934 1st nation to voluntary relinquish sovereignty over a colony powers.
CHAPTER 19 TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE: THE COMMONWEALTH
Commonwealth Act No. 213 – sought to recognize, define and regulate legitimate labor disputes and the Court of Industrial Relations was established. The social justice program did not prove an outstanding success as it depended almost entirely on the personality of Quezon. Education during the Commonwealth National Council of Education – headed by Rafael Palma Department of Education – headed by Sergio Osmena Primary and adult education – main emphasis during the Commonwealth period The objective of universal education was not attained.
The Framing of Constitution
The National Language
Claro M. Recto – president of the Philippine Constitutional Convention.
Article 2 of the Constitution – directed the National Assembly to “take steps toward the development and adoption of a common language based on one of the existing native languages”
The Philippine Constitution followed the American model in structure. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated with Manuel L. Quezon as president and Sergio Osmena as vice-president. The Sakdal Uprising Benigno Ramos – Sakdalistas’ leader The National Security and National Defense Commonwealth Act No. 1 – National Defense Act Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Field Marshal of the Philippine Army The Social Justice Program Constitution of 1935 – promotion of social justice to insure the well-being and economic security of all the people should be the concern of the state Commonwealth Act No. 211 – established a minimum wage for laborers employed in public works project.
Commonwealth Act No. 184 – established the Institute of National Language Tagalog – basis of national language Commonwealth Act No. 570 – National Assembly declared that the Tagalog-based national language would become one of the official languages of the country effective upon independence on July 4, 1946 Economic Development The other major concern of the Commonwealth government was economic development. Agriculture – most important sector of the Philippine economy Industrialization was at an extremely low level Trade Relations with the US Trade relations – most pressing economic problem involving US
Colonial-type national economy – dependent on agricultural raw material exports and on manufactured and processed goods as well as food imports Philippine Economic Adjustment Act (also called as Tydings-Kocialkowski Act) – removed the increase in export tax Alien Control of the Economy Anti-Dummy Law – punished Filipinos who allowed themselves to be used as ‘dummies’ or fronts by alien businessmen and investors. National Economic Council – created to direct the economic activities of the Commonwealth “Partyless Democracy” Philippine Commonwealth – “Quezon Government” Commonwealth era has been stagnant
Asylums for the orphans, the insane, and the juvenile offenders were founded Salt-and-rice nutrition were replaced by balanced diet Trade, Commerce and Industy Free Trade relations – main reason of economic development of the Philippines Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act – all Philippine exports, except rice, were allowed to enter American markets free of duty within certain quota limits whereas American exports to the Philippines were unlimited and duty-free Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act – abolished the quota limitations on Phil. export products Mining – backbone of Philippine economy Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act of 1934 – brought back the quota limitations on Phil. Products Transportation and Communications
CHAPTER 20 RESULTS OF THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION
Telephone lines were introduced in Manila and radiotelephone service
Progress in Education
Philippines – one of America’s greatest markets in the Orient
Public Education – greatest contribution of the US to Philippine civilization
Individual Freedoms
Religion is optional The first public school teachers were the American soldiers, replaced by “Thomasites”, named after S.S. Thomas English came to be the language of instruction in all schools University of the Philippines – established the higher education Public Health and Welfare
Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation and Taft Commission – basis of American policies in the Philippines Sedition Law of 1901 – considered it seditious of any Filipino to advocate independence Flag Law of 1907 – prohibited the display of Filipino flag Political Consciousness Partisan politics – one of the institutions which the Americans brought to the Philippines
Introduction of a scientific program of public health and welfare – next to importance to public education
Municipal elections – Filipinos’ first taste of politics
Elementary principles of hygiene and sanitation were introduced
The development of Filipino literature in English and the adoption of American words and phrases in the
Language and Literature
Philippine languages are some of the most lasting American influences Negative Results
To spare Manila, Gen. MacArthur declared it as an open city (all defensive forces have been abandoned), but the Japanese still bombed the city
Philippines – most Westernized country in the Orient
Pres. Franklin Roosevelt – pledged to give the Filipinos their independence and freedom
Colonial mentality has worsened
Quezon in Corregidor
Filipino suffered a partial loss on their racial heritage
Manuel L. Quezon, Jose Abad Santos, Sergio Osmena, Basilio Valdes and Manuel Nieto all left for Corregidor
A Filipino who places his country’s interest first and foremost is branded an anti-American Success is measured in terms of material possessions
