Henry Dunant 2016 Defence.docx

16th Henry Dunant Memorial Moot Court Competition, 2016

Original: English

Date: 23-25 eptem!er 2016 "o#: $CC-01%&&&&&&&&&& $CC-01%&&&&&&&&&&

ICC TRIAL CHAMBER

At The Hague

SITUATION IN THE STATE STATE OF RODINGA IN THE CASE(S) OF THE PROSECUTOR v. BRIGADIER ZACHESU THE PROSECUTOR v. BRIGADIER BRIGA DIER VASVODINA VASVODINA

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE DEFENDANTS

THE DEFENCE

'()*E O+ CO"'E"' age  1

1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1

'()*E '()*E O+ CO"'E"'############################ CO"'E"'################################################### ############################################## ########################################################ii #################################ii $"DE. O+ (/'HO$'$E######################## (/'HO$'$E############################################### ############################################## ######################################################i ###############################i '(' '('EME"' O+ /$D$C'$O"################################## /$D$C'$O"######################################################### ####################################### ################################ ################ i $/E ($ED###################################### ($ED############################################################# ############################################## ############################################## #################################ii ##########ii '(' '('EME"' O+ +(C'################# +(C'######################################## ############################################## ############################################################## ####################################### iii /MM( O+ *E(D$"4#################################### *E(D$"4########################################################### #############################################################i ######################################i *E(D$"4################################ *E(D$"4####################################################### ############################################### ############################################### ###############################################1 ########################1 $#

)4# )4# (CHE (CHE/ / $ "O' "O' 4/$* 4/$*' ' O+ O+ C$ME C$ME (4 (4($" ($"' ' H/M( H/M("$' "$'  /"DE /"DE 

(rt# 78198a9######################################### 78198a9################################################################ ############################################### ################################################################ #########################################1 #1 8(#9 'he on;ut ############################ atta>################################################# ############################1 #######1 8)#9 'he atta> # 5 $$# )4# (CHE (CHE/ / $ "O' "O' 4/$*' 4/$*'  O+ O+ ?( ?( C$ME C$ME /"DE /"DE (' ('## @829 @829 898i9####### 898i9#########5 ##5 8(#9 uh persons
)4# )4# B( B(BOD$" BOD$"( ( $ $ "O' 4/$* 4/$*' O+ C$M C$ME E (4($ (4($"' "' H/M( H/M("$' "$' 

/"DE ('# ('# 78198i9 O+ 'HE OME '(' '('/'E####################################### /'E####################################################################@ #############################@ 8(#9 'he apturing o= 50 iilians an; 50 paramilitary personnel
age  2


8)#9 'here no
)4# B( B(BOD$"( BOD$"( $ "O' 4/$*' 4/$*' O+ ?( C$ME C$ME /"DE /"DE (' ('## @829 @829 8!98i9 8!98i9 11 8(#9 Baso;ina Baso;ina ;i; not >no< that the atta>
(E################### (E########################################## ############################################## ############################################## ############################################################### ##########################################17 ##17

age  3


$"DE. O+ (/'HO$'$E (/'HO$'$E CASES

roseutor B enil Delali, ;ra>o Mui 8a>a FaoG9, Haim Deli an; Esa; *an;Io 8a>a FengaG9 8FJle!ii CaseG9, $'-6-21-(, $'-6-21-(, (ppeals u;gement, u;gement, 20 +e!ruary 2001##########7 roseutor B# Dragolu! Kunara, a;omir Koa an; oran Bu>oi, $'-6-23-'L $'-623%1-', 'rial 'rial Cham!er u;gement, 22 +e!ruary 2001################################# 2001############################################### ######################1, ########1, 3 roseutor # 'ihomir 'ihomir )las>i, $'-5-1-(, $'-5-1-(, (ppeal u;gement, 2 uly 200#########################5 200####################### ##5 roseutor B# B# oran Kupres>i, Miran Kupre>iN, Blat>o Kupre>iN, Drago osipoiN, Dragan apiN, Bla;imir (ntiN, also >noayesu, $C'-6--', 'rial Cham!er u;gement, 2 eptem!er 1@################################## 1@######################################################### ############################################## ############################################## ############################################## #################################2 ##########2 'he roseutor # Clment Kayishema an; O!e; uin;ana , $C'-5-1-', 'rial u;gement, 21 May 1, P 12, 5@1####################################################### 5@1############################################################################## #################################################2 ##########################2 /nite; tates  *ist an; orsQ 7 *'?C *'?C 1253, 1@ anuary 1#############################################13 STATUTES

