16th Henry Dunant Memorial Moot Court Competition, 2016
Original: English
Date: 23-25 eptem!er 2016 "o#: $CC-01%&&&&&&&&&& $CC-01%&&&&&&&&&&
ICC TRIAL CHAMBER
At The Hague
SITUATION IN THE STATE STATE OF RODINGA IN THE CASE(S) OF THE PROSECUTOR v. BRIGADIER ZACHESU THE PROSECUTOR v. BRIGADIER BRIGA DIER VASVODINA VASVODINA
PUBLIC DOCUMENT
WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE PROSECUTION
THE PROSECUTOR PROSECUTOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
'age ( 1
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
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'O'+$O" 9$H 8"O9ED4E $" *.HE.+"CE O* +E 'O$C+"D $ 4$ 4$ "DE. +.# +.# ;<1=
rg# a>hesu >ause? the ?eath o@ one or more persons as part o@ a Ai?esprea?
atta>B against the >i/ilian population################################ population####################################################### #################################################1 ##########################1 <#= rg# a>hesu a>hesu Bille? Bille? >i/ilians >i/ilians in in @urthera @urtheran>e n>e o@ o@ tate poli>y an? Aith Aith @ull @ull BnoAle?ge############################ BnoAle?ge################################################### ############################################## ############################################## ######################################### ######################### ####### $$# .$4+D$E. .$4+D$E. +CHE +CHE MEE MEE HE HE H.EH H.EHOD OD *O. *O. 9+ 9+. C.$ME C.$ME +" +"D D C+" E HED 4$ O* CH+.4E "DE. +.# <2= <>= onstrue? >onstrue? to mean, >ause? >ause? the ?eath ?eath o@F####### o@F############ ########## ########## ########## ########## ########### ##########5 ####5 <#= he >on?u >on?u>t >t tooB tooB pla>e pla>e in the >onte >ontet t o@ an? an? Aas Aas asso>ia asso>iate? te? Aith Aith an arme? >on@li>t not o@ international >hara>ter an? the perpetrator ha? BnoAle?ge########################6 $$$#
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'age ( 2
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
<+#= +*D atta>B atta>B Aas Aas Ai?esprea Ai?esprea?? an? systema systemati> ti> against against >i/ilian >i/ilian popula population tion to @urther @urther their organiGational poli>y Aith BnoAle?ge############################################### BnoAle?ge####################################################################### ######################## <#= Elements Elements un?er un?er +rt# +rt# ; <1=
.$4+D$E. .$4+D$E. + +OD$"+ OD$"+ $ 4$ 4$ O* 9+. C.$ME C.$ME "DE. "DE. +. +.## <2= <2=
B +tta>B ?i? not not ha/e >on>ret >on>retee an? ?ire>t ?ire>t o/erall o/erall military military a?/anta a?/antage ge an? >ause >ause?? Ai?esprea?, long term an? se/ere ?amage to en/ironment########################################### en/ironment#############################################15 ##15 <#= +tta>B +tta>B on .eBht .eBht >ity >ity !y aAalua aAaluann *or>es *or>es Aith +*D +*D is in nature nature o@ $ntern $nternation ational al +rme? Con@li>t##################################### Con@li>t############################################################ ############################################## ############################################## ##############################1 #######1 '.+E.################### '.+E.########################################## ############################################## ############################################## ############################################################### ##########################################20 ##20
'age ( 3
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
$"DE) O* +HO.$$E +HO.$$E CASES
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activitie s In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United United States of America); Merits, $nternational Court o@ usti>e <$C=, 2; une 16###1
4o?ineG CruG /# Hon?uras, C# "o# 5############################################################ 5################################################################################### ############################12 #####12 Kordic et al. <$-5-1%2-=, <$-5-1%2-=, u?gment, 26 *e!ruary 2001################################## 2001#########################################10, #######10,
12, 1
8upresBi> et# al# <$-5-16-=, <$-5-16-=, u?gement, 1 anuary 2000##################################################1 2000################################################## 1 'rose>utor / ean-'aul +Bayesu, Case "o# $C.-6--, rial u?gment, 2 eptem!er 1 ############################################# #################################################################### ############################################## ############################################### #################################################5, #########################5, 'rose>utor eInil Delali>, ?ra/Bo Mu>i> an? Esa? an?Jo i CaseF=, $-6-21-+, $-6-21-+, +ppeals u?gement, u?gement, 20 *e!ruary 2001##########5 'rose>utor /# DragolIu! 8unara>, .a?omir 8o/a> an? oran uBo/i>, $-6-23-L $-623%1-+, +ppeals +ppeals Cham!er u?gement, 12 une 2002################################### 2002############################################ #########1, 1, 2, 1, 15 'rose>utor /# 8rnoIela> <$<$ -;-2;-=, ;-2;-=, u?gment, 15 Mar>h 2002################################### 2002###########################################15 ########15 'rose>utor /# imaI et al# <$-03-66-=, <$-03-66-=, u?gment, 30 "o/em!er 2005##################################1 'rose>utor /# MrBsi> et al# <$-5-13-.61=, <$-5-13-.61=, .e/ieA o@ $n?i>tment 'ursuant to .ule 61, 3 +pril 16################################### 16########################################################## ############################################## ################################################################## ########################################### 1 Prosecutor v. v. mar Al !as"ir , Case "o# $CC-02%05-01%0, De>ision on the
'rose>utions
+ppli>ation @or a 9arrant o@ +rrest against Omar Hassan +hma? +l ashir, Mar>h 200 'rose>utor # # .a?osla/ .a?osla/ rNanin, $--36-+, rial rial u?gement, 1 eptem!er 200############### 200########## #####1 1 'rose>utor /# .amush Hara?inaI $?riG alaI ahi rahimaI, $-0-!is-, .etrial u?gement, 2 "o/em!er 2012################################# 2012######################################################## ############################################## #########################################################; ##################################; Prosecutor v. v. Stanislav #alic ($rial ($rial %udgement and &inion) &inion), $--2-, $nternational
Criminal ri!unal @or the @ormer ugosla/ia <$C=, 5 De>em!er 2003############################1
'age (
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
'rose>utor /# ihomir ihomir lasBi>, $-5-1-+, $-5-1-+, +ppeal u?gement, u?gement, 2 uly 200######################## 200################ #########1 #1 'rose>utor /# i?oIe lagoIe/i> Dragan oBi>, $-02-60-, rial u?gement, 1; anuary 2005 ############################################# #################################################################### ############################################## ############################################### #####################################################1 #############################1 ituation in 4eorgia, $CC-01%15, De>ision on the 'rose>utor7s reuest @or authoriGation o@ an in/estigationF, 2; anuary 2016################################# 2016######################################################## ##################################################### ##############################1 1 ituation in the .epu!li> o@ Cote ?7$/oire, De>ision 'ursuant to +rti>le 15 o@ the .ome tatute on the +uthoriGation o@ an $n/estigation into the ituation in the .epu!li> o@ Cote ?7$/oire,F 3 O>to!er 2011 2011,, $CC- 02%11-1##################### 02%11-1############################################ ############################################ ###########################, ######, 11 he 'rose>utor / Elasti># Case "o# $$ -5-15-1- +, +ppeals +ppeals u?gment, 2 uly 200################12 he 'rose>utor / emar>a, Case "o# $C.-;-20-, $C.-;-20-, rial rial u?gment, 15 May 2003########### 2003###### #######12 ##12 he 'rose>utor /# 4ermain 8atanga an? Mathieu "gu?Iolo Chui, 're-rial Cham!er $, De>ision on the Con@irmation o@ Charges,F ituation in the Demo>rati> .epu!li> o@ Congo, 30 eptem!er 200, $CC-01%0- 01%0;-;1;################################### 01%0;-;1;############################################ #########, , 10, 11, 1 $"e Prosecutor v. %ean'Pierre !ema #omo , Case "o# $CC-01%05-01%0, De>ision 'ursuant
to +rti>le 61<;=utor +gainst ean 'ierre em!a 4om!o, 15 une 200################################ 200############################################################## ####################################### #########, , 1 he 'rose>utor /# Ntairutimana <$C.-6-10 L $C.-6-1;-=, u?gement, 21 *e!ruary 2003################################## 2003######################################################### ############################################## ############################################## ############################################## ################################# ########## $"e Prosecutor v. mar Al !as"ir , Case "o# $CC-02%05-01%0, De>ision on the
'rose>utions
+ppli>ation @or a 9arrant o@ +rrest against Omar Hassan +hma? +l ashir, h , 200=################################### 200=########################################################## ############################################## ############################################## ##############################################11 #######################11,, 1 ruIillio OroGa /# oli/ia, eries C "o# 6#################################################### 6##############################################################################12 ##########################12 elasueG e lasueG .o?rigueG /# Hon?uras, eries C# "o# ############################################################# #################################################################12 ####12 STATUTES
'age ( 5
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
.OME +E +E O* HE $"E."+$O"+ C.$M$"+ CO. CO .,, 21; #"### #" ### 0 ############################################# #################################################################### ############################################## ############################################### ############################################passim ####################passim TREATIES