Jose P. Laurel – former Chief Justice then promoted to Secretary of Justice; acted as the mediator between the Japanese and Filipinos
Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous love affairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption – all influences of Americans
Quezon took his oath on the Corregidor marking his second term as President The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
CHAPTER 21 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION Background of Pearl Harbor United States Army forces in the Far East (USAFFE) – combined forces of Phil. Reserve and United States Army Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Commander of USAFFE Dec. 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor Bombing
General Masaharu Homma – Japanese commander-inchief Europe-First Policy – the US and Great Britain prioritized saving the European countries General Jonathan Wainwright – successor of MacArthur as the commander of USAFFE Edward P. King – commander of the forces in Bataan
Roosevelt and the War
Death March – forced march from Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga
The US declared war with only one dissenting vote (Jeannette Rankin)
General Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese, through the Voice of Freedom
Winston Churchill – Prime Minister of England who announced that Great Britain would declare war on Japan
Re-organization of the Government
The Japanese Offensive The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to strike immediately at the rich Dutch and British possessions in Southeast Asia The subjugation of the Philippines was planned carefully
Co-Prosperity Sphere in the Greater East Asia – “the Philippines are for the Filipinos” Jorge Vargas – Chairman of the Executive Commission Central Administration Organization – the new name of the government under the Japanese era; composed of 6 departments, namely: (1) Interior, (2) Finance, (3) Justice, (4) Agriculture and Commerce, (5) Education, Health and Public Welfare and (6) Public Works and Communication
Commissioner – head of each department
Cultural Aspects
Council of State – advisory body of the government
Dramatic Philippines – the white hope of the stage
Educational Re-orientation
The Changes Brought about by the Japanese Occupation
Military Order No. 2 – Japanese Education Policy; aiming to erase the Western Cultural influences Re-opening of Elementary Schools – priority of Japanese in their educational policy Propagation of Tagalog as the national language The Republic Japan’s intention was to see the Philippines become a Republic
1) 2) 3) 4)
Reorganization of the Government Educational Re-orientation Formation of the Japanese-sponsored republic The economic conditions a) Collapse of agriculture in general b) Rise of the new social class 5) The social/cultural changes a) The importance of Tagalog language was emphasized b) The love of Filipino culture
Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) – instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence
CHAPTER 22 The “Liberation”
Jose P. Laurel – president of KALIBAPI Guerillas The National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel President of the future Republic Economic Conditions The people of Manila, not having an inch of agricultural land to their credit, suffered most Most of the people engaged in the buy-and-sell business Mickey Mouse money – cause of inflation Kangkong – saved thousands of lives, for there was scarcity of food
Those who refused to place themselves under t6he authority of the Japanese Military Administration fled to the mountains to join the guerillas. Officers and soldiers of USAFFE who retreated to Bataan organized guerilla units. In Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija, the dominant guerilla outfit was the HUKBALAHAP led by Luis Taruc. Functions of the Guerillas
Social Conditions
Filipinos’ Five Enemies During the Japanese Era
Japanese Military (Kempetai) Diseases Guerrillas Hunger Japanese-paid Filipino Spies Kura – most feared Japanese word; means ‘come here’ or ‘dismiss’
Ambush or otherwise kill enemy soldiers and civilians. Relay important intelligence reports to MacArthur in Australia. Liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers.
Japanese Military Brutality – neutralized their propaganda line of making the Philippines an important part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which explained why a great majority of Filipinos turned guerillas and potential guerillas.
Guerilla Newspapers – given that the press and radio are controlled by the Japanese, there are two ways to get real news; Radio San Francisco and the guerilla “newspapers”. The Government in Exile
Quezon, thinking of death, issued an Executive Order naming Col. Manuel A. Roxas as President of the Commonwealth upon his and Osmena’s death. Osmena gave way to Quezon’s desire to continue as President. August 1, 1944 – Quezon died at Saranac Lake, New York. Osmena then succeeded to Precidency.
The Battle of the Philippine Sea – primarily an air combat, prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Marianas and led to the subsequent capture of the islands on the other. Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey – concluded that the invasion of the Philippines must begin in Leyte, not in Mindanao as originally contemplated by MacArthur for the Visayan air resistance of the Japanese was weak. The Battle for Leyte Gulf – the greatest naval battle in history. Potsdam Proclamation – calling upon Japan to surrender unconditionally or face “prompt and utter destruction”. The End of the War
August 6 – nuclear bomb unleashed in Hiroshima. August 9 – nuclear bomb unleashed in Nagasaki. The same day that Russia declared war against Japan. August 15 – surrender of Japan. September 2 – Japan signed the terms of surrender on board the battleship Missouri at Tokyo Bay.