Military an; aramilitary (tiities $n an; (gainst "iaragua 8"iaragua # /nite; tates9, 1@6, $#C#, 8une 279######################################################### 279################################################################################ ############################################ ###########################16 ######16 OME '('/'E '('/'E O+ 'HE $"'E"('$O"(* C$M$"(* CO/', 21@7 /#"#'# /#"# '## # 0 i, , i TREATISES AND DIGESTS

Ditionary o= $nternational *a< o= (rme; Con=lit, e;# $CC, 12######################## 12##################################### #############13 13

age  


Commen enta tary ry on the the es an; an;o o,, Ch Chri rist stop ophe he  s>i, i, )run )runoo imm immer erma mann nn,, e;s, e;s, Comm Additional Protocols Protocols of 8 June 1977 1977 84enea: Martinus "iho==, 1@79, 173###################13 173###################13

age  5


'('EME"' '('EME"' O+ /$D$C'$O" /$ D$C'$O" $t is hereina=ter most respet=ully su!mitte; that the roseutor roseutor has approahe; approahe; this $nternational Criminal Court an; he has su!mitte; that it has uris;ition to eerise this petition un;er (rtile 5 rea;
(n; !oth o;inga an; a
1 P 2, age 1, Moot ro!lem#

age  6


$/E ($ED 'he roseutor respet=ully as>s this Honoura!le Court: $#

?het ?h ethe herr )rig riga;ie ;ier a ahes hesu !e =oun =oun;; gu guil ilty ty =or =or Crime rimess again gainst st huma humannity ity, =or =or >illing iilians on the night o= 16 th (pril 2012 at u>ama, un;er (rt# 78198a9 o= the ome tatuteQ

$$#

?het ?h ethe herr )riga )riga;i ;ier er a ahe hesu su !e !e =oun =oun;; guil guilty ty o= o= ?a ?ar Crime Crimes, s, =or =or >illi >illing ng o= o= the the (+D (+D =ighters an; iilians at u>ama on 17 th (pril 2012, un;er (rt# @ 829 898i9 o= the ome tatueQ

$$$# $$$#

?het ?h ethe herr )rig )riga; a;ie ierr Baso; so;ina ina !e =oun; =oun; guilt guiltyy =or Crimes Crimes agai agains nstt hu huma mani nity ty,, =or en=ore; ;isappearane o= apture; mine employees an; o;ingan paramilitary =ores ;uring Deem!er 2011 stri>e, un;er (rt# 7819 8i9 o= the ome tatuteQ

$B# $B#

?het ?h ethe herr )rig )riga; a;ie ierr Baso; so;in inaa !e =oun =oun;; guil guilty ty =or =or ?ar Crim Crimes es,, =or =or laun launh hin ingg atta>s on in;ustries in e>ht ity that resulte; in
age  7


'('EME"' O+ +(C' 8P1#9o;inga, a olony o= uophia !eame in;epen;ent in uly,170 a=ter =orty years o= atie atie strugg struggle le un; un;er er the o; o;ing ingan an "ation "ationali alist st Demor Demorati ati arty arty 8herei 8hereina na=te =terr "D9# "D9# o;inga is a seular, ;emorati an; repu!li ountry ;ii;e; into =ie states# 'hese states are insalu in the north, Kam!hat>a in the east, a;usaria in the south, "ilo;onia in the a has more than 75T rih =orest oer o= o;inga an; there
"D "D un;er un;er the lea;ers lea;ership hip o= Mr# Mr# ago!a ago!a,, hea;e hea;e;; the =ree;om =ree;om struggle struggle## (=ter (=ter

in;epen;ene Mr# ago!a !eame the =irst rime Minister 8M9# 'he main opposition party is o;inga oialist epu!lian arty 8hereina=ter 9 hea;e; !y Mr# ari alania# 'he onstitution o= o;ingaQ ;i; not proi;e =or state goernments, it proi;e; =or =un;amental rights to the people, emergeny proisions an; all eeutie po
FEn; FEn;ur urin ingg +e;e +e;era rati tion on:: Ou Ourr igh ightG tG 8E+O 8E+O9 9,, hea; hea;e; e; !y ele elete te;; lea; lea;er er Mr# Mr# "a "asa sann