Con/ention on the 'rohi!ition o@ Military or any Hostile se o@ En/ironmental Mo?i@i>ation e>hniues, e>hniues, 1;6#################################### 1;6########################################################### ############################################## ############################################## ################################1 #########1 $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional to t"e #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;,
11255 " 3###########################################passim 112 3########################################### passim
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE
arma /# rilanBa <"o# 50%2000=, " Do># CC'.%C%;%D%50%2000################################### CC'.%C%;%D%50%2000###################################13 13 Mission on t"e #a2a " Human .ights Coun>il, 0e&ort of t"e United Nations 1act'1inding Mission Conflict , 25 eptem!er 200, +%H.C%12%######################################################################### +%H.C%12%#########################################################################22
MISCELLANEOUS
$srael Ministry o@ *oreign +@@airs, he Operation $n 4aGa: *a>tual +n? egal +spe>ts +spe>ts <'art #C= PP 36Q66 <200=####################################### <200=############################################################## ############################################## ############################################## ########################3 #3 3egality of t"e $"reat or or Use of Nuclear 4ea&ons 4ea&ons Advisory &inion, $#C## .eports 16, p#
226, $nternational Court o@ usti>e <$C=, uly 16########################################################### 16###########################################################33 TREATISES AND DIGESTS
ean # 'i>tet, e?#, Commentary I/ #eneva Convention *,-, <4ene/a: $C.C, 15=###########6 9# >ha!as, >ha!as, he $nternational Criminal Court: + Commentary on the $nternational Criminal Court, O@or?: O@or? ni/ersity 'ress 2010################################### 2010####################################################################### #################################### # an?oG, an?oG, C#AinarsBi an? # immermann ols o@ une 1;; to the 4ene/a Con/entions o@ 12 +ugust 1########################################### 1###########################################1; 1; 'age ( 6
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
+EME" +EME" O* .$D$C$O" .$ D$C$O" $t is hereina@ter most respe>t@ully su!mitte? that the 'rose>utor o@ this $nternational Criminal Court has the Iuris?i>tion to eer>ise this petition un?er +rti>le 5 rea? Aith +rti>le 13 o@ the .ome tatute o@ the $nternational Criminal Court, 1# +rti>le 5<1= states a @olloAs Q he Iuris?i>tion o@ the Court shall !e limite? to the most serious >rimes o@ >on>ern to the international >ommunity as a Ahile# he Court has Iuris?i>tion in a>>or?an>e Aith this tatute Aith respe>t to the @olloAing >rimes: 4eno>i?eR i?eR = 9ar 9ar Crime CrimesR sR
+n? !oth .o?inga an? aAalu are parties to the $CC statute 1
1 P 2, 'age 1, Moot 'ro!lem#
'age ( ;
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
$E .+$ED he 'rose>utor respe>t@ully asBs this Honoura!le Court: $#
9het 9h ethe herr rig riga?ie ?ier a> a>hes hesu !e @oun @oun?? gu guil ilty ty @or @or Crime rimess again gainst st huma humannity ity, @or @or Billing >i/ilians on the night o@ 16 th +pril 2012 at .uBama, un?er +rt# ;<1=
$$#
the .ome tatuteR 9het 9h ethe herr riga riga?i ?ier er a> a>he hesu su !e !e @oun @oun?? guil guilty ty o@ o@ 9a 9ar Crime Crimes, s, @or @or Billi Billing ng o@ o@ the the +*D +*D @ighters an? >i/ilians at .uBama on 1; th +pril 2012, un?er +rt# <2= <>=
$$$# $$$#
.ome tatueR 9het 9h ethe herr rig riga? a?ie ierr as/o? s/o?ina ina !e @oun? @oun? guilt guiltyy @or Crimes Crimes agai agains nstt hu huma mani nity ty,, @or en@or>e? ?isappearan>e o@ >apture? mine employees an? .o?ingan paramilitary
$# $#
@or>es ?uring De>em!er 2011 striBe, un?er +rt# ;<1= h >hin ingg atta>Bs on in?ustries in .eBht >ity that resulte? in Ai?esprea?, long-term an? se/ere ?amage to the natural en/ironment, un?er +rt# <2=
'age (
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
+EME" O* *+C olony o@ uGophia !e>ame in?epen?ent in uly,1;0 a@ter @orty years o@ a>ti/e a>ti/e strugg struggle le un? un?er er the .o? .o?ing ingan an "ation "ationali alist st Demo>r Demo>rati ati>> 'arty 'arty ular, ?emo>rati> an? repu!li> >ountry ?i/i?e? into @i/e states# hese states are insalu in the north, 8am!hatBa in the east, .a?usaria in the south, "ilo?onia in the Aest an? anrolia in the >entre, its !or?ers tou>he? all other states# irsone, the >apital o@ .o?inga is lo>ate? in Central anrolia# insalu an? 8am!hatBa has more than ;5S ri>h @orest >o/er o@ .o?inga an? there Aas Ai?esprea? health an? en/ironmental pro!lems in them ?ue to intense etra>tion o@ natural resour>es# anrolia, ?ensely populate? an? hea/ily in?ustrialise?#
."D' ."D' un?er un?er the lea?ers lea?ership hip o@ Mr# Mr# .ago!a .ago!a,, hea?e hea?e?? the @ree?om @ree?om struggle struggle## +@ter +@ter
in?epen?en>e Mr# .ago!a !e>ame the @irst 'rime Minister <'M=# he main opposition party is .o?inga o>ialist .epu!li>an 'arty onstitution o@ .o?ingaR ?i? not pro/i?e @or state go/ernments, it pro/i?e? @or @un?amental rights to the people, emergen>y pro/isions an? all ee>uti/e poAers o@ the go/ernment /este? Aith the 'M, he has poAers to ?e>lare an? Aith?raA emergen>y#
En? En?ur urin ingg *e?e *e?era rati tion on:: Ou Ourr .igh .ightF tF ele>te te?? lea? lea?er er Mr# Mr# "a "asa sann
+l?olo a?/o>ate? @or rights o@ tates to >ontrol their resour>es# Mr# ari alania an? "asan +l?olo Aere arreste? ?uring pea>e@ul protest in irsone# Mr# 'into +l!erto, Chie@ E?itor o@ he MorningF, a repute? neAspaper Aas also arreste? on ?e@amation >harges#
Mr# Mr# .ago!a .ago!a Aas assassi assassinat nate? e? !y a sui>i? sui>i?ee !om!er !om!er## .o?inga .o?ingann >a!in >a!inet et >olle>ti >olle>ti/el /elyy
?e>i?e? to ?e>lare Mr# .a?ula, son o@ .ago!a as 'M# he net ?ay, Mr# .a?ula ?e>lare? emergen>y eten?ing to the Ahole o@ .o?inga# he @orth>oming ele>tions Aere suspen?e? an? ..' an? E*O. !anne?# he AorBers o@ ..' an? E*O. Aho mo/e? into ?ense areas o@ @orest >ame together to @orm +rmy @or Demo>ra>yF ale /iolen>e against go/ernment poli>e an? paramilitary @or>es#
'age (
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
$n 15, 15, +*D Aas ?e>lare ?e>lare?? terror terrorist ist organi organisat sation ion Mr# alan alania, ia, Mr# +l?o +l?olo lo an? Mr#
+l!erto Aere ?e>lare? Ioint presi?ents o@ +*D a@ter their Iail!reaB# +*D ?e>lare? through internet to @ight @or the esta!lishment o@ @e?eral ?emo>ra>y# tate units Aere esta!lishe? an? they a>ti/ely engage? in !roa?ening their support an? mem!ership in>rease eponentially an? it re-esta!lishe? its operational !ran>h un?er the lea?ership o@ riga?ier# as/o?ina#
$n De De>e >em! m!er er 201 2011, the the +*D laun laun>h >he? e? a seri series es o@ >oor >oor?i ?ina nate te?? atta atta>B >Bss agai agains nstt
go/ernment !uil?ings an? installations in insalu an? 8am!hatBa# hey >apture? gol? mines o@ am>hatBa an? iBalu oalmines o@ .asinia an? 8aluma apture# u!seuently, attempts !y $nternational Humanitarian En@or>ement +gen>y <$HE+= to esta!lish >ommuni>ation linBs Aith +*D @aile?# HoAe/er, in May 2012, riga?ier <rg#= as/o?ina in@orme? the /isiting o@@i>ials o@ the $HE+ that the >apture? persons em!ra>e? em!ra>e? +*D +*D i?eals an? Aere Aere out in .o?inga to sprea? its i?eals#
+ 4o/er 4o/ernm nmen entt army army opera operati tion on to li!e li!era rate te +*D +*D o>>u o>>upi pie? e? >oal >oal mine miness Aa Aass le? le? !y
riga?ier <rg#= a>hesu# On their Aay they @ought intense !attles Aith +*D# 9hen they rea>he? .uBama, a su!ur!an toAn 50 Bms @rom .asinia, they Aere intensely >on@ronte? !y +*D @ighters an? Aere Bept at !ay @or one AeeB# riga?ier a>hesu lost 50 arme? personnel an? her su!or?inates aerial ?roppe? pamphlets on 15 +pril 2012 <un?ay= Aith instru>tions to >i/ilians to lea/e .uBama# On the night o@ 16th +pril 2012, the @or>es starte? hea/y shelling @rom tanBs an? also use? ?rones an? @ighter Iets to atta>B positions o@ +*D @ighters# his resulte? in Ai?esprea? ?estru>tion o@ >i/ilian property an? resulte? in ?eath o@ 100 >i/ilians an? 50 +*D @ighters# rg# a>hesu entere? .uBama Aith her @or>es net morning#
hey @oun? more more than than 50 >i/ilian >i/ilianss hi?ing hi?ing in natural natural >a/es >a/es,, they Aere Aere !eaten !eaten,, an? their their
!o?ies Aere su!Ie>t to many Bin?s o@ inhuman in/asions on their pri/ate organs# he Aoun?e? Aoun ?e? +*D @ighters an? >i/ilians >i/ilians Aere either either mur?ere? mur?ere? or le@t Aithout any arrangement arrangement
'age ( 10
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
@or me?i>al >are# he 4o/ernment >laime? on entering .uBama, it Aas ?eserte? an? they plea?e? operational >onstraint to sear>h @or missing >i/ilians# rg# a>hesu ma?e .uBama a temporary !ase >amp# On 23 May 2012, the " 'ea>eBeeping @or>es ?is>o/ere? mass gra/es o@ almost 50 persons in .uBama# heir me?i>al team prepare? @orensi> reports in?i>ating that almost 0 !o?ies Aere su!Ie>te? to !rutal physi>al in/asions on their pri/ate organs !e@ore their ?eath an? almost 250 !o?ies ha? the marBs o@ !ullets on their sBulls Aith other inIuries# he remaining 160 ?ie? ?ue to hea/y eplosions an? asphyiation#
+@te +@terr the the ?e@e ?e@eat at at .uBam .uBama, a, +*D +*D soug sought ht a>ti a>ti/e /e suppo support rt @rom @rom the the neig neigh! h!ou ourin ringg
>ountry o@ aAalu, Ahi>h shares !or?ers Aith insalu an? 8am!hatBa# On 1 st May 2012, aAalu ?e>lare? Aar against .o?inga sighting humanitarian >ommitment# On the 10 May 2012, the +*D an? aAaluan @or>es ?eploye? personnel at the !or?er o@ .eBht in?ustrial >ity, >it y, in anrolia# hese in?ustries are situate? on the !anBs o@ anrole Ahi>h Aas an important sour>e o@ ?rinBing Aater @or population o@ .eBht an? other >ities ?oAnstream# $n?ustries Aere hea/ily guar?e? !y 4o/ernment @or>es e/en though they Aere >lose? ?ue to la>B o@ raA materials#
On 11 May 20 2012 12,, the the 4o 4o/e /ern rnme ment nt stat state? e? its its inte intent nt to pro/ pro/i? i?ee un unin inte terr rrup upte te??