PART 6: THE THIRD REPUBLIC CHAPTER 23 Postwar Problems and the Republic Postwar Economic Conditions
Poverty – resulting from widespread destruction of property, including work animals, was rampant throughout the country. Limited Production – lack of capital to finance rehabilitation of destroyed or partially destroyed machinery and other equipments.
The Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) – provided speedy relief for all the people of Manila and the provinces which had been recently liberated from the Japanese rule. Gen. Douglas MacArthur – a man of action and of a military temper, actually made important decisions fro President Osmena. The Back Pay Law – promised to give t6hree years’ back pay to all prewar government employees after the tenyear period, that is in 1958. “Collaboration” – officials in the Laurel Government who “collaborated” to the Japanese intended to soften the impact of the Japanese military administration. The Bell Trade – 8 year free trade relations between the US and Philippines with the controversial feature of “parity” rights to the Americans. Parity Rights – Americans would have the right to dispose, exploit, develop, and utilize all agricultural, timber and mineral lands. Tydings Rehabilitation Act – a complement to the Bell Trade providing for an outlay of $620,000,000 in condition by the amendment to give “parity” rights to the Americans. The Birth of the Liberal Party – the Nacionalista Party was split into two:
Osmena Faction - supporters of Osmena who wanted him to continue serve the country despite of his conclusion to retire. Roxas Faction – supporters of Manuel Roxas. The election resulted in the dominance of the Roxas faction, which assumed a new color and became the Liberal Party. The Roxas Administration
Guerilla Amnesty – proclaimed general amnesty of those guerillas who killed and murdered in pursuance of the resistance movement. The Treaty of General Relations – United States withdrew and surrendered “all rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, or sovereignty except bases for the mutual protection of United States and the Philippines.
CHAPTER 24 The HUKBALAHAP movement Banal Taruc – chairman of the committee. The HUKBALAHAP sovereignty – unity and discipline of the men and women under the HUK influence made Central Luzon and other provinces a HUK territory who saw to it that peace and order reigned in their respective areas. Roxas and the HUKs – when Roxas finally won the presidency, he instituted a campaign against the HUKs. The HUKs however, succeeded in electing Taruc and other members of the Democratic Alliance to Congress. The Quirino Administration Judge Antonio Quirino – sent by his brother Pres. Quirino, to the field to contact Taruc in order to know what the HUKs wanted. The Murder of Mrs. Quezon – on April 28, 1949, Mrs. Aurora Aragon Quezon, her daughter, baby, and ten others, in Nueva Ecija, were shot merciless to death.
Gen. Rafael Jalandoni – accused the HUKs of the bastardly crime. Gen. Alberto Ramos – contende that bandits, not the HUKs, were responsible to the crime.
Chapter 25: THE RECOGNITION OF TAO Ramon Magsaysay- Secretary of Nat’l Defense, Quirino Administration; projected himself as friend of the tao; ran for the highest office and was elected by the majority; died in an accident during his popularity; Nacionalista Tao- common man; object of pity; victim of injustices; but suffered with abundant patience and amiable tolerance like a carabao; backbone of the nation; unheard voices; those in power have looked upon them as pure lunacy Result of the degradation of the tao: *thoughts of negligence *bahala na attitude *indolence *fatalism augmented by ignorance *religious fanaticism Magsaysay Administration: *geared his administration to the urgent demands of the public *improvement of land tenure system *easy-term credit to peasants *intensive community development with self-help as basic factor *Agricultural Tenancy Act- freedom to choose the system of tenancy under which they would want to work *Nat’l Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)- settlement projects for landless settlers *linked rural districts to urban centers *Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) - agricultural aid for farmers *Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Association (FACOMAS) *Presidential Complaints and Action Committee- truly a gov’t of the people
*opened the Malacanang to the mass The peasants misled Magsaysay’s intentions into believing that everything would be done for them by the gov’t Magsaysay died on a plane crash on March 16, 1957 when he left for Cebu President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay’s presidency Vice Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- First time in the Philippine History that a president was elected with a vice president belonging to the rival party (Liberal party) Garcia Administration: *Austerity- temperate spending *economic independence *establish Filipino dignity *balanced economy by providing equal impetus to agriculture and industry *eradicate graft and corruption Chapter 26: THE CONTINUING CRISIS Diosdado Macapagal (1961): *objectives: (1) immediate restoration of economic stability (2) alleviation of the common man’s plight (3) dynamic basis for future growth *gave off extravagant parties *people realized that simple living was meant only for those who could not afford three simple meals a day Midnight Appointments: Garcia appointed more than 200 of his followers, protégés to important positions in the gov’t