(l;olo a;oate; =or rights o= tates to ontrol their resoures# Mr# ari alania an; "asan (l;olo
Mr# Mr# ago!a ago!a
;ei;e; to ;elare Mr# a;ula, son o= ago!a as M# 'he net ;ay, Mr# a;ula ;elare; emergeny eten;ing to the
age  @


an;  an; E+O !anne;# 'he ers o=  an; E+O
$n 15, 15, (+D
(l!erto # (+D ;elare; through internet to =ight =or the esta!lishment o= =e;eral ;emoray# tate units
$n De Dee em! m!er er 201 2011, the the (+D laun launh he; e; a seri series es o= oor oor;i ;ina nate te;; atta atta> >ss agai agains nstt

goernment !uil;ings an; installations in insalu an; Kam!hat>a# 'hey apture; gol; mines o= amhat>a an; 'i>alu 8in Kam!hat>a9 an; oalmines o= asinia an; Kaluma 8in insalu9# 50 personnel o= the o;ingan paramilitary an; almost 50 employees that ing in these mines s
( 4oer 4oernm nmen entt army army opera operati tion on to li!e li!era rate te (+D (+D ou oupi pie; e; oal oal mine miness
)riga;ier 8)rg#9 ahesu# On their ama, a su!ur!an toms =rom asinia, they ept at !ay =or one # )riga;ier ahesu lost 50 arme; personnel an; her su!or;inates aerial ;roppe; pamphlets on 15 (pril 2012 8un;ay9 ama# On the night o= 16th (pril 2012, the =ores starte; heay shelling =rom tan>s an; also use; ;rones an; =ighter ets to atta> positions o= (+D =ighters# 'his resulte; in ama
age  


8P@#9 8P@#9

'hey =oun; more more than than 50 iilian iilianss hi;ing hi;ing in natural natural aes aes,, they
!o;ies in;s o= inhuman inasions on their priate organs# 'he ama, it ama a temporary !ase amp# On 23 May 2012, the /" eae>eeping =ores ;isoere; mass graes o= almost 50 persons in u>ama# 'heir me;ial team prepare; =orensi reports in;iating that almost 0 !o;ies s o= !ullets on their s>ulls
(=te (=terr the the ;e=e ;e=eat at at u>am u>ama, a, (+D (+D soug sought ht ati atie e suppo support rt =rom =rom the the neig neigh! h!ou ourin ringg

ountry o= aa# On 1 st May 2012, aht in;ustrial ity, it y, in anrolia# 'hese in;ustries are situate; on the !an>s o= anrole ing ht an; other ities ;o o= ra< materials# 8P10 8P10#9 #9

On 11 May 20 2012 12,, the the 4o 4oe ern rnme ment nt stat state; e; its its inte intent nt to pro proi; i;ee un unin inte terr rrup upte te;;

moement to the a the in;ustries o= e>ht, an; in;iate; possi!le enironmental atastrophe i= e>ht e;# )rg# Baso;ina ;isregar;e; this an; launhe; an atta> ;uring early hours o= 12 May 2012, age o= U(gent .S a ;angerous hemial an; ;amage; the
age  10


aute aute e a minimum o= a ;ea;e to
)rg# rg# ah ahesu is not not guilt uiltyy o= rime rimess again gainsst huma umanity nity sin sinee it an; it en to protet iilians an; mental elements are not satis=ie;#

$$#

He is not guilty un;er (rt# 2@8a9 an; (rt# 25# )rg# )rg# ahe ahesu su is is not not guil guilty ty o= o=
$$$#