mo/ement to the aAaluan @or>es an? +*D @ightersR pro/i?e? that they Aoul? not atta>B the in?ustries o@ .eBht, an? in?i>ate? possi!le en/ironmental >atastrophe i@ .eBht Aas atta>Be?# rg# as/o?ina ?isregar?e? this an? laun>he? an atta>B ?uring early hours o@ 12 May 2012, Ahi>h in/ol/e? intense @ighting Aith hea/y arsenal @rom @ rom !oth si?es, Ahi>h lea? to the leaBage o@ T+gent )7 a ?angerous >hemi>al an? ?amage? the Ahole e>ology anrole !eyon? human >ontemplation# +ll Aater puri@i>ation plants ?oAnstream ha? to !e >lose? an? resulte? in a>ute a>ute Aa Aate terr s>ar s>ar>i >ity ty in anr anrol olia ia,, Ah Ahi> i>hh resu resulte lte?? in >aus >ausin ingg the the ?eat ?eathh o@ 10 1000 peop people le## En/ironmental eperts >laime? it Aoul? taBe a minimum o@ a ?e>a?e to Aipe out the >hemi>als @rom ri/er >y>le# 'ost "C resolution 206, a tripartite >ease@ire agreement Aas
'age ( 11
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
rea>he? !etAeen >on@li>ting parties, on 23 May 2012# he $CC 'rose>utor ?e>i?e? to !ring >harges on rg# a>hesu an? rg# as/o?ina# MM+. O* 'E+D$"4 $#
rg# a>hesu >ommitte? te? >rim rimes against humanity !y Ai?esprea? atta>Bs in?is>riminately against >i/ilian population Aith a>ti/e in/ol/ement on the groun? an? @ull BnoAle?ge an? is guilty un?er +rt# ;<1=
$$#
mental element un?er +rt# 30 is also satis@ie? !y Aay o@ >on?u>t# rg# rg# a>he a>hesu su >ommi >ommitte tte?? Aar >rim >rimes es un?e un?err +rt# +rt# <2= <2= <>= <>= en >entt >i/ilians or >ause? ?eath to them# He @aile? to @olloA 4ene/a the Con/entions an?
$$$#
the >ommon threshol? @or non-international Aar >rimes Aas met# rg# rg# as/o as/o?in ?inaa >ommit >ommitte? te? >rimes >rimes against against humani humanity ty !y Ai?esp Ai?esprea rea?? atta> atta>Bs Bs against against paramilitary an? mine AorBers, their en@or>e? ?isappearan>e in @urtheran>e o@ organisat organisationa ionall poli>y an? is guilty un?er un?er +rt# ;<1=
$# $#
mental element un?er +rt# 30 is also satis@ie? !y Aay o@ >on?u>t# rg# rg# as/o as/o?in ?inaa >ommitte >ommitte?? Aar >rimes >rimes un?er un?er +rt# +rt# <2= B atta>Bing ing .eBht .eBht >ity >ausing Ai?esprea?, long term an? se/ere ?amage to the natural en/ironment in e>ess e>ess o@ the anti>i anti>ipat pate? e? >on >on>re >rete te an? an? ?ire>t ?ire>t o/e o/eral ralll milita military ry a?/ a?/ant antage age anti>ipate? ?uring international arme? >on@li>t#
'age ( 12
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
'E+D$"4 $#
.$4+ .$4+D$ D$E. E. +CH +CHE E7 7 ++C8 $ 9$DE $DE'.E '.E+D +D +4 +4+$" +$" C$$ C$$$ $+" +" 'O' 'O'+ + $O" $O"
9$H $H
8"O9 8" O9E ED4 D4E E
$" *. *.HE.+ HE.+"C "CE E
O* + +E
'O$C+"D $ 4$ 4$ "DE. +.# +.# ;<1=
he .o? .o?ing ingan an @or>e @or>ess atta>B atta>Be? e? .uBa .uBama ma on on night night o@ o@ 16 th +pril 2012# 2012# $t is a Ai?esprea?
atta>B atta>B against against >i/ilian population population <+#= in @urtheran> @urtheran>ee o@ tate poli>y poli>y Aith BnoAle?ge BnoAle?ge o@ the a>ts# <#= (A+)
B"g+ Za,he-u ,au-e. the .eath %/ %/ %!e %" $%"e e"-%!- a- a"t %/ a 0&.e-"ea. atta, aga&!-t the ,&2&'&a! %u'at&%!+
he term term Ai?espre Ai?esprea?F a?F re@ers re@ers to the the large-s large-s>ale >ale nature nature o@ o@ the atta>B atta>B an? an? the num!e num!err o@
the /i>tims#2 + >rime may also !e TAi?esprea?7 !y the >umulati/e e@@e>t o@ a series o@ inhumane a>ts or the singular e@@e>t o@ an inhumane a>t o@ etraor?inary magnitu?eF# 3 he ?eath o@ 100 >i/ilians, 50 +*D @ighters an? Ai?esprea? ?estru>tion o@ >i/ilian property, in the lo>al !usiness >enter o@ .uBama on 16 +pril 2012 is un?ou!te?ly an inhuman a>t o@ etraor?inary magnitu?e# he status o@ /i>tims as >i/ilians is one o@ the >hara>teristi>s o@ a >rime against humanity# +rt#50 <2= o@ +??itional 'roto>ol $ <+' $= ?e@ines a T>i/ilian
2 'rose>utor /# DragolIu! 8unara>, .a?omir 8o/a> an? oran uBo/i>, $-6-23-L $-623%1-+, +ppeals +ppeals Cham!er u?gement, 12 une 2002, P # <$nt7l Crim# ri!# @or the *ormer ugosla/ia O>t# 2,15=#
3 'rose>utor /# i?oIe lagoIe/i> Dragan oBi>, $-02-60-, rial u?gement, 1; anuary 2005, P55# <$nt7l Crim# ri!# @or the *ormer ugosla/ia O>t# 2,15=#
'age ( 13
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
population7 as @olloAs: Tthe >i/ilian population >omprises all persons Aho are >i/ilians#7 5 *urther un?er +rt#50 <3= o@ +' $, Tthe presen>e o@ in?i/i?uals Aithin the >i/ilian population Aho ?o not >ome Aithin the ?e@inition o@ >i/iliansF, ?oes not ?epri/e the population o@ its >i/ilian >hara>ter#7 >hara>ter#76 ution seeBs to esta!lish this atta>B Aas against a >i/ilian population !y illustratin illustratingg the /iolation /iolation o@ the prin>iple prin>ipless o@ pre>autio pre>autionary nary measure, measure, ?is>rimina ?is>rimination tion an? proportionality !y rg# a>hesu# 're>autionary measures measures Aith regar? to arme? >on@li>t un?er .ule 15 o@ >ustomary $H states that, Tin the >on?u>t o@ military operations, >onstant >are must !e taBen to spare the >i/ilian population, >i/ilians an? >i/ilian o!Ie>ts# +ll @easi!le pre>autions must !e taBen to a/oi?, an? in any e/ent to minimiGe, in>i?ental loss o@ >i/ilian li@e, inIury to >i/ilians an? ?amage to >i/ilian o!Ie>ts7 as epresse? in +' $ +rt# 5;#
On 15th +pril 2012, the su!or?inates o@ rg# a>hesu ?roppe? pamphlets on the >ity o@
.uBama Aarning all >i/ilians to e/a>uate !e@ore laun>hing atta>B the /ery net ?ay ;# he prose>ution asserts asserts that this measure Aas Aas etremely ina?euate# ina?euate# + re@eren>e here >an >an !e ma?e 'rose>utor /# ihomir lasBi>, $-5-1-+, +ppeal u?gement, 2 uly 200, P 10;R <$nt7l Crim# ri!# @or the *ormer ugosla/ia O>t# 2,15=#
5 $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional to t"e #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;, 1125 " 3# +rt# 50<2=#
6 $C, 'rose>utor # DragolIu! 8unara>, .a?omir 8o/a> an? oran uBo/i>, $-6-23-L $-6-23%1-, rial Cham!er u?gement, 22 *e!ruary 2001, P 25#
; 'g# 10, Moot 'ro!lem#
'age ( 2
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
to the military manuals o@ a num!er o@ signatory states# +??itionally, the 4ol?stone .eport o@ the nite? "ations *a>t-*in?ing Mission on the 4aGa Con@li>t !y the "H.C epressly states that the use o@ lea@lets alone !y the $D* in e/a>uating >i/ilians Aas not an e@@i>ient a?/an>e Aarning# he $D* @or>es also ?i? not >onsi?er the ?istri!ution o@ lea@lets alone as su@@i>ient
to
presume
the
a!sen>e
o@
>i/ilian ians
at
the
rele/ant
lo>ations# 10
iple o@ ?is>rimination is re>ogniGe? un?er .ule 12 o@ Customary $H !y ?e@ining in?is>riminate atta>BsF, an? also un?er .ule ;1 through prohi!ition o@ the use o@ in?is>riminate Aeapons# he same is reiterate? un?er +rt#51 <= o@ +' $# *urther e/i?en>e o@ the the >ust >ustom omary ary natu nature re o@ the the ?e@in ?e@initi ition on o@ in?i in?is> s>rim rimin inat atee atta atta>B >Bss >an >an !e @oun @oun?? in the the Iurispru?en>e o@ $C an? $C# $C# $n its a?/isory opinion in the "u>lear 9eapons 9eapons >ase, the $nternational Court o@ usti>e state? that the prohi!ition o@ Aeapons that are in>apa!le o@ ?istinguishing !etAeen >i/ilian an? military targets >onstitutes an intransgressi!leF intransgressi!leF prin>iple o@ >ustomary international laA 11#