The Stonehill Scandal -of illegal and immoral transactions involving millions of pesos -Sec. of Justice Jose W. Jocno ordered the NBI agents to raid the offices of the industrial and business and management corporation on
-Arrested where Harry S. Stonehill, his associates John L. and Robert P. Brooks. -Seized during the raids where enormous amounts of cash and a large quantity of assorted documents which could have filled three six by six trucks -Blue Book, containing the names of persons, in and outside the gov’t, who allegedly received various sums from Stonehill -Pres. Macapagal ordered the immediate deportation of Stonehill and Brooks -Senator Arturo M. Tolentino, a Nacionalista, called the presedential order “a dangerous precedent, any influential alien could commit any crime in the Philippines and then escape punishment by agreeing to be deported Independence Day- Macapagal surprised the nationalist camp with his executive order shifting the Philippine Independence day from the traditional July 4 to June 12 the day when in 1898 the declaration of independence was read in Kawit Cavite. The Land Reform Code -to establish owner-cultivatorship -a dignified existence for the small farmers -viable social and economic structure in agriculture -apply all labor laws equally -a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement -make small farmers more independent Initial Results -in Plaridel Bulacan, survey showed that land reform in their view had materially improved local living conditions The Election of 1965 -Senate Pres Ferdinand E. Marcos wanted Macapagal to give way to him for the presidency -with the land reform program in his mind, Macapagal refused to give way to Marcos -the presidential campaign of 1965 was the dirtiest and the most vicious of all political campaigns in the country -the Iglesia Ni Kristo was accused of openly supporting Marcos and other national and local candidates -Catholics were sharply divided into two camps: for Macapagal and Marcos
-November 9, 1965 Marcos won by a big majority Marcos Program: Objectives: -self sufficiency -implementation of the land reform program -strengthen further our social, economic and political base Proposed Enactment: -adjust buying price for rice and corn -provide legislative authority to borrow funds -recognize gov’t agricultural agencies The Vietnam Aid Law -Marcos’ most acrimonious controversy was his decision to send a military engineering battalion with armed support to the war in Vietnam in which the US has been deeply involved. Teodoro M. Locsin’s arguments against pro-Vietnam Aid: -sending of a military contingent to South Vietnam was tantamount to an act of war -the country was and is still too poor to waste 35,000,000 a year to support the battalion to be sent -the money could be better spent in constructing irrigation systems to increase the rice yield -Philippines has no business meddling in the internal affairs of another country -the US wanted the Phil to join the war in order to show the world that the war in Vietnam was not a racial war. Deterioration of peace and order -daily newspapers publish cases of murder, homicide, rape, robbery, holdup, mayhem, and smuggling -involvement of officers of the law in many crimes including brutalities against peaceful citizens -first massacre: Culatingan, Conception Tarlac. In the morning of June 13, 1966, three Phil constabulary operations posing as Huks persuaded seven farmers -second massacre: May 21, 1967, when 32 bolo wielding fanatical members of the Lapiang Malaya and a constabulary ranger were killed in a clash near the border of Manila and Pasay City -Luis Taruc and Dr. Jesus Lava came to suggest that the Marcos Admin extend amnesty to all the Huks
Emphasis: -the social reforms promised by Marcos must be carried out faithfully and sincerely -they must be protected by the gov’t in such a way that nobody would take advantage of their helplessness The Huk Resurgence -captureof Dr. Jesus Lava, the last brains of the Huks left the Huk movement destitute of ideological basis -social conditions all of which the gov’t had not solved satisfactorily lead many desperate peasants to join the Huk -Pres Marcos discovered through his agents. He urged the town mayors of Pampangga to bind themselves into an anti-Huk league in order to arrest the Huk resurgence -as if to challenge Maros, the Huk ambushed and killed the president of the league The Manila Summit -Sept 1966, President and Mrs Marcos went to US for a state visit -Marcos announced a meeting of a summit in Manila to help solve the Vietnam problem. I which the US had been warring against the helpless Vietnamese people who had not known peace -President Johnson of US was the brains behind the summit meeting; he wanted the world to believe that not only America was in Vietnam to preserve democracy in that helpless land Agenda: -peace talks on the war in South Vietnam -evaluation in case of the rejection of this proposals by North Vietnam -an assessment at the resistance and subversion in South Vietnam -a review and discussion of the economic stabilization and rehabilitation of South Vietnam -discussion of the political problems of South Vietnam -a peaceful settlement of the war The Summit Document -a joint communiqué -a declaration on peace and progress in Asia and Pacific -the goals of freedom