threshol; =or non-international
$B# $B#

is not satis=ie; !y no on in;ustries
age  11


*E(D$"4 $#

)4# )4# (CH (CHE E/ / $ $ "O' "O' 4/ 4/$* $*' ' O+ C$M C$ME E (4( 4($" $"' ' H/ H/M( M("$ "$' ' /"DE (rt# 78198a9#

8P1#9 8P1#9

)riga;ier )riga;ier ahes ahesuu noti=ie; noti=ie; an an eauati eauation on
(pril# On the night o= 16th (pril the =ores use; ;rones =ighter ets an; shell tan>s to atta> positions o= (+D =ighters as a result o= ille;%ause; the ;eath o= one or more persons, !9 the on;ut ;irete; against a iilian population# 'his atta> is ;irete; against any iilian population, an; 9 the perpetrator >ne< that the on;ut against a iilian population# 8(#9 'he on;ut 8P 2#9 'he term Fsyst Fsystemati ematiGG re=ers to an Forga Forganie; nie; nature nature o= the ats ats o= iolene iolene an; the impro!a!ility o= their ran;om ourrene,G an; is o=ten epresse; through patterns o= rimes, in the sense o= 8non-ai;ental repetition o= similar riminal on;ut on a regular !asis9 as in Kunara trial ham!er #2 2 roseutor B# Dragolu! Kunara, a;omir Koa an; oran Bu>oi, $'-6-23-'L $'-6-23%1-', 'rial Cham!er u;gement, 22 +e!ruary 2001, P 2

age  12


8P3#9 8P3#9

'he atta> atta> must ontain ontain one o= the alternate alternate on; on;itions itions o= !eing !eing
syste systemat mati, i, not !oth, !oth, as in the +renh +renh tet tet o= the tatute# tatute# FCusto FCustoma mary ry intern internati ationa onall la< reAuires only that the atta> !e either in; o= preoneie; plan or poliy#G  8P#9 8P#9

+urther, +urther, =or an an at at o= o= mass mass itimi itimiatio ationn to !e a rime rime against against humanity humanity,, itit must must

inlu;e a Vpoliy elementV# V'he reAuirements o= must !e omm ommitt itte; e; agai agains nstt a Ui Uiil ilia iann po popu pula lati tion onSS # # # ;ema ;eman; n;ss some some >in; >in; o= plan plan an;, an;, the the 5 ;isriminatory element o= the atta> is # # # only possi!le as a onseAuene onseAuene o= a poliy#G poliy#G (lthough the there hae !een seeral instanes o= iolene oer almost three ;ea;es o= o;ingan history ei;ent =rom the =ats sheet, the ini;ents themseles are isolate; eents ama is not an instane o= similar riminal on;ut on a regular !asis, nor is it a non-ai;ental repetition# 8)#9 'he atta> ayesu, $C'-6--', 'rial Cham!er u;gement, 2 eptem!er 1@, + 57#

 $!i;# P 5@0# 8$C'9#

5 'he roseutor # Clment Kayishema an; O!e; uin;ana , $C'-5-1-', 'rial u;gement, 21 May 1, P 12, 5@1# 8$C'9

age  2


8P5#9 +or the purpose o= the (rt 50839 o= ( l o= the 4enea Conentions 1, any atta> ;irete; ;irete; against any iilian iilian population population Vmeans Vmeans a ourse ourse o= on; on;ut ut inoling the multiple multiple ommission o= ats re=erre; to in (rt 50839 paragraph 1 o= ( l against any iilian population, pursuant to or in =urtherane o= a tate or organiational organiational poliy to ommit suh atta>WW is ta>ing plae must hae !een su!ete; to the atta># $t is su==iient to sho< that enough in;ii;uals , or that they e; not as part o= iilian population !ut against a ran;omly selete; num!er o= in;ii;uals# 8P6#9 8P6#9