Hague .egulations 1 an? 10;R ie!er Co?eR russels De>larationR O@or? ManualR $D* Manual all >ommonly share the reuirement o@ noti@i>ation to lo>al authorities ti/e a?/an>e Aarning#
" Human .ights Coun>il, 0e&ort of t"e United Nations 1act'1inding Mission on t"e #a2a Conflict , 25 eptem!er 200, +%H.C%12%, P536#
4 aGa: *a>tual +n? egal +spe>ts <'art #C= #C= PP 36Q66 10 $srael Ministry o@ *oreign +@@airs, he Operation $n 4aGa: <200=#
$"reat or Use of Nuclear 4ea&on 4ea&ons s Advisory &inion, $#C## .eports 16, 11 3egality of t"e $"reat
p# 226, $nternational $nternational Court o@ usti>e <$C=, uly uly 16#
'age ( 3
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
s>rim rimina inate te atta>B atta>Bss are those those h Ahi>h are not ?ire>t ?ire>te? e? at a spe>i@i spe>i@i>> militar militaryy o!Ie>ti/eR h employ a metho? or means o@ >om!at Ahi>h >annot !e ?ire>te? at a spe>i@i> military o!Ie>ti/eR or <>= Ahi>h employ a metho? or means o@ >om!at the e@@e>ts o@ Ahi>h >annot !e limite? as reuire? !y international humanitarian laAR an? >onseuently, in ea>h su>h >ase, are o@ a nature nature to striBe military military o!Ie>ti/e o!Ie>ti/ess an? >i/ilians >i/ilians or >i/ilian >i/ilian o!Ie>ts Aithout ?istin>tion# $n the present >ase, rg# a>hesu !om!e? the !usiness >enter o@ .uBama# he prose>ution >onten?s that this is not a military o!Ie>ti/e, 12 !e>ause the partial or total ?estru>tion o@ .uBama ?oes not o@@er a ?e@inite military a?/antage in the >ir>umstan>es ruling at the time# $t Aas only later that .uBama Aas set up as a temporary !ase >amp >lose to .asinia# he means o@ >om!at employe? Aere not those that >oul? !e ?ire>te? at a spe>i@i> military o!Ie>ti/e an? Aere also use? in?is>riminately# in?is>riminately# ase, rg# a>hesu use? not Iust ?rones, !ut also Ai?e area Aeapons liBe shells @rom tanBs an? @ighter Iets, Ahi>h Aere e>essi/e an? not ne>essary# his his e>essi/e use o@ /arious means o@ >om!at an? the @a>tual e/i?en>e o@ the >i/ilian >asualty in?i>ate that the 'rin>iple o@ proportionality has also !een /iolate?# he also happene? to use them on the night o@ the 16 th, Ahi>h Aoul? maBe ?istin>tion o@ >i/ilians an? +*D @ighters all the more ?i@@i>ult# (B+) (B+)
B"g+ B"g+ Za,heZa,he-u u &''e. &''e. ,&2&'&a ,&2&'&a!!- &! /u"t /u"the" he"a!, a!,ee %/ State State %'&, %'&,# # a!. 0&th 0&th /u'' /u'' !%0'e.ge+
rg# a>he a>hesu su !eing !eing .o?inga .o?ingann 4o/ernmen 4o/ernment7s t7s army !riga? !riga?ier ier her a>ts a>ts >an >an !e >lassi@i >lassi@ie? e?
as part o@ tate poli>y, sin>e she has use? the tate resour>es ranging @rom arme? men, tanBs, 12 .ule o@ Customary $H states T$n so @ar as o!Ie>ts are >on>erne?, military o!Ie>ti/es are limite? to those o!Ie>ts Ahi>h !y their nature, lo>ation, purpose or use maBe an e@@e>ti/e >ontri!ution to military a>tion an? Ahose partial or total ?estru>tion, >apture or neutraliGation, in the >ir>umstan>es ruling at the time, o@@ers a ?e@inite military a?/antage#7
'age (
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
@ighter Iets an? ?rones# he ha? @ull BnoAle?ge o@ the atta>B sin>e he le? the @or>es into .uBam .uB amaa an? is uite uite aAare aAare o@ the groun? groun? realitie realities# s# He Herr in?is> in?is>rimi riminat natee atta> atta>BB Aa Aass in retaliation to loss o@ 50 sol?ier the pre/ious AeeB #13 $$# $$#
.$4 .$4+D +D$E $E. . +CH +CHE E MEE MEE HE HE H.E H.EH HO OD D *O. *O. 9+ 9+. C.$M C.$ME E +"D +"D C+" E HED 4$ O* CH+.4E "DE. +.# <2= <>=
Bs on the night o@ 16th +pril 2012, rg# a>hesu along Aith her @or>es entere? .uBama on the morning o@ 1;th +pril 2012# hey @oun? more than 50 >i/ilians hi?ing in natural >a/es, Aho Aere then !eaten, an? their !o?ies Aere @oun? to ha/e !een su!Ie>te? to many Bin?s o@ inhuman in/asions on their pri/ate organs# ommon >ommon reuirement reuirementss or elements un?er un?er +rt# +rt# @or all the un?erlying un?erlying o@@en>es o@@en>es here un?er are a= u>h person or persons Aere either hors ?e >om!at, or Aere >i/ilians, me?i>al personnel, or religious personnel taBing no a>ti/e part in the hostilities, an? that the perpetrator Aas aAare o@ the @a>tual >ir>umstan>es that esta!lishe? this status# +lso, that >= the >on?u>t tooB pla>e in the >ontet o@ an? Aas asso>iate? Aith an arme? >on@li>t not o@ an international >hara>ter an? that ?= the perpetrator Aas aAare o@ @a>tual >ir>umstan>es that esta!lishe? the eisten>e o@ an arme? >on@li>t# (A+) 3&''e. &- a'-% ,%!-t"ue. t% $ea!4 5,au-e. the .eath %/6
harge >harge?? un? un?er er +rt# +rt# <2= <>= lu? in>lu?es es o@ the un?erly un?erlying ing o@@en>es o@ the Aar >rime o@ >ruel treatment an? mur?er# he prose>ution argues that the inhuman physi>al in/asions on the pri/ate organs o@ the >i/ilians hi?ing in >a/es in>ite? se/ere physi>al pain an? su@@ering upon those persons, satis@ying the @irst element o@ +rt# <2= 13 'g# , Moot 'ro!lem#
'age ( 5
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
<>= rime o@ >ruel treatment=# he perpetrator @urther Bille? one or more persons either !y mur?ering the Aoun?e? or not @a>ilitating their a>>ess to me?i>al >are# .ule 55 o@ Customary $H states that the parties to the >on@li>t must alloA an? @a>ilitate rapi? an? unimp unimpe?e e?e?? passag passagee o@ humani humanitar tarian ian relie@ relie@ @or >i/ili >i/ilians ans in nee?, nee?, Ah Ahi>h i>h is impart impartial ial in >hara>ter an? >on?u>te? Aithout any a?/erse ?istin>tion, su!Ie>t to their right o@ >ontrol# +rt#;2 o@ +' $ an? +rt#1 <2= o@ +' $$ @urther emphasiGe this o!ligation# hesu7s a>hesu7s @or>es !eing !eing part o@ the go/ernment go/ernment army Aere un?er an o!ligation o!ligation to pro/i?e arrangement arrangement or alloA a>>ess to me?i>al me?i>al >are an? the ?e@ense ?e@ense o@ operational operational >onstraint so >laime? !y the go/ernment is unreasona!le !e>ause .uBama Aas su!seuently ma?e a !ase >amp# 9hile mur?er is >ommonly >onsi?ere? to in/ol/e homi>i?e it in>lu?es a>ts o@ omission that may lea? to ?eath Ahere that omission is >ontrary to the laA o@ arme? >on@li>t an? he perpetrator a>ts Aill@ully1# Mur?ers !y a>ts o@ omission Aere >on@irme? !y the $C15 an? $C. 16# he a>ts o@ omission !y rg# a>hesu resulting in ?eath Aere a>ts o@ omission >ontrary to the laA o@ arme? >on@li>t an? there@ore the >rime against humanity o@ mur?er# hus the >on?u>t >on?u>t resulte? in >ausing o@ ?eath ?eath satis@ying the @irst element o@ <2= <>=
1ean # 'i>tet, e?#, Commentary I/ #eneva Convention *,-, <4ene/a: $C.C, 15=, pg# 222#
15 'rose>utor eInil Delali>, ?ra/Bo Mu>i> an? Esa? an?Jo i CaseF=, $$ -6-21-+, 6-21-+, +ppeals +ppeals u?gement, 20 *e!ruary 2001, P 31 <$C=R
16 'rose>utor / ean-'aul +Bayesu, Case "o# $C.-6--, rial u?gment, 2 eptem!er 1, P5# <$C.=
'age ( 6
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