The demand that the North Vietnamese surrender first before the summiteers would talk peace in Vietnam The US proposed up Ngo Dinh Diem to antagonize the Vietnamese people especially the Viet Cong The Oct 24 Anti-Summit Demonstration -preparation against it were also being plotted by the students of manila and the suburbs of those in road at the UP and LPU -Oct 24, 1966 no less than 3000 students and members of the nationalistic Kabataang Makabayan staged a protest before the US embassy -the significance lies in the fact that the students formerly maligned, have finally become aware that it is part of their duty as future leaders of the Phil to involve themselves in National Questions The Witch-Hunt -the militant student demonstration of Oct 24, led the intelligence agencies and congress to conduct so called investigations -three committees of congress summoned some student leaders allegedly to investigate police brutality but the investigations turned out to be nothing -witch-hunt was an attempt of the anti-nationalist against the nationalist -when the intelligence agencies make unfounded and unproved accusation which cannot stand in court, Filipino society has indeed returned to the dark ages -Supreme Court Justice Jesus G. Barrera said that the founding of KM result in an uncontrollable overflowing would sweep us all in each angry rush -the intelligence agencies however tried to salvage their tattered image by extending an invitation to some 60 students and a few professors of the UP to visit China, all expenses paid.
Chapter 27: PROFILE OF THE ECONOMY - There are problems because of war - The leaders could only rely to the US for financial and materials aid - These funds were used to rehabilitate agriculture, commerce, trade and industry (Some – pockets of dishonest officials)
- Effects – increase gross national output and income, cost of living increased, labor grew - National economy has improved, but the improvements are not enough to bring down the cost of living
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION - War affected the productive capacity of people - With the help of US, the govt partially solved the economic problems (first 10 years) - Increase in crop production, expanded area for food crops, fertilizer, irrigation, better seeds, chemicals against plant pests and diseases, production of export crops increases (copra, sugar) - Abaca, tobacco not yet recovered - Partial recovery – fish production resulted in reducing fish importation, livestock poultry increased (meat supply) - Lumber and timber industry soared because of rehabilitation DOMESTIC TRADE - The economy suffered from alien control of domestic trade (so build nationalization laws to loosen the stranglehold of the aliens) - Market Stalls Act (1946) – Filipino shall have preferences in the lease of public market stalls - Retail Trade Nationalization Law (1954) – No nonFilipino owned companies shall engage in retail trade - Filipino Retailers’ Fund Act (1955) – provides credit facilities to be extended to Filipino retailers - NAMARCO Act (1955) – provides the establishment of the National Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) to assist Filipino retailers by supplying them with goods at prices that would enable them to compete in the open market - Effect – domestic trade in the hands of the Fil. - Only contradict are the DUMMIES (Anti-Dummy Board – to eliminate these but only to a small effect) FOREIGN TRADE AND COMMERCE - Unfavorable balance of trade (so build reforms to eliminate this) - Reforms made – systems of import and exchange controls MINERAL PRODUCTION - The minerals were not fully exploited - Increase production (gold, silver, base metals and nonmetals THE BELL MISSION REPORT
- Pres. Quirino asked Pres. Harry S Truman to conduct survey to know the problems of the Phils, and suggestions - Truman appointed Daniel W. Bell (took months) NOTES: RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN BOOK (PAGES 505-507 OF RED ONES) Summary: (Problems) – inefficient production, very low incomes, finances of govt were worse, tax not enough, inequality of level of income of people, increasing price of commodity, corruption, lose faith to the govt, (Solutions): - add taxes, invest more, establish rural banks (for agricultural purposes), transportation, levies imports, pass laws for education, public health, honest govt, and assistance of American of $250 million. - From Quirino to Pres. Garcia, they implemented the recommendations, (Rural banks, Magna Carta of Labor, and other labor laws, new industries, reorganization of govt employees and officials, exchange