UNIVERSIDAD DE ANTIOQUIA FACULTAD NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA
INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS** Un análisis de situación o diagnóstico, debe ser entendido y asumido, como una conclusión práctica, resultado de un proceso sistemático de generación y utilización de conocimientos. Es entonces, un conjunto de actividades cognitivas, emocionales y psicomotoras de búsqueda, recolección, recolección, selección, ordenamiento, valoración, análisis análisis e interpretación de información, dirigidas a sustentar la solución de un problema específico. Para la elaboración de un buen análisis de situación o diagnóstico se debe: - Tener una Intención clara de lo que se quiere valorar. - Definir la metodología y un plan de búsqueda, recolección y selección de datos. - Identificar las fuentes de los datos. - Definir la metodología y un plan de análisis e interpretación de los datos, para con ello, - Transformar los datos en información: ordenamiento, valoración, análisis e interpretación. - Sintetizar para configurar una conclusión diagnóstica, y desde ésta, - Tomar decisiones sobre propuestas operativas de intervención de la situación encontrada. En el proceso de elaboración de un diagnóstico, se pasa entonces por las siguientes fases:
1°. Descripción1 de la situación: es la búsqueda y organización planificada de datos, cifras, perfiles, estadísticas, resúmenes, inventarios, etc. que en esta e sta primera fase, permitan una aproximación para representar y caracterizar una situación.
2°. Explicación
de la situación: deben responderse preguntas que logren explicar lo descrito: ¿Cuáles son las asociaciones causales entre las variables descritas? ¿Qué influencia ejercen las variables descritas entre sí y como se interrelacionan? y ¿cuál es el origen de la magnitud de cada factor?, entre otras.
** 1
Adaptados por Piedad Roldán Jaramillo del Manual de Gestión de proyectos elaborado por Gómez, R.D. y col. La definición del diccionario, versa: “Describir: Representar por medio del lenguaje”
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
los integrantes del equipo puedan visualizar y leer en silencio las ideas generales, las propias y las de los demás. ►
►
►
Cuando todos han escrito y pegado sus tarjetas, el moderador hace una lectura de cada idea, sin hacer discusión sobre ellas. Si se presenta el caso que alguna idea no es clara para el equipo, quien la escribió hace las aclaraciones respectivas y se prosigue con la lectura. Si para el equipo, el inventario de problemas realizado, da una mirada general, clara y coherente, se pasa a organizar por categorías operativas. Esto es, agrupar los problemas de acuerdo a los criterios que el equipo considere por consenso, los más oportunos y aplicables a la situación del sector. Con el inventario revisado y avalado por el equipo, el siguiente paso, es hacer el análisis de asociaciones o mapa de influencias. Este análisis pretende que a partir de la discusión y la argumentación, se encuentren los nexos entre cada uno de los problemas identificados. Estos nexos pueden ser por asociación causal o por asociación de influencia. Esto es, una situación puede influir directamente sobre otra siendo la causa directa para que la primera se presente, o puede tener una asociación indirecta, sin que sea su causa directa.
2. Priorización de problemas (Análisis contextual) Priorizar implica ordenar jerárquicamente las diferentes situaciones problemáticas, problemáticas, según su importancia importancia o valor que se les asigna quienes analizan. En otras palabras, priorizar es valorar para la decisión de intervención, sabiendo que no todos los problemas tienen la misma importancia y que no siempre se cuenta con los recursos suficientes para intervenir todos los problemas encontrados. Por esto, la gran dificultad de priorizar no es escoger, sino renunciar. A continuación, se proponen dos instrumentos de priorización de problemas que pueden utilizarse de manera independiente, pero que para mejorar el análisis y fundamentar mejor cualquier decisión, se recomienda la aplicación de ambos, y hacer el análisis de manera complementaria.
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
2.1.
Matriz de enfoque epidemiológico para la priorización de problemas
Existen múltiples técnicas y modelos de priorización, alguna de ellas apoyadas en valoraciones cuantitativas, otras en juicios cualitativos. Este instrumento pretende facilitar la priorización de problemas con un enfoque epidemiológico. Como ya se ha mencionado, priorizar es ordenar de acuerdo con el grado de importancia que confiere quien analiza. En contra de lo que algunos creen, la priorización no es un proceso frío de medición sino un proceso ético y político de contrastación de valores e intereses alrededor de los hechos. En todos los casos, aun cuando las mediciones son numéricas y aparentemente objetivas, la priorización refleja los intereses y experiencias subjetivas de los analistas frente a las observaciones cualitativas o cuantitativas del fenómeno o situación objeto de diagnóstico.
Proceso: ►
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Este ejercicio debe realizarse en grupo, dado que las diferentes miradas frente a una misma situación enriquecen el análisis y por ende, hace más efectiva la priorización. Antes de aplicar este instrumento, recuerde que debe conocer la situación sobre la que pretende hacer la priorización. Es importante que recolecte datos e información que lo acerquen a la situación de análisis y después de revisarla, haga un listado de todas aquellas situaciones consideradas problema. Al hacer este listado de problemas, tenga en cuenta que cada enunciado debe estar debidamente formulado, esto es, que en una frase se de cuenta del problema, se evidencie por qué es un problema, para quién es problema y cuál se su magnitud. No debe haber más de un problema por enunciado, ni explicar sus acusas o consecuencias en el mismo. Este listado se ubica en la primera columna de la matriz de priorización de problemas para hacer uno a uno, la ponderación bajo los criterios de gravedad, frecuencia, tendencia, valoración social y vulnerabilidad. Para asignar la ponderación, tenga en cuenta la siguiente escala:
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
MATRIZ DE PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS Listado de problemas
Gravedad (1 a 4)
Frecuencia (1 a 4)
Criterios Tendencia (1 a 4)
Valoración social (1 a 4)
Vulnerabilidad (0-2-4)
Puntaje total
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14
2.2.
Matriz de análisis estructural o Matriz de impacto cruzado
El Análisis estructural es una técnica cualitativa propuesta para valorar y priorizar los diferentes aspectos de una situación problema
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
Matriz de análisis estructural o Matriz de impacto cruzado PROBLEMAS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
P9
MOTRICIDAD P1 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15
∑
%
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
10 9
ZONA DE PODER
ZONA DE CONFLICTO
8 7 6 5 4 3
ZONA DE PROBLEMAS AUTÓNOMOS
ZONA DE SALIDA
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
Matriz de involucrados
Inventario de actores
Fase donde el actor interviene
Interés particular F
EA
Fi
E
B
Actitud potencial frente a la intervención EP MD D I F MF
Acción a desarrollar
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
4. Árbol del problema (Análisis etiológico del problema)
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
Árbol del problema
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
5. Árbol resultados esperados
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INSTRUMENTOS Y HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA PRIORIZACIÓN DE PROBLEMAS EN EL DISEÑO Y GESTIÓN DE PROYECTOS
Árbol de resultados esperados
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