on? an? thir? elements are the same @or the Aar >rimes o@ mur?er an? >ruel treatment# hey reuire >i/ilian status o@ the /i>tims, their non-parti>ipation in hostilities an? the perpetrator7s BnoAle?ge o@ these @a>tual >ir>umstan>es# *rom the @a>ts Ae may @in? that the >i/ilians hi?ing in >a/es ?i? not ?ire>tly parti>ipate in hostilities as per the o!ligation un?er +rt#50 <3= o@ +' $ Ahen there is ?ou!t as to the >i/ilian status o@ a person the presumption shoul? !e in @a/or o@ su>h >i/ilian status# rg# a>hesu7s a>hesu7s @or>es there@ore Aere in>orre>t in their presumption that the mere ?ropping o@ pamphlets# >or? +>>or?ing ing to +' $ +rt#5 +rt#511 <3=: <3=: Dire> Dire>tt parti> parti>ipa ipatio tionn in hos hostili tilitie tiess ommentary= rea?s: Ci/ilians shall enIoy the prote>tion a@@or?e? !y this e>tion, U4eneral 'rote>tion +gainst +gainst E@@e>ts o@ HostilitiesV, unless an? @or su>h time as they taBe a ?ire>t part in hostilities#F Dire>t parti>ipation must re@er to spe>i@i> hostile a>ts, an? it >learly suspen?s a >i/i >i/ilia lian7 n7ss no non> n>om om!a !ata tant nt prot prote> e>tio tion# n# he he >omm >ommen enta tary ry to 'rot 'roto> o>ol ol $ pro/ pro/i? i?es es some some >lari@i>ation: ?ire>t parti>ipation means a>ts o@ Aar Ahi>h !y their nature or purpose are liBely to >ause a>tual harm to the personnel an? euipment o@ the enemy arme? @or>es#F he hi?ing >i/ilians ?i? not merely !y their @ailure to e/a>uate post Aarning, partaBe ?ire>tly in the hostilities# (B+)The ,%!.u,t t%% 'a,e &! the ,%!te7t %/ a!. 0a- a--%,&ate. 0&th a! a"$e. ,%!/'&,t !%t %/ &!te"!at&%!a' ,ha"a,te" a!. the e"et"at%" ha. !%0'e.ge
t >tio iona nall reu reuir irem emen entt @or @or the the appl appli> i>a! a!ili ility ty o@ +rt# rt# <2= <2= <>= <>= iation o@ the >on?u>t in the >ontet o@ a non-international arme? >on@li>t# he in>i?ent on 1; +pril 2012 Aas asso>iate? an? o>>urre? in the >ontet o@ the arme? >on@li>t lea?ing @rom early +pril +pril in .uBama# Common +rt#3 +rt#3 o@ 4ene/a Con/entionCon/ention- 1# $nternational arme? >on@li>ts eist Ahene/er there is a resort to arme? @or>e !etAeen tAo or more states# 2# "on$ntern $nternati ationa onall arme? arme? >on@li >on@li>ts >ts Q are protra protra>te >te?? arme? arme? >on@r >on@ront ontati ation on o>>urr o>>urring ing !etAee !etAeenn
'age ( ;
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
go/ernmental arme? @or>es an? the @or>es o@ one or more arme? groups, or !etAeen su>h groups arising on the territory o@ a tate ular, there are 2 @a>tors to ?istinguish non-international arme? >on@li>ts @rom other spora?i> a>ts su>h as internal ?istur!an>es, riots et># 1; on@rontation to !e a non-international arme? >on@li>t, @irstly, it must rea>h minimum le/el o@ intensity# 1 *a>tors to assess le/el o@ intensity in>lu?e the num!er o@ >i/ilians @or>e? to @lee @rom >om!at Gones, types o@ Aeapons use? in parti>ular Q use o@ hea/y Aeapons, an? military euipment su>h as tanBs, hea/y shelling o@ toAns, an? num!er o@ >ausalities >ause? !y shelling# shelling #1 on?ly, the parties to the >on@li>t must shoA a minimum le/el o@ organiGation# he E*O. an? ..' >ame together to >onstitute the +*D in the early 10s an? engage? in sustaine? loA s>ale /iolen>e Aith the go/ernment @or>es @or many years# $n 2011, post the sensational Iail!reaBs o@ in@luential persons su>h as Mr#+?olo, Mr#alania an? Mr#+l!erto, they Aere ?e>lare? Ioint presi?ents o@ the +*D# u!seuently, state units o@ +*D Aere @orme? Aith eponentially in>reasing mem!ership to !roa?en their support !ase an? the +*D also reesta!lishe? its operational !ran>h un?er the lea?ership o@ rig#as/o?ina# hus the a@orementione? @a>ts shoA on?itions as pres>ri!e? @or the intensity o@ a noninternation international al arme? >on@li>t >on@li>t an? on@li>t, >on@li>t, +*D, +*D, has a minimum le/el o@ organiGation# 1; +rt# <2=
$--1-, rial rial u?gement, ; May 1;, P562# <$C=# 1 'rose>utor /# DuWBo a?iX, $--1-,
1 'rose>utor /# .amush Hara?inaI $?riG alaI ahi rahimaI, $-0-!is-, $-0-!is-, .etrial u?gement, 2 "o/em!er 2012, P3# <$C=#
'age (
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
$$$# $$$#
.$4+ .$4+D$ D$E. E. +O OD D$"+ $"+ C+ + ED E EM+ M+$C ++C8 +4+$" +$" C$$$+" 'O'+$O" $" *.HE.+"CE O* O.4+"$+$O"+ 'O$C 9$H 9$H * * 8" 8"O9 O9E ED4 D4E E +"D 4 4$ $ " "DE DE. . C.$M C.$ME E +4+ 4+$" $" HM+"$ +.# +.# ;<1=
he De>em!er 2011 >oor?i r?inate? atta>Bs !y +* +*D 20 hea?e? hea?e? !y riga? riga?ier ier
as/o? s/o?in inaa is a syst system emat ati> i> atta atta>B >B agai agains nstt >i/i >i/ili lian an po popu pula lati tion on in @urt @urthe hera ran> n>ee o@ organiGational poli>y !y an organiGation <+#= an? the elements un?er +rti>le ;<1=
e to +rti>le ;<1= o@ the tatute, a >rime against humanity is >onstitute? i@ the a>ts ha/e !een >ommitte? as part o@ a Ai?esprea? or systemati> atta>B, ?ire>te? toAar?s the >i/ilian population, Aith BnoAle?ge o@ the atta>B# $n De>em!er, 2011, +*D @ighters laun>he? >oor?inate? atta>Bs against go/ernment installations an? !uil?ings in the tates o@ insalu an? 8am!hatBa# he @amous >oal an? gol? mines Aere >apture? an? 50 personnel o@ .o?ingan 'aramilitary an? almost 50 employees AorBing in these mines Aere >apture !y them#
+ >rime >rime again against st human humanity ity Aith Aithin in the mean meanin ingg o@ +rt# +rt# ; o@ the tat tatut ute, e, the the
atta>B >onsists o@ a >ourse o@ >on?u>t in/ol/ing the multiple >ommission o@ a>ts ?ire>te? against the >i/ilian population as a Ahole in this >ase >oal an? gol? miners an? not against ran?omly sele>te? in?i/i?uals# 21 he terms TAi?esprea? an? Tsystemati>7 are not spe>i@i>ally ?e@ine? in the .ome tatute# 22
20 'g# , Moot 'ro!lem#
'age (
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
B must !e Ai?esprea? or systemati> in nature >ontrary to isolate? or ran?om a>ts o@ /iolen>e# he +*D @ighters starte? a series o@ >oor?inate? atta>Bs in De>em!er, 2011# $n this regar?, the a?Ie>ti/e Ai?esprea?F re@ers to the large-s>ale nature o@ the atta>B an? the num!er o@ targete? persons,F 23 Ahi>h has a@@e>te? nearly 100 >i/ilians, Ahile the a?Ie>ti/e systemati>F re@ers to the organise? nature o@ the a>ts o@ /iolen /iolen>e >e an? an? the impro! impro!a! a!ilit ilityy o@ their their ran?om ran?om o>>urre o>>urren> n>e#F e#F2 +*D +*D @ighte @ighterr ha/ ha/ee >onsoli?ate? themsel/es !y @orming state units, they ha? operational !ran>h to >on?u>t o@ operations an? the @irst series Aas /ery neA in the arsenal o@ +*D# ale nature o@ the atta>B, as Aell as num!er o@ /i>timsF 25, an? the atta>B must !e massi/e, @reuent 21 ituation in the .epu!li> o@ Cote ?7$/oire, De>ision 'ursuant to +rti>le 15 o@ the .ome tatute on the +uthoriGation o@ an $n/estigation into the ituation in the .epu!li> o@ Cote ?7$/oire,F 3 O>to!er 2011, $CC- 02%11-1
22 9# >ha!as, he $nternational Criminal Court: + Commentary on the $nternational Criminal Court, O@or?: O@or? ni/ersity 'ress 2010, p# 1
23 P$C'III Cote d5Ivoire Investigation 6ecision para# 53.
2 P$C'III Cote d5Ivoire Investigation 6ecision para# 5#
v. mar Al !as"ir , Case "o# $CC-02%05-01%0, De>ision on the 'rose>utions 25 Prosecutor v.