policies) FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS - Established Central Bank to ensure economic progress and financial stability (1948, signed by Quirino) (Jan. 3, 1949 for economic sovereignty) - Monopoly of issuing currency, financial adviser of govt, regulates and supervises all financial institutions, Rehabilitation Finance Corporation – later Development Bank of the Philippines - (Jan 2, 1947) to provide credit facilities for rehabilitation of agriculture, commerce, industry, and to repair damages from World War II, - built new houses, commercial buildings, and for financial assistance, (good effects) UNFAVORABLE FEATURES OF THE ECONOMY - Most companies were managed by foreigners - Foreign – mining, electricity, commerce, manufacturing - Phil – fisheries, forestry and transportation ECONOMIC NATIONALISM - Magsaysay – pro American (don’t care about the effects of aliens), so after him Garcia (with Claro Recto) want to diminish the share of foreign countries in the economy (Filipino nationalism resurgence) “Filipino First” Policy – Aug 21, 1958 - Filipinos would be given preference in all matters pertaining to the economic development of the country - Finally, the Filipinos got the chance to dominate the market, but the alien protested and spread rumor that Garcia administration is anti-alien (specially anti-
American and anti-Chinese), because the alien companies will be eliminated if it will continue - Answer: Filipinos have the right for their own country, not anti-aliens - Americans: You just want to steal from others, not to enrich your nationalism (there are conflicts) THE COURTS ON THE RETAIL TRADE AND “PARITY” - Opposition of alien and local businessmen - Retail Trade Nationalization – 10 years for the adjustment of foreign firms, only firms that are wholly owned by Filipinos can engage with retail, Americans: Accdg to Laurel-Langley Agreement, the Americans have the rights for the natural resources, transportation, and all economic activities in the Phils. (their parity rights) Filipinos: Ok, firms that are partially owned by a Filipino and American can engage in business. - The matter was taken into courts - Judge Hilarion Jarencio prohibited American to conduct business - They quarrelled, Americans: How about our parity rights, we helped you in the rehabilitation Filipinos: American cannot have more rights than Filipinos END OF PARITY Laurel-Langley Agreement – the basis of trade relations between US and Phils (it expired so there are no treaties about the trade relations of US) Marcos: All American landholdings of the Americans were terminated THE GROWTH OF LABOR UNIONS - Effect of the American occupation Union Obrera Democratica de Filipinas – (Isabelo delos Reyes, Aurelio Tolentino, Lope K. Santos, etc.) voiced out the social demands of the works through literary works (writers) – example is Lope K. Santos’ Banaag at Sikat - Effect – influenced workers so they built many union groups because of the abuses of some capitalists, especially on cigar and cigarette May 1, 1913 – first Labor Day - Note: Two kinds of labor unions arose – the communist and the conservative. A conflict also arose so the Japanese declared labor unions as illegal - After war, labor unions organized strikes for wage hike and other concerns Amado V. Hernandez – lead some labor strikes, life imprisonment, acquitted
Committee (later Congress) Labor Organization (CLO) – most popular and powerful labor union LABOR GAINS - Establishment of Bureau of Labor then Department of Labor - 9 Hour Labor Law - Magna Carta of Labor – encourages workers to build labor union and declare strike (but has limitations) - Social Security Act of 1954 – allowance for the sick, unemployed person, retirement and disability benefits of laborers. - Termination Pay Law – payment for the worker - Blue Sunday Law – Sundays leisure of workers, and holidays - Minimum Wage Law – P 120 per month - Anti-Scab Law – right to protest, - One of the major problems is unemployment BAD FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LABOR - Philippine labor is divided because differences in principles and personal ambitions - Rivalry between unions - Dishonest leaders of unions (many improper practices) - Lack of civic sense (thinking only of their own families not the whole society)
Chapter 28: EXTERNAL AFFAIRS - The Phils has anchored her policy on 3 Paramount Planks: 1. Close Association with the US (with defense and security) – some criticize it because they believe that Phils and US’s interests are not always coinciding 2. Sympathy for the aspirations of all dependent countries, particularly of Asia (to raise the standards of living in the neighbouring countries) 3. Close cooperation with the United Nations FOREIGN POLICY PLANKS - July 4, 1946 - regained independence - US helped the Phils thus, building the first plank - Because of the results of the war, many countries also experienced difficulty, so plank no. 2 - Joined UN for universal peace and unity (plank 3) FIRST PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION - War made the Phils and US to have a common interest, to defend their respective territories, and to promote this, they agreed to have an alliance - The US army will protect and help the Phils force