'he =oremost =oremost la> la> o= intent intention ion to ;iret ;iret atta> atta> against against a iilian iilian popula population tion an an !e

in=erre; =rom the preautionary measure o= ;ropping eauation en ta>en to spare spare the iilia iiliann population, iilians an; iilian o!ets# o!ets# (ll =easi!le preautions preautions must !e ta>en to aoi;, an; in any eent to minimie, ini;ental loss o= iilian li=e, inury to iilians an; ;amage to iilian o!ets# 'his is also re=lete; in ( 1, (rt#57 that tal>s a!out preautions in atta>s# 8P7#9 (;;itional rotool $$ ;oes not epliitly reAuire suh preautions# (rtile 13819, 6 roseutor B# Dragolu! Kunara, a;omir Koa an; oran Bu>oi, $'-6-23-'L $'-623%1-(, (ppeals (ppeals Cham!er u;gement, 12 une 2002, P 0# 8$C'9#

age  3


hoing preautions in atta># 'he o!ligation to ta>e onstant are an;%or to ta>e preautions to aoi; or minimie ini;ental iilian losses is =urther ontaine; in military manuals, s un;er ule 12 8a9 are those, e military o!eties an; iilians or iilian o!ets ama is a military o!etie un;er ule @ o= ustomary $H* in that it is an o!et o= suh nature that !y its loation ma>es an e==etie ontri!ution to military ation an; eeping the goernment =ores at !ay =or oer a preenting their military o!etie# 8P#9 8P#9 eon;ly eon;ly,, it is onten;e; onten;e; that that the metho;s metho;s o= om!at om!at use; use; in this partiular partiular ase ase are those that an !e ;irete; at a spei=i military o!etie# 'he Conention on Certain Conentional ?eapons ?eapons epressly spei=ies some eamples o= in;isriminate s# $n the "ulear ?eapons ?eapons (;isory (;isory Opinion, the Court onten;e; that, Ftates must neer ma>e iilians the o!et the atta> an; must onseAuently neer use
age  


military targetsG# $n relation to this topi regar;ing ;rones in e eery s are ;isriminate in Auestion !eing ;isriminate an; launhe; only at a military o!etie =or a military a;antage negates the argument that the atta> # 8P109'he 4oernment )riga;e un;er )rig#ahesu entere; into intense !attles as ations only ini;ental to the military o!etie o= li!erating the oalmines o= asinia an; Kaluma# Een assuming the presene o= a systemati atta>s, the atta> on the night o= the 16th # KupreX>iY 'ria 'riall Ch Cham am!e !err has has hel; hel; that that Uthe Uthe stan stan;a ;ar; r; o= mens mens rea rea reAu reAuir ire; e; is inte intent ntio iona nall an; an; preme;itate; >illingS, >illingS, although it ;i; also state in the same paragraph that the stan;ar; is satis=ie; !y Uthe intent to in=lit serious inury in re>less ;isregar; o= human li=e# 'here illing o= a iilian population an; the same is ei;ent =rom the =at that neessary preautions en !y the 4oernment army in ompliane i, $'-5-1-(,

 roseutor B# oran Kupres>i, Miran Kupre>iN, Blat>o Kupre>iN, Drago osipoiN, Dragan apiN, Bla;imir (ntiN, also >no
age  5


there=ore only ollateral ;amage =rom ation upon a military o!etie as ela!orate; earlier# $$#

)4# )4# (C (CHE HE/ / $ $ "O' "O' 4/$ 4/$* *' O+ O+ ?( ?( C$ME C$ME  /"DE /"DE  (' ('## @82 @8299 898i 898i99

8P11#9 (s a result o= the atta>s atta>s on the night o= 16th (pril (pril 2012, )rig#ahesu )rig#ahesu along ama on the morning o= 17th (pril 2012# 'hey =oun; more than 50 iilians hi;ing in natural aes, in;s >in;s o= inhuman inasions on their priate organs# organs# 'he proseution has has harge; )riga;ier ahesu =or mur;er, ruel treatment, torture an; inhumane or ;egra;ing treatment o= rime that onstitute a ing no atie part in the hostilities, an; that the perpetrator plae in the ontet o= an; o= prior =ighting, iii9 ;ropping o=
age  6