+ppli>ation @or a 9arrant o@ +rrest against Omar Hassan +hma? +l ashir, Mar>h 200, !as"ir5 =R para# 1#
'age ( 10
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
an? >arrie >arrie?? out >olle> >olle>ti/ ti/ely ely Aith Aith >on >onsi? si?era era!le !le seriou seriousne sness ss an? an? ?ire>t ?ire>te? e? again against st a multipli>ity o@ /i>tims# /i>tims#26 $t also in/ol/es an atta>B >arrie? out o/er a large geographi>al area or an atta>B in a small geographi>al area ?ire>te? against a large num!er o@ >i/ilians# >i/ilians#2; $n regar? the nature o@ Ai?esprea? atta>B it may !e >onsi?ere? a T>umulati/e e@@e>t o@ a series o@ inhumane a>ts or the singular e@@e>t o@ an inhumane a>t o@ etraor?inary magnitu?e#2 7 >an !e >onstrue? to Tthe organise? nature o@ the a>ts o@ /iolen>e an? to the impro!a!ility o@ their ran?om o>>urren>e7# 2 he +*D atta>B >an !e rial Cham!er $, De>ision on the Con@irmation o@ Charges,F ituation in the Demo>rati> .epu!li> o@ Congo, 30 eptem!er 200, $CC-01%0- 01%0;-;1;, paras# 3-3; < 8Katanga et al.7=#
26 $"e Prosecutor v. %ean'Pierre !ema #omo , Case "o# $CC-01%05-01%0, De>ision 'ursuant to +rti>le 61<;=utor +gainst ean 'ierre em!a 4om!o, 15 une 200, para# 3# utor /# Ntairutimana <$C.-6-10 L $C.-6-1;-=, u?gement,
21 *e!ruary 2003, para# 0#
2; $!i?# para# 3#
2 Kordic et al. <$-5-1%2-=, <$-5-1%2-=, u?gment, 26 *e!ruary 2001, para# 1;R Kordic et al. <$-51%2-+=, u?gement, 1; De>em!er 200, para# #
2 !as"ir , "# , para# 1R Katanga et al., "# paras# 3-3;#
'age ( 11
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
>onsi?ere? systemati> !e>ause Tit laste? @or Aell o/er 15 years Ahi>h starte? in 15 as sustaine? loA s>ale /iolen>e against go/ernment poli>e an? paramilitary @or>es an? the a>ts o@ /iolen>e o@ Ahi>h it Aas >omprise @olloAe?, to a >onsi?era!le etent, a similar pattern i#e# atta>B o@ poli>e an? go/ernment paramilitary @or>es# 30 're rial Cham!er $ in has terme? Tsystemati>7 to !e un?erstoo? as either a organise? plan in @urtheran>e o@ a >ommon poli>y, Ahi>h @olloAs a regular pattern an? results in a >ontinuous >ommission o@ a>ts or as Tpatterns o@ >rimes7 su>h that the >rimes >onstitute a Tnon a>>i?ental repetition o@ similar >riminal >on?u>t on a regular !asis7# hus, in the >ontet o@ systemati> atta>B, the reuirement o@ a multipli>ity o@ /i>tims7 pursuant to arti>le ;<2= B in/ol/e? Tmultipli>ity o@ /i>tims7 pursuant to +rti>le ;<2=B in/ol/e? a multipli>ity o@ /i>tims o@ one o@ the a>ts re@erre? to in arti>le ;<1= o@ the tatute#31 B must also !e >on?u>te? pursuant to or in @urtheran>e o@ a tate or organiGational organiGational poli>y# he term tate is sel@-eplanatory, yet a tate poli>y ?oes not nee? to ha/e !een >on>ei/e? at the highest le/el o@ tate ma>hinery !ut may ha/e !een a?opte? !y regional or lo>al organs o@ the tate# 32 OrganiGations not linBe? to a tate may, @or the purposes o@ the tatute, ela!orate an? >arry out a poli>y to >ommit an atta>B against a >i/ilian population# u>h a poli>y may !e ma?e either !y groups o@ persons Aho go/ern a spe>i@i> territory or !y any organisation Aith the >apa!ility to >ommit a Ai?esprea? or systemati> atta>B against a >i/ilian population# he poli>y nee? not !e !as"ir "# , para# 5# 30 !as"ir
31 Katanga et al. "#, paras# 3;-3# 3;-3#
32 P$C'III Cote d5Ivoire Investigation 6ecision, para# 5#
'age ( 12
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
epli>itly ?e@ine? !y the organiGational group#F 33 he ?etermination o@ Ahether a group uali@ies as an organiGationF un?er the tatute must !e ma?e on a >ase-!y->ase !asis# 3 *rom the a!o/e it >an !e >learly seen that +*D is a organisation esta!lishe? @or esta!lishment o@ @e?eral ?emo>ra>y in .o?inga an? it has strong organisational poli>y# poli>y# 35 onstitute a >rime against humanity, +rti>le ;<1= o@ the tatute also reuires that the rele/ant a>ts o@ /iolen>e !e >ommitte? Aith BnoAle?ge o@ the atta>BF su>h that the perpetrator ha? BnoAle?ge o@ all >hara>teristi>s o@ the atta>B or the pre>ise ?etails o@ the plan or poli>y o@ the tate or organiGation#F36 +n? also the Cham!er has alrea?y hel?, su>h BnoAle?ge shoul? not !e interprete? as reuiring proo@ that the perpetrator ha? BnoAle?ge o@ all >hara>teristi>s o@ the atta>B or 33 he 'rose>utor /# 4ermain 8atanga an? Mathieu "gu?Iolo Chui, 're-rial Cham!er $, $, De>ision on the Con@irmation o@ Charges,F ituation in the Demo>rati> .epu!li> o@ Congo, 30 eptem!er 200, $CC-01%0- 01%0;-;1;, para# 36#
3 'C-$$$ Cote ?7$/oire $n/estigation De>ision, para# 6# he Cham!er i?enti@ie? a num!er o@ @a>tors Ahi>h >an !e taBen into a>>ount Ahen ?etermining the organiGationF: organiGationF: a= Ahether the group is un?er a responsi!le >omman?, or has an esta!lishe? hierar>hyR != Ahether the group possesses the means to >arry out a Ai?esprea? or systemati> atta>B against a >i/ilian populationR >= Ahether Ahether the group eer>ises eer>ises >ontrol o/er part part o@ the territory o@ the tateR ?= Ahether the group ?ire>te? its >riminal a>ti/ities against the >i/ilian population as a primary purposeR e= Ahether Ahether the group arti>ulates, arti>ulates, epli>itly or otherAise, otherAise, an intention to atta>B atta>B a >i/ilian populationR an? @= Ahether the group is part o@ a larger group, Ahi>h @ul@ils some or all o@ the a!o/ementione? a!o/ementione? >riteria#F
35 'g# , Moot 'ro!lem#
'age ( 13
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
the pre>ise ?etails o@ the plan or poli>y o@ the tate or organiGation#F 3; On the >ontrary, this Cham!er has pre/iously un?erstoo? this phrase to mean that the perpetrator BneA that there Aas an atta>B on a >i/ilian population, an? that his or her a>ts Aere a part o@ that atta>B#F3 (B+)E'e$e!t- u!.e" A"t+ 9 (1) (&) "ea. 0&th A"t+ :* a!. A"t+ ;
e? ?isappearan>e is ?e@ine? un?er +rt# ;<2= e>ti tion on o@ +ll 'ers 'erson onss @rom @rom En@o En@or> r>e? e? Disappearan>e3# En@or>e? Disappearan>e has !een re>ognise? !y $nter +meri>an Court o@ Human .ights an? national >ourts in atin +meri>an region# 0 .ule o@ Customary $nternational Humanitarian aA prohi!its en@or>e? ?isappearan>e# he >rime o@ en@or>e ?isappearan>e is a /iolation o@ se/eral @un?amental rights, in>lu?ing the right to li!erty 36 $"e Prosecutor v. mar Al !as"ir , Case "o# $CC-02%05-01%0, De>ision on the 'rose>utions +ppli>ation @or a 9arrant o@ +rrest against Omar Hassan +hma? +l ashir, h , 200= para# 0#
3; $!i?#
3 $CC-01%0-01%0;-;1;, para# 01# ee also $C, he 'rose>utor / 8or?i> an? CerBe:, Case "o# $-5- 1%2-+# +ppeals u?gment# 1; De>em!er 200, para# R $C, he 'rose>utor / Elasti># Case "o# $-5-1- +, +ppeals u?gment, 2 uly 200, para# 12R $C., he 'rose>utor / emar>a, Case "o# $C.-;-20-, rial rial u?gment, 15 May 2003, para# 332#
3 $nternational Con/ention @or the 'rote>tion o@ +ll 'ersons @rom En@or>e? Disappearan>e, 20 De>em!er 2006#
'age ( 1
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