- Building US bases, furnishing the arms, ammunitions, equipment, supplies - Mutual Defense Treaty –treaty for peace, defend themselves against external armed attack Recto: If the Phils is under an external aggression, the US might not come to assistance if the US Congress does make such declaration - This was proved to be true because that promise to protect the Phils was written on water - On the economic front, the Phils and US had concluded agreements designed to help the former economically - It was slow because of the Bell Trade act of 1946 (patent inequality). But it was amended through the request of Pres. Magsaysay - On the cultural front, the Phils and US entered into an agreement under which both governments would exchange official publications - Exchange of professors and students between them, PROBLEMS OF FIL-AMERICAN RELATIONS - The Americans wanted to bend the Filipinos to be like them - Conflict – Many killings have been reported from both parties (The behavior of the American soldiers towards the Filipino civilians inside the military bases) - They attempted to relax the tension, they won but it already affected many Filipinos’ perception about the Americans - They doubt the so-called special relations of the US -They test the relation between the two countries and they have proved that the special relation is just a myth - In the end, they tried to have a mutual trust but it will take time SECOND PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION - participating in conferences concerning cultural, economic, social questions that are important to the Orient - Diplomatic exchanges have been made - Treaties with different countries like Pakistan, Indonesia, Vietnam, etc. MANILA PACT - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – also called the Manila Pact, in 1954 (Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Burma, others) - Relentless marching of communism in Asia (from Mao Tse-Tung and others like Korea (North is invading South) is happening so they talked about it - This was a threat to the Westernized countries like Phils so they met in Manila to make arrangements
- They signed it, (purpose is to defend the Southeast Asia against armed external aggression) - They will help each other if a communist aggression will happen to a country THIRD PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION - Promotion of idea of One World - Even if the Phils is not one of the most significant, she tried her best to help other countries - Human rights, and other ideas - Aside from UN, Phils is involved in non-political activities (WHO, and other organization) ANTI-COMMUNISM AS A POLICY - Many Fil. Presidents do not want communism in the country - They conditioned Filipino officials’ minds to absolute anti-communism - But some says, that this will only cause trouble, but they still go with it MAPHILINDO (Mushawarah Maphilindo) - Magsaysay proposed a summit (Malaya, Phils, Indonesia) and approved - To strengthen cooperation, combine efforts against colonialism, shall cooperate in building a better world, THE BREAK-UP - The creation of the Federation of Malaysia (Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah) - Indo and Phil was deciding if they will accept the Federation to the Maphilindo when the British govt made a decision that Sarawak and Sabah is for the Federation of Malaysia (based on the answers of the citizens in Sarawak and Sabah) - Phils and Indo didn’t believed this so Indo made an Anti-Malaysian campaign and the Phils didn’t recognize it - Marcos re-established the diplomatic relations with Malaysia THE DISPUTE OVER SABAH - But after the reestablishment of the relation, there was a new controversy - Accdg to Phils (British govt has no right to give Sabah to Malaysia) - Accdg to Malaysia (British govt turned Sabah to them) - The Malaysia wanted Sabah not only because of the established federation of Malaysia but also its natural resources - Phils suggested turning it to the World Court for decision, but Malaysia said no, so there was conflict
- Phils withdrew embassy from Kuala Lumpur, same with Malaysia in Manila ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (ASA) - Replaced Maphilindo that would include non-Malay people - to elevate the standard of living and improve the material welfare of their people - This was difficult because of the conflict between Phils and Malaysia - But thanks to Marcos, it was solved and revived the ASA THE ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations – Bangkok, Thailand (Aug 8, 1967) - To hasten economic, social, and cultural progress, promote regional peace, assistance and collaboration, - Learned from the dead SEATO, it is non-political unlike the SEATO - It focuses on economic, social, and cultural, not political but they make advices RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES - Phil-Spain relation has been established again - Spain provided scholarship to study in Spain higher learning education - Treaties with Oriental, European, Latin American countries - treaty with Japan was concluded - Japan paid reparations to the countries it destroyed