suppo sup port rt the reason reasona!l a!lee assum assumpti ption on that that all those those ;i; not omply omply e o= =at shall !e a groun; =or elu;ing riminal responsi!ility only i= it negates the mental element reAuire; !y the rime# 'here e o= =at as to the status o= the persons =oun; in the natural aes# 8)#9 E==et o= (rt#2@ 8a9 as a ;e=ense to onseAuene o= or;ers !y )riga;ier ahesu to su!or;inates# 8P1#9 8P1#9 (mong (mong the seera seerall groun; groun;ss o= rimin riminal al respon responsi! si!ili ility ty un; un;er er the ome tatute tatute =or rimes ne< or, onoe all neessary an; reasona!le measures ne< or ha; reason to >nono o= suh o==enses # # # S 10 $n the partiular ase, it o Mui 8a>a FaoG9, Haim Deli an; Esa; *an;Io 8a>a FengaG9 8FJle!ii CaseG9, $'-6-21-(, $'-6-21-(, (ppeals u;gement, 20 +e!ruary 2001, P 223# $C'

age  7


=oun; the iilians hi;ing in the aes an; su!seAuently !eaten an; su!et to !rutal treatment# he oul; not hae >noama ami;st operational restraints noama an; urging o= proseution o= the o;ingan 4oernment implies that steps en to
)4# )4# B( B(BOD$" BOD$"( ( $ "O' "O' 4/$* 4/$*' O+ O+ C$ME C$ME  (4($ (4($"' "' H/M("$ H/M("$' ' /"DE ('# ('# 78198i9 78198i 9 O+ 'HE OME OM E '('/'E# '('/'E#

8P15#9 'he (+D (+D post Marh 2011 ha; ;elare; ;elare; thought the $nternet its intention to =ight =or esta!l esta!lish ishmen mentt o= a =e;era =e;erall ;emor ;emoray ay in o; o;ing ingaa =ollo< =olloing to atta>ss agains againstt go goern ernme ment nt !uil;ings an; installations in insalu an; Kam!hat>a in Deem!er 2011# 'hey apture; gol; mines o= amhat>a an; 'i>alu 8in Kam!hat>a9 an; oalmines o= asinia an; Kaluma 8in insalu9 as e; in these mines# u!seAuently, ommuniation lin>s !y $nternational humanitarian en=orement ageny $HE( oul; not !e esta!lishe; !etnono
age  @


a>nonono ;irete; against a iilian population, @# 'he perpetrator >ne< that the on;ut ;irete; against a iilian population# 8P17#9 8P17#9

(rtile (rtile 2 o= the $nterna $nternationa tionall Conention Conention =or =or the prote protetion tion o= all all persons persons =rom =rom

En=o En=or re; e; Disa Disapp ppea eara ran nee ;e=i ;e=ine ness =or =or the the purp purpos oses es o= this this Co Con nen enti tion on,, Ven= Ven=or ore e;; ;isappearaneV as an arrest, ;etention, a!;ution or any other =orm o= ;epriation o= li!erty !y agents o= the tate or !y persons or groups o= persons ating no

8(#9 'he apturing o= 50 iilians an; 50 paramilitary personnel s >s upo uponn the same same li>e li>e that that on 15th 15th anuar anuaryy in noa Kam!hat>a un;erta un; erta>e >enn !y the o; o;ing ingan an go goern ernmen mentt ause ause;; s an; su!seAuently on 15 anuary 2012, the o;ingan army >ille; 50 (+D =ighters an; 5 iilians, laiming the iilians in;s o= eents s to ;ra< attention to these irumstanes to thro< light on (+DSs no!le i;eals to re=orm the erstery o= the o;ingan ;emoray !y esta!lishing a =e;eral ;emoray ;emoray## 'hus 'hus on aount aount o= the releant releant =ats a!oe ;isusse; ;isusse; ouple; ouple; no
age  10


8P20#9 'he ;e=ense onten;s that although there s !etnoa =orme; more than 75T o= the lush, green =orest oer o= o;inga an; the mines o= asinia, Kaluma, amhat>a an; 'i>alu ers o= the (+D ha; moe; into these ;ense areas o= =orest# Communiation lin>s oul; not !e esta!lishe; !etno
ost the the eau eauation ation,, an;
meet meetin ingg nonono
)4# )4# B( B(BOD$" BOD$"( ( $ $ "O' 4/$* 4/$*' O+ ?( ?( C$ME C$ME /"DE /"DE  ( ('# @829 @829 8!9 8!9 8i9