an? se>urity o@ the person, the prohi!ition o@ torture, the right !e treate? Aith humanity an? Aith respe>t @or the inherent ?ignity o@ the human person an? the right to li@e# 1 he >rime o@ en@or>e? ?isappearan>e has eight elements to !e satis@ie? as per +rt# ;<1=apture? 50 paramilitary an? almost 50 >i/ilians in De>em!er, 2011 Ahi>h >oul? !e in@erre? they ha/e !een ?etaine? !y +*D 2# $n spite o@ them ha/ing internet 3 in ?eep @orests they @aile? to in@orm or ?i/ulge ?etails a!out the Aherea!outs o@ the >apture? >i/ilians to $HE+ Ahi>h >oul? only !e in@erre? as the re@usal to a>BnoAle?ge o@ ?epri/ation o@ >i/ilians or to gi/e in@ormation on the @ate or Aherea!outs o@ the >i/ilians# rg# as/o?ina !eing the operational hea? shall !e >onstrue? to BnoA a!out these en@or>e? ?isappearan>es ?isappearan>es Ahen a literal lit eral >onstru>tion o@ +rt# 2al organiGation to !e >onsi?ere? a politi>al organiGation an? these >rimes happene? Aithin @eA months o@ rg# 0 elasueG .o?rigueG /# Hon?uras, eries C# "o# , para# 1R 4o?ineG CruG /# Hon?uras, C# "o# 5, para# 153R ruIillio OroGa /# oli/ia, eries C "o# 6, paras# 2 an? 36#
1 arma /# rilanBa <"o# 50%2000=, " Do># CC'.%C%;%D%50%2000, para #3#
2 +rt# ;<1=
3 'g# , Moot 'ro!lem#
'g# , Moot 'ro!lem#
5 +rt# 2
'age ( 15
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
as/o?ina Aas ma?e lea?er o@ the operational !ran>h# 6 $t shall !e >onsi?ere? that su>h ?etention Aas ma?e Aith the authoriGation, support or a>uies>en>e o@ a politi>al organiGation# he statement ma?e !y rg# as/o?ina on th May, 2012 >an !e >learly seen as a threat to >i/ilians that they shoul? not sympathise Aith Mr# .a?ula# ; His statement to $HE+ that the >apture? >i/ilians an? paramilitary @or>es are out in .o?inga to sprea? +*D i?eals shoul? !e >onstrue? as a statement o@ re@usal o@ a>BnoAle?gement o@ Aherea!outs# Aherea!outs# apture? employees an? paramilitary @or>es are not BnoAn @or the last @i/e years i#e# @rom De>em!er, 2011 till ?ate# o it >an only !e un?erstoo? that rg# as/o?ina inten?e? to remo/e them @rom the prote>tion o@ the laA @or a prolonge? perio?# he >on?u>t Aas initiation o@ a series o@ >oor?inate? atta>Bs e/en though it Aas sustaine? loA s>ale /iolen>e against paramilitary troops @rom 15# 50 t >an >onstitute a >rime against humanity Ahen >ommitte? Aithin the appropriate >ontet# 51 he BnoAle?ge o@ the atta>B is an element o@ >rime against humanity un?er >ustomary international humanitarian laA# 52 he @inal element >ontains the T>ontet element7: Tthe perpetrator BneA that the >on?u>t Aas part o@ or inten?e? the 6 'g# , Moot 'ro!lem#
; 'g# 12, Moot 'ro!lem#
'g# 11, Moot 'ro!lem#
$!i?#
50 'g# , Moot 'ro!lem
'age ( 16
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
>on?u>t to !e part o@ a Ai?esprea? or systemati> atta>B ?ire>te? against a >i/ilian population#53he intro?u>tion to elements o@ >rimes against humanity pro/i?es @urther >lari@i>ation: HoAe/er HoAe/ er,, the last last elemen elementt sho shoul? ul? not !e interp interpret rete? e? as reuir reuiring ing proo@ proo@ that that the prose>utor ha? BnoAle?ge o@ all >hara>teristi>s o@ the atta>B or the pre>ise ?etails o@ the plan or poli>y o@ the tate or organiGation# $n the >ase o@ emerging or Ai?esprea? or systemati> atta>B against a >i/ilian population, the intent >lause o@ the last element in?i>ates that this mental element is satis@ie? i@ the perpetrator inten?e? to @urther su>h an atta>B#F5 he prose>ution nee? not esta!lish that the perpetrator BneA the ?etails o@ the atta>B or appro/e? o@ the >ontet in Ahi>h his or her a>ts o>>urre?# 55
51 8upresBi> et# al# <$-5-16-=, <$-5-16-=, u?gement, 1 anuary 2000 para# 550R 8or?i> et al# <$5-1%2-=, u?gment, 26 *e!ruary 2001, para# 1;R 'rose>utor /# MrBsi> et al# <$-5-13<$-5-13.61=, .e/ieA o@ $n?i>tment 'ursuant to .ule 61, 3 +pril 16, para# 30#
52 8unara> et al# <$-6-23%1-+=, u?gment, 12 une 2002, paras# 102,10R a?i> <$--1+=, u?gment, 15 uly 1 para# 2;1R 8or?i> et al# <$-5-1%2-+=, <$-5-1%2-+=, u?gment, 1; De>em!er 200, paras# -100R 'rose>utor /# imaI et al# <$-03-66-=, u?gment, 30 "o/em!er 2005, para# 10#
53 Elements o@ Crimes, Crimes +gainst Humanity, $ntro?u>tion, $ntro?u>tion, para# 3#
5 Katanga et.al , "# , paras# 01-02, +lso +lso ashir, para# ;, em!a, para #
55 8unara> et al#, para# 102, 'rose>utor /# 8rnoIela> <$-;-2;-=, <$-;-2;-=, u?gment, 15 Mar>h 2002, para 5#
'age ( 1;
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
ts an? >ontentions >learly state that the general element o@ >rimes against humanity an? elements un?er +rt# ;<1=e the mental element un?er +rt# 30 is also satis@ie? sin>e rg# as/o?ina ha? !oth intent an? BnoAle?ge o@ the atta>B# $# $#
.$4+D .$4+D$E. $E. + +OD$" OD$"+ + $ $ 4$ 4$ O* 9+ 9+. C.$ME C.$ME "DE "DE. . +. +.# <2= <2=
B atta>B laun> laun>he? he? ?uring ?uring early early hours hours o@ 12 12 th May 2012 ?i? not ha/e >on>rete an? ?ire>t o/erall military a?/antage <+#= an? >onseuent result o@ Ai?esprea?, long-term an? se/ere ?amage to the en/ironment is a Aar >rime un?er +rt# <2= on@li>t
+tta>B +tta>B is ?e@i ?e@ine? ne? as a>ts a>ts o@ /iol /iolen> en>ee again against st the the a?/e a?/ersa rsary ry,, Ahet Ahethe herr in o@@ o@@en> en>ee
or ?e@en>e#56 he atta>B Aas laun>he? !y rg# as/o?ina as/o?ina ?uring early hours o@ 12 th May, 20125; on in?ustries o@ .eBht >ities lo>ate? in the !or?er o@ anrolia an? 8am!hatBa# 5 $n spite o@ Aarnings o@ en/ironmental >atastrophe @rom 4o/t# .o?inga an? also they ?e>lar ?e>lare? e? their their intent intention ion @or uninte uninterru rrupte pte?? mo/em mo/ement ent to aAalu aAaluan an @or>e @or>ess an? +*D +*D
Additional to t"e 56 +rt# , $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;, 1125 " 3#
5; 'g# 12, Moot 'ro!lem#
5 'g# 5, Moot 'ro!lem#
'age ( 1
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
@ighters insi?er anrolia through .eBht# 5 Ci/ilian o!Ie>ts su>h as @ertiliGer in?ustries or @or that matter any in?ustry is not a military o!Ie>ti/e an? thus !e prote>te? @rom atta>B an? it is prohi!ite? to atta>B# 60 Military o!Ie>ti/es are limite? to those, !y their nature, lo>ation, purpose or use maBe an e@@e>ti/e >ontri!ution to military a>tion an? Ahose total or partial ?estru>tion, >apture or neutraliGation, in the >ir>umstan>es ruling at the time, o@@ers a ?e@inite military a?/antage#61
he he epr epres essi sion on T>on T>on>r >ret etee an? an? ?ire ?ire>t >t o/er o/eral alll mili milita tary ry a?/a a?/ant ntag age7 e7 has has !een !een
>learly >learly ep eplai laine? ne? in Eleme Elements nts o@ Crime Crime## 62# here shoul? !e a @oreseea!le military a?/antage at the time o@ atta>B !y as/o?ina# ut there Aas no @oreseea!le military a?/antage BnoAn to a ?iligent man Ahen there Aas uninterrupte? a>>ess# here shoul? !e a proportional a?/antage to atta>B in or?er to gain military a?/antage# ut in this >ase atta>B on in?ustries is not a military o!Ie>ti/e# o >lari@y @urther, Tthe @a>t that this >rime a?mits the possi!ility o@ laA@ul in>i?ental inIury an? >ollateral ?amage ?oes not in any
5 'g# 12, Moot 'ro!lem
Additional to t"e 60 +rt 52, $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;, 1125 " 3#
Additional to t"e 61 +rt 52<2=, $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;, 1125 " 3#
62 *ootnote 36, Elements o@ Crime#
'age ( 1
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
Aay Iusti@y any /iolation o@ the laA appli>a!le in arme? >on@li>t7 is meant to emphasise essentially that in or?er to >omply Aith the >on?itions, the atta>B must !e ?ire>t against a military o!Ie>ti/e Aith means Ahi>h are not ?isproportionate in relation to the o!Ie>ti/e, !ut are suite? to ?estroying only that o!Ie>ti/e, an? the e@@e>ts o@ the atta>Bs must !e limite? in the Aay reuire? !y the 'roto>olR moreo/er, e/en a@ter those >on?itions are @ul@ille?, the in>i?ental >i/ilian losses an? ?amages must not !e e>essi/e#F e>essi/e#F 63