8P22#9 On the 10 May 2012, the (+D an; aht ity, in anrolia# e>ht is a ity o= in;ustries, s o= the rier ing the in;ustries o= e>ht, an; in;iate; possi!le enironmental atastrophe i= sai;

age  11


atta>s oure;# )rig#Baso;ina ;isregar;e; this an; launhe; an atta> on e>ht on the morning o= 12 May 2012, inoling intense =ighting age o= U(gent U(gent .S a ;angerous hemial hemial an; ;amage; the eology eology o= the surroun;ing enironment, as # 2# 'he atta> no plae in the ontet o= an; no< that the atta> e an e==etie ontri!ution to military ation an; 11 Elements o= Crime, 1, n#36#

age  12


ht s o= the rier anrole, an; although all in;ustries o= ra< materials they ht, e>ht, na naiga igatio tional nal on onen enien iene e o= rier rier anrol anrole, e, the a!an; a!an;one one;; in;ustries, an; the resultant in=rastrutural a;antage that the goernment =ores ht ity# F'he Auestion may also arise s atta>s not ;irete; at a spei=i military o!etie# o!etie# $n =at, areas o= lan; !ets may !e mounte; against the ht, situate; in the entral state o= anrolia, is also !or;ere; !y ;ense an; lush =orest oere; state o= Kam!hat>a# e>ht is also heaily guar;e; !y goernment =ores# Oht is a sparsely populate; open area, oere; !y =orests, an; thus an atta> mounte; against the noi,  i, )runo immermann, e;s, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 12 es

June 1977 84enea: Martinus "iho==, 1@79, 173#

13 Ditionary o= $nternational *a< o= (rme; Con=lit, e;# $CC, 12#

age  13


operations# Hoening the enemy military =ores#S (s ei;ent =rom the =ats o= the present ase, heaily guar;e; nature o= the in;ustries imply that the atta> ening the enemy goernment goernment =ores# 8P27#9'he =olloin; o= =ore to ompel the omplete su!mission o= the enemy illing o= innoent inha!itants =or purposes o= reenge or the satis=ation o= a lust to >ill# 'he ;estrution o= property to !e la<=ul must !e imperatiely ;eman;e; !y the neessities o= in; o= =ore, an; any onsAuential ;estrution o= property is usti=ie; as a military mili tary neessity# neessity# 8)9# 'he on;ut , the a
age  1


merely assisting the (+D =ighters in their mission an; neer un;ertoo> a =ight on their oes plae !et o= a goerning !o;y o= la< in regar; to humanitarian la<, the ourt too> reourse in 'a;iZ 'a;iZ to the Dra=t artiles on tate esponsi!ili esponsi!ility ty## (rtile (rtile @ o= the $*C (rtiles (rtiles on tate esponsi!ility suggests three ;isuntie stan;ar;s =or the attri!ution to a state o= on;ut o= priate in;ii;uals: 819

relate to the spei=i on;ut that turns out to !e in !reah o= international la<# 8P30#9 Close srutiny o= the three three stan;ar;s shoe a ertain on;ut# Here the tht ity# )ut the ae in the atta> launh launhe; e; in e>ht e>ht City on the early early morning morning o= 12 May 201 2012# 2# a
16 roseutor B# DuX>o 'a;iZ, 'a;iZ, $'--1-(, (ppeals u;gement, 15 uly 1, P115# $C'# $C'#

17 $!i;# P137

age  16


=untioning un;er their o a =ight on their o
)rg# )rg# ah ahes esuu !e =oun =oun;; not not guilt guiltyy o= rim rimes es aga again inst st hum human anity ity un;e un;err (rt (rti ile le 781 78198 98a9 a9 an; an;

$$#

all harges ;ismisse;# )rg# )rg# ah ahesu esu !e =oun; =oun; not not guilty guilty o=
$$$# $$$#

harges ;ismisse;# )rg# )rg# Ba Baso so;in ;inaa !e =oun =oun;; not guil guilty ty o= rimes rimes agai against nst huma humanit nityy un;er un;er (rti (rtile le 7898i 7898i99

$B# $B#

an; all harges harges ;ismisse;# )rg# )rg# Ba Baso so;in ;inaa !e =oun; =oun; guil guilty ty o= o=
age  17

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