$t shou shoul? l? also also !e !e note? note? tha thatt the ep epre ress ssio ionn >on >on>r >ret etee an? an? ?ire> ?ire>tF tF mean meanss the
a?/antage >on>erne? shoul? !e su!stantial an? relati/ely >lose, an? the a?/antages Ahi>h are har?ly per>epti!le an? those Ahi>h Aoul? only appear in the long term shoul? !e ?isregar?e?#6 +>>or?ing +>>or?ing to +rt# 5; <2=B shoul? !e >an>elle? or suspen?e? i@ it !e>omes apparent that the o!Ie>ti/e is not a military o!Ie>ti/e or is su!Ie>t to spe>ial prote>tion or that the atta>B may !e epe>te? epe>te? to >ause >ause in>i?enta in>i?entall loss o@ >i/ilian >i/ilian li@e, inIury to >i/ilians, >i/ilians, ?amage to >i/ilian >i/ilian o!Ie>ts or a >om!ination thereo@, Ahi>h Aoul? !e e>essi/e in relation to the >on>rete an? ?ire>t military a?/antage anti>ipate?#F anti>ipate?#F 65 ts in?ispensa!le su>h as ?rinBing Aater supplies#66 he use o@ metho?s Ahi>h may !e epe>te? to >ause long term ?amage to the
63 C# 'illou? an? ## 'i>tet, T+rt# 517 in # an?oG, C#AinarsBi an? # immermann ols o@ une 1;; to the 4ene/a Con/entions o@ 12 +ugust 1 <$C.C, Martinus "iIho@@, 4ene/a, 1;=, no# 1;#
6 $!i?#, T+rt# 5;7, no# 220#
Additional to 65 +rt# 5;<2=
'age ( 20
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
natural en/ironment#6; he E"MOD Con/ention 6 states that Ai?esprea? means an area o@ se/eral hun?re? suare Bilometers, long lasting means lasting @or a perio? o@ months, or approimately a seasonR se/ere means in/ol/ing serious or signi@i>ant ?isruption or harm to human li@e, nature an? e>onomi> resour>es or other assets# he release o@ +gent ) has >ause ?amage to the anrole ri/er Ahi>h Aill last @or ?e>a?es# atastrophe Ahi>h Aill @olloA on atta>B o@ in?ustries Ahi>h he >hose to ignore# 6 (B+)Atta, %! Reht ,&t# <# Za0a'ua! F%",e- 0&th AFD &- &! !atu"e %/ I!te"!at&%!a' A"$e. C%!/'&,t+
tions o@ +*D >an !e attri!ute? to the aAaluan @or>es e/en though ha/ing separate organiGational stru>ture# ;0 he situation is /ery similar to the 4eorgia 66 +rt# 5, $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional to t"e #eneva #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) , une 1;;, 1125 " 3#
Additional to t"e 6; +rt 55, $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;, 1125 " 3#
6 Con/ention on the 'rohi!ition o@ Military or any Hostile se o@ En/ironmental Mo?i@i>ation e>hniues, 1;6#
6 'g# 12, Moot 'ro!lem#
;0 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United United States of America); Merits, $nternational Court o@ usti>e <$C=, 2; une
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1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
situation an? the 're rial Cham!er $ o@ this Court has or?er @or in/estigation an? terme? it as international arme? >on@li>t# ;1 aAaluan @or>es ha/e supporte? a terrorist organiGation an? all a>ts o@ +*D a@ter the Ioining o@ @or>es >an !e impute? to aAalu# $t is also to !e note? the support !y e!anon to HeG!ollah Aithin the territory o@ $srael Aas ?e>la ?e>lare? re? $ntern $nternati ationa onall +rme +rme?? Con Con@li @li>t# >t# +lter +lterna nati/ ti/ely ely,, +*D +*D ha? >on >ontrol trol o@ 8am!hatBa !e@ore the atta>B an? also met the >on?itions @or the state un?er the Monte/i?eo Con/ention on .ights an? ?uties o@ states# o the atta>B !y +*D alone Aill also !e >onsi?ere >onsi?ere?? as part o@ internatio international nal arme? >on@li>t sin>e it is a tate liBe entity# @or>es es an? an? they they >oor?inate?, ?ire>te?, or assiste? in the general planning o@ the group7s military a>ti/ities, so essential @or e@@e>ti/e >ontrol test is satis@ie?# ;2 $n rNanin, @or eample, the rial Cham!er >on>lu?e? easily that the @irst test Aas satis@ie? !y the ?ire>t inter/ention o@ troops o@ the *. in the osnian >on@li>t !etAeen +pril an? May 12#;3 e>on?ly, a>ti/e support Aas sought @rom aAalu an? un?er the lea?ership o@ Col# amAolia in assisting the +*D @ighters in their mission#
16, para# 21#
;1 ituation in 4eorgia, $CC-01%15, De>ision on the 'rose>utor7s reuest @or authoriGation o@ an in/estigationF, 2; anuary 2016#
;2 'rose>utor # DuWBo a?iX, $--1-+, +ppeals u?gement, 15 uly 1, P13;
;3 'rose>utor # .a?osla/ rNanin, $--36-+, rial u?gement, 1 eptem!er 200, P 1#
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1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
rimes in Central osnia Aere >ommitte? in the >ontet o@ an international arme? >on@li>t, the 8or?iY an? KerBeG rial Cham!er hel? that it >oul? rely on e/i?en>e o@ the presen>e o@ Croatian +rmy ation o@ those areas is o@ strategi> signi@i>an>e to the >on@li>t7, reasoning that the inuiry is @o>use? on the inter/ention o@ a state in the >on@li>t itsel@, Ahi>h Aas not geographi>ally limite? to the >rime !ase lo>ations# ; he !or?er o@ .eBht >ity Aas a lo>ation o@ those areas o@ strategi> signi@i>an>e to the >on@li>tF an? the inter/ention o@ the state in the >on@li>t is not >on@ine? to the >rime !ase lo>ation# learly aAare o@ @a>tual >ir>umstan>es o@ eisten>e o@ an arme? >on@li>t sin>e he or?ere? the laun>h o@ atta>B @ully BnoAing that the .o?ingan @or>es @or>es Aill retaliate# retaliate# + reasona!ly reasona!ly Aell in@orme? in@orme? person person in the >ir>umsta >ir>umstan>es n>es o@ the a>tual perpetrator >oul? ha/e epe>te? e>essi/e >i/ilian >asualties# ;5 +n? thus rg# as/o?ina a s/o?ina laun>he? the atta>Bs Aill@ully Aill@ull y an? in @ull BnoAle?ge o@ >ir>umstan>e rising o@ the epe>tation o@ e>essi/e >i/ilian >asualties# ;6 +rt# 5<3=o/ers the ; he rial Cham!er >on>lu?e? that Tthe >on@li>t !etAeen the osnian Croats an? the osnian Muslims in osnia an? HerGego/ina Aas internationaliGe? !y the inter/ention o@ Croatia in that >on@li>t through its troops#
v. Stanislav #alic #alic ($rial %udgement %udgement and &inion), $--2-, $nternational ;5 Prosecutor v.
Criminal ri!unal @or the @ormer ugosla/ia ugosla/ia <$C=, 5 De>em!er 2003# 'ara 5#
;6 $!i?# paras# 5-60#
;; +rt 5<3=
'age ( 23
1th He!"# Du!a!t Me$%"&a' M%%t C%u"t C%$et&t&%! *1
gra/e !rea>hes o@ rg# as/o?ina rea? Aith +rt# 11# ; he element un?er +rt# <2=
'.+E. 9here@ore in light o@ the uestions presente?, arguments a?/an>e? an? authorities >ite?, the 'rose>ution respe>t@ully reuests this Court to a?Iu?ge an? ?e>lare that: $#
rg# rg# a>h a>hes esuu !e @oun @oun?? guil guilty ty o@ o@ >rim >rimes es aga again inst st hum human anity ity un?e un?err +rt +rti> i>le le ;<1 ;<1=< =e? a>>or?ing to +rt# ;6 an? penalty impose? as per +rt# ;; o@ the .ome
$$#
tatute# rg# rg# a>h a>hesu esu !e @oun? @oun? guil guilty ty o@ Aar >rimes >rimes un? un?er er +rti> +rti>le le <2= <2= <>= e? >e?
$$$# $$$#
a>>or?ing to +rt# ;6 an? penalty impose? as per +rt# ;; o@ the .ome tatute# rg# rg# a as/o s/o?in ?inaa !e @oun @oun?? guilty guilty o@ o@ >rime >rimess agains againstt humani humanity ty un?e un?err +rti +rti>le >le ;<=< ;<=e? a>>or?ing to +rt# ;6 an? penalty impose? as per +rt# ;; o@ the .ome
$# $#
tatute# rg# rg# a as/o s/o?in ?inaa !e @oun? @oun? guil guilty ty o@ Aar >rimes >rimes un? un?er er +rti> +rti>le le <2= <2= e? a>>or?ing to +rt# ;6 an? penalty impose? as per +rt# ;; o@ the .ome tatute#
Additional to t"e ; +rt# 11, $nternational Committee o@ the .e? Cross <$C.C=, Protocol Additional #eneva Conventions of *+ August *,-, and relating to t"e Protection of /ictims /ictims of International Armed Conflicts Conflicts (Protocol I), une 1;;, 1125 " 3#
'age ( 2
